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The Thoracic Spine has a complex and often overlooked role within the body. It is a key area of load transfer between the upper and lower body and for rotational movement within the body.
Should be assessed and treated as a functional unit including not only the spine but the rib cage.
The thoracic region provides a site for muscle and connective tissue attachments from the head, neck, shoulder blade, clavicle, lumbar spine and pelvis as well as connections to organs in the rib cage and abdomen.
It has a role in breathing, is protection for vital organs, and has a relationship to emotions and the nerves that control the ‘fight or flight’ response.
Watch this 5-minute showing of a thoracic examination by a physiotherapist
When observing and assessing client be aware of the common causes of thoracic spine pain, so you can screen for them, beginning the elimination process towards diagnosis.
Sprain or strain; Spinal joint sprain involving the disc or zygapophyseal (facet) joint; rib joint sprain; muscle strain.
Reduced thoracic mobility may be due to; rib cage, spinous processes, zygapophyseal joint capsules, ligamentum flavum, dimensions of the vertebral bodies.
protection of the heart, lungs and viscera, ventilation of the lungs
provide a stable base for the attachment of muscles of the upper limbs, head and neck, vertebral column and the pelvis.[4][5](at the expense of mobility).
The thoracic spine:
lies between the superior cervical spine and the inferior lumbar spine. It
consists of 12 vertebrae, the bodies of the thoracic vertebrae are medium-sized and heart-shaped,[6] generally increase in size from superiorly to inferiorly to support increase the increases in weight that needs to be supported.
possess articular facets on their sides for articulation with the heads of the ribs.[6][5]
Used to identify those who will not be able to tolerate a full objective examination
Severity - If a patient is able to sustain a position that reproduces the symptoms then the condition is considered non-severe. If the patient cannot sustain the position, the condition is considered severe and no overpressures should be attempted
Irritability- If symptoms ease immediately after provocation then the condition is considered to be non-irritable and all movements can be tested. If symptoms take a few minutes to ease, the symptoms are irritable and only a few movements should be attempted to avoid exacerbating the patients’ symptoms
24hr symptoms- Night, morning and evening symptoms (morning stiffness for a few minutes suggests spondylosis, stiffness and pain for a few hours suggests inflammatory processes such as A.S.) Position of sleep, no. of pillows, do symptoms affect sleep? Soft or firm mattress?
Special questions are used to identify precautions or absolute contraindications to examination or treatment
General health
Weight loss
RA
Drug therapy
X-rays and medical imaging
Neurological symptoms
History of Present Condition (HPC)
Known or unknown cause
Sudden/slow onset
How long ago did symptoms start
Route to physiotherapy
Past Medical History (PMH)
Relevant medical history
Previous episodes
Previous Rx
Social History
Employment, dependants, leisure activities etc.
Region-Specific Historical Examination
The thoracic area is a common place for the cervical spine to refer symptoms, so screen the cervical spine including assessing for previous neck pain or neck trauma is necessary to rule out cervical spine involvement.[8][5] eg “Do neck movements improve your symptoms?” “Where is the pain most bothersome?”
Thoracic spine pain and visceral pain can mimic the other due to the shared afferent innervation of the ANS sympathetics, which originate from T1-L2 afferents from the spinal cord.[9]
Segments T4-T7 have the potential to cause pseudoanginal pain as well as symptoms generated by a cough, sneeze, deep breath, movement of the trunk, palpation, and compression.[10]
Fear-Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire (FABQ) can be used to screen for behaviours that may require a consult or an increase in treatment duration.
Patients involved in on-going litigation have been found to have reduced changes in quality of life and higher rates of disability with the physical gains made in therapy.[11]
Investigations
Looking for serious pathology
Diagnostic Imaging Considerations- Patients that present with acute thoracic spine pain with risk factors for osteoporotic compression fractures should have standard thoracic spine radiographs.
Radiographs are sensitive to assess for acute compression fractures; however, if the patient’s initial radiographs were read as normal and they are still experiencing extreme pain or symptoms consider a referral for advanced imaging such as CT or MRI.
Patients with red flags for cancer should be referred for imaging to rule out cancer.
Patients with suspected Ankylosing Spondylitis are typically referred for radiographs of the sacroiliac joints and lab studies including assessing for the presence of HLA-B27.
Objective Examination
Observation
This should occur from in front, behind and from the side in sitting and standing[5][12]
The examiners observe the patient’s thoracic spine region and assess for the presence of deviation from normal including the thoracic spine curvatures in the frontal and sagittal planes.
The overall impression of inter-rater reliability for postural observation of kyphosis and label either excessive, normal or decrease range from moderate to substantial according to a study performed by Cleland et al.[13]
Paying attention to some of the following; symmetry, Cx/Tx/Lx curvatures, deviations of the spine, shoulder levels, shoulder girdle, scapula position, GH joint position, level of the pelvis, limb position
Muscle bulk and tone (compare sides, hand dominance)
Soft tissues (Skin colour and quality, Swelling, scars)
The examiner can ask the patient to perform the following movements to check for any change symptoms; looking up, transferring from sit to stand, lifting one or both arms overhead, and any other movements that aggravate or relieve symptoms. While the patient performs these movements watch for any deviations, compensations, or discrepancies between sides. If applicable, any of these movement patterns can be used as an asterisk or comparable signs for reassessment after a trial intervention. [12]
Palpation
To begin, palpate superficial structures and then move to the deeper structures of the thorax. Feel for any changes in temperature, texture, and moisture, as well as lymph node and soft tissue swelling. Check for symmetry between bony landmarks including the rib angles and attachments, this can also be done through observation.[14]
Assessment of skin temperature, soft tissues, muscle tone, tenderness, increased or decreased prominence of bones, the position of vertebrae and ribs
Supine- sternum, ribs, clavicle, sternocostal and costochondral joints
Prone- spinous process, costotransverse and costovertebral *Note thoracic facet and costotransverse joints refer pain locally or 1 level above or below
Assess for baseline symptoms including intensity and location prior to testing. Note changes in intensity and location of symptoms and where in the range they occur during test.
Ensure the motion is purely thoracic by ensuring the patient is not compensating with lumbar and pelvis movement.
Repeated motion may be performed to assess for centralization of symptoms or a directional preference.
Repeated motion testing has been predominately studied for lumbar and cervical spine at this time.
The normal end feel for all the motions listed is firm.
Flexion, extension and side-bending may be measured with a double inclinometer method, but no normative values have been found, and reliability of these measurements has not been researched.
Rotation and combined movements measured purely on observation.[15][12]
Passive Intervertebral Motion
To access accessory intervertebral motion apply pressure in a posterior to anterior direction to the thoracic spine either centrally directly on the spinous process (central) or unilaterally located just lateral to the spinous process.
Rib motion may be accessed in two locations, posterior to anterior pressure applied to the rib angles and anterior to posterior pressure applied at the costosternal joints.
The examiner assesses for pain provocation and mobility of each joint and determines whether it is hypomobile, hypermobile or normal. Also note pain provocation.[15]
Reliability of Thoracic Spine Passive Accessory
Thoracic Spine Central PA assessment
Intra-rater and inter-rater reliability in the thoracic spine when determining mobility dysfunction was fair when using strict agreement of spinal levels. When the expanded agreement to include one segment above or below intra-rater and inter-rater reliability increased to good to moderate.[16]
Cleland found thoracic spine mobility testing ranged from fair agreement to substantial agreement between each separate segment of the thoracic spine.[13]
In the study by Potter, testing for thoracic joint dysfunction using postural observation, active and passive range of motion, palpation, and PAs was rated as poor to moderate for intra-rater reliability.[17][15]
Rib Cage
The intra-rater reliability was found to be fair with strict agreement and increased to good with expanded agreement.[16]
Reliability of Pain Provocation
Central Thoracic PAs
Intra-rater pain provocation with strict agreement ranged from fair to good and inter-rater reliability was fair. When the agreement was expanded intra-rater reliability was increased to very good and inter-rater reliability increased to good.[16]
Pain provocation had a similar variance across the thoracic spine with a range from no agreement to substantial agreement.[13][15]
Rib Cage
Strict agreement the intra-rater reliability ranged from no agreement to moderate and no agreement for the inter-rater reliability. When the agreement was expanded both intra-rater and inter-rater reliability increased to complete agreement and good respectively.[16]
Muscle Testing
Testing both muscle length and strength is important to identify functional limitations and compensations of each muscle. The measurement serves as a baseline to aid in tracking progress and allows the therapist to properly target impairment with interventions.
Adsons test - provocative test for Thoracic Outlet Syndrome accompanied by compression of the Subclavian artery by a cervical rib or tightened anterior and middle scalene muscles
Kehr’s sign- With the patient in supine and legs elevated, a report of pain in the supraclavicular area can be secondary to irritants or blood in the peritoneal cavity rather than musculoskeletal involvement. It is a classic symptom for a ruptured spleen and can result from other splenic injuries, renal calculi, diaphragmatic lesions, peridiaphragmatic lesions, or an ectopic pregnancy.
"Cervicothoracic tests" - to provoke the patient’s symptoms of neck pain. These clinical tests are part of the examination proceeded in order to establish the differential diagnosis
Murphy’s Percussion test- Place hand over the costovertebral angle of the back and thump hand with the other fist. If there is a reproduction of back or flank pain this is a positive test and indicative of kidney involvement. [19]
Palpate Abdomen:
-Right Upper Quadrant: Liver, gallbladder, duodenum, head of pancreas, right kidney and the hepatic flexure of the colon.
-Left Upper Quadrant: Stomach, spleen, left lobe of liver, body of pancreas, left kidney and adrenal gland, splenic flexure of colon, and parts of the transverse descending colon.
-Right Lower Quadrant: Cecum, appendix, ascending colon, right ovary and fallopian tube and right ureter.
-Left Lower Quadrant: Left ovary and fallopian tube, left ureter, descending colon and sigmoid colon.
Palpation of the Aortic Pulse in the Abdomen- Use this test on patients at risk for an abdominal aortic aneurysm. Place the patient in a supine hooklying position with the abdominal muscles on slack. Palpate to the left of the patient’s navel feeling for a pulse, once felt continue laterally until the pulse can no longer be detected. If the distance the pulse is detected is > 2.5 cm refer the patient for additional diagnostic studies.
Rebound Tenderness- Place hand on abdomen in an area away from suspected inflammation, slowly and deeply palpate. Quickly remove hand. If the patient feels pain on release this is called rebound tenderness and can be indicative of an inflamed peritoneum.
Thoracic Excursion- Thoracic excursion can be measured on a patient you suspect decreased chest expansion, including ankylosing spondylitis. Using a cloth measuring tape and standardized measuring locations (5th thoracic spinous process/3rd intercostal space and 10th thoracic spinous process/xyphoid process) have the patient exhale completely and take the measurement, then have them inhale to their full capacity and record the measurement. [7]
Outcome Measures
There are no validated region specific outcome tools for the thoracic spine, the following are recommended but require validation for use with patients with primary thoracic disorders:
Pain in the upper part of their back (the thoracic spine) is a common complaint.
This is sometimes present in the thorax alone
Often accompanied by symptoms in the neck or lumbar spine.
Symptoms range from feelings of stiffness to burning muscular pain, pain often associated with the retention of static postures.
Assessment of the region which links the cervical and lumbar spines is crucial and yet overlooked by many therapists.
If you are new to using ROM tests, and when you are first practicing, it is always useful to ask clients to perform the movements in the same order. That way you are unlikely to miss out any movement. However, as you become more experienced, one tip is to leave the movement that you think might be most aggravating until last. You are likely to have some idea as to which movement this might be based on what your client has told you during your consultation.[20]
↑ 12.012.112.212.312.412.512.6Petty, N, Moore, A, (2002), Neuromuscular Examination and Assessment A Handbook For Therapists, 2 nd Edition, Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh
↑ 13.013.113.213.313.4Cleland JA, Childs JD, Fritz JM, Whitman JM. Interrater Reliability of the History and Physical Examination in Patients With Mechanical Neck Pain. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2006 10;87(10):1388-1395.
↑Flynn TW, Cleland JA, Whitman JM, Users’ Guide to the Musculoskeletal Examination. Cervicothoracic spine examination. Evidence in Motion, 2008. p72-102.
↑Potter L, McCarthy C, Oldham J. Intraexaminer Reliability of Identifying a Dysfunctional Segment in the Thoracic and Lumbar Spine. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 2006 4;29(3):203-207.
↑Houppermans RP, Brueren MM. Physical diagnosis--pain elicited by percussion in the kidney area. Nederlands Tijdschrift Voor Geneeskunde. 2001 Feb 1;145(5):208-10.[1]
![[3]](/File:Thoracic_spondylolysis.png)
