#REDIRECT [[Overview of Traumatic Brain Injury]]
48 bytes (6 words) - 20:35, 15 April 2020
#REDIRECT [[Introduction to Traumatic Brain Injury Course]]
59 bytes (7 words) - 12:19, 15 August 2019
#REDIRECT [[Traumatic Brain Injury - Case Study Part 1]]
56 bytes (8 words) - 00:05, 5 September 2019
#REDIRECT [[Case Study: Traumatic Brain Injury in an Elderly Woman]]
68 bytes (10 words) - 22:24, 19 November 2020
#REDIRECT [[Rehabilitation of Acquired Brain Injury in Disasters and Conflicts]]
80 bytes (10 words) - 17:25, 14 March 2022
#REDIRECT [[Case Study: Traumatic Brain Injury and Intimate Partner Violence (IPV)]]
84 bytes (11 words) - 16:47, 22 November 2020
...d neurotransmitters related to volume transmission, in the [[Brain Anatomy|brain]].
...iological need for sleep across all species may therefore reflect that the brain must enter a state of activity that enables elimination of potentially neur
2 KB (230 words) - 07:09, 21 January 2023
...of a neurobehavioral functioning inventory for adults with traumatic brain injury. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 1996 Feb 1;77(2):116-24.
...Functioning Inventory as a depression screening tool after traumatic brain injury. The Journal of head trauma rehabilitation. 2005 Nov 1;20(6):512-26.</ref>
3 KB (326 words) - 23:56, 25 November 2023
...ing developed by participants of a project to populate the Traumatic Brain Injury Section of Physiopedia.
[[Category: Acquired Brain Injuries]][[Category:TBI Content Project]]
2 KB (218 words) - 09:10, 29 July 2021
...ing developed by participants of a project to populate the Traumatic Brain Injury Section of Physiopedia.
[[Category: Acquired Brain Injuries]][[Category:TBI Content Project]]
2 KB (218 words) - 09:10, 29 July 2021
[[Traumatic Brain Injury - Case Study Part 1]]
[[Traumatic Brain Injury - Case Study Part 2]]
2 KB (242 words) - 12:21, 2 March 2022
...r's dementia, chronic [[Overview of Traumatic Brain Injury|traumatic brain injury]] associated with boxing (CTBI-B), and punch-drunk syndrome. Dementia Pugil
...ner KC, Barth JT, Barnes R (1999). "Neuropsychology of sports-related head injury: Dementia pugilistica to post concussion syndrome". The Clinical Neuropsych
4 KB (499 words) - 19:28, 4 July 2023
...y|spinal cord injury]]; [[Brain Tumors|brain tumours]]; and [[Encephalitis|brain infections]].
* Infective - [[Encephalitis]] , [[Meningitis|Meningiti]]<nowiki/>s , Brain abscess.
3 KB (439 words) - 11:16, 17 February 2023
=== Acquired Brain Injury ===
...sources/neurology-section-outcome-measures-recommendations/traumatic-brain-injury]
6 KB (763 words) - 19:53, 17 October 2020
Traumatic brain injury with intracranial bleed, skull fracture, and diffuse brain oedema.
Sustained a traumatic brain injury following a road traffic accident on his bicycle. His bicycle was hit side
2 KB (255 words) - 12:20, 2 March 2022
[[Traumatic Brain Injury - Case Study Part 1]]
[[Traumatic Brain Injury - Case Study Part 2]]
2 KB (252 words) - 12:21, 2 March 2022
...ide and form part of the content for the [[Introduction to Traumatic Brain Injury Course|TBI MOOC]] that took place in November 2019.
...atic brain injury and the management of individuals with a traumatic brain injury. In return for your efforts you will receive a certificate of complet
9 KB (1,352 words) - 11:27, 24 April 2023
The thalamus serves as the main relay station for the [[Brain Anatomy|brain]]. Motor pathways, [[Limbic System|limbic]] pathways, and sensory pathways
...us also conducts motor signals and relays information from the [[Brainstem|brain stem]] to the cortex, coordinating shifts in consciousness such as waking u
6 KB (776 words) - 23:06, 30 April 2024
...optimal management of [[Overview of Traumatic Brain Injury|traumatic brain injury.]]
...ted during the recovery period. Patients are left at risk for severe brain injury in the event of a traumatic impact to the craniectomy site<ref>Schirmer CM,
5 KB (704 words) - 16:07, 24 July 2023
...e brain's primary somatic sensory cortex (see image 2), a region where the brain interprets input from other areas of the body. Research suggests that, the
...ly understood. New studies are consistently making findings about how this brain region works, and it is unlikely that we have identified all of its functio
5 KB (675 words) - 07:24, 3 January 2021
...Decompressive Craniectomy (DC)|Decompressive craniectomy]] (DC) to prevent injury to the craniectomy site during the postoperative period.
...st and when being transferred or turned to avoid injury to the unprotected brain.<ref>Pandit AS, Singhal P, Khawari S, Luoma AMV, Ajina S, Toma AK. [https:/
3 KB (472 words) - 18:52, 26 June 2023
...lphia: Lea e Febiger, 1825-1861</ref>. Is one of a pair of arteries on the brain that supplies oxygenated blood to most midline portions of the frontal lobe
...<ref name="tre">Trepel, M. Blutversorgung des Gehirns (Blood supply oft he brain). In: Trepel, M. Neuroanatomie (Neuroanatomy), 5. Edition. München: Urban
3 KB (497 words) - 18:30, 19 October 2019
...he acute recovery phase following [[Traumatic Brain Injury|traumatic brain injury]].<ref>Kreutzer JS, Caplan B, DeLuca J. Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsych
Patients with Traumatic brain Injury
3 KB (444 words) - 08:41, 19 December 2021
...ell being following a [[Overview of Traumatic Brain Injury|traumatic brain injury]]. Discharge planning should involve, from the outset, the patient and thei
...Brain-Injury-Inpatient-Care-Pathway-Neurorehabilitation.pdf Acquired Brain Injury Inpatient Care Pathway: Neurorehabilitation], which incorporates discharge
11 KB (1,550 words) - 00:49, 24 August 2022
== Life Expectancy Following Traumatic Brain Injury ==
Long-Term Survival After Traumatic Brain Injury Part II: Life Expectancy.
10 KB (1,420 words) - 18:45, 14 November 2022
...vel Mobility Assessment Tool.] The Center for Outcome Measurement in Brain Injury. 2006. (accessed August 26, 2019 ).</ref>
...aumatic brain injury. Part 2: Content validity and discriminability, Brain Injury, 2009;19(10):833-843<nowiki/>https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02
5 KB (670 words) - 03:23, 15 October 2019
Humans have big [[Brain Anatomy|brain]]<nowiki/>s and our frontal lobes, just behind the forehead, are particular
...le from:https://theconversation.com/frontal-lobe-paradox-where-people-have-brain-damage-but-dont-know-it-100923 (accessed 2.1.2021)</ref>
7 KB (1,016 words) - 04:30, 28 April 2022
Focus on sufficient repetition to stimulate brain reorganization using high levels of practice both in-therapy and out-of-the
Focus on sufficient intensity of training to stimulate brain reorganization, carefully matching the dynamic and changing needs of the pa
3 KB (438 words) - 18:29, 7 December 2023
== Brain Injury ==
...4 A 3-Step Process to Diagnose (or Rule Out) Concussion within 48 Hours of Injury: World Rugby Guideline] Raftery M, Kemp S, Patricios J, Makdissi M, Decq P.
12 KB (1,483 words) - 02:54, 27 September 2020
...tions can damage the frontal lobe, including [[stroke]], [[Traumatic Brain Injury|head trauma,]] and [[dementia]]<ref name=":0">Very well health [https://www
...k assessment and the niceties of social interaction; it is the area of the brain that deals with abstract concepts.
7 KB (957 words) - 15:54, 17 January 2023
...o be mediated by conditions such as as traumatic brain injury, spinal cord injury, phantom limb pain, and complex regional pain syndrome lead to neuropathic
...://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15322439.</ref><ref>1Moseley GL. Widespread brain activity during an abdominal task markedly reduced after pain physiology ed
2 KB (318 words) - 17:00, 10 September 2011
...mptoms made diagnosis difficult, so many theorised about the origin of the injury. Later, the Canadian diplomats and their families stationed in Havana descr
1-[[Brain Anatomy|White matter]]: composed of bundles of [[axons]] that are coated wi
6 KB (871 words) - 18:15, 7 March 2023
...akdissi M. Second impact syndrome or cerebral swelling after sporting head injury. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2012;11(1):21-23.</ref> Due to lack of characterizati
...window of vulnerability for approximately 10-15 days after an initial head injury. <ref name="Cantu" /> <ref name="McCrory" /> The rapid increase in intracra
7 KB (1,041 words) - 13:18, 27 June 2023
...do at any time in [https://members.physio-pedia.com/learn/traumatic-brain-injury-programme/ Plus,] it can be started and completed at any time that suits yo
...aypal-donate-btns">[https://members.physio-pedia.com/learn/traumatic-brain-injury-programme/ Go to the updated course on Plus ]</div>
11 KB (1,688 words) - 20:48, 12 August 2023
...hemisphere on either side of a central fissure. As the largest part of the brain, the cerebrum sits in front and on top of the brainstem and behind that sit
...ral lobe(green); [[Occipital Bone|occipital]] lobe(yellow) and [[Brainstem|Brain stem]](black); [[Cerebellum]](sky blue)
6 KB (890 words) - 12:04, 8 January 2021
...ptoms Questionnaire: a measure of symptoms commonly experienced after head injury and its reliability]. J Neurol. 1995 Sep;242(9):587-92.</ref>. It contains
...ncussion]] after a head trauma/ [[Overview of Traumatic Brain Injury|brain injury]]<ref name=":0" />.
7 KB (955 words) - 19:27, 4 July 2023
* [[Traumatic Brain Injury]] (TBI)
* Brain Tumour
6 KB (884 words) - 09:59, 18 August 2022
* This tiny little structure (it only accounts for less than 1% of the brain’s weight) is located just underneath the [[thalamus]], above the [[Pituit
...ps://kids.kiddle.co/Hypothalamus (accessed 29.12.2020)</ref><ref name=":0">Brain made simple [https://brainmadesimple.com/hypothalamus/ Hypothalamus] Availa
5 KB (647 words) - 03:01, 15 January 2023
.../pii/S0003999308000750 The Moss Attention Rating Scale for traumatic brain injury: Further explorations of reliability and sensitivity to change.] Archives o
...ii/S0003999306000992 Dimensions of disordered attention in traumatic brain injury: further validation of the Moss Attention Rating Scale.] Archives of physic
5 KB (697 words) - 22:43, 31 July 2021
...within our bodies, but instead, the changes in the neural pathways of the brain.
...cessing therapy (PRT) is to break the chronic pain cycle by retraining the brain to react to body signals properly.
6 KB (873 words) - 09:22, 18 January 2022
..." /> The costs involved in the care of a child with severe traumatic brain injury, extended over the individual’s lifetime, are significant.<ref name=":1"
...s="text-right"><ref>. Arkansas Children's. Recovering from Traumatic Brain Injury: Ryan's Story. Available from: https://youtu.be/YpdCspyn4co[last accessed 3
13 KB (1,867 words) - 00:53, 24 August 2022
...e recently being identified as a possible option to treat a wide range of brain disorders including [[depression]], [[Post-traumatic Stress Disorder|post-t
...y contexts.<ref>Buckner RL. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24174906/ The brain's default network: origins and implications for the study of psychosis]. Di
6 KB (842 words) - 07:14, 11 October 2023
...n order to operate, and the respiratory system needs instructions from the brain in order to operate.
...te respiratory distress syndrome following isolated severe traumatic brain injury. Journal of Intensive Care Medicine. 2022 Jan;37(1):68-74.</ref>. In this s
9 KB (1,269 words) - 19:44, 20 November 2022
...<ref name=":0">Johnson R. How do People get back to work after severe Head Injury? A 10 year Follow-up Study. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation. 1998; 8(1):6
...gnitive status and return to work after moderate to severe traumatic brain injury. ''Rehabilitation Psychology. 2019; 64''(4):435–444
12 KB (1,730 words) - 18:41, 14 November 2022
[[File:Human brain right.jpeg|thumb|Grey and white matter Human brain]]
...in tissue is abundant in the [[cerebellum]], [[cerebrum]], and [[Brainstem|brain stem]]. It also forms a butterfly-shaped portion of the central [[Spinal co
9 KB (1,266 words) - 14:50, 1 October 2023
...of preventive strategies by identifying the main causes of traumatic brain injury, the factors contributing to severity, the most prevalent age groups and ot
...dence and severity, in conjunction with identification of the mechanism of injury, allow us to design appropriate health care services from subacute and emer
15 KB (2,176 words) - 17:37, 3 November 2022
...ith other members of the [[Interdisciplinary Management of Traumatic Brain Injury|multidisciplinary team]] is extremely beneficial, and on occasion, joint as
== Possible Symptoms following Acute Traumatic Brain Injury ==
13 KB (1,878 words) - 13:50, 15 February 2022
...s, and form myelin. Although there are about 86-100 billion neurons in the brain, glial cells are the most abundant cells in the [[Introduction to Neuroanat
...Institute Types of Glia Available:https://qbi.uq.edu.au/brain-basics/brain/brain-physiology/types-glia (accessed 21.1.2023)</ref><ref name=":4">Ludwig PE, D
9 KB (1,226 words) - 02:45, 25 January 2023
...5):311-324. doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2016.03.002</ref>[[File:Traumatic Brain Injury Subtypes.jpg|center|thumb|700x700px|
'''''Traumatic Brain Injury Subtypes.'''''
14 KB (2,045 words) - 15:48, 24 July 2023
...y demands are typically high. This includes skeletal muscle, the heart and brain, though this enzyme is found in a number of other tissues as well. Within t
...y tissues and cells that need substantial amounts of ATP, for instance the brain, skeletal muscles, and the heart, with this much needed ATP. Creatine phosp
5 KB (737 words) - 12:56, 19 March 2024
...is removed in order to perform surgery on the [[Brain Anatomy|brain]]<ref>Brain & Spine Foundation. [https://www.brainandspine.org.uk/our-publications/our-
*Brain [[Brain Tumors|tumors]].
8 KB (1,049 words) - 16:03, 28 October 2023
...al amnesia, is a psychiatric disorder with no known underlying damage to a brain structure and commonly results from emotional trauma<ref name=":1" />.
...xposing them to important elements or articles from the past. Areas of the brain damaged in RA are the temporal lobes and prefrontal cortex<ref name=":2">Th
8 KB (1,058 words) - 08:03, 31 March 2023
...r mode of stimulation. The goal of this technique is the activation of the brain, improving the patient’s responsiveness, improving the transmission of th
...stimulation to improve arousal in comatose patients after traumatic brain injury: a systematic review of the literature.] Neurological Sciences. 2020 Sep;41
6 KB (931 words) - 14:53, 4 May 2023
== Mechanism of Injury / Pathological Process<br> ==
...bellum's involvement in autonomic, emotional and even cognitive aspects of brain function.<ref>Kebschull JM, Casoni F, Consalez GG, Goldowitz D, Hawkes R, R
3 KB (483 words) - 21:43, 30 January 2024
[[File:CT scan brain.jpg|right|frameless|249x249px]]
== Mechanism of Injury / Pathological Process ==
6 KB (835 words) - 13:03, 14 April 2022
...the wrong place, in too high of a concentration and for too long can cause brain cell damage or death.
...f the central nervous system and the most abundant neurotransmitter in the brain. It is stored within vesicles in [[Axons|axon]] terminals and released via
5 KB (659 words) - 11:16, 17 February 2023
...r FM. Visual Deficits and Dysfunctions Associated with Traumatic Brain Injury: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Optom Vis Sci. 2019;96(8):542�
...n and accommodative disturbances in vision are common after mild Traumatic brain injuries. Oculomotor deficits in accommodative and binocular vision dysfunc
9 KB (1,229 words) - 19:28, 4 July 2023
...yered unit of membranous connective tissue that covers the [[Brain Anatomy|brain]] and [[Spinal cord anatomy|spinal cord]]. They envelope the central nervou
...stem<ref name=":0">Thought Co Meninges Available:https://www.thoughtco.com/brain-anatomy-meninges-4018883 (accessed 4.5.2022)</ref>.
9 KB (1,254 words) - 23:21, 27 March 2024
...ion in the form of electrical impulses from the eye to the [[Brain Anatomy|brain]]. Damage to an optic nerve can cause loss of vision. The type of vision l
...erve is really an extension of the central nervous system ([[Brain Anatomy|brain]]). It is not surrounded by Schwann cells with the first sensory bipolar ce
10 KB (1,556 words) - 05:07, 30 March 2022
...t al. [https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmech.2021.705653/full Brain Shape Changes Associated With Cerebral Atrophy in Healthy Aging and Alzheim
...the pediatric age group, where it carries forward the small volume of the brain into middle age. It is important to note that some atrophic changes may be
8 KB (1,108 words) - 08:47, 12 March 2024
It supplies 20% of blood to the [[Brain Anatomy|brain]] (mainly hindbrain) along with the [[Internal Carotid Artery|internal caro
...and facet joints where it may be compressed by [[osteophyte]] formation or injury to the [[Facet Joints|facet joint.]]
4 KB (547 words) - 08:36, 1 August 2023
[[Injury Patterns in Disasters and Conflicts]]
[[Rehabilitation of Acquired Brain Injury in Disasters and Conflicts]]
7 KB (998 words) - 00:15, 5 January 2023
|Traumatic Brain Injury Programme
== Introduction to Traumatic Brain Injury course - October 2019 ==
12 KB (1,514 words) - 18:10, 1 March 2024
...iegas DB, Held K, Wagner P. Cognitive Impairment Following Traumatic Brain Injury. Curr Treat Options Neurol. 2002 Jan;4(1):43–57.</ref> Domains of cogniti
...nd slowness of information processing after severe traumatic brain injury. Brain Inj. 2004 Mar;18(3):257–72.</ref>
12 KB (1,649 words) - 11:21, 18 August 2022
...mb|620x620px|Therapeutic Potential of Neurotrophins for Repair After Brain Injury]]
...of BDNF and exercise intensity in humans with [[Spinal Cord Injury|spinal injury]].
7 KB (940 words) - 14:50, 1 May 2024
...omplex process that depends on sensory organs, [[Neurone|nerves]], and the brain<ref name=":0" />.
...tic development and its connections to older, subconscious portions of the brain (olfactory cortex and its' connections to the limbic system, which is impor
7 KB (1,067 words) - 18:20, 2 January 2021
...:Alzheimer's disease brain comparison.jpg|499x499px|alt=|thumb|Alzheimer's brain comparison]]
...h or caused later by environmental factors such as [[Brain Anatomy|brain]] injury, mental illness, and neurological disorders. Not every elderly will have a
10 KB (1,327 words) - 13:25, 3 September 2023
...ion of the blood–brain barrier (BBB), peripheral blood cells infiltration, brain edema, and the discharge of numerous immune mediators including chemotactic
...f secondary injury and their contribution to the severity of the secondary injury might vary.
17 KB (2,302 words) - 17:48, 3 November 2022
...o assist clinicians in making return to play decisions following mild head injury.
...disease]], [[Multiple Sclerosis (MS)|multiple sclerosis]], traumatic brain injury, blast exposure in the military. Blunt trauma to the head can cause persist
8 KB (908 words) - 11:21, 21 April 2023
...agic nature in the cerebral white matter of the premature infant. It is an injury which can lead to deficits of physical, cognitive or behavioral deficits an
...'communication exchange''' between different regions of gray matter in the brain. White matter lies beneath the gray matter and superficial to the spinal co
10 KB (1,380 words) - 07:05, 2 November 2023
...lexes beyond the usual ages of integration is suggestive of ischemic brain injury.
4 KB (468 words) - 04:13, 22 April 2023
...me=":0">Shukla D, Devi BI, Agrawal A. Outcome measures for traumatic brain injury. Clinical neurology and neurosurgery. 2011;113(6):435-41.</ref>
...effectively reflect the complex range of factors affecting traumatic brain injury outcomes. <ref name=":0" />
24 KB (3,184 words) - 11:33, 24 April 2023
[[Neuroplasticity]] refers to the brain's ability to reorganize itself by forming new neural connections throughout
...m, M., & Van Vleet, T. M. Neuroplasticity and clinical practice: Building brain power for health. Frontiers in Psychology, 2014. 5, 1-15.</ref>
13 KB (1,796 words) - 21:45, 15 March 2024
...vere, catastrophic brain injury are more likely to die due to the level of injury and the limited availability of neurosurgery and ventilatory care, rehabili
...ftercare information to patients with mild brain injury or suspected brain injury, including how to recognise the following signs of deterioration. <ref nam
19 KB (2,448 words) - 10:46, 1 June 2022
...sy Introduction|cerebral palsy]], [[Traumatic Brain Injury|traumatic brain injury]], pediatric hypertonia and central nervous system lesions<br>
5 KB (651 words) - 17:45, 3 January 2022
...the ethmoid bone, through its perforations, and reach the [[Brain Anatomy|brain]] where it innervates the olfactory bulb.
* The olfactory cortex are the parts of the brain that receive and process the sensory input.<ref name=":0">Crespo, C., Liber
7 KB (1,020 words) - 17:17, 4 October 2021
...and correlates of the PHQ-2 and PHQ-9 after traumatic brain injury.] Brain injury. 2017 Dec 6;31(13-14):1871-5.</ref>
7 KB (935 words) - 14:24, 30 June 2023
...[https://www.physio-pedia.com/Overview_of_Traumatic_Brain_Injury traumatic brain injuries] (TBI), have several methods of classification, breaking them down
Symptoms included: difficulty concentrating or remembering , brain fog, feeling more emotional or slowed down, irritability or sadness or nerv
5 KB (736 words) - 14:21, 21 August 2023
...he [[Brain Anatomy|brain]] for example, after a [[stroke]], head injury or brain tumor. Aphasia leaves a person unable to communicate effectively with other
...on of language and is often caused by diseases and disorders affecting the brain, with cerebrovascular accident being the most common cause<ref name=":1">Le
12 KB (1,767 words) - 16:27, 19 March 2024
[[File:Spinal Cord Injury Centre.jpeg|thumb|SCI centre]]
Spinal [[shock]] is often a sequel of severe [[Spinal Cord Injury|spinal cord injury (SCI)]], usually resulting from high-impact, direct trauma, the patient wit
7 KB (989 words) - 13:38, 8 January 2023
...e is secreted by the pituitary gland (a small structure at the base of the brain), and helps bone, muscle and organs grow. <ref>Bioserum Not all growth fact
...ing for a speedier return to play following muscle and particularly tendon injury. <ref>Creaney L, Hamilton B. Growth factor delivery methods in the manageme
7 KB (897 words) - 11:06, 18 October 2023
...f>Lathia C, Skelton P, Clift Z, Chapter.7 Early Rehabilitation of Acquired Brain Injuries. Lathia C, Skelton P, Clift Z. [https://resources.relabhs.org/reso
...ng with right-sided weakness and loss of sensation due to left-sided brain injury, indicating likely parietal and frontal lobe involvement with rib pain limi
8 KB (1,176 words) - 10:46, 1 June 2022
pupils with acquired brain injuries in a residential
...njury in Paediatrics|TBI (Traumatic Brain Injury]]) or ABI (Acquired Brain Injury)), with consideration for their strengths and limitations relating to parti
11 KB (1,560 words) - 17:42, 4 September 2023
[[File:Brain .png.jpeg|right|frameless|300x300px]]
[[Brain Anatomy|Brain]] function varies normally as people pass from childhood through adulthood
11 KB (1,611 words) - 23:11, 13 November 2023
...ssing the increase in the population of people leaving with acquired brain injury.
...falls (last accessed 03/09/2019) </ref> Falls tie age with traumatic brain injury in a two-way relationship: [[File:Screenshot 2019-10-24 at 12.09.31.png|t
14 KB (2,041 words) - 09:19, 25 February 2022
[[File:Boxing fighter.jpeg|thumb|Boxing injury]]
...trauma. It is characterised by the accumulation of tau protein within the brain, which leads to cognitive, behavioural, and physical impairments over time.
10 KB (1,419 words) - 19:17, 27 June 2023
...njury or trauma, usually have psychological and emotional response to this injury and mental health issues such [[depression]], [https://www.physio-pedia.co
....com/articles/sc2016135 Self-harm and suicide before and after spinal cord injury: a systematic review.] Spinal Cord. 2017 Jan;55(1):2-7. </ref><ref>Khazem L
10 KB (1,519 words) - 17:07, 4 July 2023
...consciousness and coma” following an [[Traumatic Brain Injury|acute brain injury]]<ref>Teasdale G, Jennett B. [https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/art
...Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS)], which evaluates persistent disability after brain damage. <ref>Frej M, Frej J. The Glasgow Structured Approach to Assessment
14 KB (1,972 words) - 06:07, 9 November 2022
Concussion is a complex injury that can have far-reaching consequences for an individual, families, and so
...ead injury and mTBI ( [[Overview of Traumatic Brain Injury|Traumatic Brain Injury]]) are used interchangeably in the literature with varying definitions. Her
15 KB (2,231 words) - 12:58, 24 January 2023
...refore, teamwork is one of the most fundamental factors in traumatic brain injury rehabilitation and an essential element of comprehensive patient care and i
...ry intensive outpatient program in treating combat-related traumatic brain injury and psychological health conditions]. Frontiers in neurology. 2021 Jan 18;1
15 KB (1,994 words) - 18:05, 14 November 2022
== Mechanism of Injury / Pathological Process ==
...e properly. This leads to an increased amount of K+ in the [[Brain Anatomy|brain.]]
8 KB (1,154 words) - 07:39, 7 October 2023
[[File:PET scan brain.png|right|frameless|409x409px]]
Image 1: PET scan brain
9 KB (1,361 words) - 07:05, 8 April 2021
...connecting the [[Spinal cord anatomy|spinal cord]] and the [[Brain Anatomy|brain]].<ref>Faraguna U, Ferrucci M, Giorgi FS, Fornai F. The functional anatomy
...eurons]] that serve as a major integration and relay center for many vital brain systems to coordinate functions necessary for survival.
6 KB (877 words) - 09:54, 26 April 2022
[[Traumatic Brain Injury - Case Study Part 1]]
=== 2 Months Post Injury ===
4 KB (518 words) - 12:20, 2 March 2022
...and Mobility Scale-a balance measure for individuals with traumatic brain injury. Clinical Rehabilitation. 2006 Oct;20(10):885-95.</ref>.
...dividuals older adults and for persons with [[Traumatic Brain Injury|brain injury]], [[Cerebral Palsy Introduction|cerebral palsy]] or [[stroke]] (including
8 KB (1,098 words) - 02:11, 7 November 2022
...ion (the archaic core of those pathways connecting the spinal cord and the brain)<ref>Faraguna U, Ferrucci M, Giorgi FS, Fornai F. The functional anatomy of
...thing pattern, extension pattern in upper - and lower limbs)<ref name=":0">Brain made simple Rubrospinal tract Available:https://brainmadesimple.com/rubrosp
6 KB (908 words) - 02:40, 26 April 2022
...nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/501342 A practical scale to assess cognition after head injury.] Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 1979 Nov.</ref> The GOAT is design
...alveston Orientation and Amnesia Test is primarily used on traumatic brain injury patients with closed head injuries. <ref name=":1" /> Modified versions of
12 KB (1,803 words) - 09:53, 20 May 2022
# Most commonly by a disturbance of the brain or spinal cord (the central nervous system, or CNS), or
# Seldom by an injury to the peripheral nerves.
9 KB (1,206 words) - 16:38, 10 February 2023
Infantile or congenital [[hemiplegia]] refers to brain injuries that occur before or at birth and lead to hemiplegia. Juvenile hem
...legia is the physical manifestation of an injury to a specific area of the brain that controls motor function. Hemiplegia may develop suddenly, or evolve ov
7 KB (991 words) - 02:17, 11 March 2022
* If unable to stand for 5 seconds or less client at greater risk of injury from [[Falls Risk Assessment Tool (FRAT): An Overview to Assist Understandi
* [[Traumatic Brain Injury|Traumatic brain injury]]
5 KB (621 words) - 20:56, 7 April 2023
...le disorder; it has many causes that share the hallmark of a seizure, when brain function is disrupted, often dramatically.
* When seizures remain isolated in just one part of the [[Brain Anatomy|brain]], they can be very small and can even pass by unnoticed.
11 KB (1,546 words) - 13:16, 6 January 2022
...cipital Bone|occipital]] cortex of both hemispheres of the [[Brain Anatomy|brain]].<ref name=":2">Kozlovskiy SA, Nikonova EY, Pyasik MM, Velichkovsky BM. Th
...pre-determined mode network of the brain. In other words, a system in the brain that stays active even when you aren’t paying attention to external stimu
7 KB (951 words) - 00:12, 1 January 2021
...oma: Types, Causes, Treatments, Prognosis Available: https://www.webmd.com/brain/coma-types-causes-treatments-prognosis<nowiki/>(accessed 19.5.2022)</ref>
...m a decrease in the supply of glucose or [[oxygen]] to the [[Brain Anatomy|brain]]. A myriad of etiologies may lead to essential substrate disruption with d
11 KB (1,534 words) - 12:14, 29 September 2022
...viduals or those with impairments e.g. traumatic brain injury, spinal cord injury, getting back up off the ground and into a chair is one of the most difficu
3 KB (444 words) - 09:10, 29 July 2021
...are the pathways by which motor signals are sent from the [[Brain Anatomy|brain]] to lower [[Motor Neurone|motor neurone]]<nowiki/>s. The lower motor neuro
...motor neurones. Their cell bodies are found in the cerebral cortex or the brain stem, with their axons remaining within the CNS<ref name=":0">teach me anat
8 KB (1,056 words) - 04:36, 27 April 2022
...ls]], which create cerebral spinal fluid (CSF), line the ventricles of the brain and central canal of the spinal cord
...s it in neutral buoyancy to a net weight of about 25 gm. Hence, the entire brain density is cushioned, protecting it from crushing into the [[Skull|bony cra
9 KB (1,362 words) - 13:45, 15 July 2021
*Neck pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience that the brain uses to protect the neck against a perceived threat
*The perceived threat may be associated with injury to the muscles, ligaments, discs, nerves, or joints, but most neck pain is
7 KB (973 words) - 19:58, 17 October 2020
...tic Brain Injury|acquired brain injury]], [[Spinal Cord Injury|spinal cord injury]], [[stroke]], [[Motor Neurone Disease MND|motor neurone disease]], normal
...ex.php/Hip hip] joints, problems with proprioception, [[Frontal Lobe Brain Injury|frontal lobe dysfunction]] or even vascular [[claudication]].
7 KB (1,093 words) - 12:16, 13 September 2023
...o retain water. The human body is made up of around 60-70% water, with the brain needing around 70-80% water. The blood requires around 50% water in the cir
...y discusses hydration and blood osmolarity and the triggers that alert the brain of the need for production of ADH.
12 KB (1,699 words) - 15:44, 20 June 2023
...pithelial neoplasms, ~10% of all paediatric brain tumours and up to 33% of brain tumours occurring in those less than 3 years of age<ref name=":6">Radiopedi
...er treatment<ref>Web Md Ependymoma Available: https://www.webmd.com/cancer/brain-cancer/what-is-ependymoma (accessed 11.5.2022)</ref>.
9 KB (1,191 words) - 03:06, 11 May 2022
...rosis (MS)|Multiple Sclerosis]], [[Spinal Cord Injury]], [[Traumatic Brain Injury]], and more.
3 KB (432 words) - 18:30, 21 February 2024
...]], to the [[Cerebral Cortex|brain]]. If the central nervous system or the brain deteriorate, as a result of [[Older People - An Introduction|age]] or illne
* As we age the level of stimulation required to make the brain aware of a [[sensation]] also rises (effectively reducing the sensitivity o
10 KB (1,424 words) - 15:21, 10 November 2022
...71/journal.pone.0253206 A meta-analysis of cohort studies: Traumatic brain injury and risk of Alzheimer’s Disease]. PLoS one. 2021 Jun 22;16(6):e0253206.</
...matic brain injury derived from an external source and non-traumatic brain injury derived from either an internal or external source.
24 KB (3,524 words) - 05:52, 23 June 2023
...mplications for Alzheimer’s Disease. Role of the Mediterranean Diet in the Brain and Neurodegenerative Diseases]. 2018 Jan 1:223-38.Available: https://www.s
...n Anatomy|brain]] as it controls the amount of glucose that is sent to the brain. Proper insulin levels are needed to enhance [[memory]] and learning.<ref n
7 KB (1,015 words) - 13:16, 6 January 2022
...f a single small perforating artery supplying the subcortical areas of the brain.
...for different pathological processes that affect the small vessels of the brain. cSVD has a crucial role in lacunar cerebral infarction and deep or cortica
10 KB (1,392 words) - 23:23, 9 January 2020
...ng information on all aspects of management of individual with spinal cord injury. Much of the structure of the content for this new section is guided by the
...on spinal cord injuries and the management of individuals with spinal cord injury. In return for your efforts you will receive a certificate of complet
12 KB (1,795 words) - 17:53, 21 June 2023
...brain injury (whether caused by stroke, cerebral palsy, or acquired brain injury) a person with hemiplegia experiences a marked change in postural tone and
5 KB (737 words) - 19:41, 4 July 2023
...eurological assessments of sensorimotor, [[proprioception]], and cognitive brain function. It consists of a wheelchair and upper extremity exoskeleton that
...tests can give researchers insight into the cognitive, motor, and sensory brain function of normal and impaired subjects.
8 KB (1,143 words) - 19:35, 4 July 2023
...n of damage to the nerve pathway in the [[midbrain]], which is between the brain and [[Spinal cord anatomy|spinal cord]]. The midbrain controls motor moveme
...osturing usually means there has been severe damage to the [[Brain Anatomy|brain]]<ref>M S Hershey Medical centre. [http://pennstatehershey.adam.com/content
5 KB (700 words) - 17:17, 28 October 2023
...tem as well. These tracts travel both to the brain (afferent) and from the brain (efferent) such as the [[Somatosensation|somatosensory]] pathways and the [
...y complex and important.[[File:4 week embryo brain.jpg|thumb|4 week embryo brain|241x241px]]
11 KB (1,512 words) - 22:07, 24 March 2024
* [[Overview of Traumatic Brain Injury|Traumatic Brain Injury]] or [[Assessment and Management of Concussion|Concussion]]
5 KB (642 words) - 18:39, 31 January 2024
...ncement of pain transmission, and changes that occur as a result of tissue injury.
...bition]]: Define and describe the the differences between them in terms of brain sites and neurotransmitters that play a role in this process. And how these
7 KB (916 words) - 09:04, 28 July 2023
[[File:Wheelchair 4.jpg|thumb|Psychosocial considerations in spinal cord injury]]
...th problems.<ref name=":7">Chevalier Z, Kennedy P, Sherlock O. Spinal cord injury, coping and psychological adjustment: a literature review. Spinal Cord 2009
15 KB (2,088 words) - 17:56, 16 March 2022
...mage to independence and physical function and many complications from the injury eg. Neurogenic bladder and bowel, urinary tract infections, [[Pressure Ulce
[[Image:Spinal-cord-injury-symptoms.png|center|420x455px]]
10 KB (1,547 words) - 07:47, 4 November 2022
...athways for carrying movement-related information from the [[Brain Anatomy|brain]] to the spinal cord and has approximately 1 million nerve fibres (average
...n in humans and is most directly in control of fine, digital movements<ref>Brain made simple [https://brainmadesimple.com/corticospinal-tract/ CST] Availabl
14 KB (1,962 words) - 21:14, 26 June 2023
.... His pupils were equal and reactive to light. He showed no other signs of injury but paramedics were concerned as John may have inhaled some water during th
*Cervical Spine: Unstable C6 Compression Fracture or Axial Loading Injury (Burst Fracture)
5 KB (710 words) - 03:55, 14 June 2022
...privation of oxygen supply to the brain''', also termed an '''anoxic brain injury'''. <ref name=":1">Greco P, Nencini G, Piva I, Scioscia M, Volta CA, Spadar
Attributing neonatal encephalopathy to perinatal hypoxic–ischemic injury requires combinations of parameters indicative of metabolic acidosis in the
12 KB (1,713 words) - 20:51, 28 August 2023
...nity reintegration as well as employment potential after a traumatic brain injury. Therefore, it is important to recognise the potential risks of those patho
...everal complications can occur immediately or soon after a traumatic brain injury, but others might not be recognised until the rehabilitation stage. Severe
23 KB (3,192 words) - 12:57, 15 March 2022
...ction during acute or long-term injury. This includes soft-tissue and bony injury, as well as changes as a result of [[Spasticity|neurological changes]]. The
* Does the injury need to be protected from particular movements?
10 KB (1,435 words) - 19:54, 5 January 2023
...spinal cord]], in which pain signals can be sent up to the [[Brain Anatomy|brain]] to be processed to accentuate the possible perceived pain, or attenuate i
* If the gate is open, pain signals can pass through and will be sent to the brain to perceive the pain. <ref name=":0" />
12 KB (1,810 words) - 02:24, 30 April 2022
...[[Overview of Traumatic Brain Injury|brain damage]] or death<ref name=":1">Brain foundation [https://brainfoundation.org.au/disorders/encephalitis/ Encephal
...equine virus, dengue virus, and [[rabies]] virus. The transmission to the brain is via hematogeneous spread.<ref name=":2" /> <ref>Fisher DL, Defres S, Sol
10 KB (1,309 words) - 06:28, 30 September 2022
...Injury|traumatic brain injury (TBI)]], or [[Spinal Cord Injury|spinal cord injury (SCI)]]. Some examples of how VR simulations can be used in neurological re
...-based interventions.<ref>Rose FD, Brooks BM, Rizzo AA. Virtual reality in brain damage rehabilitation: Review. Cyberpsychol Behav. 2005;8(3):241-262. doi:1
11 KB (1,497 words) - 12:42, 21 September 2023
[[File:Brain and spinal cord tracts.jpeg|thumb|400x400px|Brain and Spinal cord tracts]]
...one|nerves]], streamlines sensory and motor signals to the [[Brain Anatomy|brain]] and the body. Information detected by sensory receptors in the periphery
9 KB (1,300 words) - 01:27, 30 April 2022
=== Epidemiology of Traumatic Brain Injuries in LMICs ===
...Carretta A, Nicolosi F, Morselli C. Epidemiology of severe traumatic brain injury. ''Journal of neurosurgical sciences. 2018;62''(5):535-541
19 KB (2,674 words) - 01:02, 24 August 2022
...tion of the perforating cerebral arterioles, [[capillaries]], venules, and brain parenchyma, detected on magnetic resonance imaging ([[MRI Scans|MRI]]) as [
...rect.com/science/article/pii/S2666602223000290 Small-vessel disease in the brain]. American Heart Journal Plus: Cardiology Research and Practice. 2023 Mar 1
9 KB (1,092 words) - 14:19, 19 March 2024
*Acquired Brain Injury
*[[Overview of spinal cord injuries|Spinal Cord Injury]]
15 KB (2,049 words) - 11:24, 24 November 2023
...atients with [[stroke]]<ref name=":0" />, [[Spinal Cord Injury|spinal cord injury]] and [[Cerebral Palsy Introduction|cerebral palsy]]<ref name=":1">Stroke E
Note the presence of [[Contracture Management in Spinal Cord Injury|contractures]] and/or a clasp-knife response before examination<ref name=":
5 KB (646 words) - 15:59, 21 August 2022
...bers that carry information from the higher centers of the [[Brain Anatomy|brain]] to the peripheral parts of the body.
...number of [[Reflexes|reflex]] actions performed by the body<ref name=":0">Brain made simple Vestibulospinal tracts Available: https://brainmadesimple.com/v
6 KB (827 words) - 06:01, 27 April 2022
** Vestibular rehabilitation can be introduced as a tool to retrain the brain to improve movement and stability<ref name=":1">Nielsen G, Stone J, Matthew
* [[Overview of Traumatic Brain Injury|Traumatic Brain Injury]] or [[Assessment and Management of Concussion|Concussion]]
7 KB (922 words) - 12:37, 14 May 2024
...ury for the Plus course: Bladder and Bowel Considerations with Spinal Cord Injury.
== Bladder Dysfunction in Spinal Cord Injury ==
14 KB (1,929 words) - 12:10, 14 May 2024
...oach to neurological rehabilitation and physiotherapy post-traumatic brain injury should observe [[neuroplasticity]], [[Motor Control and Learning|motor lear
...an integral part of the [[Interdisciplinary Management of Traumatic Brain Injury|MDT/IDT neurological rehabilitation team]] and neurological physiotherapy i
24 KB (3,148 words) - 15:11, 16 December 2022
...contractures. It is a debilitating problem for patients with a spinal cord injury. Contractures result from a loss in the extensibility of the soft tissue st
...rticles/sc201225 Incidence and predictors of contracture after spinal cord injury—a prospective cohort study.] Spinal cord. 2012 Aug;50(8):579-84.</ref>
12 KB (1,695 words) - 13:00, 7 April 2023
The [[hypothalamus]] (see gif R), which sits at the base of the brain, acts as the body's thermostat. It is triggered by pyrogens, which flow fro
== Head Injury Fever ==
14 KB (1,966 words) - 10:18, 5 January 2022
...te or Severe Traumatic Brain Injury Compared With Children With Orthopedic Injury. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation. 2019; 34(2): 122-131</ref>
9 KB (1,224 words) - 13:36, 31 March 2024
...s termed a cranial nerve as it was originally believed to originate in the brain. It has both a cranial and a spinal part, though debate still rages regardi
Injury to the SAN causes varying degrees of disfunction to the Trapezius muscle an
8 KB (1,056 words) - 08:13, 27 March 2019
...nagement of bladder dysfunction and satisfaction of life after spinal cord injury in Norway. The journal of spinal cord medicine. 2014 May 1;37(3):310-6.</re
...ame=":0">Sezer N, Akkuş S, Uğurlu FG. Chronic complications of spinal cord injury. World journal of orthopedics. 2015 Jan 18;6(1):24.</ref>
11 KB (1,458 words) - 09:10, 29 July 2021
Memory is the capability of the brain to encode, store, and retrieve information or data when they are needed. Wi
Image 2: The identified areas of the human brain are involved in memory formation. See [[Hippocampus]]; [[Cingulate Gyrus|Ci
9 KB (1,270 words) - 14:33, 5 October 2023
...infancy or early childhood resulting from damage to the brain". The brain injury is permanent, although interventions, particularly physiotherapy, in infanc
...imulation for Rehabilitation of Paediatric Motor Disorders Following Brain Injury: Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials.] Archives of physical m
9 KB (1,275 words) - 10:28, 2 November 2023
...sts across the UK offering treatment in dedicated physiotherapy and sports injury clinics as well as many who will treat people in their own homes.
...re are specialist inpatient units all over the UK for strokes or traumatic brain injuries which will have different equipment and clinically specialised phy
10 KB (1,494 words) - 09:37, 31 March 2021
*Head injury
*Musculoskeletal disorders including sports injury, rehabilitation following fractures
5 KB (640 words) - 12:32, 14 October 2021
...l between the soma and axon terminals. Each neuron in your [[Brain Anatomy|brain]] has an axon that snakes away from the main part of the cell. Several time
...t a millimetre or so, but the longest ones, such as those that go from the brain down the [[Spinal cord anatomy|spinal cord]], can extend for more than a me
11 KB (1,518 words) - 06:19, 7 July 2022
...standing the expected timeline of wound healing and the body's response to injury is vital in patient education and differentiating normal wound healing from
....2020)</ref> and is often considered an inevitable consequence of physical injury in disaster and conflict setting. However, pain management is often neglect
26 KB (3,595 words) - 11:15, 17 February 2023
...], spinal cord injury, multiple sclerosis, cerebral palsy, traumatic brain injury, pediatric hypertonia and central nervous system lesions<ref name=":1">Morr
...Scale and the Modified Ashworth Scale in adult patients with severe brain injury: a comparison study. Clinical rehabilitation. 2005 Nov;19(7):751-9.</ref>
7 KB (984 words) - 11:43, 13 April 2021
...s]. Kirsten Hart MSc, Clinical Specialist Physiotherapist, National Spinal Injury Centre, Stoke Mandeville Hospital, Buckinghamshire Healthcare NHS Trust. (2
...023/60023.pdf Spasticity in Children and Young People with Non-Progressive Brain Disorders: Management of Spasticity and Co-Existing Motor Disorders and the
6 KB (677 words) - 14:33, 14 December 2022
...rosis (MS)|Multiple sclerosis]], [[Traumatic Brain Injury|traumatic brain injury]] can impair an individual's cognition, which can lead to the requirement o
...n of external aid should be a standard practice in treating acquired brain injury. Another review<ref>Johnson KL, Bamer AM, Yorkston KM, Amtmann D. Use of co
7 KB (962 words) - 11:15, 12 March 2024
...]] and transfers. It was developed in 1991 to be used after stroke or head injury<ref name=":0">Collen FM, Wade DT, Robb GF, Bradshaw CM. [https://pubmed.ncb
...agnosis of [[Stroke]], [[Overview of Traumatic Brain Injury|Acquired Brain Injury]], Lower Limb [[Amputations|Amputation]] or [[Multiple Sclerosis (MS)|Multi
9 KB (1,311 words) - 15:04, 23 June 2022
...ich in a multistep process is converted to serotonin in other parts of the brain. Some serotonin made makes its way to the pineal gland and is converted to
...ntiation of night from day, to the internal ‘master’ clock (located in the brain’s suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)).
9 KB (1,184 words) - 08:08, 20 January 2023
...spinal cord injury]], [[Overview of Traumatic Brain Injury|traumatic brain injury]]<ref name=":2">Shirley Ryan Ability lab.Rehabilitation measures database.A
9 KB (1,195 words) - 12:29, 20 November 2023
...romuscular and Genetic Disorders|congenital]] brain defects, [[Spinal Cord Injury|spinal cord trauma]] and [[Infectious Disease|infection]].
* Syringomyelia due to spinal cord injury: Fewer than 10% of syringomyelia cases are of this type.
8 KB (1,104 words) - 03:02, 8 May 2022
...for people with disability, particularly for those with a traumatic brain injury. <ref name="WHO">World Health Organisation. Physical Activity. Available at
==Physical Activity and Traumatic Brain Injury==
30 KB (4,176 words) - 18:20, 28 February 2022
...the entire body. With such an important role, decreased function caused by injury or maladaptive change can induce symptoms of the disease
...ience syncopal episodes due to a lack of blood flow to the [[Brain Anatomy|brain]], or their [[Kidney|kidneys]] might start to release [[Renin-Angiotensin D
6 KB (880 words) - 11:45, 3 August 2022
...definite diagnosis will only come if the family requests a [[Brain Anatomy|brain]] autopsy at time of death<ref name=":0" />.
# [[Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy]]: repeated head injury can often present with parkinsonian features.
6 KB (737 words) - 06:48, 24 January 2024
...l Cortex|Cerebrum (Cortex)]], [[Basal Ganglia]], Diencephalon, [[Brainstem|Brain stem]] ([[Midbrain]], Pons and Medulla Oblongata), [[Cerebellum]]. In addit
...ation of certain proteins- beta-amyloid plaques and tau tangles within the brain<ref name=":1" />. The role of physiotherapy in providing regular exercise t
15 KB (2,089 words) - 13:41, 18 February 2024
Despite the increasing rates of sport and exercise participation, injury rates are also increasing. According to the US Consumer Product Safety Comm
...indicates that one out of every five athletes is prone to experiencing an injury<ref>Joshua D.R., Stuart J.C., Rod W., Morgan D. W., Ryan G. T., David A. O.
23 KB (3,617 words) - 19:02, 8 March 2024
...pplication of a low voltage constant or alternating currents to the human brain via scalp electrodes.<ref>Bestmann S, Walsh V. [https://www.sciencedirect.c
...lized transcranial direct current stimulation protocols.] InThe stimulated brain 2014 Jan 1 (pp. 85-115). Academic Press.Available: https://www.sciencedirec
13 KB (1,830 words) - 20:10, 3 March 2024
...space between the arachnoid membrane and the pia mater that surrounds the brain.[[File:Stroke hemorrhagic.jpg|right|frameless|400x400px]]
...the cranial meninges specifically referring to the section that covers the brain. From superficial to deep, the three layers are<ref>Ghannam JY, Al Kharazi
16 KB (2,294 words) - 13:29, 11 July 2020
...'' and everyone learns the use of this word through experiences related to injury in early life.<br>
...t ways.<br> <br>{{#ev:youtube|I7wfDenj6CQ}} <br><ref>TED-Ed. How does your brain respond to pain? - Karen D. Davis Available from
19 KB (2,765 words) - 11:20, 18 August 2022
...ive disorders]] characterised by focal atrophy of the [[Frontal Lobe Brain Injury|frontal]] and/or [[Temporal Lobe|temporal]] cortices. Theis results in a se
...dgenerative diseases associated with the aggregation of tau protein in the brain.
10 KB (1,356 words) - 17:50, 10 October 2023
...nt will present with shallow short breathing pattern due to pain. It is an injury affect the muscles between two or more ribs<ref name=":0">Morrison W. [http
== Mechanism of Injury ==
9 KB (1,391 words) - 16:28, 16 March 2023
Group of complex disorders of the brain. Varying degrees of characteristics including: difficulties in social inter
...r posture that is caused by injury or abnormal development in the immature brain.<ref name="Mayo">Mayo Clinic. Cerebral Palsy. Available from:http://www.may
16 KB (2,180 words) - 12:21, 1 April 2020
...Springer, Dordrecht.</ref>. In addition, the nervous tissue in the human brain is allocated with a tremendous capacity of plasticity<ref name=":1" />.
...rsin.org/articles/10.3389/fncel.2019.00066/full The impact of the study of brain plasticity.] Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience. 2019;13:66. Available from
24 KB (3,430 words) - 16:29, 7 December 2023
...owsy and with low respiratory rate as a result of the increased CO2 in the brain. <ref name=":0" />
...n-barré syndrome]] or [[Overview of Traumatic Brain Injury|traumatic brain injury]] can lead to a reduced respiratory drive
11 KB (1,483 words) - 20:22, 22 October 2020
Moyamoya Disease [MMD] is a disorder of some of the blood vessels in the brain: the internal carotid arteries, and the arteries which branch from them, th
...r “moyamoya” disease. Disease showing abnormal net-like vessels in base of brain. Arch. Neurol. 1969;20(3):288–299.</ref> becuse the appearance on angiogr
7 KB (979 words) - 14:49, 2 May 2024
...of treatment and therapy used in [[Traumatic Brain Injury|traumatic brain injury]] neurorehabilitation. Prevention of medical and neurological complications
...with disorders of consciousness demonstrate damage in various areas of the brain eg [[Cerebral Cortex|cortico]]-[[Thalamus|thalamic]] [[Neural Circuit|netwo
25 KB (3,446 words) - 12:13, 29 September 2022
...They are progressive, fatal, and untreatable degenerative [[Brain Anatomy|brain]] disorders and they exist in both animals and humans<ref name=":0">MSD man
* Prion diseases result from misfolding of a normal cell-surface brain [[Proteins|protein]] called cellular prion protein (PrPC), whose exact func
14 KB (1,959 words) - 07:09, 6 January 2022
...brain tissue itself — a life-threatening type of stroke that deprives the brain of oxygen and blood supply<ref>Tadi P, Lui F. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.go
...apter_27.html#chpt_27_ICH (last accessed 31.12.2019)</ref> For more see [[Brain Anatomy]]
11 KB (1,536 words) - 21:38, 13 November 2023
*[[Functional Electrical Stimulation Cycling for Spinal Cord Injury]]
...in an elderly woman - Page title changed to [[Case Study: Traumatic Brain Injury in an Elderly Woman]]
9 KB (1,291 words) - 14:03, 21 July 2023
...c demyelination syndrome (ODS)], characterized by damage to regions of the brain (most commonly pontine white matter tracts) after rapid correction of metab
=== Mechanism of Injury / Pathological Process ===
8 KB (1,107 words) - 17:45, 3 January 2022
...ew E, Wren SM. Counting the costs of trauma: the need for a new paediatric injury severity score. Lancet child and adolescent health, The. 2021;5(6):391-2.</
...common in urban (42.2%) and semi-urban (26.7%) areas. Other mechanisms of injury included blunt trauma (4.1%), assault (3.9%), unspecified penetrating traum
16 KB (2,272 words) - 19:19, 23 November 2022
!PERINATAL BRAIN INJURY
!BRAIN INJURY
15 KB (2,047 words) - 15:55, 28 July 2022
*PD,MS,Stroke,Brain injury,Guillan Barre, Sepsis
6 KB (762 words) - 22:50, 28 March 2020
...s to help with healing by initiating behaviours that would prevent further injury (eg. guarding). The mechanisms that sensitise the nociceptive system operat
|Occurs in healthy skin next to or further away from the injury site
10 KB (1,282 words) - 12:56, 7 September 2023
Opioids can regulate pain on a number of levels, both within the spinal cord, brain stem, and cortex. Within the spinal cord, both dynorphins and enkephalins c
Opioid receptors are located in the: [[Brain Anatomy|brain]] (highest densities found in the [[thalamus]], the PAG, and the RVM); spin
9 KB (1,308 words) - 05:51, 18 April 2022
*Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)
*[[Spinal Cord Injury|Spinal Cord Injury (SCI)]]
13 KB (1,920 words) - 21:32, 9 January 2024
...Amatya Minimum technical standards and recommendations for traumatic brain injury rehabilitation teams in sudden-onset disasters]. The Journal of the Interna
Key recommendations from a rehabilitation perspective for traumatic brain injury survivors in disaster settings included patient/carer education, general ph
35 KB (4,790 words) - 01:10, 24 August 2022
...ic Brain Injury|traumatic brain injury]], [[Spinal Cord Injury|spinal cord injury]] (SCI) and [[stroke]] etc. Studies reviewed that AAT contributes to posit
10 KB (1,293 words) - 10:42, 31 December 2023
...f persons following a [[Overview of Traumatic Brain Injury|traumatic brain injury]] (TBI).
...perties of a cognitive functioning scale for patients with traumatic brain injury. Western journal of nursing research. 1993 Aug;15(4):465-82.
17 KB (2,400 words) - 03:05, 18 September 2023
...nous substances such as damaged cells, and eliminates the initial cause of injury, clears the necrotic cells, and aids in tissue repair.<ref>Netea MG, Balkw
=== Mechanism of Injury ===
14 KB (1,994 words) - 11:21, 20 November 2023
...ematic Review with Metanalysis Involving New Rehabilitative Technologies]. Brain Sciences. 2023 Apr 22;13(5):703.</ref> Some of these technologies and their
...Mazzoli D. Gait robot-assisted rehabilitation in persons with spinal cord injury: A scoping review. NeuroRehabilitation. 2022 Jan 1(Preprint):1-39.</ref>
10 KB (1,370 words) - 00:25, 3 April 2024
...[Https://www.healthline.com/symptom/hearing-loss hearing loss], and a head injury can lead to a receptive language disorder.
...such abnormal brain development, certain neurological conditions, a brain injury, or stroke.
12 KB (1,691 words) - 13:53, 25 November 2022
...g our movements, all the while minimizing the possibility of sustaining an injury.
...ref>Romo R, Hernández A, Salinas E, et al. From sensation to action. Behav Brain Res 2002;135:105–118.</ref>. These various sensations contribute to the
13 KB (1,909 words) - 15:02, 27 June 2023
...or damage to a spinal nerve root from infection, compression, or traumatic injury can trigger symptoms in the corresponding dermatome. <ref name=":1">Medical
...an Spinal Cord Injury Association Impairment Scale [[American Spinal Cord Injury Association (ASIA) Impairment Scale|(ASIA Scale)]]. In recent years there h
10 KB (1,421 words) - 16:31, 23 June 2023
...elayed Recall and Decision. At the end of the assessment form, there is an injury advice which could be provided to the injured child and parents/caregivers.
[[Category:Acquired Brain Injuries]]
3 KB (463 words) - 19:19, 4 July 2023
* Reduced consciousness (eg acute stroke, [[Traumatic Brain Injury|traumatic brain injur]]<nowiki/>y, seizures and the effect of some agents that can induce i
6 KB (746 words) - 02:24, 13 November 2023
...the [[Brainstem|brain stem]] and importance in stabilization, fracture or injury at this level can be catastrophic. Common trauma and pathologies include (b
4 KB (537 words) - 17:48, 2 January 2021
...delays, delays in speech and language skills, seizures, and problems with brain-spinal cord communication. Individuals with clefts in only one hemisphere a
...will typically be more severe. Hydrocephalus or increased pressure in the brain due to the accumulation of fluid may be present. Microcephaly or the presen
12 KB (1,812 words) - 19:21, 13 September 2019
Patients with [[Stroke]], [[Traumatic Brain Injury|Brain Injury]], [[Parkinson's]], [[Multiple Sclerosis (MS)|Multiple Sclerosis]] or other
[[Category:Acquired Brain Injuries]]
8 KB (1,109 words) - 15:55, 21 August 2022
...med.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16829198/ What primary microcephaly can tell us about brain growth]. Trends in molecular medicine. 2006 Aug 1;12(8):358-66.</ref>.
...neurology.] 2013 Jan 1;111:129-41.</ref>. It often occurs because a baby’s brain has not developed properly during pregnancy or has stopped growing after bi
15 KB (2,045 words) - 06:43, 21 April 2023
*Immediate nerve injury discharge.
'''Brain:'''
10 KB (1,407 words) - 09:57, 6 October 2023
...lled sutures. Sutures allow movement of the bones necessary to accommodate brain growth and allow moulding of the head during birth.<ref>University of Roche
== Mechanism of Injury / Pathological Process ==
9 KB (1,227 words) - 08:03, 2 April 2023
...]], joint replacements, and [[Overview of Traumatic Brain Injury|traumatic brain injuries (TBI)]].<ref name=":0">Sun E, Hanyu-Deutmeyer AA. [https://www.ncb
# Neurogenic (Stroke, SCI, TBI, Brain Tumors). The most common sites for neurogenic heterotopic ossification are
15 KB (1,985 words) - 02:02, 9 March 2023
...and posture disorder caused by issues in the developing foetal and infant brain.<ref name=":1">Papavasiliou A, Ben-Pazi H, Mastroyianni S, Ortibus E. [http
...d post-neonatal CP; these injuries are generally caused by traumatic brain injury, meningitis and near-drowning.<ref name=":0" />
15 KB (1,988 words) - 11:16, 17 February 2023
...Injuries|spinal cord injury]]. An individual with this form of spinal cord injury (SCI) will have intact motor function and sensations of pain, light touch,
...posterior aspects of the spinal cord. As a result, the common location of injury in Posterior Cord Syndrome is to the posterior columns and dorsal horns of
14 KB (2,026 words) - 16:58, 2 February 2024
...to the medial rectus subdivision of the oculomotor complex in the monkey. Brain Res 1983;274:144-149</ref> It then emerges from the brainstem at the pontom
...ns has a long intracranial course and is vulnerable to direct and indirect injury.<ref>Joo W, Yoshioka F, Funaki T, Rhoton Jr AL. Microsurgical anatomy of th
5 KB (794 words) - 18:41, 20 February 2023
...ghtly however many are left with residual anoxic [[Traumatic Brain Injury|brain damage]] and [[Neurological Disorders|neurological]] deficits<ref name=":0"
6 KB (803 words) - 08:17, 6 October 2022
...ponsible for all [[Neurological Assessment|neurological]] functions of the brain<ref name=":1">Ludwig PE, Reddy V, Varacallo M. Neuroanatomy, Central Nervou
...s billions of neurones. There are about 100 billion in the [[Brain Anatomy|brain]] and 13.5 million in the [[Spinal cord anatomy|spinal cord]].
18 KB (2,635 words) - 23:53, 27 March 2024
...er sustaining burn injuries with its peak levels at 6 to 8 hours after the injury<ref name=":0" />. It may extend up to 2 to 3 days and last longer in the el
...mal fluid resuscitation as an under-resuscitation can lead to acute kidney injury, reduced perfusion and death, while an over-resuscitation may result in: ma
7 KB (987 words) - 11:45, 3 August 2022
...ocytosis, transported retrogradely, and spread trans-synaptically to other brain regions<ref name=":2">Iadecola C, Anrather J, Kamel H. [https://www.science
...e capillary endothelium leading to the spread of the virus in areas of the brain and brainstem via Virchow-Robin spaces surrounding arterioles and venules<r
16 KB (2,160 words) - 16:38, 15 December 2022
== Mechanism of Injury / Pathological Process ==
...h-flow, low-resistance organs (e.g. [[Kidney|kidneys]] and [[Brain Anatomy|brain]]), and also accelerate aortic stiffening via increased wall stress<ref>Wil
9 KB (1,220 words) - 13:55, 23 August 2022
== Mechanism of Injury / Pathological Process ==
* '''Neoplastic diseases''': central nervous system [[Brain Tumors|tumors]]; cerebral, cerebellar, or brainstem tumors; paraneoplastic
15 KB (2,016 words) - 13:56, 7 December 2023
Generally speaking, the greater the range of movement, the higher the risk of injury because the strength of the joint is reduced
...get through the birth canal at delivery and permits the enlargement of the brain after birth. As the skull enlarges, the fontanelles reduce to a narrow laye
6 KB (903 words) - 08:30, 21 June 2021
...he challenges for clinical guidelines in the management of traumatic brain injury include:
...s group, ethical considerations, due to many patients with traumatic brain injury lacking the mental capacity to give fully informed consent confounding the
39 KB (5,279 words) - 00:38, 24 August 2022
[[Introduction to Traumatic Brain Injury Course|Course information]]
...aypal-donate-btns">[https://members.physio-pedia.com/learn/traumatic-brain-injury-programme/ Go to the course!!]</div>
4 KB (713 words) - 11:32, 18 August 2022
...ct of the knee. Because the saphenous nerve is purely sensory, an isolated injury to this nerve should not result in weakness.<ref>Medscape Logo, Sunday, Mar
...mple: rotation injury) Direct contact: compression (for example: Dashboard injury) Cut-incision Scar-synovial Resection Stretch PLRI (Posterolateral Rotator
9 KB (1,327 words) - 07:32, 2 March 2020
== Mechanism of Injury / Pathological Process ==
Acoustic Neuroma is a benign, slow growing brain tumour, originating from the Schwann cells in the myelin sheath of the vest
11 KB (1,653 words) - 17:29, 12 December 2022
...of Traumatic Brain Injury|brain injury]], [[Spinal Cord Injury|spinal cord injury]], [[Neuropathies|neuropathy]], [[Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis |amyotrophi
...onist-antagonist interactions in an experimental joint model. Experimental Brain Research.] 2012 Aug 29;222(4):399–414.</ref>
13 KB (1,736 words) - 12:20, 15 February 2024
...ttps://physio-pedia.com/Overview_of_Traumatic_Brain_Injury traumatic brain injury] (mTBI), persist beyond the expected timeframe of recovery, although there
[[Image:Head and brain.jpg|right|300px]]
21 KB (2,802 words) - 13:02, 27 June 2023
...gen supply to the [[Anatomy of the Human Heart|heart]] and [[Brain Anatomy|brain]]. It is a medical emergency and should be referred to the emergency room i
...aining major causes of traumatic rupture. Can present immediately after an injury or may present in a delayed fashion.
14 KB (2,000 words) - 17:25, 2 January 2021
...sense of head-neck position sense. Patients suffering from traumatic neck injury (e.g. whiplash) or chronic neck pain may have disturbances to cervical affe
..., G., & Sterling, M. (2003). Dizziness and unsteadiness following whiplash injury: characteristic features and relationship with cervical joint position erro
8 KB (1,169 words) - 00:22, 1 October 2021
...dies revealed that the pineal gland is the soul of pain, implying that the brain is the moderator of painful experiences. Many recognized elements that cont
...nerve fibers) in the nervous system to target centers in the brain. These brain centers process the signals to produce the experience of pain. Thus, i
15 KB (2,287 words) - 01:43, 1 May 2022
[[File:Brain .png.jpeg|right|frameless]]
...tic and involved in creating new connections in adaptation and response to injury.<ref name=":0">Parker E. Ludwig; [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK44
25 KB (3,756 words) - 23:48, 27 March 2024
...ge, but it can also be caused by traumatic brain injury ([[Traumatic Brain Injury|TBI]]) and other injuries/illnesses<ref name="casanova">Casanova E, Lazzari
== Mechanism of Injury / Pathological Process ==
19 KB (2,766 words) - 05:23, 1 January 2024
...he tendons themselves rather than what is happening at the spinal cord and brain level. However, changes can occur both at a structural level and at a corti
...ructure, the multifaceted nature and magnitude of the tendon’s response to injury, and the difficulty in creating an experimental model that mimics load-rela
11 KB (1,630 words) - 22:59, 24 October 2023
Common and well-known principles of soft tissue injury management include principles such as [[RICE]] and [[POLICE Principle|POLIC
...These two acronyms (PEACE and LOVE) include the full range of soft tissue injury management from immediate care to subsequent management. It highlights the
14 KB (1,991 words) - 10:21, 29 February 2024
...n's|, Parkinson's]], neuro-infections, [[Motor Neurone Disease MND|MND]], brain tumors, traumatic disorders of the nervous system due to head trauma, and n
...n injury of any cause (including stroke), [[Spinal Cord Injury|spinal cord injury]])
17 KB (2,304 words) - 11:21, 18 August 2022
...tor for poor prognosis<ref>Stevens RD, Sutter R. Prognosis in severe brain injury. Crit Care Med. 2013 Apr;41(4):1104–23
...aiss F, O’Hearn E, et al. Why do Purkinje cells die so easily after global brain ischemia? Aldolase C, EAAT4, and the cerebellar contribution to post hypoxi
14 KB (1,944 words) - 05:32, 9 July 2023
# Respiration is a process involving the [[Brain Anatomy|brain]], [[brainstem]], [[Muscles of Respiration|respiratory muscles]], [[Lung An
...crease in intracranial pressure, e.g., in a patient with [[Traumatic Brain Injury|head trauma]] or by pain in a patient with a rib fracture, resulting in an
8 KB (1,107 words) - 13:10, 12 December 2021
...asphyxia during the birthing process, intracranial haemorrhage, infection, brain malformation, and general muscular weakness of any cause, and cerebral pals
* Asymmetrical Moro is said to be caused due to a local injury.
6 KB (894 words) - 12:18, 23 February 2023
Stereotactic thalamotomy and thalamic deep brain stimulation have been effective.<ref name=":2" />
Studies have investigated the use of non-invasive brain stimulation. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the primary mo
7 KB (879 words) - 17:02, 27 September 2021
...mulation on motor function in chronic, sensorimotor incomplete spinal cord injury]. Journal of clinical medicine. 2020 Nov 2;9(11):3541.</ref>
* Burst Stimulation activates some brain areas such as the dorsal anterior cingulate and the dorsolateral precentral
6 KB (766 words) - 00:27, 3 April 2024
...: possible neuropsychological mechanisms. Awareness of deficit after brain injury: Clinical and theoretical issues. 1991 Jan 24:53-62.</ref>They don't realiz
...ter stroke.<ref name=":1" /> They are common among the ones who have right brain damage. <ref>Lincoln N, Majid M, Weyman N. Cognitive rehabilitation for att
15 KB (2,072 words) - 11:32, 11 December 2021
* [[Traumatic Brain Injury|Brain Injury]]
9 KB (1,262 words) - 12:09, 1 April 2024
...ystems for Upper Limb Motor Function Recovery in Patients With Spinal Cord Injury: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. JMIR mHealth and uHealth. 2020;8(12):
People with a spinal cord injury may be unable to perform some motor tasks because they:
12 KB (1,824 words) - 18:10, 30 September 2022
...ntial of the involved cells which is called injury potential or current of injury and as a result, the bioelectrical activity within the injured area is dimi
* [[Chronic Pain and the Brain|Acute and chronic pain]]
6 KB (822 words) - 20:17, 3 March 2024
...al pressure, head injury etc.) <ref name=":0" /> As with any injury to the brain CVI may gradually improve due to neural plasticity, especially in the first
9 KB (1,368 words) - 20:21, 5 April 2023
...bular and/or oculomotor dysfunction (VOD) like dizziness, nausea, fatigue, brain fog, headache, gait and neurocognitive impairments which are associated wit
...concussed athletes report visual problems during the first week after the injury.<ref name=":0">Kontos AP, Elbin RJ, Schatz P, et al. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.
19 KB (2,813 words) - 04:28, 31 October 2023
...ignificant difference in the occurrence of PSD within the first year after injury based on patient placement at a hospital, rehabilitation setting, or in the
...ptoms''' develop in parallel with the stroke, possibly due to direct brain injury or acute psychosocial response to the stroke event
18 KB (2,423 words) - 19:23, 15 August 2023
...ese replacements cause patients to have a degree of [[Chronic Pain and the Brain|chronic pain]] or are not satisfied with their [[Surgery and General Anaest
...a minor foot sprain considered normal and nociceptive, signaled by tissue injury (i.e., a normal mechanism). Inflammatory pain from eg arthritis (center) is
4 KB (591 words) - 08:48, 4 April 2024
== Mechanism of Injury / Pathological Process ==
...Very preterm children at risk for developmental coordination disorder have brain alterations in motor areas. Acta Paediatrica. 2019 Sep;108(9):1649-60.</ref
14 KB (1,908 words) - 08:22, 30 April 2023
=== Improved Healing Following Musculoskeletal Injury ===
...rest, which will lead to better healing during the initial time after the injury.<br>
18 KB (2,639 words) - 05:04, 2 May 2022
...dentify and evaluate certain forms of [[Overview of Traumatic Brain Injury|brain damage,]] identify neurologically based learning disabilities, and musculos
7 KB (996 words) - 17:45, 3 January 2022
...Introduction|Cerebral Palsy]] takes time and is usually not made until the brain is fully developed. The age of a child when diagnosed can vary between the
...nosed, they can provide doctors with an exact picture of the injury to the brain. Seizure activity will also be monitored if present.
9 KB (1,387 words) - 10:16, 2 November 2023
...|parietal]] cortex or [[Corpus Callosum|corpus callosum.]]<ref>Zeidman LA. Brain science under the swastika: ethical violations, resistance, and victimizati
[[File:The brain 2.jpg|thumb]]
15 KB (2,268 words) - 19:05, 11 July 2022
...rmance (coordination, dexterity and functioning) in stroke recovery, brain injury and multiple sclerosis populations. The ARAT was originally described by Ly
...ed for individuals with [[Stroke: Physiotherapy Assessment|stroke]], brain injury, [[Multiple Sclerosis (MS)|multiple sclerosis]], and [[Parkinson's|Parkinso
11 KB (1,595 words) - 17:45, 3 January 2022
== Mechanism of Injury / Pathological Process ==
...ne. 2018 Dec 1;18(6):333-7.</ref>.Analysis of cerebrospinal fluid and MRI (brain) has limited diagnostic value<ref name=":2" />.
7 KB (968 words) - 10:25, 14 March 2023
=== Mechanism of Injury / Pathological Process ===
...l need be addressed to ensure correct technique and muscle recruitment The brain, the nervous system, and muscles all work together to produce the desired r
8 KB (1,044 words) - 14:03, 21 May 2020
...ttps://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24234727/ The role of fear of movement/(re) injury in pain disability. Journal of occupational rehabilitation.] 1995 Dec;5(4):
...Van Eek H. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8657437/ Fear of movement/(re) injury in chronic low back pain and its relation to behavioral performance.] Pain.
16 KB (2,386 words) - 01:59, 28 April 2023
...litation after sustaining a traumatic injury from a motorcycle injury. His injury resulted in a below the knee transtibial amputation to his left lower extre
In addition, the patient also presented with a minor traumatic brain injury. No other significant co-morbidities existed. Before coming to outpatient t
9 KB (1,383 words) - 18:53, 11 April 2020
...9714 Physiotherapy secretion removal techniques in people with spinal cord injury: a systematic review.] The journal of spinal cord medicine. 2010 Jan 1;33(4
...tetraplegia; the 'locked-in' syndrome, the persistent vegetative state and brain death. Spinal cord. 1998 Nov;36(11):741-3.</ref><ref>Hamou C, Shah NR, DiPo
17 KB (2,497 words) - 13:58, 19 July 2021
...01072022-8.pdf Assessment of Extremities Muscle Contracture for Critically Brain Injured Patients.] 2022.</ref>. However, reports of incidence vary substant
...shorter at high tension in muscles with contractures in people with brain injury<ref>Kwah LK, Herbert RD, Harvey LA, Diong J, Clarke JL, Martin JH, et al. P
26 KB (3,745 words) - 19:49, 20 November 2022
==Brain Areas in the Neuromatrix and the Changes Due to Chronic Pain==
...n neuromatrix which Melzack<ref>Melzack R. Pain and the neuromatrix in the brain. Journal of Dental Education 2001;65(12): 1378-1382</ref> has identified. M
18 KB (2,801 words) - 10:57, 1 August 2023
...hy-do-we-have-them Mitochondia] Available from:https://qbi.uq.edu.au/brain/brain-anatomy/mitochondria-what-are-they-and-why-do-we-have-them (accessed 9.1.20
...orders, [[diabetes]], [[Overview of Traumatic Brain Injury|traumatic brain injury]], and inflammation<ref name=":0" />.
10 KB (1,471 words) - 02:12, 8 July 2022
...neuropathic pain]] conditions, and may be present in the absence of tissue injury.
* '''Primary Hyperalgesia:''' Hyperalgesia that occurs at the site of injury and is often a reflection of [[Peripheral Sensitisation|peripheral sensitis
12 KB (1,569 words) - 14:05, 19 March 2024
...lementary motor areas with [[Basal Ganglia|basal ganglia]] and [[Brainstem|brain stem]] areas.
#'''Stability in Gait:''' Co-ordination between spinal locomotor and brain stem postural sensorimotor programs.<ref name=":02" />
11 KB (1,421 words) - 11:16, 17 February 2023
...challenges when working in these settings associated with complex trauma, injury surge and resource scarcity in terms of equipment, infrastructure, and work
...' without rehabilitation input, e.g. new suspected spinal injuries, brain injury or patients in need of urgent respiratory input.
26 KB (3,636 words) - 17:16, 20 November 2022
...Disorders|neurological conditions]] and [[Traumatic Brain Injury|Traumatic brain injuries]].
7 KB (869 words) - 07:54, 6 February 2024
== Mechanism of Injury / Pathological Process ==
...Antimuscarinic drugs in the treatment of movement disorders]. Progress in brain research. 1990 Jan 1;84:389-97.</ref>, Baclofen and benzodiazepines do
13 KB (1,766 words) - 23:52, 10 March 2022
#Intracranial - inside the [[Brain Anatomy|brain]] and the [[skull]]
[[File:CNs_Brain.jpg|alt=|right|442x442px|CNs Brain]]
8 KB (1,188 words) - 15:57, 15 December 2022
...lly, it occurs following lesion in the left occipitotemporal region of the brain.
...t is associated with a lesion in the right posterior cingulate area of the brain.
18 KB (2,615 words) - 18:00, 17 January 2023
...mbered (according to their location, from the front of the [[Brain Anatomy|brain]] to the back).
...ves are named and numbered, based on their location, from the front of the brain to the back. Thus, the olfactory nerve is the 1st cranial nerve, and the hy
13 KB (1,966 words) - 12:43, 23 July 2023
|Brain, respiratory and gastrointestinal affectation; Requiring multiple medicatio
|Brain affectation; Antiepileptic medication and other neuropsychiatric drugs
10 KB (1,371 words) - 20:48, 23 November 2021
* [[Hypothalamus]]: A part of the lower middle brain that tells the pituitary gland when to release hormones.
* Pineal gland: A gland found near the center of the brain that may be linked to sleep patterns.
13 KB (1,798 words) - 08:08, 20 January 2023
...ances that are produced or excreted by the liver and are affected by liver injury.
...health of the liver, an indication of the potential severity of any liver injury, change in liver status over time, and a starting place for further diagnos
7 KB (1,112 words) - 13:31, 2 December 2021
== Mechanism of Injury / Pathological Process ==
...no K, Ohtsuka F. Characterization of early onset neurofibromatosis type 2. Brain Dev. Feb 13 2013</ref>.
7 KB (964 words) - 14:07, 16 December 2022
== Mechanism of injury ==
Injury to brachial plexus can occur in many ways. These include, contact sports, m
22 KB (3,271 words) - 00:23, 10 March 2024
== What is a Spinal Cord Injury ==
...al. International standards for neurological classification of spinal cord injury. J Spinal Cord Med 2011; 34: 535-546</ref>{{#ev:vimeo|65471467|300}}
29 KB (4,219 words) - 12:08, 2 February 2024
...s limitations on understanding of functional recovery from traumatic brain injury, motor relearning and effectiveness of therapeutic methods.
...after traumatic brain injury: A systematic review of the literature. Brain Injury. 2008;22(5):365–373.</ref>. Moreover, the limitations with the research
26 KB (3,562 words) - 19:41, 20 November 2022
...asonry, flying glass, sports injuries, and blunt force trauma. Soft tissue injury comprises lacerations, abrasions and avulsions.
...ones more reliably than plain [[X-Rays|X-ray]], and also shows soft tissue injury<ref>Jordan JR, Calhoun KH. [https://books.google.com/books?id=u5o3illp9CUC
17 KB (2,598 words) - 18:55, 17 January 2023
...rvous system, and facilitate development in thinking and motor skills. The brain has to develop or mature enough to allow for the next skills in the sequenc
...clinical evaluation and rehabilitation of movement]. Topics in spinal cord injury rehabilitation. 2011;17(1):16-24.</ref>
7 KB (1,047 words) - 09:43, 17 January 2024
...ticles/PMC6350257/ Non-invasive electrical and magnetic stimulation of the brain, spinal cord, roots and peripheral nerves: Basic principles and procedures
...xample, a TMS pulse delivered to the motor cortex of one hemisphere of the brain 10ms prior to a TMS pulse delivered over the opposite motor cortex results
20 KB (2,888 words) - 20:11, 3 March 2024
...ing adequate [[Splint|splinting]], and protecting the patient from further injury and other complications.
* Crush Injury (resulting in muscle damage with byproducts damaging the kidneys)
14 KB (1,819 words) - 23:43, 25 January 2023
...e improvement can be made.Any non-progressive central nervous system (CNS) injury occurring during the first 2 (some say 5) years of life is considered to be
...rogressive interference, lesion, or abnormality of the developing/immature brain<ref name="SCPE">SCPE. Dev Med Child Neurol 42 (2000) 816-824</ref>.''
27 KB (3,983 words) - 10:00, 2 November 2023
...ms of an athlete's programme when improving performance during return from injury. This page outlines the common models used to explain the mechanisms behind
...Tbo0twpQw}}<ref>PEER_reviews. Why Do You Get Tired During Exercise? | Your Brain as the 'Central Governor'. Available from https:[//www.youtube.com/watch?v=
8 KB (1,096 words) - 08:37, 24 June 2023
== Physical Activity and Injury Prevention Campaigns ==
...w.bettermovement.org/blog/2014/guest-post-from-jamie-hale-exercise-and-the-brain</ref>
23 KB (3,157 words) - 17:41, 23 March 2023
The “basal ganglia” is group of subcortical nuclei within the brain that controls motor control, motor [[Learning Activities|learning]], execut
...s include [[stroke]], [[Overview of Traumatic Brain Injury|traumatic brain injury]], [[Motor Neurone Disease MND|amyotrophic lateral sclerosis]], nonketotic
15 KB (2,156 words) - 22:48, 30 April 2024
...with the primary afferent nociceptor. [[Limbic System|The limbic system]], brain stem reticular formation, [[thalamus]], somatosensory cortex, and other hig
...n activity in the transmission system, modulation is a recently discovered brain function. The subjective awareness brought on by sensory signals is known a
29 KB (4,330 words) - 14:59, 12 April 2023
...orthopedic surgery and sports medicine show promise in predicting athlete injury risk, the interpretation of [[Medical Imaging|medical imaging]], evaluating
...ase, [[Multiple Sclerosis (MS)|multiple sclerosis,]] and [[Stroke|ischemic brain stroke]].<ref>[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31743905/ Raghavendra U, Ach
12 KB (1,663 words) - 15:41, 11 March 2024
== Mechanism of Injury / Pathological Process ==
...inical and pathological analysis of the uniform type l fiber myopathy with brain atrophy and gluteal muscle contractures. Neuromuscular Disorders. 2010 Oct
12 KB (1,817 words) - 00:54, 1 January 2023
!Complex Injury/Condition
...df Current approaches in telehealth and telerehabilitation for spinal cord injury (TeleSCI).] Current Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Reports. 2022 Jun;
29 KB (3,947 words) - 02:42, 11 September 2023
*Secondary dx: possible mild acquired brain injury (TBI) and/or PTSD
...A and L trans-femoral AKA with a secondary dx possible mild acquired brain injury (TBI) and/or PTSD, complicating KP's ability to retain new information. KP'
8 KB (1,211 words) - 18:53, 11 April 2020
...unhealthy or dysfunctional tissues. Rather, it is due to [[Neuroplasticity|brain plasticity]] leading to hyper-excitability of the central nervous system, k
...stimuli, and increased pain response evoked by stimuli outside the area of injury, an expanded receptive field. <ref>[[Central Sensitisation]]</ref>This can
10 KB (1,437 words) - 16:11, 18 November 2023
...ssels and act as a [[Cytokines|chemical messenger]] in the [[Brain Anatomy|brain]].<ref name=":0" />
..., iron and vitamin C) gives rise to the oxidation of biomolecules and cell injury. [[File:Antioxidant.jpeg|right|frameless]]
8 KB (1,165 words) - 05:41, 29 December 2021
* [[Brachial Plexus Injury|Brachial Plexus]] injuries
* Central Nervous System lesions (eg. Stroke, Traumatic brain injury, Multiple Sclerosis)
6 KB (843 words) - 10:38, 26 July 2023
Acute stress can occur in up to 45% of injury survivors following a traumatic injury or illness. It involves an anxiety response that includes re-experience of
...anagement of patients who present with a stress response following serious injury/illness. Physiotherapists are not typically associated with mental health i
15 KB (2,197 words) - 19:04, 17 January 2023
== Mechanism of Injury / Pathological Process ==
...protein called huntingtin. This protein is found in neurons throughout the brain; its normal function is unknown. In affected patients, neuronal degeneratio
11 KB (1,496 words) - 11:29, 9 May 2023
'''The second model''', the PETTLEP, is based on the notion that brain structures are activated during imagery. It is this neural component that m
...Relationship between mental imagery and sporting performance.] Behavioral Brain Research. 1991;45:29-36.</ref> Mental imagery is a technique that athletes
22 KB (3,271 words) - 16:46, 10 November 2022
*Spinal Cord Injury
...rg, K. A. "Reliability of a timed walk test in persons with acquired brain injury." Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2003 82(5): 385-390; quiz 391-382</ref>
19 KB (2,670 words) - 17:45, 3 January 2022
...y in the upper cervical spine) there is potential for serious neurological injury so the cause and extent of instability should be investigated before physio
...nd the potential for cervical instability and/or spinal cord or brain stem injury. The [[Canadian C-Spine Rule]] can be used to determine when to refer for
5 KB (687 words) - 11:38, 15 November 2023
[[File:Traumatic Brain Injury Course Picture.JPG|frameless|right|372x372px]]
...s with sufficient knowledge to manage a person following a traumatic brain injury. The programme consisted of four courses, which included:) Introduction to
48 KB (7,037 words) - 12:02, 18 August 2022
[[File:Spinal-cord-injury-symptoms.png|right|frameless|691x691px]]
...matic spinal cord injury: an overview of pathophysiology, models and acute injury mechanisms]. Frontiers in neurology. 2019;10:282.Available from:https://www
23 KB (3,353 words) - 02:16, 8 August 2023
...ation devices involve the application of electrodes to the [[Brain Anatomy|brain]], the spinal cord or peripheral nerves.
...nd more studies are required. Current use includes: [[Chronic Pain and the Brain|chronic pain]] eg idiopathic chronic pain, [[Neuropathic Pain|neuropathic p
9 KB (1,310 words) - 10:55, 24 May 2022
...ewing B. Functional orthosis in shoulder joint subluxation after ischaemic brain stroke to avoid post-hemiplegic shoulder-hand syndrome: a randomized clinic
...e: patients may have suboptimal shoulder muscle control or tendon/ligament injury in the rotator cuff interval
11 KB (1,523 words) - 02:20, 9 January 2023
...gical and Functional Classification of Spinal Cord Injury, American Spinal Injury Association, 1996</ref>, and stroke <ref>World Health Organization. (2012).
...ealth Organization. (1996). Promoting independence following a spinal cord injury:A manual for midlevel rehabilitation workers. Retrieved from <nowiki>http:/
28 KB (4,536 words) - 20:02, 2 March 2022
...rdiac arrest leave the hospital alive, most of which are [[Traumatic Brain Injury|neurologically impaired]]<ref name=":0" />
5 KB (728 words) - 01:50, 3 March 2022
== Mechanism of Injury / Pathological Process ==
Like ischemic strokes, TIAs are due to locally decreased blood flow to the brain, causing focal neurological symptoms. Decreased blood flow results from eit
15 KB (2,108 words) - 10:26, 15 July 2022
In health, when referring to acute or [[Chronic Disease|chronic diseases]], injury or trauma, rehabilitation can be defined as "set of interventions designed
...improve their function and strive towards independence, following an acute injury or diagnosis of a long term condition. For many this is only possible throu
20 KB (2,702 words) - 18:23, 17 January 2023
...ent. VR technology provides sensory stimulation and feedback, which alters brain activity and enhances neuroplasticity, as well as motor learning<ref>Masset
...atic brain injury: perceptions of participants and their caregivers. Brain injury. 2005 Jan 1;19(12):989-1000. [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/0
17 KB (2,389 words) - 17:45, 3 January 2022
...hearing, taste, and smell which convey sensations to the [[Brain Anatomy|brain]] through [[Cranial Nerves|cranial nerves]]<ref name=":0">Gadhvi M, Waseem
...sult in [[Neuropathies|neuropathy]], or by any [[Spinal Cord Injury|spinal injury]] or accident followed by complaints of decreased sensation.<ref name=":0"
17 KB (2,423 words) - 10:55, 30 June 2023
...est point of intervention as it can be difficult to repair and reverse any brain damage incurred from those incidents, not to mention the increased suscepti
...al and sociocultural factors in sport play a role within the uptake of any injury-prevention strategy and need consideration.
34 KB (5,029 words) - 16:23, 13 November 2021
...ncluding the essential components of rehabilitation following neurological injury, which comprise of:<ref name="taub" />
...ion|cerebral palsy,]] [[Overview of Traumatic Brain Injury|traumatic brain injury]], [[Phantom Limb Pain|phantom limb pain]], focal [[Hand Dystonia|hand dyst
22 KB (3,091 words) - 16:25, 7 December 2023
** Berlin definition: Polytrauma is defined as patients with an Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) ≥3 for two or more different body regions with one or more ad
...ppner JL, Kwasnica C, Galang GN, Edinger J, Linsenmeyer M. Traumatic brain injury. InBraddom's Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2021 Jan 1 (pp. 916-953).
22 KB (3,033 words) - 01:02, 1 August 2023
...ucture like a hand out of a larger block of tissue; during [[Brain Anatomy|brain]] development, the body creates millions of more cells than it needs; the o
...or “cellular suicide" (different from necrosis, in which cells die due to injury). Apoptosis is not the only form of programmed cell death, but it is the fo
9 KB (1,231 words) - 02:31, 29 July 2022
...n (such as recovering from injury or post-surgery), [[Chronic Pain and the Brain|chronic pain]], active-phase [[Cancer pain|cancer]] treatment, [[Palliative
...the release of dopamine causing feelings of pleasure. Our [[Brain Anatomy|brain]]<nowiki/>s ability to establish this conditioned association is responsibl
13 KB (1,874 words) - 08:00, 19 October 2022
...tation professional or a [[Interdisciplinary Management of Traumatic Brain Injury|multidisciplinary team]], together with the patient and/or their family, ne
...he practical use of goal attainment scaling for people with acquired brain injury who receive cognitive rehabilitation]. Clin Rehabil. 2009; 23 (4):310 - 320
24 KB (3,447 words) - 16:12, 15 December 2022
...l]] tract (upper [[Motor Neurone|motor neuron]]): Mediator of message from brain to skeletal muscles.
...levels; are bedridden; cannot move their limbs because of stroke or other brain disease; are in a place that lacks gravity, such as during space flights. M
17 KB (2,549 words) - 06:42, 10 July 2022
...Traumatic Brain Injury|trauma]] where [[Cervical Anatomy|cervical spine]] injury is a concern.
...e reduces cervical spine x-ray rate for alert patients with potential neck injury. Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2005 Feb.;28(2):127–31.
8 KB (1,130 words) - 23:05, 20 February 2022
...original injury has healed, and allodynia can also occur in the absence of injury. The pain associated with allodynia is then regarded as maladaptive and can
...ding Inhibition|descending inhibitory]] and facilitating pathways from the brain to the spinal cord can result in [[Central Sensitisation|central sensitisat
12 KB (1,601 words) - 13:23, 20 December 2023
...are the same issue. Therefore, an increase in pain means increased tissue injury and increased tissue injuries lead to more pain. This model (called the Car
...from a biological and physiological perspective of how the nervous system/brain processes pain<ref name="p7">A. Louw. Therapeutic Neuroscience Education: T
14 KB (2,064 words) - 18:09, 22 June 2022
*[[Traumatic Brain Injury|Traumatic brain injured]] patients
8 KB (1,264 words) - 11:46, 3 August 2022
...g[[Neuromuscular Disorders|. neuromuscular disorders]], [[Traumatic Brain Injury|head injuries]], unconsciousness, [[stroke]] or following prolonged disuse
* Fracture of cervical vertebrae with [[Spinal Cord Injury|spinal cord injury]]
9 KB (1,189 words) - 03:04, 18 May 2022
...most common spinal nerve disorder; a [[Classification of Peripheral Nerve Injury|nerve can be lacerated]] resulting in cessation of function.<ref name=":0">
...[lumbar]] pairs, five [[Sacrum|sacral]] pairs, and one coccygeal pair.<ref>Brain made simple Spinal nerves Available: https://brainmadesimple.com/spinal-ner
6 KB (862 words) - 19:00, 8 March 2024
* risk of injury
Examples of conditions: spinal cord injury, muscular dystrophy, post-polio syndrome, spina bifida
22 KB (2,949 words) - 11:55, 4 July 2023
# injury to the amygdala, uncus, hippocampus, orbitofrontal and cingulate gyri, and
...oi.org/10.1176/appi.neuropsych.18050112 Syndrome following Traumatic Brain Injury: a systematic synthesis and review of pharmacological treatment from case i
6 KB (872 words) - 15:04, 23 January 2022
Uses include:[[File:Brain normal MRI.gif|right|frameless|186x186px]]
...e effects of a [[stroke]], or it can be used for brain mapping if you need brain surgery for [[epilepsy]] or tumors.<ref>How stuff works [https://science.ho
16 KB (2,434 words) - 17:45, 3 January 2022
...pain]] and [[Inflammation Acute and Chronic|inflammation]] associated with injury. However, there is growing evidence that some athletes might be taking thes
...print exercise performance by reducing the activation of [[Cerebrum|higher brain structures]] involved in pain and cognitive/affective processing.
6 KB (772 words) - 05:54, 15 August 2022
...unit activity in the alert monkeys during natural vestibular stimulation. Brain research. 1976.</ref>
...re observed in patients with right brain damage than in patients with left brain damage <ref name=":0">Kim CS, Seok-Hyun Nam PT. Neurophysiological and Clin
18 KB (2,570 words) - 12:41, 6 November 2023
...haviors that lead to lung [[Inflammation Acute and Chronic|inflammation]], injury and remodeling, and progressive deterioration of lung function.
...to halt their natural history or reverse the morphological and functional injury already established. At end-stage lung disease, [[Heart Lung Transplant|lun
9 KB (1,239 words) - 02:59, 22 October 2022
...lity Disorder (BPD) Abnormal Brain Structures.png|thumb|305x305px|Abnormal Brain Structures in Borderline Personality Disorder]]
Physiotherapy can provide health promotion, injury prevention, and rehabilitation. <ref>Probst, M. . [https://www.intechopen.c
11 KB (1,394 words) - 12:57, 2 June 2022
...een increasing recognition of, and interest in, the connection between the brain, trauma, and physical well-being.<ref name=":4">Darnell C. Tending to painf
...ain does not simply occur because of physical injury but also involves the brain and body processing signals to indicate potential threats to the body.
16 KB (2,321 words) - 11:28, 2 May 2024
...oduction to Traumatic Brain Injury Course] Introduction to Traumatic Brain Injury Massive Open Online Course Report. Physiospot. Feb. 2020.
16 KB (1,784 words) - 13:57, 19 March 2024
...e when the brain is not receiving normal sensory inputs it is used to, the brain itself produces painful sensations.
...lodynia.<ref>Head H, Holmes G. Sensory disturbances from cerebral lesions. Brain. 1911 Nov 1;34(2-3):102-254.</ref> This theory is still the most widely acc
17 KB (2,307 words) - 09:22, 28 November 2023
...related to its development and progression cite anatomical changes in the brain and neurotransmitter imbalances (ex. abnormal levels of serotonin, decrease
The multifactorial nature of delirium can make it easy to mistake for other brain dysfunctions. Below is a non-exhaustive list of conditions that should be c
12 KB (1,671 words) - 21:54, 7 February 2023
Spinal cord Injury does only have an impact on the individuals' physical and emotional well-be
...i A, Fehlings MG. Global prevalence and incidence of traumatic spinal cord injury. Clinical epidemiology. 2014;6:309.</ref>.
19 KB (2,705 words) - 00:05, 18 June 2023
...athlete in a vulnerable state and increase the risk of a more debilitating injury if more trauma occurs before recovery is complete.<ref>Leddy JJ, Sandhu H,
...department where he was assessed and diagnosed with a mild traumatic brain injury i.e. concussion. The next day, he felt increasingly dizzy, nauseous and com
21 KB (2,997 words) - 15:06, 20 November 2023
...is almost a reflex reaction to stress — the body's way of guarding against injury and pain. When muscles are taut and tense for long periods of time, this ma
...erceives a situation to be challenging, threatening or uncontrollable, the brain initiates a cascade of events involving the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal
11 KB (1,541 words) - 19:02, 7 April 2024
...y. But serious bleeding, such as bleeding in the gastrointestinal tract or brain, can occur. These bleeds can be life-threatening<ref name=":1" />.
Advise individuals taking anticoagulants to avoid high-impact or injury-prone activities, such as hockey, soccer, skiing or football.
5 KB (742 words) - 03:51, 21 July 2022
...ntion]] programmes.<ref>Ross AG, Donaldson A, Poulos RG. Nationwide sports injury prevention strategies: A scoping review. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine &
...jury and illness in sports 2020 (including the STROBE extension for sports injury and illness surveillance (STROBE-SIIS)).] Orthopaedic journal of sports med
27 KB (3,829 words) - 10:53, 13 July 2023
...it is possible that when the signal is interpreted in the [[Brain Anatomy|brain]] signals are experienced in the surrounding nervous tissue. <ref name="p2"
...nd physiologic theories state that nociceptive dorsal horn and [[Brainstem|brain stem]] neurons receive convergent inputs from various tissues. As a result,
14 KB (2,077 words) - 13:53, 29 January 2024
...the brain's ability to reorganise and form new connections in response to injury. Disrupted sleep architecture and alterations in sleep-wake cycles impede n
8 KB (1,054 words) - 09:16, 3 April 2024
...ilable from: <nowiki>https://radiopaedia.org/articles/investigation-of-hip-injury-summary</nowiki> (accessed 29 August 2018)</ref><br>
...the mechanism of injury, type of the injured structures and extent of the injury or damage. Details like the location of the pain, nature of the pain, 24-ho
12 KB (1,726 words) - 15:00, 15 December 2022
The [[cerebellum]] is the primary centre in the brain for coordination for movement and the ability to execute smooth accurate mo
* [[Traumatic Brain Injury|Traumatic brain injury]]
17 KB (2,420 words) - 07:24, 1 April 2022
...ario Neurotrauma Foundation. Guideline For Concussion/Mild Traumatic Brain Injury & Persistent Symptoms, 3rd Edition, For Adults Over 18 Years Of Age. Availa
...y intervention strategies for patients with prolonged mild traumatic brain injury symptoms: a case series]. International journal of sports physical therapy.
23 KB (3,270 words) - 22:11, 16 August 2020
...onsensus statement on concussion in sport defines it as ‘a traumatic brain injury induced by biomechanical forces<ref name="McCrory et al">McCrory P, Meeuwis
...be assessed by a qualified healthcare professional within 24 hours of the injury. This prompt evaluation ensures appropriate medical attention and allows fo
40 KB (5,982 words) - 04:58, 1 October 2023
...health. 2020:788.</ref>There are also more people living with injuries and injury-related consequences because of conflict, rapid urbanisation, and motorisat
...pid population ageing, accompanied by a rise in chronic conditions, trauma/injury survival and non-communicable diseases (NCD), as well as global conflict, r
20 KB (2,756 words) - 11:16, 17 February 2023
Postural control is a term used to describe the way our [[Brain Anatomy|central nervous system]] (CNS) regulates sensory information from o
...aining postural balance by relaying information about body position to the brain, allowing it to activate the appropriate motor response or movement.
16 KB (2,254 words) - 05:55, 17 November 2022
* [[Traumatic Brain Injury in Paediatrics|Traumatic Brain Injury]]
13 KB (1,858 words) - 15:55, 14 January 2024
A chronic '''[[Spinal Cord Injury]]''' would cause decreased or absence of sweating in the non-sensory skin,
...iple Sclerosis (MS)|multiple sclerosis]], [[Spinal Cord Injury|spinal cord injury]], and anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia can have a severe impairment of ther
15 KB (2,213 words) - 15:04, 21 July 2023
...cord]], and nerves. [[Stroke]], [[Multiple Sclerosis (MS)]], [[Spinal Cord Injury]] and [[Parkinson's|Parkinson’s]] are common neurological conditions. It
...family and friends. Disturbances in the travelling of messages between the brain and the body can result in the loss of movement, sensation, coordination, a
24 KB (3,319 words) - 23:10, 31 October 2023
.... Plus2022</ref> Because of its direct connection with the [[Brain Anatomy|brain]] through the [[Central Nervous System Pathways|nervous system]], an indivi
Strong proprioceptive information is received by the brain through the receptors located in the muscle. These receptors are called [[m
25 KB (3,648 words) - 09:40, 9 November 2022
...s cognition, awareness, and speech. The spinal cord is an extension of the brain and serves as a neural pathway for information exchange with the rest of th
...underlying disease processes. However, the mechanisms of peripheral nerve injury exhibit similar patterns. These reactions include (1) segmental demyelinati
20 KB (2,647 words) - 05:13, 13 November 2023
...d more. This type of current used for muscle not have the nerve because of injury of the nerve. When applying galvanic, the denervated muscle responds to thi
...sense of movement.In cases of flat foot or in muscle transplantation. the brain appreciates movement not muscle actions so current should be applied to res
6 KB (900 words) - 00:51, 4 March 2021
== Concussion / Mild Traumatic Brain Injury (mTBI) ==
...traumatic brain injury: complex, comorbid, and/or overlapping conditions?] Brain Sci. 2017;7(12):160.</ref>
28 KB (3,834 words) - 11:31, 18 August 2022
...pedia&utm_medium=search&utm_campaign=ongoing_internal Chronic Pain and the Brain] page)
...ying. chronic pain] such as unrealistic fear about movement, anxiety of re-injury or not being able to return to work, utilising treatment time to teach func
10 KB (1,433 words) - 16:24, 28 November 2023
|[[Spinal Cord Injury|Spinal cord injuries]]
|Post-traumatic neuropathy (following surgical procedures or acute injury)
26 KB (3,620 words) - 12:28, 20 December 2023
.../physio-pedia.com/images/3/30/Burns_and_Plastics.pdf burns], [[Spinal Cord Injury|spinal cord injuries]], [[stroke]])
...AM, Pires-Neto RC, Tanaka C. Mobilization practices for patients with burn injury in critical care. Burns. 2020 Mar 1;46(2):314-21.</ref>,
23 KB (3,285 words) - 07:38, 11 February 2023
...ness are considered the most critical signs indicating the severity of the injury. These factors would indicate the need for further intervention and imagin
...5919(10)00075-X/fulltext The molecular pathophysiology of concussive brain injury]. Clinics in sports medicine 30(1):33–48.</ref> There is evidence of alte
32 KB (4,579 words) - 08:38, 12 July 2023
...ns L. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4482297/ Common dental injury management in athletes.] Sports health. 2015 May;7(3):250-5.</ref> <ref>Sch
...lww.com/acsm-csmr/Fulltext/2010/01000/Facial_Injury_in_Sport.9.aspx Facial injury in sport]. Current sports medicine reports. 2010 Jan 1;9(1):27-34.</ref>
18 KB (2,682 words) - 16:38, 29 February 2024
...he effects of intensive sit-to-stand training after recent traumatic brain injury on sit-to-stand performance. Clinical rehabilitation. 2003 Jun;17(4):355-62
15 KB (2,163 words) - 01:46, 29 August 2022
| align="left" | FORCE Injury Packs
| align="left" | Build A Brain Explorer
22 KB (2,820 words) - 19:42, 29 March 2022
...3-022-00751-8#citeas Walking improvement in chronic incomplete spinal cord injury with exoskeleton robotic training (WISE): a randomized controlled trial.] S
...moVBR5k|300}}<ref>Sandro Gatillo. Robotics Technology for Stroke and Brain Injury Rehabilitation [Internet]. 2017 [cited 8 May 2017]. Available from: https:/
23 KB (3,315 words) - 16:44, 16 December 2022
...e loose connective tissue throughout the body, help the body heal after an injury or infection by removing dead cells, [[Blood Physiology|blood]], micro-orga
...system - Elimination of old or dead neurons and control of immunity in the brain.
9 KB (1,237 words) - 11:45, 3 August 2022
...TMS) magnetic pulses are delivered through a device to the [[Brain Anatomy|brain]]; the frequency, intensity, direction, duration and interval times of puls
...ts toward its role in causing long-term neuromodulatory effects in certain brain areas. <ref>Chail A, Saini R, Bhat P, Srivastava K, Chauhan V. [https://www
32 KB (4,629 words) - 15:36, 7 May 2024
...Nervous System Pathways|central nervous system]](CNS) (the [[Brain Anatomy|brain]] and [[Spinal cord anatomy|spinal cord]]) and the rest of the body. Neurop
...amples include [[Carpal Tunnel Syndrome|carpal tunnel syndrome]], physical injury like pressure from [[Disc Herniation|disc herniation]], pressure from a res
18 KB (2,305 words) - 13:24, 13 December 2023
...person may need rehabilitation at some point in their lives such as due to injury, [[Surgery and General Anaesthetic|surgery,]] any disease or decrease in mo
...f-confidence and your ability to deal psychologically with your illness or injury.
22 KB (3,080 words) - 18:53, 17 January 2023
== Mechanism of Injury / Pathological Process ==
...lasm, particularly parotid malignancy, but also a number of [[Brain Tumors|brain tumour]]<nowiki/>s can (rarely) cause facial palsy, including meningioma
13 KB (1,928 words) - 13:59, 14 December 2022
...ude: whiplash caused by car accidents, contact sport injuries causing neck injury, and falls leading to upper cervical structural damage. <ref name=":1">Page
...nk.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11916-002-0051-4 The relationship of neck injury and post-traumatic headache]. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2002 Aug;6(4):301-7.<
35 KB (4,739 words) - 19:29, 4 July 2023
...reatment ideas during various stages of rehabilitation after a spinal cord injury.
...tcomes for different levels of injury<ref name=":1">Harding M. Spinal Cord Injury Physiotherapy Treatment Principles Course. Plus 2022</ref>
33 KB (4,742 words) - 11:27, 18 August 2022
...n-progressive disturbances that occurred in the developing fetal or infant brain."<ref>Rosenbaum P, Paneth N, Leviton A, Goldstein M, Bax M, Damiano D, Dan
== Brain Involvement in Vision ==
21 KB (2,964 words) - 11:12, 13 December 2023
...This article provides a comprehensive review of the impact of spinal cord injury on the autonomic nervous system.
== Autonomic Nervous System and Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) ==
22 KB (2,954 words) - 11:05, 25 March 2024
...s concerns related to overall physical activity levels, injury prevention, injury management, and competitive performance. At present, clinical management of
...e link between exercise and esport performance: a dual systematic review.] Brain Sciences. 2020 Nov 15;10(11):859.</ref><ref>Kramer AF, Colcombe S. [https:/
12 KB (1,678 words) - 13:40, 28 February 2023
...t throughout their rehabilitation process. This is especially true when an injury occurs as a result of disaster or conflict.<ref name=":0">Lathia C, Skelton
...will focus on the physical rehabilitation of patients who have had a burn injury, but will include important wound care considerations with regards to mobil
19 KB (2,742 words) - 12:12, 25 November 2022
...ccessed 24.3.2019)</ref>. Please read [[Classification of Peripheral Nerve Injury]] as an introduction to this page.
After a diagnosis of a peripheral nerve injury, a full subjective and objective examination is required to get a clear pic
14 KB (2,040 words) - 22:43, 25 December 2022
[[File:Brain .png.jpeg|right|frameless]]
The brain, contained in and protected by the [[skull]] and suspended in [[CSF Cerebr
32 KB (4,755 words) - 07:05, 30 April 2022
...ndicator of muscle injury, and is the best measure of the course of muscle injury (located on the inner mitochondrial membrane, on myofibrils, and in the [[m
...neurochemicals and signaling molecules<ref>Kennedy DO. B vitamins and the brain: mechanisms, dose and efficacy—a review. Nutrients. 2016 Feb;8(2):68.Avai
16 KB (2,242 words) - 08:02, 4 October 2022
*[[Traumatic Brain Injury|Brain Injury]]
14 KB (2,007 words) - 02:29, 7 November 2022
* Insufficient rest after an injury
...leem and colleagues<ref name=":3" /> state: "Malnutrition constrains rapid brain development by adversely affecting its structural and functional capacity,
14 KB (2,088 words) - 17:53, 26 February 2023
...on-specific acute neck pain ranges from 40 to 70%. Various factors such as injury, disease, wear and tear, or poor biomechanics can stress the spine and lead
== Mechanism of injury and Differential Diagnosis ==
16 KB (2,453 words) - 11:24, 10 May 2024
...their pain. It is used on patients who suffer from [[Chronic Pain and the Brain|chronic pain]], and have negative pain beliefs, including pain hypervigilan
== Classifying the injury into the Diagnostic Triage ==
11 KB (1,583 words) - 13:21, 25 March 2024
...y 27;21(1):511.</ref> Transfers can also increase the risk to patients for injury, pain, and negative health outcomes. It has also been found that manual han
...trictions put in place to protect the spine and reduce the risk of further injury after spinal surgery, spinal trauma, or suspected spinal instability.
27 KB (3,910 words) - 14:11, 3 September 2023
...olic acidosis). This leads to brain damage.<ref>Collins KA, Popek E. Birth Injury: Birth Asphyxia and Birth Trauma. Acad Forensic Pathol. 2018 Dec;8(4):788-8
This can cause serious affectation of a part of the brain giving rise to:
10 KB (1,406 words) - 12:14, 20 November 2023
...wstoday.com/articles/318642.php</nowiki> (accessed 15 February 2019)</ref> Injury to the extensor tendon can be caused by a traumatic laceration, a closed av
...2.</ref>, [[stroke]], [[Parkinson's|Parkinson’s disease]], traumatic brain injury, [[Psoriatic Arthritis|psoriatic arthritis]], [[scleroderma]], and hand tra
9 KB (1,350 words) - 12:22, 31 May 2021
| [[Image:Structural MRI animation.ogv.jpg|thumb|center|MRI of the Brain]]
| [[Image:CT scan brain.jpg|thumb|center|150px|CT Scan of the Brain]]
15 KB (2,244 words) - 21:58, 11 November 2022
...d]] away from the pulmonary circulation or non-cardiogenic precipitated by injury to the lung parenchyma.
#* Nesiritide is a recombinant brain natriuretic peptide which has vasodilatory properties.
9 KB (1,203 words) - 19:57, 31 October 2023
...damaged CK gets into the bloodstream. raised CK levels may indicate muscle injury or disease.
9 KB (1,252 words) - 08:50, 7 February 2024
...|membranes]] (involving all three layers) surrounding the [[Brain Anatomy|brain]] and [[Spinal cord anatomy|spinal cord]].<ref name="p1">1. Goodman C, Full
...closing the brain and spinal cord ([[encephalitis]] is inflammation of the brain itself).
19 KB (2,590 words) - 11:45, 3 August 2022
...in the next section to enhance the understanding of its potential sites of injury, and the impact thereof.
...Bell’s Palsy or Ramsay Hunt Syndrome (Herpes Zoster virus, similar site of injury and timescale) or longer axons from the acoustic meatus following acoustic
14 KB (2,098 words) - 09:46, 12 January 2023
...efractive error, including Refractive error, Cataract, Media opacity, Iris injury, Macular disease, Primary or secondary visual cortex disorder (usually bila
...Aneurysm, Diabetes, Brain tumors and cancers, Multiple sclerosis, and head injury, to name a few.
9 KB (1,388 words) - 21:34, 16 May 2022
...uld occur. This should include consideration of likely specific disease or injury types, as well as response capacity and possible impact on existing healthc
* Agreed Data Management System for Measurement of Injury/Illness Type and Severity and not just Mortality
22 KB (2,932 words) - 10:46, 1 June 2022
...dical facilities and unsalvageable limbs. Amputation in a setting of crush injury should be considered in all cases of severe soft-tissue damage, with or wit
...atients’ lives when no delay or transfer is possible. Irreparable vascular injury, completion of a partial amputation, and overwhelming sepsis are the main i
31 KB (4,197 words) - 23:18, 24 January 2023
Injury and tissue damage cause a disruption in joint biomechanics:<ref name=":0" /
* Pain from an injury or surgery results in a cascade of changes that can cause disruptions to th
22 KB (3,141 words) - 11:48, 18 August 2022
...ebellar peduncle<ref>Susan Chester C, Reznick BR. Ataxia after severe head injury: The pathological substrate. Annals of Neurology. 1987;22(1):77–9. doi:10
...Potts MB, Adwanikar H, Noble-Haeusslein LJ. Models of traumatic cerebellar injury. Cerebellum. 2009;8(3):211–21. doi:10.1007/s12311-009-0114-8</ref>]]
32 KB (4,723 words) - 01:28, 12 April 2024
...iomechanics in sports can be used to enhance sports performance and reduce injury. A wide range of techniques are used such as computer simulations, measurem
** Reduction of workplace injury
22 KB (3,209 words) - 09:58, 18 August 2022
# Increased cognitive demand; the [[Brain Anatomy|brain]] must work harder to perform the task
...of gait retraining on running kinematics, kinetics, performance, pain, and injury in distance runners: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Journal of Ort
13 KB (1,878 words) - 05:09, 31 October 2023
...ge two distinct mechanisms that contribute to HAND - one relating to acute brain inflammatory infiltrates, and the other associated with low-grade chronic i
...urological Complications Associated with HIV]]. In PLWH who have had prior brain damage due to HIV (eg. opportunistic infections), with stable viral load, n
23 KB (3,226 words) - 17:47, 9 January 2024
...SD, but there is most often an involvement of actual or threatened serious injury to the person or someone close to them.<ref name="Hockenbury">Hockenbury DH
...c Brain Injury|traumatic injury]] or alterations in the functioning of the brain<ref name=":1" />.
25 KB (3,207 words) - 19:43, 27 January 2023
...ginally developed for [[Overview of Traumatic Brain Injury|traumatic brain injury]] patients, the ADL profile uses both observation and interview to assess f
14 KB (2,045 words) - 17:56, 17 March 2023
...ttps://physio-pedia.com/Overview_of_Traumatic_Brain_Injury traumatic brain injury (TBI)]. She underwent surgical procedure to correct a subdural haematoma
...]</ref> <ref name=":0">Heydari F, Golban M, Majidinejad S. Traumatic Brain Injury in Older Adults Presenting to the Emergency Department: Epidemiology, Outco
42 KB (5,861 words) - 19:06, 17 January 2023
Unilateral neglect is an attention disorder as a result of injury to the [[Parietal Lobe|parietal lobe]] of the [http://www.physio-pedia.com/
...ferences in unilateral spatial neglect within 24 hours of ischemic stroke. Brain and cognition. 2008 Oct 31;68(1):49-52. DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2008.02.122 (L
25 KB (3,755 words) - 22:26, 13 November 2023
...siotherapy helps restore movement and function when someone is affected by injury, illness or disability.
...h different 'systems' of the body. In particular they treat neuromuscular (brain and nervous system), musculoskeletal (soft tissues, [[Joint Classification|
10 KB (1,401 words) - 06:07, 1 November 2023
...2ZKABg&scisig=AAGBfm32Q0OFaOtMPUyJ3U-QpQmYQP_WNQ Rehabilitation after burn injury.] British Medical Journal.2004; 329(7461): 343-345</ref>. The process of [[
* Minimising development of [[Contracture Management for Traumatic Brain Injury|contracture]] and the impact of scarring
16 KB (2,297 words) - 18:25, 9 January 2024
...aspects of management of individual with spinal cord injury. [[Spinal Cord Injury Content Creation Project|Go to the project page...]] to find out more
...management of individuals with a traumatic brain injury. [[Traumatic Brain Injury Content Creation Project|Go to the project page...]] to find out more.
34 KB (4,890 words) - 12:14, 27 February 2024
...e of postural control in prone position in children with spastic diplegia. Brain Dev 200; 22:436-444</ref><ref>Behm D, Bambury A, Cahill F, Power K. Effect
...runk and limb muscle responses during postural perturbations in human. Exp Brain Res 1988; 71:455-466</ref> At CP, the pattern may be the opposite, the musc
12 KB (1,867 words) - 20:19, 5 April 2023
...it is a common sequelae of [[Facial Palsy|facial palsy]]. The cause of the injury may be [[Bell's Palsy]], [[Ramsay Hunt Syndrome]] (less common), surgical d
== Mechanism of Injury / Pathological Process ==
17 KB (2,471 words) - 19:42, 27 November 2023
* Improves brain function
* Head injury
8 KB (1,108 words) - 15:01, 2 October 2018
...ficits: eg. "pusher syndrome" where a person who has had a stroke or brain injury pushes with the unaffected limbs toward the affected side<ref>Karnath HO, B
6 KB (870 words) - 17:44, 3 January 2022
...cal therapy evaluation and treatment after concussion/mild traumatic brain injury: clinical practice guidelines linked to the international classification of
...://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/20597002211020896 Does time since injury and duration matter in the benefits of physical therapy treatment for concu
23 KB (3,254 words) - 08:39, 12 July 2023
...lled. When the breath is stretched and controlled, there is a cessation in brain activity. They are a collection of basic breathing techniques that are kn
...pathetic nervous system and increase the number of slow alpha waves in the brain.<ref>Mandlik V, Jain P, Jain K. Effect of Yoga Nidra on EEG (Electro-Enceph
14 KB (2,008 words) - 21:44, 9 January 2024
...ington CS. On the proprio-ceptive system, especially in its reflex aspect. Brain. 1907;29:467–482.</ref> Sense of movement refers to the ability to apprec
...rformance, playing a musical instrument and ultimately helping us avoid an injury.
19 KB (2,656 words) - 14:00, 18 August 2023
* Type of injury / diagnosis (ideally as part of a response-wide classification system)
* Date and Mechanism of Injury
22 KB (3,147 words) - 18:36, 23 November 2022
* Occurs 0-5 days post-injury
...njua D, Billah AM. [https://jrasb.com/index.php/jrasb/article/view/60 Burn Injury Management, Pathophysiology and Its Future Prospectives]. Journal for Resea
21 KB (2,979 words) - 09:54, 16 January 2024
...ifficult to assess. Whereas serratus anterior paralysis due to iatrogenic injury has shown to be the most common reason for scapular winging. Broadly, the e
=== Iatrogenic Injury ===
18 KB (2,511 words) - 18:59, 8 March 2024
*** [[Injury and Healing Within Sports Physiotherapy|Injury and healing with sports physiotherapy]]
Brain responds by sending weaker nerve impulses to working muscles
11 KB (1,464 words) - 17:26, 25 March 2024
...o the World Health Organisation, a Stroke is defined as an accident to the brain with "rapidly developing clinical signs of focal or global disturbance to c
...ogists. Stroke is NOT an accident. The better and more meaningful term is "brain attack", similar in significance to "heart attack".<ref name=":0">Tadi P, L
36 KB (4,905 words) - 20:02, 18 April 2024
Extraocular muscle paralysis may happen due to injury or disease according to the cranial nerve that will be affected, palsy of t
Strabismus, due to abnormalities in neuromuscular control weakness or injury to the inferior rectus muscle may be involved.<ref name=":0">Shumway CL, M
10 KB (1,518 words) - 14:03, 11 August 2023
...improve exercise tolerance in hot environments and reduce the risk of heat injury. <ref name=":1" />
Muscle fatigue can contribute to CNS dysfunction due to messages to the brain from the fatiguing muscles, which leads to a reduced central motor drive. <
15 KB (2,197 words) - 09:54, 22 July 2023
...ollowing specialized respiratory management for acute cervical spinal cord injury: a retrospective analysis. Spinal cord. 2017 Jun;55(6):559-65.</ref>
* Literature indicates that 67% of individuals with a spinal cord injury present with [[Respiratory Failure|respiratory complications]] in the acute
30 KB (4,122 words) - 20:12, 16 August 2022
...intracranial pressure (ICP) after [[Traumatic Brain Injury|traumatic brain injury]] and cerebral edema.
14 KB (2,073 words) - 09:13, 16 April 2021
...gery. 2017 Jul 1;44(3):505-11.</ref> Inhalation injury refers to pulmonary injury resulting from inhalation of smoke or chemical products of combustion.<ref
...ig=AAGBfm3bMCSc6TnLEE-jiFK92e6xMzPuaA Respiratory management of inhalation injury. burns]. 2007 Feb 1;33(1):2-13.</ref><ref>Pruitt BA, McManus AT. [https://s
35 KB (5,159 words) - 05:53, 16 March 2022
== Mechanism of Injury / Pathological Process ==
CT scanning or MRI of the brain may demonstrate bilateral calcifications in the regions of the CN VI nuclei
15 KB (2,154 words) - 17:18, 22 August 2023
...to RM. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23318041/ Team Size in Spinal Cord Injury Inpatient Rehabilitation and Patient Participation in Therapy Sessions: The
...ors. Physiotherapists support people at all stages of life to recover from injury, reduce pain and stiffness, increase mobility and movement and maximise fun
23 KB (3,130 words) - 07:36, 11 February 2023
..., Krassioukov AV. Global Incidence and Prevalence of Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury. Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences. 2013 Jul;40(4):456-64.</ref>
...In-hospital mortality in people with complete acute traumatic spinal cord injury at a tertiary care center in India—a retrospective analysis. Spinal Cord.
38 KB (5,328 words) - 01:54, 3 June 2022
...a microscopic level, the disorder is associated with capillary endothelial injury and diffuse alveolar damage.
...s and/or injuries trigger an inflammatory cascade culminating in pulmonary injury)<ref name=":2" />.
22 KB (3,098 words) - 16:35, 3 April 2024
...physical therapy for individuals with Rett syndrome: a systematic review. Brain sciences. 2020 Jul;10(7):410.</ref>.Most cases of Rett syndrome are caused
...physiology. Dendritic arborization clearly fails in certain regions of the brain, which is consistent with the cortical localization of some of the major mo
25 KB (3,493 words) - 09:21, 21 February 2023
...olt%20or%20penetrating%20wound%20to%20the%20head. traumatic brain injury], brain infection, subarachnoid haemorrhage, tumor, or radiation contributing to hy
...7/ Normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH): ischaemia, CSF stagnation or both. Brain]. 2004 May;127(Pt 5):947-8.</ref><ref>Bateman GA. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih
16 KB (2,322 words) - 04:29, 25 June 2023
...and breaking down scar tissue and can be applied across various stages of injury recovery <ref name=":5">Watson T. ''Electrotherapy: Modalities''. 2018 [onl
...al cerebral blood flow in the frontal and anterior cingulate region of the brain; decreases sympathetic overstimulation reduces cholesterol and risk of hear
10 KB (1,337 words) - 11:12, 31 December 2022
...2):311-319.</ref> collected data over a 16 year period and found that injury rates were statistically more significant in games than in practice. They c
...rare, sports and recreational injuries account for about 21% of traumatic brain injuries among American children. One of the important aspects in sports me
15 KB (2,295 words) - 00:15, 31 August 2022
...Foisie (1896-1996) found that low-grade arterial spasms due to soft tissue injury could cause a severe pain syndrome with allodynia, oedema, muscle atrophy,
...ed if the onset of symptoms have an uncertain history of a causative nerve injury.
22 KB (3,157 words) - 09:32, 31 January 2023
...ers to the components of the nervous system outside of the [[Brain Anatomy|brain]] and [[Spinal cord anatomy|spinal cord]]. The nerve roots exit the spinal
== Mechanism of Injury / Pathological Process ==
17 KB (2,243 words) - 12:13, 10 July 2022
...-osteophyte'''.It is a defense mechanism of the body that prevents further injury, but reduces mobility and can lead to pain due to an impingement. There may
...ments stretch out and lose the ability to efficiently communicate with the brain. The result of this is decreased coordination of the ankle. Which in turn r
14 KB (2,186 words) - 12:33, 23 August 2019
...an NS, Logsetty S. [https://www.nature.com/articles/s41572-020-0145-5 Burn injury.] Nature Reviews Disease Primers. 2020 Feb 13;6(1):1-25.</ref> It is the re
...re to an open fire'''. These burns are often associated with an inhalation injury and trauma. They tend to be mostly full-thickness burns. Flame burns are co
27 KB (3,915 words) - 11:36, 23 October 2023
Helmets to protect children against brain injury until their fontanels close
7 KB (1,004 words) - 05:19, 28 June 2023
...m caused by central [[vertigo]], peripheral vertigo, and [[Traumatic Brain Injury|head trauma]].<ref name="soochan">Soochan Kim, Mijoo Kim, Nambom Kim, Sungm
...safety, the observer must stand close to the patient to prevent potential injury if the patient were to fall. When the patient closes his eyes, he should no
10 KB (1,484 words) - 01:59, 29 February 2024
...tors that help predict ambulation recovery for patients with a spinal cord injury.
The plasticity-based approach to gait rehabilitation in spinal cord injury arises from activity-dependent neural adaptation and training research. ''A
30 KB (4,446 words) - 10:14, 7 May 2024
== Mechanism of Injury / Pathological Process ==
In the majority of centres, a brain MRI is used as part of the evaluation of facial paralysis<ref>Chung SY, Ki
10 KB (1,472 words) - 16:43, 15 December 2022
...ation professionals face unique challenges associated with complex trauma, injury surge and resource scarcity that many have never encountered before. Practi
...ial services and crowded living conditions) or as a result of the specific injury, which may require them to change their routines or daily activities. These
19 KB (2,670 words) - 20:54, 26 January 2023
...ed challenges and facilitate optimal outcomes for patients recovering from injury, surgery, or neurological conditions.
...ith “tension” leads to sprains, strains and in some cases peripheral nerve injury.
14 KB (1,917 words) - 14:29, 2 May 2024
...bal Needs|rehabilitation]] at some point in the course of their illness or injury. <ref name=":0" /><ref>Cieza A, Kwamie A, Magaqa Q, Paichadze N, Sabariego
...nurses provide care to individuals right after the onset of any disabling injury or chronic illness and follow them through until they reach their goals. <r
24 KB (3,243 words) - 16:38, 20 January 2023
...logical disorder characterized by bilateral calcifications of areas in the brain including<ref name=":1">National Institute of Neurological Disorder and Str
For anatomy of the brain see [[Brain Anatomy|here]]
26 KB (3,576 words) - 11:24, 24 May 2022
*[[Spinal Cord Injury]]
...evelopment-of-icf-core-sets-for-traumatic-brain-injury-tbi Traumatic Brain Injury]
18 KB (2,190 words) - 12:04, 15 November 2022
...bal Needs|rehabilitation]] at some point in the course of their illness or injury. This equates to about one in three people in the world,<ref name=":0">Ciez
...nurses provide care to individuals right after the onset of any disabling injury or chronic illness and follow them through until they reach their goals.<re
24 KB (3,222 words) - 16:55, 20 January 2023
...siological assessment of intravenous immunoglobulin maintenance treatment. Brain [Internet]. 2002 [cited 9 May 2018];125(8):1875-1886. Available from: <nowi
== Mechanism of Injury / Pathological Process ==
26 KB (3,613 words) - 19:02, 8 March 2024
...f neurological disorders in a prospective community-based study in the . ''Brain'' 2000;123:665-76.</ref><sup>,2</sup><ref>Beghi E, Kurland LT, Mulder DW, e
...services of the primary care physician. Based on the reported mechanism of injury and the amount of laxity, the patient was referred for an orthopaedic consu
22 KB (3,190 words) - 19:52, 13 September 2019
... an individual with a [[Overview of Traumatic Brain Injury|traumatic brain injury (TBI)]] acquired through domestic violence. This case documents the p
...le|Glasgow Coma scale (GCS)]] and a 2 (moderate injury) on the Abbreviated Injury Scale at intake to hospital. Upon initial assessment, beginning after da
39 KB (5,803 words) - 07:56, 9 May 2024
...e, gender and health of the individual can affect the type and severity of injury.
* Falls are the second leading cause of unintentional injury deaths globally. Each year worldwide: an estimated 684 000 individuals die
22 KB (3,256 words) - 20:25, 14 May 2024
...ividual this is due to the type and timing of the injury to the developing brain.
...also commonly known as Obstetric [[Brachial plexus injury|Brachial Plexus Injury]] (OBBI) and includes [http://www.physio-pedia.com/Erb%27s_Palsy Erb’s Pa
29 KB (4,250 words) - 15:15, 20 January 2023
...in. Human Pain Behaviours is much more than a sensory perception of tissue injury. Pain is a complex and unpleasant multi-dimensional experience of the self
Nociceptive pain can be thought of as pain associated with tissue injury or damage or even potential damage.
15 KB (2,182 words) - 15:07, 20 December 2023
...ivity involves a nearly infinite number of variations all regulated by the brain. eg The abdominal muscles work together to control the movement of the spin
...ranslating_to_Better.4.aspx Evidence translating to better performance and injury prevention.] Strength & Conditioning Journal. 2010 Jun 1;32(3):33-46.</ref>
15 KB (2,185 words) - 16:41, 11 April 2022
Lesions to the central nervous system (brain or spinal cord) can lead to both positive and/ or negative upper motor neur
* Hypoxic Brain Injury
31 KB (4,366 words) - 10:45, 23 June 2023
...a layer of fat around them that acts like bubble wrap to protect them from injury. Without this lipid layer, every bump and bruise could hurt your organs.
...cell in your body, forming part of the cell membrane. The [[Brain Anatomy|brain]] and [[Introduction to Neuroanatomy|nervous system]] cannot function prope
13 KB (1,912 words) - 04:19, 22 December 2023
** the-brain produces sleep spindles
** the brain becomes more active
23 KB (3,371 words) - 10:36, 30 November 2022
...ement of muscle stiffness and [[Contracture Management for Traumatic Brain Injury|contractures]] hence consideration should be put into the rehabilitation an
8 KB (1,099 words) - 11:59, 29 May 2022
...functional ability. The underlying cause of CP is injury to the developing brain in the prenatal through neonatal periods.<ref name=":0">Patel DR, Neelakant
...ADS) is used to assess secondary dystonia in patients with traumatic brain injury or CP. The BADS is a criterion-based, ordinal scale covering eight body reg
15 KB (2,130 words) - 09:48, 8 November 2023
...itation of the nerve. Please read our [[Sciatic Nerve Injury|sciatic nerve injury]] page for more information.
...or paraspinal mass ([[Oncology|malignancy]], [[Overview of Traumatic Brain Injury|epidural hematoma]] or abscess)<ref name=":0">Davis DH, Wilkinson JT, Teafo
16 KB (2,365 words) - 11:40, 26 April 2023
...me=":10">Sezer N, Akkuş S, Uğurlu FG. Chronic Complications of Spinal Cord Injury. World Journal of Orthopedics. 2015 Jan 18;6(1):24.</ref>
...lation dysfunction is more common in the sub-acute and chronic spinal cord injury.
54 KB (7,707 words) - 10:55, 24 May 2022
...ymptom reporting at initial review by the concussion service, 2 weeks post injury
...elps, Catherine G Suen, Tene A Cage. Concussion and Mild-Traumatic Brain Injury in Rural Settings: Epidemiology and Specific Health Care Considerations. J
15 KB (2,222 words) - 01:01, 30 January 2023
...ystems for Upper Limb Motor Function Recovery in Patients With Spinal Cord Injury: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis]. JMIR mHealth and uHealth. 2020;8(12)
...xercise or time-dependent, but could be secondary to the reorganization of brain structures <ref name="Sale" />.
14 KB (2,102 words) - 23:23, 7 August 2023
...swelling that caused the sensors to light up and send pain messages to the brain has gone away. Most tissues heal completely within four to six weeks.
...they weren't dead and would get to go home. This is an example of how the brain can interpret pain and desensitize the response It can be sensitized or ove
25 KB (3,823 words) - 17:19, 29 February 2024
[[File:Dementia -brain shrinkage.gif|thumb|260x260px|AD cause brain shrinkage]]
...it can cause severe symptoms such as malnutrition, multi-organ failure and brain death.<ref>Chen Ma, Fenfang Hong, and Shulong Yang [https://www.ncbi.nlm.ni
25 KB (3,537 words) - 12:51, 1 May 2023
...tria. When proprioceptive information is missing or altered as a result of injury or disease, the nervous system is unable to specify the origin point, or re
*It is based on the brain's ability to remodel and reorganise ([[neuroplasticity]]).
13 KB (1,783 words) - 14:01, 9 April 2024
...ascular dementia, are caused by the accumulation of native proteins in the brain.
...h early and late-onset AD. Certain factors like depression, traumatic head injury, cardiovascular disease, family history of dementia, smoking, and the prese
28 KB (3,855 words) - 11:18, 20 November 2023
...ffects the meninges (most often the pia mater and acrachnoid mater) of the brain and the skin of the face. Involvement is normally unilateral, but may
...blood vessels steal blood from the rest of the cortex resulting in hypoxic injury to CNS tissue and increased calcification around the angioma. Th
32 KB (4,925 words) - 19:21, 13 September 2019
...en in events such as sports and motor vehicle accidents. After the initial injury, symptoms such as headache and dizziness tend to persist for weeks, months,
...e duration of concussion symptoms can range depending on the nature of the injury and the individual affected. Sport-related concussion symptoms typically re
33 KB (4,726 words) - 21:10, 9 January 2024
...ody's [[Muscle Cells (Myocyte)|muscles]] as well as in the [[Brain Anatomy|brain]]. Most people get creatine through seafood and red meat (though at levels
...40(5):1349-1362.</ref> It has been shown that higher [[Brain Anatomy|brain]] creatine is associated with improved neuropsychological performance.<ref
23 KB (3,213 words) - 08:11, 4 February 2024
...mould, sculpt, or modify. Neuroplasticity refers to the potential that the brain has to reorganize by creating new neural pathways to adapt, as it needs.
...nce and therapy allowing for some degree of spontaneous recovery following brain damage such as occurs in Stroke. According to Stokes and Stack (2012) the a
15 KB (2,151 words) - 18:13, 1 March 2022
...onnects between the brain and the body. A [[Spinal Cord Injury|spinal cord injury]] at the cervical spine can lead to temporary or permanent paralysis of the
... >. Spinal trauma and spinal cord injury (SCI)]. Diseases of the Brain, Head and Neck, Spine 2020–2023. Cham, Springer. 2020:231-40.
39 KB (5,879 words) - 07:28, 7 May 2023
* It can be defined as [[Chronic Pain and the Brain|chronic pain]] leading towards an altered nociceptive function.
..."pain control box," emphasising its role in modulating pain signals to the brain.
36 KB (5,213 words) - 15:23, 8 February 2024
...atrophica, is an autosomal dominant hereditary multisystemic (eye, heart, brain, endocrine, gastrointestinal tract, uterus, skin) disease that is chronic,
...ted to improve ROM, prevent disuse atrophy, conserving energy, avoiding re-injury, and enhancing functional abilities while decreasing disability. Some of wh
7 KB (938 words) - 07:41, 27 February 2024
...ity amputations, cystic fibrosis, [[Traumatic Brain Injury|traumatic brain injury]], and neurological disorders as a measure of endurance.
14 KB (1,897 words) - 17:19, 3 April 2023
...the [[Spinal cord anatomy|spinal cord]] extending from the [[Brain Anatomy|brain]].<ref>Frost BA, Camarero-Espinosa S, Foster EJ. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.
* Additional motion and flexibility may carry an increased risk for injury of the spinal cord and its associated neurovascular structures<ref name=":0
21 KB (2,995 words) - 17:23, 26 June 2023
* [[Overview of Traumatic Brain Injury|Traumatic Brain Injury]]
* [[Spinal Cord Injury|Spinal Cord Injuries]]
19 KB (2,612 words) - 12:24, 21 August 2023
...and norepinephrine. By increasing levels of these neurotransmitters in the brain, stimulant medications temporarily improve focus and other cognitive functi
...ref name="Putukian" />. Their concerns include: the increased risk of heat injury as stimulants increase core temperature and often mask signs of fatigue, ap
20 KB (2,924 words) - 15:30, 6 June 2017
...d adequate management of risk factors are key to preventing any disease or injury.
*[[Brain Anatomy|Brain]] aneurysms or arteriovenous malformations (AVMs)
12 KB (1,757 words) - 05:51, 27 October 2022
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease mainly involves the heart and brain: [[Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)|coronary arterial disease]] and ischemic [
...nective]] tissue underneath it. This event is recognized by the body as an injury, and a team of [[blood]] clotting cells is sent to the scene. This becomes
12 KB (1,704 words) - 02:36, 1 September 2022
* '''Sensory Neurones''': Send signals back to the brain via the spinal cord
...Motor Neurones''': Originate in the cerebral cortex and travel down to the brain stem or spinal cord
25 KB (3,680 words) - 11:17, 19 December 2023
...overtraining patterns in miles, days, and hours per week, often despite an injury, can help distinguish the obligatory runners. Studies reported several pers
...log L, Dimmock J, Miller J. A review of return to sport concerns following injury rehabilitation: practitioner strategies for enhancing recovery outcomes. Ph
16 KB (2,364 words) - 22:41, 31 December 2022
...[[Basal Ganglia|basal ganglia]], thalamic nuclei, cerebral white matter, [[Brain Anatomy|cortex]] (especially frontal), and peripheral sensory nerves. <ref
...gov/32118770/ Relationship between ataxia and inferior cerebellar peduncle injury in patients with cerebral infarct.] Medicine. 2020 Feb 1;99(9):e19344.</ref
27 KB (3,742 words) - 15:41, 7 May 2024
...ity, assessment methods and options for managing spasticity in spinal cord injury.
...":3">Harding M. General Principles of Spasticity Management in Spinal Cord Injury. Plus 2023</ref>
28 KB (3,851 words) - 16:59, 17 December 2023
...ortex|cerebral cortex]] and [[thalamus]] in addition to other areas of the brain. Their vast system of communication allows them involvement with a variety
...raak and colleagues<ref>Braak H, Del Tredici K, et al. (2003). "Staging of brain pathology related to sporadic Parkinson's.". Neurobiol Aging 24 (2): 197–
17 KB (2,348 words) - 17:07, 11 December 2023
...ased risk of significant tissue trauma, reduced risk of nerve and visceral injury and patient comfort.
...e versus manual acupuncture on the human brain as measured by fMRI.] Human brain mapping. 2005 Mar;24(3):193-205.</ref>.
17 KB (2,375 words) - 13:52, 29 January 2024
* Damaged spinal discs from injury.
* Avoid injury
13 KB (1,863 words) - 17:10, 19 May 2022
...ability to reach has shown increases in future [[Falls and Traumatic Brain Injury|falls]] with odds ratios of 8.2 if unable to reach at all and 4 if able to
7 KB (1,026 words) - 08:32, 6 February 2024
[[File:Pain stress brain.png|thumb]]
...e to one's well-being, and thereby influence the resulting output from the brain<ref>Miller RM, Kaiser RS. Psychological characteristics of chronic pain: a
45 KB (6,473 words) - 12:30, 17 October 2023
...controversy around the use of steroids or stem cell therapy in spinal cord injury management. Not every patient or situation fits neatly into a guideline. Gu
== Spinal Cord Injury Clinical Guidelines ==
46 KB (6,470 words) - 04:02, 14 June 2022
...>Forssberg H (1982) Spinal locomotion functions and descending control. In Brain Stem Control of Spinal Mechanisms (eds B Sjolund, A Bjorklund), Elsevier Bi
...deviations and new compensatory movement patterns, unique to that person's injury.<ref>Balaban, Birol et al.:Gait Disturbances in Patients With Stroke : PM&a
19 KB (2,700 words) - 12:10, 26 February 2024
...ressive interference, lesion, or abnormality of the developing or immature brain'', resulting in a wide range of impairments which affect people very differ
...balance creates too much pressure on the brain, it can cause damage to the brain, resulting in additional neurologic insult potentially affecting mobility i
65 KB (9,778 words) - 11:27, 18 August 2022
...<nowiki/>(FHL) tendonitis which is an [[Overuse Injuries in Sport|overuse injury]] in which repetitive Plantarflexion and Dorsiflexion (pointing and flexing
In dancers, injury to the FHL is usually provoked by the recurrent movement caused by changing
31 KB (4,783 words) - 18:36, 16 July 2021
...difference in meaning in the groups except for the group that has a brain injury.<ref>Dawes, Helen N. et al. Borg’s Rating of Perceived Exertion Scales: D
8 KB (1,173 words) - 12:12, 19 March 2024
...arre Syndrome]]. Disturbances in the communication of messages between the brain and the body can result in the loss of movement, sensation, co-ordination,
[[Image:Zero injury.jpg|right|250x250px]]Physiotherapists are particularly useful to employers
30 KB (4,460 words) - 17:45, 3 January 2022
...rehabilitation and reintegration back into society following a spinal cord injury. So sport for rehabilitation evolved to lead to recreational sport and then
|Spinal Cord Injury
33 KB (4,942 words) - 09:10, 29 July 2021
...nd face). Symptoms that can present with CP depend on which area(s) of the brain are injured. For example, possible symptoms include muscle tightness or spa
...n patients with stroke? A clinical and baropodometric investigation. Brain Injury. 2014; 28(8): 1109-1114. https://doi.org/10.3109/02699052.2014.910700</ref>
29 KB (4,123 words) - 22:06, 16 August 2020
The strength of synaptic connections in the brain are dependent on the amount they are used. Neuronal synaptic transmissions
...rvention is effective, it is firstly important to understand how the young brain develops. In line with the Policy Statement of the American Academy of Pedi
27 KB (4,059 words) - 10:15, 2 November 2023
...sease worsening (progressive) and causing weakness (palsy) by damaging the brain above nerve cell clusters called nuclei (supranuclear). These nuclei predom
...e protein tau lead to damage in both cortical and subcortical areas of the brain. Histopathologic features of progressive supranuclear palsy are an int
14 KB (1,923 words) - 02:59, 24 January 2024
...nated afferents that develop mechanical sensitivity only in the setting of injury.
...in '''articular cartilage, visceral pleura, lung parenchyma, pericardium, brain, and cord tissue.'''<br>
22 KB (3,231 words) - 03:35, 31 July 2023
...pinal cord. 2018 Jul;56(7):628-42.</ref> The use of ICF in the spinal cord injury assessment facilitates communication and understanding of team roles within
* Mechanism of injury: traumatic vs. non-traumatic
32 KB (4,500 words) - 20:13, 22 September 2023
...rmance, when relying on teamwork and decision making, and thus can promote injury prevention. <ref name=":0" /> In addition, exposure to blue light may impro
Blue light can stimulate the brain, diminishing the secretion of melatonin, and improving adrenocortical hormo
18 KB (2,857 words) - 12:12, 11 April 2024
...below the point at which the spinal cord has been damaged. In spinal cord injury patients, the ASIA scale is commonly used to diagnose the severity.
...ther information regarding chronic pain can be read [[Chronic pain and the brain|here]], it is worth noting that the cell origin within the dorsal horn of t
9 KB (1,339 words) - 17:19, 22 February 2024
...d by an injury to the brain or by abnormal brain development. Although the injury is neurological in nature, it produces affects to the body that impair move
19 KB (2,815 words) - 10:18, 2 November 2023
Finger dislocation is a common [[Hand and Wrist Sports Injuries|hand]] injury that can occur at the proximal interphalangeal (PIP), distal interphalangea
...may affect one or more IP or MCP joints. Forces applied at the time of the injury will depend on the direction of dislocation. Some dislocations may be assoc
33 KB (4,851 words) - 12:41, 2 August 2021
...ghlight unknown potentials of the ANS in the restoration of function after injury. <ref>Tereshenko V., Dotzauer D., Luft M., Ortmayr J., Maierhofer U., Schmo
...structure that converts light into visual information that ends up in the brain. <ref name=":0" /> Connections of sensory neurons inside the retina with st
9 KB (1,211 words) - 05:04, 5 December 2022
...espan; including those who are antepartum, have experienced trauma, sports injury or unexplained onsets of pain.<ref name=":0">Booth J, Morris S. The sacroil
...or lack thereof, the anatomic variation and the complex nature of pain and injury it might be relevant to clinicians to consider that there may not be one op
29 KB (4,384 words) - 12:30, 17 October 2023
...> The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services defines critical illness or injury as “acutely impairing one or more vital organ systems such that there is
* Braindead or potentially brain-dead patients who are being aggressively managed while determining organ do
21 KB (2,800 words) - 11:16, 17 February 2023
...luenced by both genetic and environmental factors affecting the developing brain."<ref name=":0" />
* Causing injury to self
13 KB (1,776 words) - 12:10, 1 April 2024
...as [[massage]] or [[Therapeutic Exercise|exercises]], to treat disease or injury".<ref name=":4">Prydie D, Hewitt I editors. Practical Physiotherapy for Sma
Neurological physiotherapy is indicated after a neurological injury has occurred. It may involve rehabilitating the whole body or just a single
19 KB (2,697 words) - 21:03, 24 January 2023
...care and loss of income. While the most obvious consequence of spinal cord injury is paralysis, there are much wider consequences for many body functions inc
...ef>Thuret S, Moon LD, Gage FH. Therapeutic Interventions after Spinal Cord Injury. Nature Reviews Neuroscience. 2006 Aug;7(8):628.</ref>
34 KB (4,907 words) - 12:16, 2 March 2022
...nvoluntary contraction. These [[Contracture Management for Traumatic Brain Injury|contractures]] can commonly cause twisting, repetitive movements, or abnorm
...inical features, aetiology and management of idiopathic cervical dystonia. Brain 1998;121:547-60.</ref> These hypotheses are as follows: (i) In families wit
24 KB (3,444 words) - 20:20, 23 March 2021
...port-in-medicine/pulmonary-medicine/chemotherapy-related-drug-induced-lung-injury/</nowiki>> [Accessed 19 September 2020].</ref>
* Malignant brain tumors
10 KB (1,253 words) - 13:31, 2 December 2021
...anxiety, since it is thought to be caused by neurotransmitters within the brain. However, physical therapists can help those who suffer from GAD be aware o
...ia) and intermittent low back pain. Patient cannot recall any mechanism of injury. She reports she has trouble falling asleep at night and is unable to get a
8 KB (1,176 words) - 00:05, 12 March 2018
...ymously with the term Whiplash however whiplash refers to the mechanism of injury rather than the presence of symptoms such as pain, stiffness, muscle spasm
...2004.</ref>. Causes of pain can be any of these tissues, with the strain injury resulting in secondary oedema, haemorrhage, and inflammation:
41 KB (5,691 words) - 07:15, 18 November 2022
...ref>Nimgampalle M, Chakravarthy H, Devanathan V. Glucose metabolism in the brain: An update. InRecent Developments in Applied Microbiology and Biochemistry
...n<ref>Yildiran H, Macit MS, Özata Uyar G. New approach to peripheral nerve injury: nutritional therapy. Nutritional neuroscience. 2020 Oct 2;23(10):744-55.</
18 KB (2,450 words) - 04:35, 1 September 2023
...cal disability that results from an injury in a developing fetal or infant brain<ref>Krigger K. [https://www.aafp.org/afp/2006/0101/p91.html Cerebral palsy:
12 KB (1,616 words) - 16:25, 2 April 2023
