Cognitive Impairments
Original Editor - Lucinda hampton
Top Contributors - Lucinda hampton, Shaimaa Eldib, Kim Jackson, Tolulope Adeniji, Naomi O'Reilly, Chelsea Mclene, Cindy John-Chu, Safiya Naz and Janine van Dyk
Introduction
Cognitive Impairment is not an illness but a description of someone's condition. It means they have trouble with things like memory or paying attention. They might have trouble speaking or understanding. And they might have difficulty recognising people, places or things, and might find new places or situations overwhelming.[1]
Cognition is the mental action or process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience, and the senses. It encompasses various aspects of high-level intellectual functions and processes such as e.g. attention, memory, knowledge, decision making, planning, reasoning, judgment, perception, comprehension, language, and visuospatial function.
"Cognitive deficit" is an inclusive term used to describe the impairment of different domains of cognition.[1]
Spectrum
Cognitive impairment ranges from mild to severe.Some studies suggest that aspects of age related cognitive decline could start early even in 2os or 30s.
With mild impairment, people may begin to notice changes in cognitive functions but still be able to do their everyday activities. Severe levels of impairment can lead to losing the ability to understand the meaning or importance of something and the ability to talk or write, resulting in the inability to live independently.
Etiology
Cognitive deficits may be from birth or caused later by environmental factors such as brain injury, mental illness, and neurological disorders. Not every elderly will have a cognitive deficit, but the cognitive deficit is more common in the elderly.
Some causes of short-term or reversible cognitive impairment include:
- Infections e.g. urinary tract infection or pneumonia
- Vitamin deficiency
- Dehydration
- Reactions to medications or anaesthetics
- Falls [2]
- Epilepsy [3]
Some causes of long-term or permanent cognitive impairment include:
- Stroke, delirium, dementia, depression, schizophrenia, chronic alcohol use, substance abuse, brain metastasis
- Head injury and infection of the brain or meninges.
- Brain pathologies like Alzheimer disease (AD), Parkinson disease, Lewy body dementia, Huntington's disease, HIV dementia, prion disease.
- In childhood or adolescence, Cognitive deficit may develop as a result of many conditions. Some examples include side effects of cancer therapy, heavy metal poisoning, malnutrition, metabolic conditions, autism.[4]
Image 2: On R brain changes with advanced AD
Epidemiology
The frequency of cognitive deficit due to various causes is difficult to predict and is not well established. Increasing age is the most important factor for cognitive impairment.
The number of people suffering from cognitive impairment or dementia has been constantly on the rise. It will rise steadily until the age of 85-90 and then will rise rapidly. The incidence is slightly higher in women then in men. Annual age specific rates ranged form 8.6% at age 95, to 0.1% at age 60-64. [1]
Pathophysiology
The general pathology of cognitive decline/deficits is damage to neuronal tissue. The damage to certain areas is responsible for specific deficits like damage to the parietal lobe can cause the inability to dress or visuospatial function; damage to the frontal lobe systems can cause deficits in planning, and abstract understanding; damage to the temporal lobes cause deficits in language and memory.
The causes of this damage are due to toxicity to neurons from:
- Metabolic disorders; heavy metals or other toxins; infection; ischemic damage due to stroke or hemorrhage.
- Direct injuries e.g. head injury, cancer or surgery.
Damage can also be caused by neurodegenerative processes e.g. Alzheimer, Parkinson, multiple sclerosis, or Huntington disease. These illnesses appear to directly damage neuronal tissue through immunologic interaction with abnormal proteins.
Risk factors
Medical Risk factors
- Cardiovascular diseases
- Inflammation
- Obstructive sleep apnoea
- Stroke[1]
Psychiatric Risk factors
- Depression
- Head injury[1]
Presentation
A few common signs of cognitive impairment include the following:
- Memory loss.
- Frequently asking the same question or repeating the same story over and over.
- Not recognizing familiar people and places.
- Having trouble exercising judgment, such as knowing what to do in an emergency.
- Changes in mood or behavior.
- Vision problems.
- Difficulty planning and carrying out tasks eg. following a recipe or keeping track of monthly bills.
How is cognitive impairment diagnosed?
To work out if someone has cognitive impairment, health professionals might ask questions to test memory, concentration and understanding. The history gathered from the patient, and the accompanying family/friend should be focused on:
- Changes in cognitive functions (onset, course, and examples)
- Change in functional status-Selfcare (cooking, testing, hygiene, finances)
- Physical symptoms (nausea, vomiting, vision, hearing, speech, balance, gait, sensation and motor functions)
- Psychiatric symptoms (mood changes, behavioral and personality changes)
- Current medication if any
There are various screening tools used by patients, families, and physicians to assess the cognitive abilities of the patient. Screening is to identify those patients who deserve a complete diagnostic assessment. Physicians often assess the mental status of the patient with a brief test eg mini-mental state examination (MMSE). MMSE is used for the evaluation of patients for Alzheimer disease because of its main focus on testing memory, however due to the MMSE limitation of detecting abnormal cognitive function it is advise against to use it for mild cognitive impairments.[5] Popular tools used by primary care physicians are:
- Memory impairment screen (MIS)
- Montreal cognitive assessment (MoCA)[5]
- Mini-Cog[1]
- Memory and executive screening (MES)[1]
Treatment
Treatment will depend on what is causing the cognitive impairment. If it is caused by an illness or condition, then that will need to be treated.
- There is currently a number of clinical trails ongoing for the treatment of mild cognitive impairment, cholinesterase inhibitors did sow modest improvement in patients but did not show clinically improvement yet.[5]
- Physiotherapy including Exercise and Physical activity, sleep hygiene, counseling, relaxation techniques may help.[5]
- Cognitive training.[5]
- Mediterranean diet may help people with cognitive impairment.
- Physiotherapy and Occupational therapy can teach different patient strategies to minimize the effect of cognitive impairment on daily life. Environmental approaches, such as reducing noise around the patient, help the patient to focus on tasks, and reduce distraction, confusion, and frustration. They are making sure that the patient is around familiar objects and surrounding helps.
- Psychotherapy and psychosocial support for patients and families have evidence of better outcomes in clear understanding and proper management of the disorder and therefore maintain a betterment in quality of life for everyone involved.[5]
Physiotherapy
See Preventing Dementia and Cognitive Decline
Resources
Clinical Approach to Cognitive Impairment
Caring for cognitive impairment
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 Hugo J, Ganguli M. Dementia and Cognitive Impairment: Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment. Clinics in Geriatric Medicine. 2018 Aug;30(3):421–42.
- ↑ Tanaka S, Murayama A, Higuchi D, Saida K, Shinohara T. Relationship between consistent subjective cognitive decline and occurrence of falls six months later. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics [Internet]. 2022 Oct 17;104:104841.
- ↑ Novak A, Vizjak K, Rakusa M. Cognitive Impairment in People with Epilepsy. ResearchGate [Internet]. 2022 Jan 11;11(1).
- ↑ Dhakal A, Bobrin BD. Cognitive Deficits. StatPearls [Internet]. 2020 Jun 28.Available:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559052/ (accessed 25.6.2021)
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 Jongsiriyanyong S, Limpawattana P. Mild Cognitive Impairment in Clinical Practice: A Review Article. American Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease & Other Dementias. 2018 Aug;33(8):500–7.