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[[File:Muscles of the pelvic diaphragm Primal.png|thumb]] ...sheet of muscle located posterior to the [[Levator Ani Muscle|levator ani muscles]] in the [[Pelvic Floor Anatomy|pelvic floor]]. The coccygeus, together wi

...Available from: https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/inferior-gluteal-artery (Accessed, 28 November 2020)</ref> ...or gluteal artery. Available from: https://www.anatomy.net/inferior-gluteal-artery (Accessed, 28 November 2020)</ref>

...]] (ES) group (the intermediate layer of the intrinsic [[Back Muscles|back muscles]]). The ES is made of three subgroups, with the group divisions occurring b The erector spinae muscles, which spinalis belong to, are the most powerful extensors of the spine.<re

...]], [[Adductor Magnus|adductor magnus]], and [[Gracilis|gracillis]]. These muscles primarily function to move the thigh/lower extremity closer to the body's c ...clelibrary/viewarticle/24169/ . Anatomy, bony pelvis and lower limb, thigh muscles].Available:https://www.statpearls.com/articlelibrary/viewarticle/24169/ (ac

<div class="pp-no-course-suggestions pp-no-article-suggestions"></div> ...hat page. &nbsp; It will look something like this:&nbsp;<br>'''Deep flexor muscles of the forearm Primal.png'''‎

...Adductor Brevis Available: https://radiopaedia.org/articles/adductor-brevis-muscle<nowiki/>(accessed 20.1.2022)</ref> ...atomy Available:https://teachmeanatomy.info/lower-limb/muscles/thigh/medial-compartment/ (accessed 20.1.2022)</ref>

[[File:Gluteal muscles gemelli.webp|alt=|thumb|620x620px]] ...name=":0">Lezak B, Massel DH. Anatomy, bony pelvis and lower limb, gemelli muscles.

[[File:Muscles of the thigh posterior compartment Primal.png|thumb|Muscles of the thigh posterior compartment]] ...ge of Motion hip extension, 0° to 20°.<ref>Musculoskeletal Key Testing the Muscles of the Trunk and Pelvic Floor Available:[[Manual Muscle Testing: Trunk Flex

...teal Muscles] Available: https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/gluteal-muscles<nowiki/>(accessed 11.1.2022)</ref>. Image 1: Rotating image of the anatomy of muscles of the gluteal region. The Maximus (yellow), medius (blue) and minimus (red

== Muscles Involved: == * Grades 0-2 - Patient is supine ('gravity minimal' position)

[[File:Muscles of the thigh posterior compartment Primal.png|thumb|Muscles of the thigh posterior compartment]] ...dy. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation. 2004 Aug 1;85(8):1345-50.</ref>

...lvis (male) 02 - anterior view.png|alt=Image of boney anatomy of the human pelvis |thumb]] ...scle Energy Technique|Muscle Energy Technique (MET)]] used to re-align the pelvis and treat a variety of pelvic dysfunctions.

[[File:Pelvis anterior and posterior, segments highlighted.png|right|frameless]] The ilium makes up the upper portion of the [[Hip Anatomy|hip]] bone and [[pelvis]]. It is the largest and uppermost bone of the hip and is an essential part

...f the femur. |Adductor longus]]The adductor longus is one of the adductor muscles of the medial thigh.<ref name=":0">Moore KL, Dalley AF, Agur AMR. Clinicall This large fan-shaped muscle is situated most anteriorly of this group and covers the middl

== Muscles Involved: == * Grades 3 to 5 - Patient in side lying with top leg (non-test side) abducted 25°. Test side is the bottom leg in side lying.

...hl KD. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537153/ Anatomy, Abdomen and Pelvis, Rectus Sheath].Available:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537153/ (ac ...ub Rectus Sheath Available:https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/rectus-sheath (accessed 19.12.2021)</ref>

...clinician to analyse the ROM and track the hip joint during eg [[Walking - Muscles Used|walking]] or maximum squat. Motion capture devices are mainly used to * Motions of the pelvis on the lumbar spine during measurement of hip flexion or extension can arti

...sevier Health Sciences; 2013.</ref> During [[gait]], the joints within the pelvis work together to decrease the amount of force transferred from the ground a == Bony Pelvis ==

The ischium (Latin: ''os ischii'') is a paired bone of the [[pelvis]] that forms the lower and back part of the [[Hip Anatomy|hip]] bone, as we # Body of the ischium - the portion that forms the posterior one-third of the acetabulum.

[[File:Semispinalis c.jpg|thumb|Deep back muscles]] ...olved muscles are: [[Back Muscles|back extensor miuscles]] (intrinsic back muscles) aided by [[Latissimus Dorsi Muscle|latissimus dorsi]], [[Quadratus Lumboru

...ain the abdominal pressure and movements of the trunk along with the other muscles. ...om/en/library/anatomy/internal-abdominal-oblique-muscle ( accessed on 30-04-2020)</ref>

...ength Test] Available: https://www.topendsports.com/testing/tests/abdominal-strength.htm (accessed 4.1.2022)</ref> ...nosis of spondylolysis or spondylolisthesis. Spine. 1997 Dec 15;22(24):2959-67.</ref>.

[[File:Muscles of the thigh posterior compartment Primal.png|thumb|Muscles of the thigh posterior compartment|alt=]] ...2018 Oct 23.Available:https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/hip-extensors (accessed 21.1.2022)</ref>.

...Varacallo M. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519497/ Anatomy, bony pelvis and lower limb, piriformis muscle]. InStatPearls [Internet] 2021 Oct 11. St ...tery<ref>Accessed from:https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/piriformis-muscle on 14/08/18.</ref>.

# Knee extension ROM is from full flexion to 5-10° hyperextension. ...<ref>Radiopedia Knee Available: https://radiopaedia.org/articles/knee-joint-1?lang=gb<nowiki/>(accessed 18.2.2022)</ref>.

The male pelvic floor muscles support the abdominal contents, are active during breathing, maintain urina Studies have shown that weak pelvic floor muscles compromised normal pelvic floor function and led to urinary incontinence an

...ts Medicine (4th Edition).'' Australia. McGraw-Hill education Pty Ltd. p514-515 </ref> [[File:Gemellus superior.png|thumb]] ...superior originates from the outer (gluteal) surface of the spine of the [[Pelvis|ischium]]<ref name=":0">Palastanga, NIgel; Soames, Roger (November 2011). 

'''Original Editor '''- [https://www.physio-pedia.com/User:Chelsea_Mclene Chelsea Mclene] ...nalogous to [https://www.physio-pedia.com/Scapulohumeral_Rhythm the Scapulo-Humeral Rhythm.][[File:Basics of lumbar spine.jpg|center|thumb|<ref>basics o

...nd basketball athletes<ref name=":2">Bordoni B, Varacallo M. Anatomy, bony pelvis and lower limb, thigh quadriceps muscle. Available:https://www.statpearls.c ...lis muscles is innervated by the anterior branch of the obturator nerve (L2-L4). The anterior branch of the obturator nerve also innervates the [[Adduct

The Quadratus Lumborum (QL) is the deepest [[Back Muscles|back muscle]] and originates from the [[Ilium|iliac crest]] and inserts on ...llo M. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK535407/ Anatomy, Abdomen and Pelvis, Quadratus Lumborum].2018 Availkable: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NB

...ructure made up of muscles, ligaments, nerves and fascia. The pelvic floor muscles form part of the pelvic floor and play a critical role in sexual function a ...and pathology. Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics]. 2011 Sep 1;40(3):565-75.</ref> The urethra exits the bladder and passes through the prostate.

...ominal Muscles|internal&nbsp;oblique, external oblique, and erector spinae muscles]].<ref name="min yong">Min YE,Sin HC,Tae SK. Effects of Bridging Exercise o ...with Hip Adduction on the EMG Activities of the Abdominal and Hip Extensor Muscles in Females. Journal of Physical Therapy Sciences, 2013; 25:1147–1149.</re

...randomized-controlled trial. Physical Therapy in sport. 2005 May 1;6(2):60-6.</ref> == Muscles ==

...hip]] and [[:Category:Knee - Muscles|knee]] that contribute to [[Walking - Muscles Used|walking]] and other propulsive movements.<ref name="Moore">Moore KL, A ..., Hubbard JB. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK532982/ Anatomy, Bony Pelvis and Lower Limb, Femur.] InStatPearls [Internet] 2019 Jul 3. StatPearls Publ

[[File:Minna-hamalainen-Mgx1oe2vlVY-unsplash.jpeg|thumb|390x390px|A great core exercise: [[Plank exercise|Plank] ...hip. Core muscles are essential for proper load balance within the spine, pelvis, and kinetic chain. They spare the spine from excessive load and are essent

[[File:250px-Iliostalis.png|thumb|400x400px|Iliocostalis]] ...ia Erector Spinae Available:https://radiopaedia.org/articles/erector-spinae-group?lang=us (accessed 6.2.2022)</ref>.

...153016392695/Effect-of-standing-postural-deviations-on-trunk-and-hip-muscle-activity.pdf?origin=publication_detail (last accessed 10.12.2019)</ref> ...a M, Kotwicki T. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5836359/ Non-structural misalignments of body posture in the sagittal plane]. Scoliosis a

[[File:Hip abduction-CDC strength training for older adults.gif|thumb|Hip Abduction]] # The primary hip abductor [[Muscle|muscles]] include the [[Gluteus Medius|gluteus medius]], [[Gluteus Minimus|gluteus

...fo/pelvis/bones/sacrum/ Sacrum] Available from:https://teachmeanatomy.info/pelvis/bones/sacrum/ (last accessed 11.6.2020)</ref> * Though the spinal cord ends in the lumbar region (L1-L2), the dura mater extends to S2.

...uctor Longus]], [[Adductor Brevis]], [[Adductor Magnus]], and [[Gracilis]] muscles, which primarily function in hip adduction.. ...s muscle Available: https://www.verywellhealth.com/pectineus-muscle-anatomy-5084562<nowiki/>(accessed 15.1.2022)</ref>

...ts_and_Couples_-_15_-_CHAPTER_2_FORCE_MOMENT_AND_COUPLE_THE_FORCE Chapter 2-Forces, Moments and Couples]. 2023. The serratus anterior and [[trapezius]] muscles (especially the middle and lower muscle fibers) work together as a pair of

[[File:Hip flexors.png|alt=Hip muscles anterior aspect.|thumb|324x324px|Hip muscles anterior aspect.]] ...4.1.2022)</ref>. Every time you take a step, you are using your hip flexor muscles.

...where the [[Thoracic Anatomy|thoracic]] and [[Lumbar|lumbar spine]] and [[pelvis]] stay in a relatively neutral position while the subject bends forward. Th ...ngs]], and low back. This exercise also relies on your [[Core Muscles|core muscles]] to assist in the movement.

...ne in adults, the principal union forming the fused acetabulum (forming one-fifth of the acetabulum). ...atomy-4693390 Pubis] Available:https://www.verywellhealth.com/pubis-anatomy-4693390 (accessed 7.11.2021)</ref>

..., Function & Anatomy | Body Maps www.healthline.com/human-body-maps/iliacus-muscle/male#1 (accessed 17 June 2018)</ref> === Anatomy<ref>Iliacus - UW Radiology https://rad.washington.edu/muscle-atlas/iliacus/ (accessed 18 june 2018)

The disease is more prevalent in multiparous middle-aged women, it may also occur in the younger population. <ref>Brosens, I., e </ref>Adenomyosis is thought to be hormone-sensitive and estrogen, progesterone, prolactin, and follicle stimulating [[

...ussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universiteit Brussel's Evidence-based Practice project]]. ...] The Journal of bone and joint surgery. British volume. 1985 Nov;67(5):741-6.</ref>This is often referred to as the Trendelenburg test but should not b

..., Published in India by arrangement with Baillier Tindall, london 2005 p 33-37 </ref> !Pelvis

...lly and inferiorly across the abdominal wall. This canal is approximately 3-5 cm in length. ...al%20is%20a,in%20the%20external%20inguinal%20orifice. Anatomy, abdomen and pelvis, inguinal region (inguinal canal)]. 2023 July. StatPearls [Internet]</ref>.

[[File:Iliopsoas.png|thumb|A compound muscle composed of the iliac and psoas muscles]] ...diagnosis, and treatment.] Clinics in sports medicine. 2016 Jul 1;35(3):419-33.</ref>.

The paired pyramidalis muscles are small triangular-shaped muscles that lie between the anterior surface of the [[Rectus Abdominis|rectus abdo ...diopedia Pyramidalis Available:https://radiopaedia.org/articles/pyramidalis-muscle (accessed 20.12.2021)</ref>

...Dec. 2020, pp. 2408–2416, <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1007/s00167-020-06354-1</nowiki>. ...tion and internal rotation of the hip. It also acts as a stabiliser of the pelvis.

..., Vilella RC. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK556144/ Anatomy, Bony Pelvis and Lower Limb, Gluteus Minimus Muscle.] InStatPearls [Internet] 2020 Apr 1 ...|350x350px|alt=|thumb|Gluteus minimus of right side: outline and attachment-areas.]]

...e abdominal wall (anterior view)|right|frameless|600x600px|Overview of the muscles of the abdominal wall (anterior view)]] ...ton P. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK551649/ Anatomy, Abdomen and Pelvis, Abdominal Wall.] Available:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK551649/ (

...ased on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/krista-eskay/ Krista Eskay]<br> * Initially, the rib cage in infants is barrel-shaped and rigid; ribs are elevated and perpendicular to the spine

...based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/instructor/ibukun-afolabi/ Ibukun Afolabi]<br> ...text Biotensegrity: what is the big deal?] J Bodyw Mov Ther. 2020;24(1):134-7. </ref> system, it is important that pelvic health physiotherapists consid

...riginal Editor '''- [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/deborah-riczo/ Deborah Riczo], [[User:Wanda van Niekerk|Wanda van Niekerk]]<br> [[File:Muscles of the pelvic diaphragm Primal.png|right|frameless]]

...ese muscles are vital for allowing free movement of the spine.[[Image:250px-Iliostalis.png|Iliocostalis lumborum bottom R, iliocostalis dorsi at centre| ...umborum Available: https://www.rehabmypatient.com/lumbar-spine/iliocostalis-lumborum (accessed 1.12.2021)</ref>

...a hollow muscular, elastic, subperitoneal organ, , located at the lesser [[Pelvis|pelvic]] cavity, it collects the urine that is filtered through the [[kidne ...f the bladder wall is formed of smooth involuntary muscle fibers (detrusor muscles), it contracts at urination to empty the bladder.

...anatomy and function. Neurogastroenterology & Motility. 2006 Jul;18(7):507-19.</ref> The main function of the pelvic floor [[Muscle Energy Technique|muscles]] are:

...pave the way for pain. At the same time, the weakness of the back extensor muscles can also form the basis of the pain as it will put a load on the Quadratus ...r extremity.<ref name=":1">Kassolik K, Rajkowska-Labon E, Tomasik T, Pisula-Lewadowska A, Gieremek K, Andrzejewski W, Dobrzycka A, Kurpas D. Recommendat

...he psoas minor muscle in human fetuses. Int J Morphol. 2012 Mar 1;30(1):136-9.</ref> There is limited research on the psoas minor muscle since its prese ...of psoas minor muscle‐reviewed. J Evolution Med Dent Sci. 2013 Aug 5;2:5867-9.</ref>

...crotuberous lig]. Available: https://radiopaedia.org/articles/sacrotuberous-ligament (accessed 1.9.2021)</ref>. * Is in the shape of a fan located in the posterior pelvis, on both sides and connects the [[sacrum]] to the iliac tuberosities.

...ooks/NBK534842/ Anatomy, bony pelvis and lower limb, thigh adductor magnus muscles.]Available: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534842/<nowiki/>(accessed ...adductor magnus muscle has a dual role being a dynamic stabilizer of the [[pelvis]] and femur as well as a prime mover of the femur into adduction.

...[[ribs]] around and down to the [[pelvis]]. Together, the external oblique muscles cover the sides of the abdominal area, being large and sitting on the top s ...© Kenhub https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/the-lateral-abdominal-muscles</ref>

[[File:Edgar-chaparro-sHfo3WOgGTU-unsplash.jpg|right|frameless|300x300px]] The [[Back Muscles|muscles of the back]] can be arranged into 3 categories based on their location:

[[File:Torso-rectus-abdominis-transversus-abdominis.png|right|frameless]] ...cles, commonly referred to as your "six-pack." It is two flat and parallel muscles separated by linea alba (a connective tissue). It acts to flex the spinal c

...rimary function is of the upper extremity but is also considered to be a [[Muscles of Respiration|respiratory accessory muscle]].<ref name=":4">Jeno SH, Varac ...he latissimus dorsi belongs to the superficial layer of the extrinsic back muscles.

...ologic Oncology Surgery E-Book.] Elsevier Health Sciences; 2018 Jul 1.(pp.3-49)</ref> Its tendon exits the pelvis through the lesser sciatic foramen to insert onto the greater trochanter 

...e femur, patella, fabellae (sesamoid bones), tibia, fibula, tarsus and meta-tarsus and the digital bones. The size of hindlimb bones varies due to the s ...s; their rear legs are fairly rigid and muscular. The pelvic limb bears 40-45% of the dog's weight and provides the majority of the propulsion for loco

...system of ligaments in the vertebral column, combined with the tendons and muscles, provides a natural brace to help protect the spine from injury. ...https://www.coloradospineinstitute.com/education/anatomy/ligaments-tendons-muscles/ (last accessed 11.5.2020)</ref>.

[[File:Curl-up.jpg|curl-up exercise |alt=|right|frameless]] ...ith high [[Endurance Exercise|endurance]] helps prevent [[Low Back Pain|low-back pain]].<ref name=":3" />

...ndrome as well. This imbalance results in an anterior tilt of the [[Pelvis|pelvis]], increased flexion of the hips, and a compensatory hyperlordosis in the l ...ese muscles are inhibited and substituted by activation of the superficial muscles.

...erve and psoas quartus muscle. Anatomy & Cell Biology. 2019 Jun 1;52(2):208-10.</ref>. It controls: ...xors|hip flexor muscles]], as well as [[Quadriceps Muscle|knee extension]] muscles.

[[File:Kitera-dent-jWv1ILisuSc-unsplash.jpeg|right|frameless]] ...ng] Available: https://healthyliving.azcentral.com/muscles-walking-exercise-1837.html<nowiki/>(accessed 21.12.2021)</ref>

...liopsoas Muscle.</ref>. The psoas muscle is one of the [[Core Muscles|core muscles]]. [[File:Anterior Hip Muscles.png|alt=Psoas major muscle (highlighted in green) - anterior view|right|fra

...h lower Quality of Life (QoL), depression and extremely high annual medical-care costs. * Higher body-mass-index (BMI)

...ndal_nerve_territory Colombian Journal of Anestesiology. 2017 Sep;45(3):200-9.</ref>Benjamin Alcock first described it in 1836 while researching the int ...on BW. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554736/ Anatomy, abdomen and pelvis, pudendal nerve.] InStatPearls [Internet] 2021 Sep 13. StatPearls Publishin

...earance. The [[Gluteus Maximus|gluteus maximus]] covers all of the gluteal muscles except for the anterosuperior third of the gluteus medius[[Gluteus Medius| ...enhub https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/gluteus-medius-and-minimus-muscles</ref>

...sed on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/instructor/alexandra-kopelovich/ Alexandra Kopelovich]<br> '''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Con ...xis of the joint, the proximal segment of the joint with move posteriorly. Muscles can contract concentrically or eccentrically to overcome the external momen

...fessional Road Cyclists.] The American journal of sports medicine. 38. 2494-501. 10.1177/0363546510376816. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/ ...de to get sufficient power at bottom of stroke. Putting stress on low back muscles.

...ble:https://musculoskeletalkey.com/deep-dry-needling-of-the-hip-and-pelvic-muscles/ (accessed 28.12.2021)</ref> ...Varacallo M. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537097/ Anatomy, bony pelvis and lower limb, iliotibial band (tract).] StatPearls [Internet]. 2020 Aug 1

...ased on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/pierre-roscher/ Pierre Roscher]<br> <blockquote>Knowing the theory of the anatomy and the physiology of the male pelvis is the first step in becoming clinically competent.

.../www.statpearls.com/articlelibrary/viewarticle/26089/ Anatomy, abdomen and pelvis, obturator nerve]. StatPearls [Internet]. 2021 Jul 26.Available: https://ww ...he [[Lumbar Plexus|lumbar plexus]] on the posterior abdominal wall. Root L2-L4

.... 35.</ref> He developed a form of exercise to strengthen the pelvic floor muscles. ...h urinary incontinence. Journal of Exercise Rehabilitation. 2021;17(6): 379-387</ref>

...1">Florence Peterson Kendall, McCreary E, Provance P, Rodgers M, Romani W. Muscles : Testing and Function with Posture and Pain. 5th ed. Baltimore, Md: Lippin [[File:Muscles of the hip and thigh - Kenhub.png|frameless|600x600px|Overview of the hip a

...13.12.2019)</ref> The image shows starting from the left demonstrates- the pelvis in neutral followed by a posterior tilt through to an anterior pelvic tilt. ...lvis (highlighted in green) - anterior view|right|frameless|500x500px|Bony pelvis (highlighted in green) - anterior view]]

...Nerves|cranial nerves]]) with a few exceptions eg [[Cervical Anatomy|neck muscles]] are supplied by the spinal nerves. ...nerves Available: https://musculoskeletalkey.com/nerves-innervation-of-the-spine/<nowiki/>(accessed 6.2.2022)</ref>

...wska]] based on course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/instructor/rina-pandya/ Rina Pandya] ...lobal (also known as stabiliser and global movers, see [[Core Muscles|core muscles]]).

...ning|core exercise]] that involves maintaining a position similar to a push-up  for the maximum possible time. ...s the traditional plank exercise. Sports biomechanics. 2014 Jul 3;13(3):296-306.</ref>

...alth TrA<nowiki/>https://www.verywellhealth.com/transverse-abdominal-muscle-297289 (accessed 13.12.2021)</ref>. TrA is one of the main [[Core Stability|core muscles]] that support of the lumbopelvic region.

...embers.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/michelle-green-smerdon/ Michelle Green-Smerdon]<br>'''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributors/{{FULLPAGENAME}} ...and are designed to showcase a beautiful work of art."<ref name=":3">Green-Smerdon M. Basic Anatomy of the Dancer’s Ankle and Foot course. Plus , 202

...gether with the semispinalis and rotatores form the [[transversospinales]] muscles group. Multifidusi lies deep to the semispinalis and superficial to the rot ...<ref name=":0">Drake R, Vogl AW, Mitchell AW. Gray's Anatomy for Students E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2009 Apr 4.</ref>

...ciae latae perforator flap. Plastic Reconstructive Surgery: 2009;124(1):181-9. Doi: 10.1097/PRS.0b013e3181ab114c. PMID:19568071</ref> ...A, Pilson H. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499870/ Anatomy, Bony Pelvis and Lower Limb, Tensor Fasciae Latae Muscl]e.Available: https://www.ncbi.nl

'''Original Editor '''- [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/deborah-riczo/ Deborah Riczo], [[User:Wanda van Niekerk|Wanda van Niekerk]]<br> [[File:Pelvis 1.jpeg|right|frameless]]

...nd interphalangeal joints.<ref name=":1">Lezak B, Summers S. Anatomy, Bony Pelvis and Lower Limb: Extensor Hallucis Longus Muscle. In: StatPearls [Internet]. ...d Pain. Florence P,Elizabeth K, Patricia G,Mary M, William A.5th ed.2005.">Muscles: Testing and Function, with Posture and Pain. fckLRFlorence P,Elizabeth K,

...Vacterl/vater association. Orphanet journal of rare diseases. 2011 Dec;6:1-2.</ref> * Vertebral defects – reduced bone volume or absence of one-half of a vertebral structure.

...s a result of the pelvic stress reflex response, in which the pelvic floor muscles actively contract in response to physical, or mental stress.<ref name=":0" ...flex response which can lead to tightness and weakness of the pelvic floor muscles.<ref name=":1" />

...ased on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/claire-robertson/ Claire Robertson]<br> ...cross-sectional analysis.] BMC musculoskeletal disorders. 2020 Dec;21(1):1-7</ref>

...vic-floor exercise]] . It involves frequently contracting and relaxing the muscles that form part of the pelvic floor. ...f these exercises is to strengthen [[Pelvic Floor Anatomy|the pelvic floor muscles]] which have many functions in our body.

...doni B. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK556078 Anatomy, Abdomen and Pelvis, Levator Ani Muscle]. InStatPearls [Internet] 2020 Mar 27. StatPearls Publi Puborectalis is a thick narrow, medial part of the levator ani. It forms a U-shaped muscular sling around and behind the rectum, just cephalad to the ext

...l Steroid Myopathy] Available from;https://healthfully.com/steroid-myopathy-5408035.html (last accessed 22.11.2020)</ref> ...898 Glucocorticoid-induced myopathy.] Joint Bone Spine. 2011 Jan 1;78(1):41-4. Available from:https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1297319

...s://www.sportsperformancebulletin.com/endurance-training/techniques/cycling-biomechanics/ (accessed 17.12.2021)</ref> ...2028 Available:https://www.grandviewresearch.com/industry-analysis/bicycle-market (accessed 17.12.2021)</ref>

...Siccardi MA. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK535427/ Anatomy, Bony Pelvis and Lower Limb, Foot Peroneus Brevis Muscle]. InStatPearls [Internet] 2019 It is one of the three ankle everters known as the fibularis muscles (Fibularis Longus, Fibularis Brevis and [[Peroneus Tertius|Fibularis Tertiu

...ht Leg Raise (aSLR) is a test used to assess load transference through the pelvis. It is an important test in diagnosing [[Recognising Pelvic Girdle Pain|Pel The aSLR test is considered positive when it elicits pain in the lumbo-pelvic region or it points out a Motor Control (MC) dysfunction.

...image - © Kenhub https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/gluteus-maximus-muscle</ref>.]] ...]]. It is the largest muscle at the hip representing 16% of the total cross-sectional area.<ref name=":0">Keith L. , Anne M. R .

...lar Facilitation Concept in Parkinson Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.] Journal of Chiropractic Medicine [Internet]. 2020 Sep;19(3):181� PNF uses nerve impulses that can excite ,inhibit, relax or strengthen muscles on neurophysiological basis such as spatial summation, temporal summation<r

...view of its anatomy and pathology.] Skeletal radiology. 2019 Sep;48(9):1329-44.</ref> [[File:148px-Gray439-Musculus peroneus longus.png|frame]]

...ased on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/ibukun-afolabi/ Ibukun Afolabi]<br>'''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributors/ ...and awareness of available treatment. OTJR (Thorofare N J). 2021;41(2):108-15. </ref> However, it is important to remember that the pelvic floor plays

...1610010143 Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis]. ''Open Orthop J''. 2016;10:143-154.</ref>. ...Journal of children's orthopaedics. 2012;7(1):3-9.</ref>. Approximately, 1-4% of the adolescent population is affected by this condition, with females

...''Original Editor '''- [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/mauro-banfi/ Mauro Banfi] '''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributors/{{FULLPA ...s influenced by the thickness of osteophytes, cervical mobility, and cranio-cervical alignment<ref>Nishimura H, Endo K, Aihara T, Murata K, Suzuki H, Ma

...ation tools. Journal of the American Chiropractic Association. 2011 Nov 1:7-11.</ref>. ...20AND%20STRENGTH.pdf Training Mobility and Strength through the Turkish Get-Up].</ref>

...lable: https://drbradcole.com/functional-assessment-rehabilitation-cervical-spine/<nowiki/>(accessed 22.4.2022)</ref>. ...y.com/making-the-shift-from-treating-dysfunction-to-treating-sensitivity-in-rehabilitation/ (accessed 22.4.2022)</ref>

...bar spine]] this approach is now well established. In the management of non-specific [[Back Education Program|low back pain]] the subgrouping and classi ...the alignment of the lumbar spine have been noted in subjects with flexion-related lumbar pain<ref name=":1" />.

...ure and the  lower quarter and upper quarter.<ref name=":0">Kolt GS, Snyder-Mackler L. Physical Therapies in Sport and Exercise. 2nd ED. Edinburgh. Chur ...to-[[Hamstrings|hamstring]] strength, which in turn pulls the front of the pelvis down. The result is anterior [[Pelvic Tilt|pelvic tilt]]. This alters the p

...based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/rina-pandya/ Rina Pandya]<br>'''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributors/{{FU ...lumbar spinal stability. This task is accomplished through increased intra-abdominal pressure (IAP), minimising displacement of the abdominal contents

...eneration following injury. Regenerative medicine research. 2013 Dec;1(1):1-2.</ref> === Effect of Alcohol on the Muscles ===

[[Image:Gait-cycle.png|frame|center|Running Gait cycle]] ...ov">Novacheck TF; The Biomechanics of running; Gait and Posture 7; 1998; 77-95</ref>

...es of the pelvis, including the bony structures, articulations, ligaments, muscles, nerves and the vascular supply. ...: adventitious, subcutaneous, [[Synovial Fluid Analysis|synovial]], and sub-muscular.

...uis, MO (USA): Elsevier Mosby; 2011:p.439-482</ref> [[Weight bearing|Weight-bearing]] is a primary function of the foot and ankle - each structure has a The lower leg muscles are divided into four compartments: the superficial posterior compartment,

'''Original Editor '''- [http://www.physio-pedia.com/User:Wendy_Walker Wendy Walker] ...Muscles|paraspinal muscles]] from the muscles of the posterior [[Abdominal Muscles|abdominal wall]].

...wska]] based on course of [https://members.physio-pedia.com/instructor/rina-pandya/ Rina Pandya] ...xtremities and stability in standing and during mobility (i.e. [[Walking - Muscles Used|walking]] or [[Running Biomechanics|running]]).<blockquote>"Our goal a

...based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/instructor/damien-howell/ Damien Howell]<br> ...verse effects of physical activity promotion. ''Br J Sports Med, 49''(1), 1-2.</ref>

...arton S, Polden M. Physiotherapy in obstetrics and gynaecology. Butterworth-Heinemann,; 2004.</ref> ...ps://www.nhs.uk/common-health-questions/womens-health/what-are-pelvic-floor-exercises/</ref>

...tator located in the outer side of obturator membrane in lateral wall of [[pelvis]]. ...The Journal of bone and joint surgery. British volume. 2010 Sep;92(9):1317-24.</ref>

'''Original Editor '''- [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/deborah-riczo/ Deborah Riczo], [[User:Wanda van Niekerk|Wanda van Niekerk]]<br> ...patory way and that these muscles are activated and fire before the global muscles are activated.

...only referred to as SIJ) is the joint connection between the spine and the pelvis. ...:1440-53.</ref> made up of the [[sacrum]] and the two innominates of the [[pelvis]].

...Orthopaedic &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp; Sports Physical Therapy , pp. 218-224. Level of evidence: 2b</ref>&nbsp;(Level of evidence: 2b) ...orthopaedic &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp; sports physical therapy , pp. 22-29. Level of evidence: 2b</ref>(Level of evidence: 2b). The patient should p

...articulation between the head of the [[femur]] and the acetabulum of the [[pelvis]]. ...Varacallo M. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470555/ Anatomy, Bony Pelvis and Lower Limb, Hip Joint]. Available from:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/boo

...Original Editor '''- [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/deborah-riczo/ Deborah Riczo], [[User:Wanda van Niekerk|Wanda van Niekerk]]<br> ...or PGM Method^sm. This is ''in addition'' to, and ''after'' the muscles of the pelvic girdle have been balanced using PGM exercises in a very speci

[https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/deborah-riczo/ Deborah Riczo]<br> ...a systematic review.] Journal of physical therapy science. 2017;29(9):1689-94.</ref>

...sease, hypertension, history of left lower limb cellulitis, smoker/drinks 2-3 cans of beer daily, undiagnosed type2 DM Vocation / Occupation : Patient works as a part-time dishwasher/cleaner in a food centre.

...endent and at risk of serious injury or even death. Every appropriate, well-fitting wheelchair provides the user some postural support. The backrest, cu ...moving. Posture is attained as a result of co-ordinated action of various muscles working to maintain stability. Posture in easy terms can be understood as t

...''Original Editor '''- [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/petra-zikmann/ Petra Zikmann] '''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributors/{{FU ...s.org/plosone/article%3Fid%3D10.1371/journal.pone.0195341&hl=en&sa=T&oi=gsb-ggp&ct=res&cd=0&d=2796894896251726475&ei=HLC5YKK_EJj0yATT4byYCg&scisig=AAGBf

...muscles. TFL/ITB is a synergist of the gluteus medius and gluteus minimus muscles in hip abduction<ref>Arab AM, Nourbakhsh MR. The relationship between hip a ...rstanding iliotibial band syndrome. Journal of Anatomy. 2006 Mar;208(3):309-16.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2100245/ (accessed on 25/07/

...the pelvis. There are superficial muscles as well as the deep levator ani muscles. Changes in their function and strength can contribute to [[Pelvic Floor Dy ...strength assessment in healthy continent] women. BMC urology. 2015 Dec;15:1-6.</ref>

The [[Core Muscles|core]] is the centre of our body and it functions to stabilize the trunk wh # Muscles that stabilize the [[Hip|hips]].

...tion of pectus carinatum. Journal of pediatric surgery. 1987 Jan 1;22(1):48-53.</ref>]]Pectus carinatum (pigeon chest) refers to a chest wall deformity ...diopedia Pectus Carinatum Available:https://radiopaedia.org/articles/pectus-carinatum (accessed 27.9.2022)</ref>

...PV. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2953347/ Alternative pop-up for surfers with low back pain.] North American journal of sports physica ...'(4), pp.394-401. Available from: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S1809-29502016000400394&script=sci_arttext&tlng=en#B3 (last accessed 16.9.2019)</r

...itor '''- [[User:Lorenza Perez|Lorena Perez]] as part of [http://www.physio-pedia.com/ICRC_Cerebral_Palsy_Content_Development_Project#Articles_to_be_dev ...: Dyskinetic and Ataxic. Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3s-n4eFypPc [last accessed 13/08/16]</ref>

...tic breathing is a type of breathing exercise that helps strengthen your [[Muscles of Respiration|diaphragm]], an important muscle that helps you breathe as i ...ects of slow breathing in the healthy human]. Breathe. 2017 Dec 1;13(4):298-309.</ref>

...heels enhance perceived sexual attractiveness, leg length and women’s mate-guarding.] Current Psychology. 2022:41:3282–3292.</ref> ...eviews and additional primary studies.] BMC Public Health. 2018 Dec;18(1):1-3.</ref>

[See also [[Chronic_Pelvic_Pain_Syndrome_-_Male|Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome - Male]]] ...bdominal surgery]. Clinics. 2011;66(8):1307-12. </ref>[[Image:Pelvic Floor Muscles.jpg|right|400px]]

[[Category:Muscles]] ...Varacallo M. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513334/ Anatomy, Bony Pelvis and Lower Limb, Thigh Quadriceps Muscle]. InStatPearls [Internet] 2018 Dec

...fracture Available:https://radiopaedia.org/articles/neck-of-femur-fracture-1?lang=us (accessed 9.12.2022)</ref> ...ck fracture experiments—a narrative review]. Injury. 2012 Oct 1;43(10):1633-9.</ref>

...management or cure?.] Current gastroenterology reports. 2009 Aug;11(4):278-87.</ref> characterized by constipation with straining during defecation, in ...k. Results of a pilot study.] Techniques in Coloproctology. 2021 May;25:589-95.</ref>

...ament]]<nowiki/>s. They help stabilise the&nbsp;lumbosacral spine on the [[pelvis]].<ref>A STUDY OF ITS ANATOMY. DEVELOPMENT AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE. D. K. ....<ref>http://www.medic8.com/healthguide/sports-medicine/iliolumbar-ligament-injury.html</ref>[[Image:IMG_9766.jpg|right|300x300px]]

...nal Health. Available from: https://www.acog.org/Patients/FAQs/Vulvovaginal-Health</ref> ...the opening of the vagina, which is the tube-like structure surrounded by muscles leading from the uterus to the outside of the body<ref name=":2" />

...o the skin and breasts. The full gestation period is 39-40 weeks, and a pre-term birth is classed as delivery before 37 weeks gestation, although there [[File:Pelvis anterior and posterior, segments highlighted.png|thumb|283x283px]]

...icial muscles of the gluteal region Primal.png|thumb|250x250px|Superficial muscles of the gluteal region.]] ...nimus|Gluteus minimus]] the deep layer and the smallest one of the gluteal muscles and helps with hip abduction and internal rotation.

...sign be positive if the hip is normal?J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1997;79(3):462-6. ...notch to supply the [[Hip Anatomy|hip joint]], gluteus medius and minimus muscles and also [[Tensor Fascia Lata|tensor fascia lata]].<ref>Drake, RL, Vogl, W,

[[File:Digital rectal exam nci-vol-7136-300.jpg|thumb|200x200px]] ...disorders]. Gastroenterology Clinics of North America. 2008 Sep 1;37(3):685-96.</ref>

...: adventitious, subcutaneous, [[Synovial Fluid Analysis|synovial]], and sub-muscular. The head of the femur and the acetabulum of the pelvis make up the hip joint.

...sexual function]. Annals of internal medicine. 1980 Feb 1;92(2_Part_2):329-31.</ref>. Sexual dysfunction is extremely common among women and men, and e ...function in men and women]. Current psychiatry reports. 2000 Jun 1;2(3):189-95.</ref>.

...wellhealth.com)[https://www.verywellhealth.com/gastrocnemius-muscle-anatomy-4684083]</ref> ...ew image - © Kenhub https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/gastrocnemius-muscle</ref>

...ent technique used for respiratory care of patients with unconscious or non-alert, and ventilated, and also with a neurological condition # '''Co-contraction of the abdomen'''

...=":0">Jain, P. D., Nayak, A., Karnad, S. D., & Doctor, K. N. [https://www.e-cep.org/journal/view.php?doi=10.3345/cep.2021.00479 Gross motor dysfunction ...walid O, Fahrenhorst-Jones T, et al. [https://radiopaedia.org/articles/down-syndrome Down syndrome.]  (Accessed on 19 Nov 2023) [Internet]. Radiopaedia

...prevention and treatment of chronic inguinodynia. Hernia]. 2015 Aug;19:539-48.</ref>. ...versus abdominis]] and the [[Internal Abdominal Oblique|internal oblique]] muscles when it passes through the posterior abdominal wall.

[[File:Pelvis anterior and posterior, segments highlighted.png|right|frameless|350x350px] ...the sacrum. A pelvic fracture can occur by low-energy mechanism or by high-energy impact. 

...o convincing evidence after 47 years of research—systematic review and meta-analysis.] Pain. 2016 Oct;157(10):2160. Available from;https://www.ncbi.nlm. ...seases: causes, diagnosis, treatment and prophylaxis', Thieme, 2009, p. 321-327</ref>

...area of origin.<ref>http://teachmeanatomy.info/upper-limb/muscles/pectoral-region/ (accessed 1 July 2018). </ref> ...tion. <ref name=":0">Kendall F, McCreary E, Provance P,Rodgers M,Romani W. Muscles:Testing and function with posture and pain. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincot

...ased on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/pierre-roscher/ Pierre Roscher]<br> ...loor muscle]] rehabilitation can encompass a variety of issues: muscle over-utilisation, muscle weakness, muscle dysfunction and or poor [[Coordination

...severe obstetric perineal lacerations.] Int Urogynecol J. 2016 Jan;27(1):61-7.</ref> ...ive cohort study.] Archives of gynecology and obstetrics. 2019 Jul 1;300:67-77.</ref>

...ion of the pelvic organs through the perineum due to weakened pelvic floor muscles and supporting structures. Depending on the pelvic organ involved, POP is f ...t the patient's body image and sexuality. Although it is generally not life-threatening, it severely impairs an individual's physical and psychological

...y and reduce LBP and physical impairment. It stretches the lower extremity muscles in combination of hamstring, adductors and rotators. <br> ...sagittall plane isometric contract-relax technique on passive straight leg-raise angle. Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy 1994;20:138�

...mbers.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/michelle-green-smerdon// Michelle Green-Smerdon]<br> '''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributors/{{FULLPAGENAME} ...ballet dancers.] Journal of Dance Medicine & Science. 2018 Dec 1;22(4):209-17.</ref>

...H, Bordoni B. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538262/ Anatomy, Bony Pelvis and Lower Limb, Femoral Artery]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island ...e changes to the [[Popliteal Fossa|popliteal]] artery which provides oxygen-rich blood to the rest of the knee compartment. The deep femoral artery give

...irritable bowel syndrome in primary care practices.Obstet Gynecol 87(1):55-58,1996</ref><ref>Norwood,C:caesarean variations: Patients, facilities, or p ...ing a cesarean section can be vertical (up-and-down) or transverse (side-to-side). However, the condition of the mother and the fetus determines which t

...d D, Soames R. Anatomy and human movement. 4th edition. Oxford. Butterworth-Heinemann; 2002. p242.</ref>. ...reberry RR. [https://www.statpearls.com/kb/viewarticle/18764 Anatomy, bony pelvis and lower limb, calacaneous.] InStatPearls [Internet] 2018 Dec 6. StatPearl

...103''(2), 81-89.</ref> The purpose of this page is to describe the evidence-based physical therapy practice including diagnosis, assessment and interven ...sociation.] ''Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy'', (7), CPG1-CPG70.</ref>

...neural tension test used to stress the femoral nerve and the mid lumbar (L2-L4) nerve roots.&nbsp;<ref>Magee DJ. Orthopedic physical assessment. Elsevie ...ius]] muscle and the lateral border of the [[Adductor Longus]] muscle (The muscles [[Pectinus Muscle|Pectineus]] and [[Iliacus]] and [[Psoas Major|Psoas]] lie

*Long head: tibial division of the [[Sciatic Nerve|sciatic nerve]] (L5-S2)<ref name="Netter" /> ...origin insertion action, the long head gives posterior stability to the [[pelvis]]<ref name="wheeless">http://www.wheelessonline.com/ortho/biceps_femoris</r

...e to the neurological structures. <ref name="p9">Davarian S. et al.; Trunk muscles strength and endurance in chronic low back pain patients with and without c ...ow back pain?] Network meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med. 2020 Nov;54(21):1279-1287.</ref> Evidence suggests that the lack of muscle strength can itself co

...Brussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universiteit Brussel Evidence-Based Practice Project]] ...www.physioadvisor.com.au/10426550/adductor-tendonitis-adductor-tendinopathy-phys.htmfckLRfckLRfckLRfckLR </ref>

...Physiopedia,'' . Retrieved 09:52, December 15, 2017 from https://www.physio-pedia.com/index.php?title=Piriformis&oldid=174010.</ref> ...is known as [https://www.physio-pedia.com/Piriformis_Syndrome#cite_note-x10-6 Piriformis Syndrome].

[[File:Human-heart-chambers.jpg|right|frameless|399x399px]] ....<ref>Dictionary Vena Cava Available:https://www.dictionary.com/browse/vena-cava (accessed 16.7.2021)</ref>

...13 </ref><ref name=":0">Aslan A. and Fynes M., [https://journals.lww.com/co-obgyn/Abstract/2007/04000/Symphysial_pelvic_dysfunction.7.aspx Symphyseal pe ...been discussed using a multitude of terms in the literature including pubo-sacroiliac arthropathy, pelvic insufficiency, symphysis pain syndrome, pelvi

...en with cerebral palsy: 5-year review. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2015;57(9):808-820.</ref>. Early identification is an essential part of the strategy for th ...ment including relevant documentation, care, comfort, pain; child’s spine, pelvis and lower limbs.<br>3. Frequency of surveillance: Regularly until skeletal

Temporo-mandibular joint:<ref name=":1" /> ...on 2021/03/06). Available from https://www.cuteness.com/article/anatomy-dog-brain</ref>

...niversity Evidence-based Practice Project|Texas State University's Evidence-based Practice project]]. [[Image:Lower-back-pain.jpg|right|200px]]

...roiliac joint. Part 1: Clinical anatomical aspects. Spine 1990a; 15(2): 130-132</ref> .... 1998; 3(1): 12-20</ref>.&nbsp; This normally occurs during increased load-bearing situations e.g. standing and sitting, to increase stability<ref name

...Daily Living in Cerebral Palsy|ADL]] may be affected due to weak and stiff muscles eg climbing stairs, sit to stand, carrying loads. Social activities may be https://speciality.medicaldialogues.in/osteomalacia-standard-treatment-guidelines/

...ginal Editor '''- [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/rosanne-le-jeune/ Rosanne Lejeune] '''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributors/{{FU Pelvic hind limb bears 40-45% of the weight and provides the majority of propulsion for locomotion.

HELLP syndrome is a life-threatening condition that can potentially complicate pregnancy. It is named * A wide range of non-specific symptoms may be present in women with HELLP syndrome. Symptoms may

...sis: related pathology. International Journal of Orthopaedics 2015;2(1):191-5.</ref>. ...rement is obtained with the patient standing on both bare feet, with arms, pelvis, and heels together.

...'Original Editor '''-[https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/deborah-riczo/ Deborah Riczo], [[User:Carin Hunter|Carin Hunter]] <br> ...e noted, that the increase in midline “separation” of the rectus abdominis muscles involves stretching of the LA rather than a true separation.<ref>Hickey F,

...s (athletic pubalgia) and return to play]. Sports health. 2016 Jul;8(4):313-23.</ref>. The persistent groin pain that presents typically in competitive ...utcomes.] American journal of orthopedics (Belle Mead, NJ). 2017;46(4):E251-6.</ref>.

...l-being of an expected mother for [[Labour|labor]] and preventing pregnancy-induced pathologies by various physical means. It generally includes low imp ...te des Offentlichen Gesundheitsdienstes (Germany)). 2017 Mar 1;79(S 01):S36-9.</ref>

[[File:Indian-yogi-yogi-madhav-P SxnJhID1s-unsplash (1).jpg|right|frameless]] ...ostures on head/neck posture and muscle activity. Manual Therapy, 15(1), 54-60</ref>

...wska]] based on course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/instructor/rina-pandya/ Rina Pandya]<br> [[File:Ilustration of the muscles. jpeg.jpeg|thumb|alt=|335x335px]]

...ithstand large tensile forces.<ref name=":0">Wong M, Kiel J. Anatomy, bony pelvis and lower limb, Achilles tendon. StatPearls Publishing; 2020 Jan-. Availab ...ite for the gastrocnemius (lateral and medial heads) as well as the soleus muscles. It inserts onto the posterior surface of the calcaneus (heel bone). The [[

...n have on a person’s well-being is paramount. [[Trauma-Informed Care|Trauma-informed care]] appreciates how a person’s life history may have impacted ...ealth care experiences and holistic rehabilitation by working from a trauma-informed perspective and supporting the health and resilience of both patien

...of muscles, joints, and soft tissues to move through an unrestricted, pain-free range of motion. It involves the capacity of these structures to stretc ...of stretching, especially when combined with activity, can lead to fatigue-induced soft tissue shortening over time.<ref>UC Davis health [https://healt

...e=":5">Czaprowski D, Stoliński Ł, Tyrakowski M, Kozinoga M, Kotwicki T. Non-structural misalignments of body posture in the sagittal plane. Scoliosis an ...rcise programs on kyphosis and lordosis angle: A systematic review and meta-analysis.] PloS one. 2019 Apr 29;14(4):e0216180. Available from: https://www

The pelvic floor is a dome-shaped structure that extends from the pubic bone to the tailbone. See [[Pel # Sexual: superficial muscles of PF support clitoral and penile erection and arousal

...ology, diagnosis, and treatment.] Clinics in sports medicine 2016;35(3):419-33.</ref>. Additionally, conditions related to the iliopsoas muscle have bee ...ep24]. Available from: <nowiki>https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/90993-overview</nowiki> </ref>.

...fessional Road Cyclists.] The American journal of sports medicine. 38. 2494-501. 10.1177/0363546510376816. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net ...ncluded that correct saddle height (using the knee flexion angle method (25-30°)) reduced the risk of knee injuries and minimised oxygen uptake<ref nam

...]] (SI joint). It is usually caused by abnormal motion (i.e. hyper- or hypo-mobile) or malalignment of the sacroiliac joint. Sacroiliac joint syndrome i ...ac Joint Syndrome. Pain Physician. Vol. 4, N° 2, p 143-152, 2001. ISSN 1533-3159</ref>

The muscles which are responsible for movement and postural control are divided into 2 ...ith and without low back pain. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2000 Apr 15;25(8):989-94.</ref>

...n around us." <ref>Mindful. Available from: https://www.mindful.org/what-is-mindfulness/</ref> [[Image:Pelvic Floor Muscles.jpg|right|400px]]

...'''Original Editor '''- [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/pam-versfeld/ Pam Versfeld] '''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributors/{{FU ...a flexion moment around the hips which is counteracted by the hip extensor muscles. Because the base of support (BOS) extends forwards over the lower limbs, t

[[File:Muscles of the Pelvic Floor.jpg|thumb|411x411px|Muscles of the Pelvic Floor]] ...ppropriate contraction or weakening of [[Pelvic Floor Anatomy|pelvic floor muscles]], abnormal propulsive forces, or outlet obstruction. Initial treatment is

...ers' Hospital. Prolapse. http://brochures.mater.org.au/Home/Brochures/Mater-Mothers--Hospitals/Prolapse (accessed 5 April 2010).</ref> ...is, patients should be reassured that uterine prolapse is a common and well-known condition. Additionally, educating patients regarding potential sequel

...t&nbsp;and posture, causing activity limitation, that are attributed to non-progressive disturbances that&nbsp;occurred in the developing fetal or infan Cerebral palsy normally does not affect life-expectancy. Your child with cerebral palsy will grow up&nbsp;to be an adult

...ved region and literature review]. Medical Case Reports and Review 2020;3:1-4</ref><ref name=":0" /> ...kin flaps were drawn back and stitched into the periosteum to prevent sinus-track from forming, to reduce the pain of dressings and allow covering of th

...ong H. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK547703/ Anatomy, Abdomen and Pelvis, Female External Genitalia]. InStatPearls [Internet] 2019 Oct 10. StatPearl The mons pubis is a bed of fat covering [[Pelvis|the symphysis pubis]] underlying the skin. With the onset of puberty, pubic

[[File:Active-sacroiliitis.png|thumb|Bone scan: Active-sacroiliitis]]Reports on the prevalence of sacroiliac pain vary widely. ..., DPT, OCS, MTC, FAAOMPT, FCAMT fckLRSacroiliac joint dysfunction: Evidence-based diagnosis,fckLRAssistant Online Professor, University of St. Augustine

...rmis muscle is innervated by the direct branches from the sacral plexus (L5-S2).&nbsp; ...nerve]] or also named as N. Ishiadicus passes behind the hip joint to the muscles lying underneath. Above the knee joint, the sciatic nerve splits into two b

...structures. A reciprocal process between the active ([[Paraspinal Muscles|muscles]]), passive (osteoligamentous spine), and neural components is necessary to ...Human Motion. In: Hall SJ. eds. Basic Biomechanics, 8e New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2019. http://www.sciepub.com/reference/334549 (last accessed 28.11, 20

[[File:1115 Muscles of the Pelvic Floor.jpg|thumb]] ...Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing. 2012 Sep 1;41(5):680-91.</ref> It is usually an unrecognized and untreated component of chronic p

<div class="pp-no-course-suggestions pp-no-article-suggestions"></div> {{#ev:youtube| ZEgD-Mn5ftc|width}}

[[Image:Pelvic Floor Muscles.jpg|right|300px]] ...rring in the absence of relevant visible findings or a specific, clinically-identifiable, neurological disorder. <br>

...impact. They can range in severity from relatively benign injuries to life-threatening, unstable fractures. ...Russel">Russel G. V. Et al, [https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1247913-overview Pelvic Fractures,] medscape, January 2016. Accessed 26 May 2022</re

...wska]] based on course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/instructor/rina-pandya/ Rina Pandya] ...total hip arthroplasty. Indian Journal of Orthopaedics. 2017 Aug;51(4):359-67.</ref>

...s. He reasoned that spinal rotation and the muscle systems around the lumbo-pelvic region might be at the base of human movement<ref name="Gracovetsky 2 ...slings aren’t comprised of only one type of tissue; they are comprised of muscles, fascia and ligaments all working together to create stability and mobility

...rnal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology. 2017 Jul 1;214:97-103.</ref> ...t on Sexual Function.] The Journal of Sexual Medicine. 2021 Mar 1;18(3):487-92.</ref>This condition majorly affects the [[Quality of Life|Quality of lif

...Original Editor '''- [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/deborah-riczo/ Deborah Riczo], [[User:Wanda van Niekerk|Wanda van Niekerk]]<br> [[File:Ligaments of the pelvis posterior aspect Primal.png|thumb]]

...tusions]. Current reviews in musculoskeletal medicine. 2010 Oct 1;3(1-4):26-31.</ref> ...d contusions. Current reviews in musculoskeletal medicine. 2010 Oct;3(1):26-31.Available;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2941577/ (accessed

...vis. The rounded femoral head sits within the cup-shaped acetabulum of the pelvis. ...On Rest and Pain: Lecture XIV.] Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2009 Sep;467(9):2208-14. </ref>A joint tends to be innervated by a branch of a motor nerve which

.... [https://now.aapmr.org/biomechanic-of-gait-and-treatment-of-abnormal-gait-patterns/ Biomechanic of Gait and Treatment of Abnormal Gait Patterns].</ref * Something as simple as ill-fitting shoes

...e of the International Continence Society. Neurourol Urodyn. 2002;21(2):167-178.</ref> ...ter dyssynergia. International Journal of Clinical Practice. 2006 Dec;60:17-21.</ref>

...s://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/constipation/symptoms-causes/syc-20354253</ref> ...hronic idiopathic constipation in the community: systematic review and meta-analysis. The American journal of gastroenterology. 2011 Sep;106(9):1582.</r

*Lying in a hammock can help to&nbsp;relax tight muscles. ...can „hang‟ in a&nbsp;large towel (held by two adults) to&nbsp;relax tight muscles.

...mbers.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/michelle-green-smerdon// Michelle Green-Smerdon]<br> '''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributors/{{FULLPAGENAME} ...ot, the following features could be considered optimal:<ref name=":2">Green-Smerdon M. Biomechanics of the Dancer’s Ankle and Foot Course. Plus , 2022

== Sub-types == FI can be divided to sub-types:<ref name=":1">Mazur-Bialy AI, Kołomańska-Bogucka D, Opławski M, Tim S. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PM

...of 2002 running injuries. British Journal of Sports Medicine. 2002;36(2):95-101.</ref> ...ing-Related Injuries: A Systematic Review. Sports Medicine. 2019;49(7):1095-1115.</ref> It is evident though, that not every runner, cyclist, or individ

...o Intrinsic sphincteric deficiency.] Scientific Reports. 2020 Dec 2;10(1):1-7.</ref>. ...d gently and slowly into the urethra till no further resistance means the Q-tip has entered the bladder.

[[Image:Pregnant cross-section.jpg|right|505x505px]] ...atment of pelvic girdle pain]. European Spine Journal Jun 2008; 17(6) : 794-819.</ref> “''Pelvic girdle pain (PGP) generally arises in relation to pre

...based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/rina-pandya/ Rina Pandya]<br>'''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributors/{{FU ...pmc/articles/PMC6554361/pdf/40792_2019_Article_650.pdf Traumatic right hemi-diaphragmatic injury: delayed diagnosis.] Surg Case Rep. 2019 Jun 6;5(1):92.

...ee pain. Owing to a lack of understanding of the condition, it may be under-diagnosed or inadequately treated. <ref name=":0">Bylund, W. E., & de Weber, The tendon of the muscles that form the pes anserinus (Sartorius, Gracilis, emitendinosus) run on the

...ki.jpg|'''Figure.1''' Joseph Babinski (1857-1932)|alt=JOSEPH BABINSKI (1857-1932)|thumb]]It was on February 22, 1896, that Joseph Francois Felix Babinsk == Neuro-Physiology ==

...'''Original Editor '''- [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/dawn-nunes/ Dawn Nunes] '''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributors/{{FULLPAG [[File:Runners-635906 1920.jpg|thumb]]

...piriformis syndrome, ischiofemoral impingement and sciatic nerve release. Muscles, ligaments and tendons journal. 2016 Jul;6(3):384.</ref>: * [https://physio-pedia.com/Lumbar_Radiculopathy?utm_source=physiopedia&utm_medium=search&utm_

...fdrive.com/bd-chaurasia-books.html Human Anatomy - Lower Limb, Abdomen and Pelvis]. Vol 2. CBS Publishers and Distributors Pvt Ltd, 2010</ref> ...rior views) image - © Kenhub https://www.kenhub.com/en/study/anatomy-knee-joint</ref>

.... Investigation of lameness in dogs: 2. Hindlimb. InPractice. 2011;33(2):58-66. </ref> This lameness is often due to dysfunction at the stifle (e.g. cra ...arasen G. Pelvic fractures. Can Vet J. 2007;48(4):427-8.</ref> Because the pelvis has a continuous ring configuration, fractures do not occur in isolation -

...: an update. Current neurology and neuroscience reports. 2012 Apr;12(2):165-74.</ref> ...es. UpToDate.. Available from: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/congenital-myopathies</ref>

...e [[Biceps Femoris]]. Its origin is the ischial tuberosity on the inferior pelvis and it has a complex distal insertion connected to [[Popliteus Muscle]], to ...: MR imaging with anatomic correlation. Skeletal Radiol. 2014 Jun;43(6):781-91</ref>:[[File:Coronal section of the knee joint 2 Primal.png|thumb|Distal

...ussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universiteit Brussel's Evidence-based Practice project]] <br> ...ournal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. 2004 Jan 1;12(1):49-54.

...based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/instructor/damien-howell// Damien Howell]<br> ...name=":1">Howell, D, Gait Deviation Associated with Pain Syndromes in the Pelvis and Knee. Gait Analysis. Plus. 2022</ref>

...nd lower extremity strength exercises with cardiovascular training in a non-weight bearing environment. Swimmers are unfortunately prone to injuries.   ...ntion strategies in competitive swimmers]. Sports health. 2012 May;4(3):246-51. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3435931/ (l

...ttps://www.pelvicrehabilitation.com/conditions/chronic-pelvic-pain-syndrome-cpps/#:~:text=Chronic%20Pelvic%20Pain%20Syndrome%20(CPPS)%20is%20a%20conditi ...varies from person to person in ranging severity, type and perpetuity. CPPS-related pain can spread to the buttocks, lower back, and thighs.<ref name=":

...t 1: anatomy, biomechanics, and grading. Skeletal Radiol. 2011 Jan;40(1):13-23..</ref> ...k pain due to lumbar facet joint involvement is known as [http://www.physio-pedia.com/Lumbar_Facet_Syndrome lumbar facet syndrome.]<br>

...J, Matthews V. [http://ezinearticles.com/?Taking-the-Shame-out-of-Pudendal-Neuralgia!&id=327551 HOPE].</ref>. ...ded pudendal nerve block technique. Abdominal imaging. 1999 May 1;24(3):309-12.</ref>.

...based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/donna-fisher/ Donna Fisher]<br> ...e orthoses are not as common as [[Foundations for Ankle Foot Orthoses|ankle-foot orthoses]] (AFOs). They are designed for patients with extensive weakne

...''<nowiki/>'Spasticity is'' ''a motor disorder characterised by a velocity-dependent increase in tonic stretch reflexes (muscle tone) with exaggerated ...MN), presenting as an intermittent or sustained involuntary activations of muscles'.'' <ref name="Pandyan">Pandyan AD, Gregoric M, Barnes MP et al. Spasticity

...Original Editor '''- [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/deborah-riczo/ Deborah Riczo], [[User:Wanda van Niekerk|Wanda van Niekerk]]<br> ...lateral branches.<ref name=":1" /> This suggests that there are other extra-articular sources of sacroiliac region pain.<ref name=":1" />

...sides of the rectus [[Abdominal Muscles|abdominis muscle]] (increased inter-recti distance). ...Diastasis Recti] Available from: https://radiopaedia.org/articles/diastasis-recti (accessed 4.4.2021)</ref>

...siology in the elderly]. Clinics in geriatric medicine. 2014 Feb 1;30(1):95-106.</ref>. ...s they are at different depths on the anal canal wall, and they are about 4-8 anal gland.

...Original Editor '''- [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/deborah-riczo/ Deborah Riczo], [[User:Wanda van Niekerk|Wanda van Niekerk]]<br> ...and low back pain in pregnancy: a review. Pain Practice. 2010 Jan;10(1):60-71.</ref>

...the vertebrae in place, and [[Tendon Anatomy|tendon]]<nowiki/>s attach the muscles to the spinal column. ...d abdominal wall, including the bony structures, articulations, ligaments, muscles, nerves and the vascular supply.

Slight increase of extensor muscles control head / neck.&nbsp;&nbsp;<br> Gesture - Communication: Smile (6-12 weeks)&nbsp;<ref name="Stamer" />&nbsp;<ref name="Piper" />

...TA, Sadiq NM. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545158/ Anatomy, Bony Pelvis and Lower Limb, Foot Joints].2019 Available from:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.g This 7-minute video is a good summary of the ankle.

Original Editor - [https://www.physio-pedia.com/User:Shreya_Pavaskar Shreya Pavaskar] ...ains: a review of the literature*.J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 1984; 5(4):184-95.

...tps://www.spine-health.com/wellness/exercise/exercise-and-fitness-help-your-back (accessed 1.2.2022)</ref> ...ack pain and physical fitness in adolescents. Spine. 2006 Jul 1;31(15):1740-4.Available: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16816772/ (accessed 1.2.2022)</

...nd other tissues. The ligaments provide stability during loading while the muscles around the knee have a secondary role in stabilising this joint. If these s ...: adventitious, subcutaneous, [[Synovial Fluid Analysis|synovial]], and sub-muscular.

...based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/instructor/claire-robertson// Claire Robertson]<br> ...-semi-membranosis-biceps-femoris-semitendinosus-tuber-ischiadicum-back-skin-names.png|Hamstrings in situ. Note their relationship with the knee.|alt=|t

...cal anatomy of dyspareunia: A review. Clinical Anatomy. 2018 Oct;31(7):1013-7.</ref> ...s.com/uploads/review_article/pdf/10867/1612427667-1612427662-20210204-30437-1mtnxnu.pdf Evaluation and treatment of female sexual pain: a clinical revie

Meralgia Paraesthetica (MP), also known as Bernhardt-Roth or LFCN (lateral femoral cutaneus nervus) neuralgia, comes from the gre ...ding towards the anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) and exits the lesser pelvis below the inguinal ligament (IL), anterior to the ASIS. Then, it bifurcates

...ased on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/pierre-roscher/ Pierre Roscher]<br> ...ease read this article for more in-depth information on [https://www.physio-pedia.com/Considerations_for_Working_with_LGBTQIA+_Refugees?utm_source=physi

...ression at all.He got his temporary leg in our inpatient care, and his long-term one as an outpatient visiting our therapy centre every day. Adapted man ...utation in Diabetic Patients Stratified by Limb and Level of Amputation: 10-year observation,</ref>. In hospital, he was taught how to use a walker. Aft

...arches of the foot, which are essential for weight-bearing and [[Walking - Muscles Used|walking]]. ...ies of the deep transverse metatarsal ligament in hallux valgus]: a CONSORT-compliant article. Medicine. 2016 Feb;95(8).</ref>

...JI, Ingebrigtsen T. [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/1471-2474-14-206 Accuracy of physical examination for chronic lumbar radiculopathy]. BMC ...of back pain, referred pain, and radicular pain. Pain. 2009 Dec 1;147(1):17-9.</ref>

...ussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universiteit Brussel's Evidence-based Practice project]] ...40-00005 Iliopsoas bursitis and tendinitis.] Sports Medicine 1998;25(4):271-83.

...too fast and too far beyond the evidence? Br J Sports Med. 2015;49(12):782-4. </ref> ...pingement and hip arthroscopy in the athlete. Phys Sportsmed. 2014;42(1):75-87. doi: 10.3810/psm.2014.02.2050. </ref> The labrum of the acetabulum forms

...nal Editor '''- [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/ansi-van-der-walt/ Ansi van der Walt] '''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributors/{{F ...ticles/10.3389/fvets.2018.00195/full Two multicenter surveys on equine back-pain 10 years a part]. ''Front Vet Sci''. 2018;5:195.</ref><ref name=":1">Hi

...Obstetrics. 2021 Oct;155:7-18.</ref> that usually affects [[Menopause|post-menopausal]] women, and it can be misdiagnosed and considered an inflammato [[File:Anatomy-of-the-Vulva-Labia-Clitoris-Mons-Pubis.png|thumb]]

...Brussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universiteit Brussel Evidence-Based Practice Project]] [[File:Normal-Navicular-and-Accessory-Navicular.jpg|alt=|right|241x241px]]

....1007/978-3-319-33760-9_7 Invasive Urodynamics]. InUrodynamics 2017 (pp. 81-127). Springer, Cham.</ref>. '''It used in the following conditions:'''[[Fil ...eatment of male lower urinary tract symptoms and urinary incontinence]. Tzu-Chi Medical Journal. 2017 Apr;29(2):72.</ref>.

...assess the integrity of the hip joint. The test is used to screen for intra-articular hip pathologies including labral tears, ligamentous laxity, and im ...ed by the articulation of the head of the femur with the acetabulum of the pelvis. The main function of the hip is to support the weight of the upper body du

...sterior surface of [[Adductor Magnus]]. Nerves branch off to the hamstring muscles. The nerve is crossed obliquely on its superficial aspect by the long head ...name=":2">Gray's anatomy- The anatomical basis of clinical practice. Forty-first edition.</ref>

...inal cord injury: a retrospective analysis. Spinal cord. 2017 Jun;55(6):559-65.</ref> ...to develop respiratory complications, primarily due to [https://www.physio-pedia.com/Muscles_of_Respiration diaphragm] impairment. <ref name=":0" />

.... Disability and Rehabilitation]: Assistive Technology. 2008 Jan 1;3(3):136-8.</ref><br> ...https://scoliosisjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13013-017-0145-8 2016 SOSORT guidelines: orthopaedic and rehabilitation treatment of idiopa

...ebrae in place, and tendons attach the muscles to the spinal column. Thirty-one pairs of nerves are rooted to the [[Spinal cord anatomy|spinal cord]] an ...ral regions. The lumbar spine consists of 5 moveable vertebrae (numbered L1-L5). The lumbar vertebrae, as a group, produce a lordotic curve<ref name=":0

...mputee Coalition 2008. http://www.amputee-coalition.org/resources/limb-loss-definitions/ [accessed 24 Sep 2017]</ref> by trauma, prolonged constriction ...gangrenous or grossly ischemic, dangerous, malignancy or infection), or non-functional<ref name="VA">[http://www.healthquality.va.gov/guidelines/Rehab/a

...ic outlet, leading to a spectrum of symptoms ranging from mild pain to limb-threatening complications. It remains a complex and controversial condition ...engthening, and postural re-education, plays a crucial role in managing TOS-related symptoms.

...based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/donna-fisher/ Donna Fisher]<br>'''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributors/{{F ...tal or acquired deformities. The ultimate aim is to achieve / maintain near-neutral subtalar joint alignment during the [[Gait|gait cycle]] or the indiv

...om: https://www.podiatrytoday.com/keys-recognizing-and-treating-limb-length-discrepancy Last accessed 12.11.2019)</ref> ...r shortening. It is impossible to detect these faulty mechanics using a non-functional evaluation, such as radiography. FLLD can develop due to an abnor

...owiki>https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/neck-pain-acute-torticollis/background-information/prevalence/</nowiki> </ref> ....org/ummc/health-services/orthopedics/services/spine/patient-guides/anatomy-function</nowiki>.</ref>

...revention, diagnosis and management.] South African Family Practice. 47. 14-19. 10.1080/20786204.2005.10873255. Available from: https://www.researchgate ...lity|core muscles]] causing excess weight on hands and or rocking of the [[pelvis]];

...biopsychosocial framework.] Current Sexual Health Reports. 2020 Sep;12:127-35.</ref>. It is related mainly to women but it was presented in men also<re ...nt genital arousal disorder]. Current Sexual Health Reports. 2020 Mar;12:34-9.

...e is unique in that it can regenerate, restoring to a fully-functional, pre-injury state.<ref name=":5" /> ...ble at: <nowiki>https://opentextbc.ca/anatomyandphysiology/chapter/6-3-bone-structure/</nowiki> </ref>

...ectinate line into two portions: the upper one the vertical anal columns (8-10 anal fold), at there ends there are valves (anal valves), above each one ...ibro-elastic and [[collagen]] tissues, vascular thrombosis and/ or anal sub-epithelial muscle this theory still accepted<ref name=":0">Lohsiriwat V. [ht

...ck AC, et al. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519534/ Anatomy, Bony Pelvis and Lower Limb, Knee Patella.] [Updated 2023 Oct 27]. In: StatPearls [Inter ...and ice hockey.<ref name=":0">Cassidy A. [https://teachmeanatomy.info/lower-limb/bones/patella/ The Patella] [Internet]. TeachMe Anatomy. 2023 [cited 23

...ussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universiteit Brussel's Evidence-based Practice project]] ...h - anterior and posterior views|right|frameless|600x600px|Overview of the muscles of the hip and thigh - anterior and posterior views]]

[[File:Cervical-cancer.jpg|thumb]] ...cal Cancer Available from:https://radiopaedia.org/articles/carcinoma-of-the-cervix (last accessed 5.9.2020)</ref>

...J, Huntley JS.Swelling around a child's knee. Clin Anat. 2011 Oct;24(7):914-7.</ref>. ...iction between tissues, and also works as a cushion for bones, tendons and muscles<ref name="Tschirch">Tschirch FTC, Schmid MR, Pfirrmann CWA, et al. Prevalen

...nonyms that are used frequently for PS are the deep gluteal syndrome, extra-spinal sciatica and wallet neuritis.<ref>Siddiq MA. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.ni ...male ratio of 6:1. Piriformis syndrome is most commonly diagnosed in middle-aged patients.<ref>Hicks BL, Lam JC, Varacallo M. Piriformis syndrome.[https

...evention.] Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach. 2010 Mar 1;2(2):135-46.</ref>. * wind-up,

[https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/bernice-saban/ Bernice Saban]<br> ...ncloses different organs, supports internal structures and envelopes whole muscles, as well as each individual muscle fibre.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">Be

...isten Templin|Kristen Templin]] as part of the [[Temple University Evidence-Based Practice Project|Temple University EBP Project]] ...ttachments from the head, neck, shoulder blade, clavicle, lumbar spine and pelvis as well as connections to organs in the rib cage and abdomen.

...The term ‘dysfunction’ implies that at a certain level (mostly L4-L5 or L5-S1) these 3 components do not function normally. ...omised clinical trial, J Bone Joint Surg Br August 1989 vol. 71-B no. 4 681-684.</ref>

...ts and the elderly.] Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift. 2017 Feb 1;129(3-4):81-95.Available from:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5318488/ (las ...hefreedictionary.com/gait+speed Gait speed] Available from: https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/gait+speed (last accessed 28.6.2020)</ref>

...based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/mauro-banfi/ Mauro Banfi]<br> ...MC5636236/ Effect of posture on swallowing]. Afr Health Sci. 2017;17(1):133-7.</ref> When working with patients who have dysfunction in these areas, it

...BP) or [http://www.physio-pedia.com/Pregnancy_Related_Pelvic_Pain pregnancy-related pelvic girdle pain (PPGP)]. The last two patterns can occur separate ...cy-related low back pain]. Journal of nurse-midwifery. 1998 Sep 1;43(5):331-40.</ref><br>

...based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/rina-pandya/ Rina Pandya]<br>'''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributors/{{FU ...onized spirometric assessment.] J Appl Physiol (1985). 2010 Oct;109(4):1064-71.</ref> Disorders of the diaphragm and postural deficiencies can negativel

...] based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/lee-herrington/ Lee Herrington]<br> ...ing and adjusting training intensity. Sports Medicine. 2021 Oct;51(10):2051-66.</ref>

...Shores JT, M.D. [https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/treatment-tests-and-therapies/amputation Health and Amputation by John Hopkins Medicine]. ...le from: <nowiki>https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/treatment-tests-and-therapies/amputation</nowiki>

...wska]] based on course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/instructor/rina-pandya/ Rina Pandya]<br> ...apping hip syndrome Available:https://radiopaedia.org/articles/snapping-hip-syndrome?lang=us (accessed 30/10.2022)</ref>

...ctional study.] International Journal of Sexual Health. 2022 Jan 2;34(1):81-9.</ref> ...nismus: An overview.] The Journal of Sexual Medicine. 2022 May 1;19(5):S228-9.</ref> However, a strong psychological component is associated with its pr

...designed to improve physical strength, flexibility, and [http://www.physio-pedia.com/Posture posture] and enhance mental awareness<ref name="Oxford">Ox ...s and who needed help with proper training, recovery and [http://www.physio-pedia.com/Rehabilitation rehabilitation].<ref name="jo" />

...alone: a systematic review]. Journal of physiotherapy. 2015 Jan 1;61(1):10-5.</ref> ...ustic rhythms in gait rehabilitation]. Gait & posture. 2011 Apr 1;33(4):690-4.</ref>

...displaced intra-articular calcaneal fractures. Surgeon. 2021 Oct;19(5):e222-e229. </ref> [[shock]], fat embolism, [[Compartment Syndrome|compartment syn ...brainkart.com/article/Fracture-Healing-and-Complications--Early-and-Delayed-_32596/ (accessed 27.10.2021)</ref>

...olishchuk|Kimberly Polishchuk]] as part of the [[Temple University Evidence-Based Practice Project|Temple University EBP Project]] ...ng review, deep neck flexor assessment and exercise protocols from the peer-reviewed literature are described in detail.&nbsp;

...Stress fractures Available:https://radiopaedia.org/articles/stress-fracture-2?lang=us (accessed 12.12.2022)</ref> Stress fractures represent a spectrum This great 6-minute video sums up stress fractures.{{#ev:youtube|https://www.youtube.com/

...ussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universiteit Brussel's Evidence-based Practice project]] ...an emphasis on ultrasonography.] Skeletal radiology. 2002 Nov 1;31(11):631-6.

...ased on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/ibukun-afolabi/ Ibukun Afolabi]<br> ...riod: three distinct but continuous phases]. ''J Prenat Med''. 2010;4(2):22-5.</ref>

[[File:Human anus-en.svg.png|thumb|319x319px|Anal canal]] ...ncidence rates. International journal of epidemiology. 2017 Jun 1;46(3):924-38.</ref>.

...based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/instructor/helene-simpson/ Helene Simpson]<br> ...pictorial essay with a multimodality approach]. J Anat. 2010 Dec;217(6):633-45.</ref> The ligaments that link the bones are the distal anterior inferior

...[https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/tanya-bell-jenje/ Tanya Bell-Jenje]<br> ...distal and proximal conditions.<ref name=":13" /> Moreover, a number of non-mechanical pathologies can [[Spinal Masqueraders|masquerade]] as musculoskel

...olisthesis and retrolisthesis.] Clinical Spine Surgery. 2002 Apr 1;15(2):93-9.</ref> ...olisthesis and retrolisthesis.] Clinical Spine Surgery. 2002 Apr 1;15(2):93-9.

...ndrome in asymptomatic individuals. ''J Med Pharm Allied Sci'', 10(6), 3894-3898.</ref>. ...Crossed Syndrome''. Physiopedia, [online]. Available at https://www.physio-pedia.com/index.php?title=Lower_Crossed_Syndrome&oldid=323323 [Accessed: 18

'''Original Editor '''- [https://www.physio-pedia.com/User:Chelsea_Mclene Chelsea McLene] ...ff of the secular trend. Journal of Adolescent Health. 2010 Mar 1;46(3):238-44.</ref>, a point in time known as '''menarche'''.

...both the [[posture]] and gait pattern of pregnant women different from non-pregnant subjects.<ref name=":3">Forczek W;Staszkiewicz R. [http://www.actab ...cco ICN. [https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.2217/whe.12.59?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori:rid:crossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub%20%200pubmed Static and Dyna

...''Original Editor '''- [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/mauro-banfi/ Mauro Banfi] '''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributors/{{FULLPA ...ral dysfunctions such as increased tension of their anterior muscular peri-laryngeal chain.<ref name=":1" /> These postural dysfunctions can, however,

...y affects well-being and physical and psychological health.<ref name="abdul-sattar" /><ref name="manchikanti" /><ref name="friel" /> ...ki JM. The relationship between lumbar spine kinematics during gait and low-back pain in transfemoral amputees. American Journal of Physical Medicine &a

...ased on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/krista-eskay/ Krista Eskay]<br> ...haracteristics+of+infants+scholarly+article&ots=U9GMaStsfw&sig=jzCfvo4JDDnN-VrQ95QH2orGi7A#v=onepage&q=motor%20Developmental%20characteristics%20of%20in

...ia. Available from: https://hipdysplasia.org/developmental-dysplasia-of-the-hip/ (accessed 10/01/2023)</ref>. '''Acetabular dysplasia''' itself refers ...Joint|alt=|frameless]]The [[Hip Anatomy|Hip joint]] is a classical ball-and-socket joint. It meets the four characteristics of a [[Synovial Joints|synov

...ical Therapy. Journal of Orthopadic Sports Physical Therapy. 2007;37(6):290-302.</ref>. In 2012, Low Back Pain Clinical Practice Guidelines were publish ...ican Physical Therapy Association. J Orhtop Sports Phys Ther. 2012;42(4):A1-A57</ref>

...k Bhatt|Hardik Bhatt]] as part of the [[Vrije Universiteit Brussel Evidence-based Practice Project]] ...4x504px|[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popliteus_muscle#/media/File:Gray439-Musculus_popliteus.png Popliteus]]]

...Flexion Syndrome. Physical Therapy 35(4) pp. 336-351</ref><span style="line-height: 1.5em;">.</span> ...lysis of selected systems. Phys Ther. 78 pp. 708-737</ref><span style="line-height: 1.5em;">.</span>

...tellar Malalignment. The Journal of Bone &amp; Joint Surgery. 2000; 82:1639-1639 [Level of Evidence: A1]</ref> [[Image:336px-Patellaluxation ap 002.jpg|patella malalignment]]

...on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/rosanne-le-jeune/ Rosanne Lejeune Rosanne Lejeune] * Asymmetrical movement of the pelvis on the side of the lame hind limb is the most noteworthy and consistent abn

...ain: differential diagnosis and management]. Neurol Clin. 2023 Feb;41(1):61-76.</ref> It is, therefore, important that rehabilitation providers have a c ...from muscle sprains), so check for anomalies (e.g. spondylolisthesis / step-off)

...Ligament|ligaments]], controlled by 13 extrinsic and 21 intrinsic [[Muscle|muscles]]. ...t - 3D Medical Animation. Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X-eAXKS4pJM [last accessed 19/03/2015]</ref>

...arises from the [[Atlanto-occipital joint|atlanto-occipital]] and [[Atlanto-axial joint|upper cervical joints]] and perceived in one or more regions of The [http://www.ihs-headache.org/ International Headache Society] (IHS) has validated cervicogen

...''Original Editor '''- [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/petra-zikmann/ Petra Zikmann] '''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributors/{{FU ...agemakers JH, van Weeren PR, Serra Bragança FM. Range of motion and between-measurement variation of spinal kinematics in sound horses at trot on the st

...rticle_5290.pdf Randomised controlled trial for evaluation of an ultrasound-guided palpation intervention for palpation skill training.] Sci Rep. 2022 J ...: adventitious, subcutaneous, [[Synovial Fluid Analysis|synovial]], and sub-muscular.

...a source of back pain. Thus back pain can arise from any of the ligaments, muscles, fascia, joints or discs of the Lumbar Spine. Read more information on [[Lo ...rtebral Manipulation. 7th Edition. London. Elsevier.</ref><span style="line-height: 1.5em;">.</span>

...trials of water immersion therapies.] Journal of Epidemiology. 2010:20(1):2-12.</ref> They enable an individual to practise performing movements that ar ...l therapy on patients with multiple sclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis]. Multiple sclerosis and related disorders. 2020 Jun 1;41:102022.</

...Original Editor '''- [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/deborah-riczo/ Deborah Riczo], [[User:Wanda van Niekerk|Wanda van Niekerk]]<br> ...ociation]. Journal of Women's Health Physical Therapy. 2017 May 1;41(2):102-25.</ref>

...CF) demonstrated in most reported cases. Pediatr Radiol. 2000 Jan;30(1):14-24.</ref> ...is fusion (8%)<br>4) coxa valga (3.2%), arthritic changes (3.2%).<br>5) non-union in one (1.6%)

...based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/instructor/helene-simpson/ Helene Simpson]<br> ...of trimalleolar ankle fractures.] EFORT Open Reviews. 2021 Aug 10;6(8):692-703.</ref>

...r '''- [[User:User Name|Verbena Bottini]]&nbsp;as pat of [http://www.physio-pedia.com/ICRC_Cerebral_Palsy_Content_Development_Project ICRC Cerebral Pals [http://www.physio-pedia.com/Posture Posture]&nbsp;is the attitude assumed by body either when

...g]] based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/instructor/pam-versfeld/ Pam Versfeld]<br> ...ts of wakeful tummy time.<ref>Sampaio SS, Moura JR, de Medeiros CE, de Lima-Alvarez CD, Simão CR, Azevedo IG, Pereira SA. [https://www.hindawi.com/jour

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...dn't these be called Labral "Fissures" Instead? Acad Radiol. 2018;25(3):387-390. ...joint) is a synovial joint formed between the femur and acetabulum of the pelvis. The head of the femur is covered by Type II collagen (hyaline cartilage) a

...ther split into three categories; acute, sub-acute, and [https://www.physio-pedia.com/Chronic_Low_Back_Pain chronic].<ref>Burton AK, Balagué F, Cardon # Sub-acute is anything persisting between 6-12 weeks.

.../health-information/urologic-diseases/interstitial-cystitis-painful-bladder-syndrome National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (N ...der syndrome/interstitial cystitis: An ESSIC proposal. Eur Urol 2008; 53:60-7</ref> Painful bladder syndrome was defined as "suprapubic pain with bladde

...tors '''-&nbsp;[[User:Amanda Tieken|Amanda Tieken]] from [http://www.physio-pedia.com/index.php5?title=Pathophysiology_of_Complex_Patient_Problems Bella ...28;aulast=Shetty#ref13 Exercise in polycystic ovarian syndrome: An evidence-based review]. Saudi Journal of Sports Medicine. 2017 Sep 1;17(3):123.</ref>

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...pecific Pathology: A Systematic Review. ''J Sports Sci Med''. 2019;18(1):21-31. </ref> * [https://physio-pedia.com/Patellofemoral_Pain_Syndrome Patellofemoral pain]

...and the patient’s expectations. '''Rehabilitation should begin 5 days post-surgery&nbsp;'''<ref name="BACPAR">British association of Chartered Physioth ...om all angles. Knowledge of normal gait patterns for the prosthetic and non-prosthetic user is required to help analysis of movement. On observation of

...nee pain.] Current reviews in musculoskeletal medicine. 2010 Oct 1;3(1-4):3-10.</ref> ...al vein), bursae, lymph nodes, and fat. The bursae of the knee are synovial-lined sacs that decrease the friction of moving structures. Pain and swellin

...nerve is made up of the L4 through S2 nerve roots which coalesce at the [[pelvis]] to form the sciatic nerve. At up to 2 cm in diameter, the sciatic nerve i ...ior|anterior lower leg muscles]], and some intrinsic [[Foot Anatomy|foot]] muscles.

...pain]. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy. 2019 Sep;49(9):640-6. DOI: 10.2519/jospt.2019.8813 ...f foot and ankle research. 2020 Dec;13(1):1-9. DOI: 10.1186/s13047-020-0377-3 </ref> Many clinicians have focused on the [[Plantar Aponeurosis|plantar f

* Sub-Acute Phase: can last 2-6 weeks following delivery ...Outcomes. Journal of Women's Health Physical Therapy]. 2023 Jan 1;47(1):26-35.</ref>.

...based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/instructor/damien-howell/ Damien Howell]<br> ...bate]. journal of orthopaedic & sports physical therapy. 2019 Jun;49(6):425-36.</ref> </blockquote>

...|400x400px]]Spinal Cord Injuries (SCI) can be defined as a traumatic or non-traumatic event that leads to neural damage that influences motor, sensory a ...ry does only have an impact on the individuals' physical and emotional well-being, but it also has a considerable impact on families, communities and he

...Alsayouri K. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545158/ Anatomy, Bony Pelvis and Lower Limb, Ankle Joint.] 2020 Aug 16. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treas ...alar ligament (ATTL) passes from the tip of the medial malleolus to the non-articular part of the medial talar surface. It is crossed by the tendons of

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...based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/instructor/damien-howell/ Damien Howell]<br> ...bate]. journal of orthopaedic & sports physical therapy. 2019 Jun;49(6):425-36.</ref> </blockquote>

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...ussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universiteit Brussel's Evidence-based Practice project]] ...most of the cases surgery is necessary to stabilize the [http://www.physio-pedia.com/Hip hip] and prevent the situation from getting worse. <ref>Kauer

*Mild: 20-25% *Moderate: 25-40%

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...Original Editor '''- [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/deborah-riczo/ Deborah Riczo], [[User:Wanda van Niekerk|Wanda van Niekerk]]<br> Pelvic girdle pain (PGP) refers to musculoskeletal disorders affecting the [[pelvis]].

[[File:AFO-Swedish-Leaf-Side-Shoe.jpg|right|frameless|204x204px]] Spinal Orthoses (Thoraco-Lumbar-Pelvic Brace)

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...on and News.Jul 16,2020.(cited: 12/6/2020) Available from: https://www.iasp-pain.org/PublicationsNews/NewsDetail.aspx?ItemNumber=10475 ...chronic pain after [[Spinal Cord Injury|spinal cord injury]] varies from 34-90 % and among them 2/3rd of the patient suffer from [[Chronic Pain|chronic

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...oses of education, a fictitious case study has been created involving an 18-year old university student Breydon King, who was diagnosed with DMD at the ...ynthesis of the protein dystrophin, leading to progressive degeneration of muscles all over the body.<ref name=":1" />  DMD has an incidence of about 1 in 35

...ovimovements.co.za/greater-trochanteric-pain-syndrome-recommended-exercises-progressions/</ref>. ...h as [[Sacroiliac Joint Syndrome|Sacroiliac Joint]] and the [https://physio-pedia.com/Lumbar_Radiculopathy?utm_source=physiopedia&utm_medium=search&utm_

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...mportant to consider whenever a canine patient presents with apparent spine-related pain:<ref name=":0">Van der Walt A. Managing Disorders of the Canine ...o be due to pathologies outside of the spine, such as brain tumours and mid-thoracic pathology

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...hase lasts for approximately 6-8 hours, achieving a cervical dilation of ~3-4 cm.<ref name=":1" /> ...ilation occurs at a rate of 1cm/hour and in multigravida mothers (or second-time mothers), dilation occurs at a rate of 1.5 cm/hour.<ref name=":1" />

The period described is the acute and post-acute phase, following [[Amputations|transtibial amputation]] surgery, in a Co-morbidities/relevant histories: 


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...elissa Osti|Melissa Osti]] as part of the [[Texas State University Evidence-based Practice Project]] [[File:T9-T10 change fracture from MVA.png|thumb|348x348px|T9-T10 chance fracture from MVA]]

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...in project page]] for further information, or to return to [[Neck Pain Tool-kit: Step 1|Step 1]] to identify your patient. Otherwise, proceed to Step 3 *[[Neck Pain Tool-kit: Step 3#3.1_Neck_pain_alone|3.1 Neck pain alone]]

...ic conditions, please click [[Managing Disorders of the Canine Hind Limb - Pelvis and Hip|here]]. ....<ref name=":0">[https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/ansi-van-der-walt/ Van Der Walt, A]. Managing Disorders of the Canine Hind Limb. Plus Cou

...such as organs, including muscles and the circulatory system) and the fibro-adipose tissue exceeds the capacity of the [[Lymphatic System|lymphatic syst * Swelling proximally in the breast, chest, shoulder, pelvis, groin, genitals, face/intraoral tissues

...ysio-pedia.com/User:Ashlea_Anthony Ashlea Anthony] &amp; [http://www.physio-pedia.com/User:Linsey_Schmalz Linsey Schmalz] from Bellarmine University.&nb ...reast cancer] Available from:https://radiopaedia.org/articles/breast-cancer-summary?lang=gb (last accessed 22.8.2020)</ref>

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