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[[File:Knee flex.jpeg|thumb|Knee Flexion]] ...le in everyday movements, eg [[Running Biomechanics|running]], [[Walking - Muscles Used|walking]].

...icial muscles of the knee posterior aspect Primal.png|thumb|Muscles of the knee (posterior)]] ...[[Outcome Measures|objective assessment]] and is an important component of the physical exam that can reveal information about neurologic deficits. It is

[[File:Knee extension.gif|thumb|200x200px|Knee extension/flexion]] ...al role in human movement. The one agonist muscle that extends the knee is the massive [[Quadriceps Muscle|quadriceps]].

...n the copyright on these images and request that they are not used outside of Physiopedia without special permission. To use the pictures:

...mainly used to analyse the patient's [[gait]] and assess the condition of the joints and bones. Knee flexion

...rform a maximal provocation on the muscle-tendon mechanism of the extensor muscles ([[Quadriceps Muscle|Quadriceps femoris]]). * Is a [[Muscle Strength Testing|manual muscle test]] for strengths of grade 3 to 5, not applicable for lesser grade.

...[https://europepmc.org/abstract/med/28417049 Morphometric study of tensor of vastus intermedius in South Indian population.] Anatomy & cell biology. 201 ...the upper two-thirds of anterior and lateral surfaces of the [[femur]] and the intermuscular septum<ref name=":0" />.

== Muscles Involved: == ...°, Ideally the foot should be suspended off the floor i.e. sitting on edge of high plinth

...on|achilles]] tendon contracture by evaluating ankle dorsiflexion with the knee extended and then flexed<ref>DiGiovanni CW, Kuo R, Tejwani N, et al: Isolat ...degrees. The test is considered positive when DF at the AJ is greater with knee flexed than extended.

== Muscles Involved: == * Grades 3-5 - Test in standing on test leg, knee extended, patient can hold stable object such as a table or bench for balan

...) is excised and replaced by a endoprosthesis incorporating a hinged total knee replacement.<br> The most common indication is a bone tumour located in the distal femur.

...the thigh/lower extremity closer to the body's central axis. Additionally, the Pectineus muscle, while not a primary hip adductor, assists in this movemen ...clelibrary/viewarticle/24169/ . Anatomy, bony pelvis and lower limb, thigh muscles].Available:https://www.statpearls.com/articlelibrary/viewarticle/24169/ (ac

== Muscles Involved: == * Therapist to kneel beside the patient and stabilise the femur on the test-side

...muscles which predominantly act to flex the knee. Hamstrings consist of 3 muscles; ...thin the muscle belly, facilitate transmission and dissipate forces across the MTJ while muscle contraction and relaxation.<ref name=":0">Linklater JM, Ha

== Muscles Involved: == * Provide stabilization at the pelvis in side lying

[[File:Popliteal_picture.jpg|thumb|Popliteal fossa of R leg|center]] The Popliteal Fossa is a diamond-shaped space behind the [[knee]] joint<ref name=":1">Chummy SS, editor. Last's Anatomy. Twelfth Edition. E

...into the quadriceps femoris tendon, which inserts into the upper border of the [[patella]].<ref name=":0">Anatomy.tv | 3D Human Anatomy | Primal Pictures ...nterior view image - © Kenhub https://www.kenhub.com/en/study/main-muscles-of-lower-limb</ref>

...mainly used to analyse the patient's [[gait]] and assess the condition of the joints and bones.<ref name=":0" /> Client lying [[Cardinal Planes and Axes of Movement|supine]].

...weight bearing]] and stability of [[Gait|gait.]] An essential component of the lower [[Closed Chain Exercise|kinetic chain]]. ...hip]] and [[:Category:Knee - Muscles|knee]] that contribute to [[Walking - Muscles Used|walking]] and other propulsive movements.<ref name="Moore">Moore KL, A

[[File:Muscles of the thigh posterior compartment Primal.png|thumb|Muscles of the thigh posterior compartment]] ...[[Outcome Measures|objective assessment]] and is an important component of the physical exam that can reveal information about strength and or neurologic

== Muscles Involved: == ...°, Ideally the foot should be suspended off the floor i.e. sitting on edge of high plinth

...ll as strength and stability. They provide power for and absorb the impact of daily activities such as walking, running, and jumping. ...nterior view image - © Kenhub https://www.kenhub.com/en/study/main-muscles-of-lower-limb</ref>

The gracilis is a spiral unipennate [[muscle]] in the [[Hip Adductors|medial thigh compartment]]. The gracilis:

...ently under review and may not be up to date. Please come back soon to see the finished work! ({{REVISIONDAY}}/{{REVISIONMONTH}}/{{REVISIONYEAR}}) ...uscles|gluteal]] and [[Abdominal Muscles|abdominal]] muscles to avoid from the pain getting worse. <ref name=":0">Dydyk AM, Sapra A. Williams Back Exercis

...stus medialis and vastus medialis oblique in healthy individuals]. Journal of Applied Physiology. 2018 Jun 1;124(6):1438-46.</ref> ...r-11-AC01.pdf Variation in morphometry of vastus medialis muscle]. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research: JCDR. 2017 Sep;11(9):AC01.</ref>

...extension test to measure hamstring muscle tightness. Scandinavian journal of medicine &amp; science in sports. 1997 Oct 1;7(5):279-82.</ref> ...ive knee extension test in acute hamstring injuries.] The American journal of sports medicine. 2013 Aug;41(8):1757-61.Available:https://journals.sagepub.

...ritical mechanism that play an important role in terminal extension of the knee. * There is an observable rotation of the knee during flexion and extension.

...ble:https://musculoskeletalkey.com/deep-dry-needling-of-the-hip-and-pelvic-muscles/ (accessed 28.12.2021)</ref> The ITB runs along the lateral thigh and serves as an important structure involved in lower extrem

...pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35155104/ Isolated Meniscotibial Ligament Rupture: The Medial Meniscus "Belt Lesion".] Arthrosc Tech. 2022 Jan 13;11(2):e133-e138. The coronary ligaments support rotational stability of the knee and prevent anterior [[Tibia|tibial]] translation<ref>Feger J, Knipe H, Kni

...cation/266321321_Anatomy_of_the_Triceps_Surae_A_Pictorial_Essay Anatomy of the triceps surae: a pictorial essay]. Foot and ankle clinics. 2014 Dec 1;19(4) ...ee|knee joint]], while the soleus plays part in maintaining stability when the body is standing <ref name=":2" />.

...scle a [[Hip Adductors|hip adductor muscle]], in the medial compartment of the thigh. # Immediately deep to the [[Pectineus Muscle|pectineus]] and [[Adductor Longus|adductor longus]].<ref

...een in hip, [[Flexion Deformity of the Knee|knee]] and [[Flexion Deformity of Elbow|elbow]] joint.[[File:Normal Posture Biomechanics.png|thumb|470x470px] ...hip flexion contractures with psoas recession through the middle window of the ilioinguinal approach. JBJS Essential Surgical Techniques. 2017 Sep 9;7(3).

...t a multistory building or apartment. The variation between the two modes of locomotion(level-ground locomotion and stair locomotion) may be significant ...r level-ground [[Walking - Muscles Used|walking]], it does not ensure that the patient will be able to walk up and down stairs.

...tion is used daily eg when we step to the side, get out of bed, get out of the car. We also use it in walking to stop unsupported leg from falling "into s The Hip abductor muscle group are located on the lateral thigh.

...bend. It is one of the three canonical powerlifting exercises, along with the squat and bench press. ...ailable:https://www.melbourneosteopathycentre.com.au/blog/training/what-is-the-posterior-chain/ (accessed 18.2.2022)</ref>

...itt J. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3445210/ Influence of the hip on patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome: a systematic review]. Sp ...ain Syndrome?] A Systematic Review With Meta-analysis. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine. 2021 Jul 28;9(7):23259671211017503.Available:https://journ

...plays a key role in muscle attachment and contributes to the stability of the [[Ankle Joint|ankle]] joint. ...se two bones are connected by the tibiofibular syndesmosis, which includes the interosseous membrane.<ref name=":0">Moore KL, Dalley AF, Agur AMR. Clinial

...ervated by single spinal nerve root. Myotome testing is an essential part of [[Neurological Assessment|neurological examination]] when suspecting [[radi ...es into dermatome, sclerotome and myotome|center|900x900px|Differentiation of somites into dermatome, sclerotome and myotome|thumb]]

...MS, Barja RH. The plantaris tendon graft: an ultrasound study. The Journal of hand surgery. 1991 Jul 1;16(4):708-11.</ref>. ...d of the gastrocnemius muscle and the soleus muscle in the middle third of the leg.

The purpose of this test is to detect the presence of patellofemoral joint disorder ([[Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome|patellofemora ...ly contract the quadriceps muscle. A positive sign on this test is pain in the patellofemoral joint<ref name="Baxter">Baxter R. Pocket Guide to Musculoske

...re muscle activation between a prone bridge and 6-RM back squats.] Journal of human kinetics. 2018 Jun;62:43. Available: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc ...nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4262933/ The back squat: A proposed assessment of functional deficits and technical factors that limit performance]. Strength

[[File:Hip flexors.png|alt=Hip muscles anterior aspect.|thumb|324x324px|Hip muscles anterior aspect.]] ...4.1.2022)</ref>. Every time you take a step, you are using your hip flexor muscles.

...f the thigh. The semitendinosus is so named due to it having a long tendon of insertion. ..., and is inserted into the upper part of the medial surface of the body of the tibia, nearly as far forward as its anterior crest.

...and passive insufficiency are functional states that occur in multi-joint muscles only. ...xtent at both joints, but also preventing the full [[Range of Motion|ROM]] of each joint it crosses.<ref name=":1">NFPT [https://www.nfpt.com/blog/unders

...Therapy and Manipulation of the Neck] from the Musculoskeletal Association of Chartered Physiotherapists (2014). ...tp://www.jospt.org/doi/pdf/10.2519/jospt.2012.0501 Neck Pain: Manipulation of Your Neck and Upper Back Leads to Quicker Recovery] from JOSPT Perspectives

[[File:Anatomy of Articularis genu muscle.png|alt=GOOGLE IMAGES|thumb|[https://en.wikipedia.o ...rmedius muscle and founded that it has an important mechanical role during knee movement.

[[File:Muscles of the thigh posterior compartment Primal.png|thumb|Muscles of the thigh posterior compartment|alt=]] ...direct.com/topics/neuroscience/hip-extensors Essentials of kinesiology for the physical therapist assistant] e-book. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2018 Oct 23

'''Original Editor '''- The [[Open Physio]] project ...plateau, the tibial tuberosity, the soleal line, the medial malleolus, and the fibular notch.

...d the 'long head' (superficial) and the 'short head' (deep). It is part of the [[hamstrings]].<ref name="anatomytv">Primal Pictures. Available from:http:/ *Long head: ischial tuberosity<ref name="Netter">Netter FH. Atlas of Human Anatomy. Philadelphia: Elsevier,2014</ref>

...related to cycling may also increase. But many common cycling injuries of the lower extremity are preventable. ...ttori & Daniel C. Norvell. Non-Traumatic Bicycle Injuries. A Review of the Literature. Sports Medicine volume 36, pages7–18(2006) Published: 27

...J, Scuderi GRVarus and Valgus Deformities. In: Lotke PA, Lonner JH, eds. ''Knee Arthroplasty, Masters Techniques in Orthopaedic Surgery.'' 3rd ed. Philadel The valgus deformity is resulted of anatomical variations : ''bone tissue remodeling'' and ''soft tissue contra

...ciatic Nerve|sciatic nerve]] which is composed of the posterior divisions of L4, 5, S1, 2. ...Longus|fibularis (peroneus) longus]], where it terminates by dividing into the superficial and deep fibular (peroneal) nerves.

[[Category:Muscles]] The Quadriceps femoris is the most voluminous [[muscle]] of the human body.<ref name=":0">Bordoni B, Varacallo M. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih

...s muscle is superficial, can be easily seen and can be touched on the back of your lower leg.<ref>Gastrocnemius Muscle: Anatomy, Function, and Conditions The two heads are located from the medial and lateral condyles of the [[femur]].

...r limb provocation test to evaluate the impact of the piriformis muscle on the sciatic nerve.&nbsp; ...hip joint. The piriformis muscle is innervated by the direct branches from the sacral plexus (L5-S2).&nbsp;

...enic muscle inhibition: a limiting factor in joint rehabilitation. Journal of sport rehabilitation. 2000 May 1;9(2):135-59.</ref> ...he motoneuron pool of joint musculature, thus, the contractions created by the motoneuron pool decrease. <ref name=":0" />

...64/ Biometrics of pyramidalis muscle and its clinical importance.] Journal of clinical and diagnostic research: JCDR. 2017 Feb;11(2):AC05.Available: http ...w.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3531545/ Architecture and fiber type of the pyramidalis muscle]. Anatomical science international. 2008 Dec;83(4):294-7

...t of the thigh and is the only muscle in the quadriceps group that crosses the hip<ref name=":0">Drake, RL, Vogl, W, Mitchell, AW, Gray, H. Gray's anatomy ...[[Vastus Intermedius|vastus intermedius]] muscle and superior-medial part of [[Vastus Lateralis|Vastus lateralis]] and [[Vastus Medialis|Vastus medialis

'''Original Editor '''- [[User:Wanda van Niekerk|Wanda van Niekerk]] based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/instructor/alexandra-kopelovich ...nd there is movement at the joint, whereas during an eccentric contraction the muscle lengthens while producing force.

...opathy|gluteal]] muscle groups, and the [[Hip Examination|hip]] stabilizer muscles<ref name=":0">Top end sports [https://www.topendsports.com/testing/tests/sq ...lm.nih.gov/25111946/ Single leg squat test and its relationship to dynamic knee valgus and injury risk screening.] Pm&r. 2015 Mar 1;7(3):229-35.Available:h

...s their body when standing, sitting or position it in a way appropriate to the movement that is desirable kneeling, lying or for a specific work. ...r. The Principles of Exercise Therapy, fourth edition, revised by teachers of London Hospital, Published in India by arrangement with Baillier Tindall, l

[[Amputations|Bilateral Below Knee Amputation]] due to Diabetic Complications&nbsp; ...tation seven years later. The patient was then fitted with bilateral below knee prosthesis and was given training at a rehab hospital. Upon his discharge,

The bench press exercise has long been utilized as an exercise to increase uppe File:Bench chest.jpg|Touching the chest

...sp;It is considered being a red flag and requires returning the patient to the physician for further investigation<ref name="kesson" /><sup><ref name="cyr == Purpose of Testing<br> ==

...lebells: Powerful, effective exercise and rehabilitation tools. Journal of the American Chiropractic Association. 2011 Nov 1:7-11.</ref>. ...ING%20MOBILITY%20AND%20STRENGTH.pdf Training Mobility and Strength through the Turkish Get-Up].</ref>

...Medial Collateral Ligament of the Knee|Medial Collateral Ligament]] and to the [[Tibia]] . ...itendinosus and semimembranosus together form the upper medial boundary of the popliteal fossa.<ref name=":1" />

...eoarthritis: a case series drawn from a registered clinical trial. Journal of Athletic Training. 2017 Jun;52(6):592-605. Available: https://www.ncbi.nlm. ...enmark for people with [[Hip Osteoarthritis|hip]] or [[Knee Osteoarthritis|knee osteoarthritis]] (OA) symptoms.

'''Original Editor '''- [[User:Merinda Rodseth|Merinda Rodseth]] based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/bhanu-ramaswamy/ B Dr Ramaswamy’s analysis of Maureen’s gait can be seen in the table below.

'''Original Editors ''' - [[User:Melissa Decoen|Melissa Decoen]] as part of the [[Vrije Universiteit Brussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universi ...ral corner of the knee such as [[Lateral Collateral Ligament Injury of the Knee|lateral collateral ligament injury]][[Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) Reco

...e injuries however much of the evidence is contradictory. Taping is one of the adjunct treatments that we as physiotherapists might use with our patients ...l Agents for Lower-Limb Soft Tissue Injuries: A Systematic Review. Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy. 2016 Jun 6(0):1-01.</ref>.<br>

...rea of tenderness to the distal semimembranosus tendon or its insertion on the medial proximal tibia.<ref name=":0" /> ...bursa under the tendon to smooth the movement of the tendons. It is often the bursa that will be ignited by excessive friction.

...uscles group. Multifidusi lies deep to the semispinalis and superficial to the rotatores.  ...tach medially in the spinous process, filling the groove on either side of the spinous process.<ref name=":0">Drake R, Vogl AW, Mitchell AW. Gray's Anatom

...en you walk, loss of range of movement and a feeling of instability in the knee. The content on or accessible through Physiopedia is for [http://www.physio-pedi

...Wood, "[https://www.topendsports.com/testing/tests/girths.htm Measurements of Body Girths]." Topend Sports Website, 2008, [last accessed 05/11/2020]</ref * The calculations can easily be performed.

...y Morrison]] as part of the [[Arkansas Colleges of Health Education School of Physical Therapy Musculoskeletal 1 Project]]</div> ...1">Florence Peterson Kendall, McCreary E, Provance P, Rodgers M, Romani W. Muscles : Testing and Function with Posture and Pain. 5th ed. Baltimore, Md: Lippin

...'''Original Editor '''- [[User:Robin Tacchetti|Robin Tacchetti]] based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/krista-eskay/ Kris ...w. It can adapt to the demands, or lack of demands, that are placed on it. The major load on bone comes from muscle forces. When muscle pull is altered du

...ging exercise (supine) is an exercise which increases muscular strength of the [[Hip Extensors|hip extensors]] and promotes [[Spinal Stabilization|trunk s ...xercise on Different Support Surfaces on the Transverse Abdominis. Journal of Physical Therapy Sciences, 2013; 25:1343–1346.</ref>

...pain: evolution of a classification approach to physical therapy. Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy 2007; 37 (6), 290–302.</ref>. ...y 2007; 12 (2),181–191.</ref><ref name=":1" />.Changes in the alignment of the lumbar spine have been noted in subjects with flexion-related lumbar pain<r

...Feigl G, Koch H, Haas, FM, Justich I, Scharnagl E. The vascular anatomy of the tensor fasciae latae perforator flap. Plastic Reconstructive Surgery: 2009; ...luteus medius,]] and [[Gluteus Minimus|gluteus minimus]] in a wide variety of [[Hip Anatomy|hip]] movements, including flexion, abduction, and internal r

'''Original Editors''' - [[User:Linske Loyez|Linske Loyez]] as part of the [[Vrije Universiteit Brussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universi ...complete tear of the tendon that runs from the patella's inferior pole to the tibial tubercle.<ref name=":1">Hsu H, Siwiec RM. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.

...orphological muscle and joint  parameters for musculoskeletal modelling of the lower extremity. Clin Biomech, 22: 239–247.</ref> ...anterior curve joins with the tendon of the Gracilis and Semitendinosus in the pes anserinus before its final insertion.<ref name=":0" />

'''Original Editor '''- Your name will be added here if you created the original content for this page. == Cyclist's Knee - Relevant Anatomy ==

...f the femoral shaft are uncommon and mostly occur at the proximal third of the femur<ref>Boden BP, Speer KP. [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/articl ...[[Femur]] is the longest bone in the body and extends from the hip to the knee.

...ommonly known as (also Gonalgia Paresthetica ) is a chronic irritation of the saphenous nerve. ...n many cases on the anterior side of the knee or on the medial side of the knee.

...eter is set up or held by the therapist to derive an objective measurement of force. ...n RW. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3340656/ Make tests and break tests of elbow flexor muscle strength.] Phys Ther. 1988 Feb;68(2):193-4. </ref>

...tella]] is a meaningful clinical measure. Such a measure is referred to as the Quadriceps angle or Q angle. ...he [[patella]]) and a line from the center of the patella to the center of the tibial tubercle.

...lity|core muscles]]. This test is important to conduct as poor [[Abdominal Muscles|abdominal muscle]] strength can cause poor [[posture]] leading to [[Low Bac ...ercise in the treatment of chronic low back pain with radiologic diagnosis of spondylolysis or spondylolisthesis. Spine. 1997 Dec 15;22(24):2959-67.</ref

...thritis.’, International Journal of Rheumatic Disease 2011, 145-151 (Level of evidence: 1A)</ref>: *Increase range of motion

...sting/tests/abendur.htm<nowiki/>(accessed 3.1.2022)</ref> Having abdominal muscles with high [[Endurance Exercise|endurance]] helps prevent [[Low Back Pain|lo ...up the hip flexors do most of the work<ref name=":3">AZ central What Does the Curl Ups Test Measure?Available:https://healthyliving.azcentral.com/curl-up

'''Original Editor '''- Africa Clubfoot Training Team as part of [http://www.physio-pedia.com/Clubfoot_Content_Development_Project ICRC and ...nced Clubfoot Treatment Provider Courses] - Participant Manual. University of Oxford: Africa Clubfoot Training Project, 2017.</ref>

...ident on his way to the farm and because of the lack of health facility in the primary health center he was taken to, he decided to visit a traditional bo Trauma, below knee amputation, phantom limb pain, fracture, low resourced setting, fracture

....<ref>Charalambous CP. Interrater reliability of a modified Ashworth scale of muscle spasticity. InClassic papers in orthopaedics 2014 (pp. 415-417). Spr Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS) have been utilized in the following populations: [[stroke]], spinal cord injury, multiple sclerosis,

...xus and provides [[Sensation|sensory]] and motor innervation to the thigh. The obturator nerve : * Provides motor innervation to the medial compartment of the thigh

...x499px|Musculi interossei dorsales pedis <ref name=":1">Gray H. Anatomy of the human body, by Henry Gray, thoroughly rev. and re-edited by Warren H. Lewis ...from the Ligament plantare longum which is situated on the bottom side of the foot.

...as tight calf and is typically associated condition of a primary diagnosis of a bunion( [https://www.physio-pedia.com/Hallux_Valgus?utm_source=physiopedi ...nt may need to lift the leg on the affected side up higher, to “step over” the foot.<ref>[https://www.limblength.org/conditions/equinus-foot-deformity/ Eq

...ment and treatment of muscle imbalance: The Janda approach. The Journal of the Canadian Chiropractic Association. 2012 Jun;56(2):158.</ref> |90° knee extension,

[[File:Iliopsoas.png|thumb|A compound muscle composed of the iliac and psoas muscles]] ...508/ (accessed 15.2.2022)</ref>. Psoas minor is only present in 60% to 65% of individuals<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">Anderson CN. [https://toa.com/st

The three [[Joint Classification|joints]] in the body (Histologically) are fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial. '''Synovial joints are the most common type of joint in the body (see image 1)'''. These joints are termed diarthroses, meaning they ar

[[File:Runners-knee SAG.jpeg|right|frameless]] ...the world. Although the usual population associated with the condition is the [[Older People - An Introduction|elderly]] (who are mostly inactive), [[Ath

...ently under review and may not be up to date. Please come back soon to see the finished work! ({{REVISIONDAY}}/{{REVISIONMONTH}}/{{REVISIONYEAR}}) ...f “Microcontroller based Rehabilitation Stimulator”, International Journal of Computer Applications] 2013</ref>

...e="neumann" /> It is the largest sesamoid bone, developed in the tendon of the [[Quadriceps Muscle|Quadriceps femoris,]] and resembles these bones as it i #its centre of ossification has a knotty or tuberculated outline

...not edit unless you are involved in this project, but please come back in the near future to check out new information!!</blockquote> ...patient goal to restore the strength of the involved hip to equal that of the uninvolved hip. See [[Muscle Strength Testing]]

Mrs L.S:XDR TB Below Knee Patient ...has been receiving physio once a week at the hospital. Patient shows signs of decreased (R) Hip Ext, balance issues and global weakness

...ee, and associated flexion at the elbow, which is an aggravated expression of spastic dystonia. <ref name=":0" /> ...cles to passive [[Stretching|stretch]] or elongation, basically the amount of tension a muscle has at rest.

...uscles are used in walking] Available: https://healthyliving.azcentral.com/muscles-walking-exercise-1837.html<nowiki/>(accessed 21.12.2021)</ref> ...s and the hip adductors. The gluteal and the [[Abdominal Muscles|abdominal muscles]] also play a significant role in forward motion.

...pine in the lower back to the lower pelvis. Some of these fibers extend to the femur bone, or thighbone.<ref>Iliacus Muscle Origin, Function & Anatomy | B ..., lateral aspect of sacrum, ventral sacroiliac ligament, and lower portion of iliolumbar ligament

...tation summarising the 21 day acute in-patient journey of a diabetic below knee amputee through to discharge to a community setting. ...ip of an angiographic catheter through the stenotic region +/- positioning of an intravascular endoluminal stent<br>Marginal improvement therefore transt

...tors ''' - [[User:Jazmin Brown|Jazmin Brown]] as part of [[The University of Waterloo Clinical Biomechanics Project]] ...rospective case-control analysis of 2002 running injuries. British Journal of Sports Medicine. 2002;36(2):95-101.</ref>

...to maximise their enjoyment and performance.<ref>Fit Kit Systems. Glossary of bike fitting terms. Available from: https://fitkitsystems.com/education/tra .... A good bicycle fit goes a long way to prevent overuse injuries and helps muscles and lungs function at best ability, all improving performance and enjoyment

...le stroke, also known as front crawl, is the fastest and most efficient of the swimming strokes used in competition. ...h 90% of the driving force provided primarily by the torque generated from the [[shoulder]]<ref name=":0">Davis DD, Nickerson M, Varacallo M. [https://eur

...res, and promoting independence in preparation for a prosthetic fitting at the specialist.<br> ...ifficult time dealing with recent changes, feels heavy burden to take care of husband - is often afraid he will fall and hurt himself. Patient is very bo

'''Original Editors ''' - [[User:Hardik Bhatt|Hardik Bhatt]] as part of the [[Vrije Universiteit Brussel Evidence-based Practice Project]] ...[[flexor hallucis longus]]) which is mono-articular and does not influence the ankle joint.

== The Running Gait Cycle == ...ferences. Having the ability to walk does not mean that the individual has the ability to run.<ref name="Nor">Norkin C; Levangie P; Joint Structure and Fu

...'''Original Editor '''- [[User:Robin Tacchetti|Robin Tacchetti]] based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/donna-fisher/ Donn ...igned for patients with extensive weakness in the lower limbs. The purpose of these complex orthoses are to:

...6816 Overuse injuries in professional road cyclists]. The American journal of sports medicine. 2010 Dec;38(12):2494-501.</ref> Spring Knee:

== The Gait Cycle == ...aughan">Vaughan CL. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12600342 Theories of bipedal walking: an odyssey]. J Biomech 2001;36(2003):513-523.Available fro

...hindlimb bones varies due to the significant variation in size for breeds of dogs.<ref name=":1" /> [[File:The canine pelvic limb - caudal view.jpeg|center|thumb|alt=|607x607px|The canine pelvic limb]]

...while reducing the incidence of injury. Knowledge of the [[biomechanics]] of cycling benefits recreational, competitive and rehabilitating cyclists and ...aim of ensuring the comfort of the position (posture) and the efficiency (of pedaling).

...s of kinetic chain exercises provide their own benefits. The key advantage of OKC exercises is their capability to isolate a specific muscle. {{#ev:youtube|UylQlk50gjg|300}}<ref> Muscles and Motions. Open and Closed Kinetic chains. Available from: https://www.yo

...l nerve (highlighted in green) - anterior view|267x267px|Muscular Branches of Femoral Nerve |thumb]] ...the L2-L4 ventral rami.  It has a role in motor and sensory processing in the lower limbs<ref>Wong TL, Kikuta S, Iwanaga J, Tubbs RS. A multiply split fe

...ted by congenital or acquired [[Foot Pain|foot]] deformities. If the cause of deformity is not treated, this could lead to impaired body statics. These f ...their foot, causing the shoe to become crooked and bend outwardly. This is the most common foot deformity.<ref name=":3" />

...ons_on_trunk_and_hip_muscle_activity/links/5971672b4585153016392695/Effect-of-standing-postural-deviations-on-trunk-and-hip-muscle-activity.pdf?origin=pu ...v/pmc/articles/PMC5836359/ Non-structural misalignments of body posture in the sagittal plane]. Scoliosis and spinal disorders. 2018 Dec 1;13(1):6. Availa

...Nov 2017)</ref> To read more about the reasons for amputation you can read the Physiopedia article on [[Pathology leading to amputation|Pathology Leading Factors to remember when treating a patient with multiple limb loss in the acute phase:<ref name=":0" />

...t (anterior and posterior views)|right|frameless|600x600px|Overview of the knee joint (anterior and posterior views)]] ...l joint, which mainly allows for flexion and extension (and a small degree of medial and lateral rotation). <ref name=":0">Chaurasia BD. [https://www.pdf

...[Hip Anatomy|hip]] bone, as well as the posterior and inferior boundary of the obturator foramen. The ischium consists of two main parts:

..., and if a submaximal contraction of a muscle is followed by stretching of the opposite muscle then this is known as Reciprocal Inhibition MET <ref name=" ...e two musculotendinous proprioceptors located in and around the joints and muscles respond to changes in muscle tension and length, which helps manage muscula

...Physical Therapy From Art to Evidence, Chapter 19: The Theory and Practice of Neural Dynamics and Mobilisation. Christopher H Wise. ...It is considered as an anterior corollary of SLR and assesses the mobility of upper lumbar nerve segments.

...''Original Editor '''- [[User:Stacy Schiurring|Stacy Schiurring]] based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/instructor/damien-howell/ Damie ...ution this drug may cause serious harm! Why we must report adverse effects of physical activity promotion. ''Br J Sports Med, 49''(1), 1-2.</ref>

'''Original Editor '''- [[User:Abbey Cain|Abby Cain]] as part of the [[World Physiotherapy Network for Amputee Rehabilitation Project]] ...rg/jpo/library/1993_02_039.asp Clinical Assessment of Human Gait]. Journal of prosthetics and Orthotics 1993. 2(39).</ref>.

...<ref name=":0">http://rotationplasty.com/A-Surgeons-Approach--The-Dynamics-of-Rotationplasty</ref> ...an effective alternative to femoral amputation in an adult with a history of osteosarcoma: a case report and review]. Front Surg. 2022 Jan 7;8:820019. <

...otendinous unit.<ref>Sutton G. Hamstrung by hamstring strains: a review of the literature*.J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 1984; 5(4):184-95. ...activities which includes water-snowboarding and bull riding, wherein the knee is forcefully completely prolonged throughout harm.)<ref>Landry M. Brukner

...ox"> '''Original Editor '''- [[User:Jacquie Kieck|Jacquie Kieck]] based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/claire-robertson/ ...psychological characteristics and physical activity levels in people with knee osteoarthritis: a cross-sectional analysis.] BMC musculoskeletal disorders.

...most common swimming injury regions are the shoulder, neck, lower back and knee. ...eo SA. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3435931/ Epidemiology of injuries and prevention strategies in competitive swimmers]. Sports health.

...not edit unless you are involved in this project, but please come back in the near future to check out new information!!</blockquote> ...Ober’s test must not be confounded with [[Noble's test|Noble’s test]] and the [[Renne test|Renne test]], two other tests that are commonly used to detect

!'''Comments on Parkinsonian features of gait''' ...hands; six step for 180° turn (falls risk). Good step length and clearance of feet except on turn.

...good understanding of the anatomy of the [[Neurone|nerves]] and vessels of the foot and ankle. [[Morton's Neuroma|Morton's neuroma]], Baxter neuropathy or ...bial Nerve|Tibial nerve]] originates at L5, S1 and S2 levels together with the common peroneal (fibular ) nerve.

...eplace either the medial part, the lateral part, or the [[patella]] of the knee. ...able from:https://www.healthgrades.com/right-care/knee-replacement/partial-knee-replacement (accessed 17.2.2021)</ref>.

...''Original Editor '''- [[User:Stacy Schiurring|Stacy Schiurring]] based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/instructor/claire-robertson// C ...nt and the subjective interview will provide clues to causative factors of the patient's patellofemoral pain.

...chronic diseases]], including [[Low Back Pain|low back pain]]. Exercise is the best way to increase functional capacity and prevent health-related problem ...hould begin in the primary care setting. Unfortunately, a large percentage of primary care physicians do not recommend exercise to their back pain patien

...compared to PF OA. However, PF OA contributes to a significant proportion of patients symptoms and functional impairments and should be addressed. [[Pat ...no specific diagnostic criteria to diagnose PF OA formally. A combination of clinical signs and symptoms as well as radiographic information from X-rays

...ooks/NBK534842/ Anatomy, bony pelvis and lower limb, thigh adductor magnus muscles.]Available: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534842/<nowiki/>(accessed ...dynamic stabilizer of the [[pelvis]] and femur as well as a prime mover of the femur into adduction.

...<ref name="Osman">Osman MK, Irwin GJ, Huntley JS.Swelling around a child's knee. Clin Anat. 2011 Oct;24(7):914-7.</ref>. ...n also occur in the [[Shoulder Bursitis|shoulder]], [[Prepatellar Bursitis|knee]], [[Iliopsoas Bursitis|hip]], [[Olecranon Bursitis|elbow]] and big toe. <b

...active neuromuscular training for the anterior cruciate ligament-deficient knee: a case report.] J Athl Train. 1999;34(2):194–201.</ref>. ...e by integrating input from vestibular, visual, and somatosensory systems. The brain’s cortical centers control voluntary motor function<ref name=":1" /

...sed 13.12.2019)</ref> The image shows starting from the left demonstrates- the pelvis in neutral followed by a posterior tilt through to an anterior pelvi === Importance of Pelvic Tilt ===

...[[fibula]] of the leg and the [[talus]] of the [[Foot Anatomy|foot]]. See the page for [[Ankle Joint|ankle joint]] for more information. ...of the strongest load-bearing structures known to mankind.<ref>The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. Foot. Available from: https://www.britannica.com/

...hammed Zia|Abdullah Mohammed Zia]]<nowiki/> as part of [[The University of Waterloo Clinical Biomechanics Project]] == '''Introduction to Knee Osteoarthritis''' ==

...hn|Andrew Klaehn]],[[User:Yelena Gesthuizen|Yelena Gesthuizen]] as part of the [[Vrije Universiteit Brussel Evidence-based Practice Project]] ...e &amp; Joint Surgery, December 1978, vol. 60, no. 8, p. 1113-1116. (Level of Evidence 1B)</ref>

'''Original Editor '''- [[User:Abbey Cain|Abby Cain]] as part of the [[World Physiotherapy Network for Amputee Rehabilitation Project]] ...nd how normal gait in the amputee is affected. You can learn about this on the [[Gait in prosthetic rehabilitation|Gait in prosthetic rehabilitation page]

...rough an unrestricted, pain-free range of motion. It involves the capacity of these structures to stretch, lengthen, and contract without limitations, al ...t, including muscles, ligaments, tendons, joint capsules, and skin. A lack of stretching, especially when combined with activity, can lead to fatigue-ind

Interdisciplinary care of an 84-year-old patient, following a trans-femoral amputation. ...ehabilitation, Mr. D returned home having achieved some of his objectives. The care started on September 29th, 2014.

...r patient has been compliant with management and demonstrates a high level of competence. [[Amputations|below knee amputation]], phantom pain,, weakness, 
prosthesis, high level rehabilita

...&nbsp;anterior tibial vessels and deep peroneal nerve in the upper part of the leg. ...ibiofascialis anterior, a small muscle from the lower part of the tibia to the transverse or cruciate crural ligaments or deep fascia.<ref name=":0">Drake

...yndrome, lower extremity kinematics, and dynamic postural control. Journal of Athletic training. 2008 Jan;43(1):21-8.</ref><br> ...ion), as reported by McConnell, nearly all patients require a medial glide of their patellas. <ref name="een" />

...me=":0">Sueki DG, Cleland JA, Wainner RS. A regional interdependence model of musculoskeletal dysfunction: research, mechanisms, and clinical implication == Why Use the Regional Interdependence Model? ==

...capular dyskinesis]] is a change in the normal positioning and movement of the [[scapula]] is linked to glenohumoral joint pathologies. ...border posterior displacement in overhead athletes.] International journal of sports physical therapy. 2011 Dec;6(4):306.</ref>

'''Original Editor '''- Your name will be added here if you created the original content for this page. ...cal therapy clinic upon return from Guatemala with complaints of bilateral knee joint pain and muscle aches. Pt does not have any pertinent past medical hi

...ve. The artery and vein are both contained within the femoral sheath while the nerve is not<ref name=":0">Swift H, Bordoni B. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.go ...n femoral artery is approximately 4 cm in length and lies just anterior to the [[Femur|femoral]] head. Its length and diameter are quite variable dependin

...struction and may only be partially complete. Please come back soon to see the finished work! ...Perret D. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2941578/ Posterior knee pain.] Current reviews in musculoskeletal medicine. 2010 Oct 1;3(1-4):3-10.

...ts Physical Therapy , pp. 218-224. Level of evidence: 2b</ref>&nbsp;(Level of evidence: 2b) First two weeks of the program<br><br>1. The internal rotation hip strengthening exercise

...ntractures. Research and Training Center on Independent Living, University of Kansas. (1996). Contractures. Lawrence, KS. Available from<nowiki/>https:// ...ert RD. [https://www.nature.com/articles/sc201225 Incidence and predictors of contracture after spinal cord injury—a prospective cohort study.] Spinal

...ently under review and may not be up to date. Please come back soon to see the finished work! ({{REVISIONDAY}}/{{REVISIONMONTH}}/{{REVISIONYEAR}}) ...also appropriate subjective and objective markers along with understanding the need for continuous reassessment. <ref name=":1">Stuart Porter, Lynne Gaske

'''Original Editor '''- [[User:Lucy Coughlan|Lucy Coughlan]] as part of the [[World Physiotherapy Network for Amputee Rehabilitation Project]] ...As a surgical measure, it is used to control pain or a disease process in the affected limb such as malignancy, [[Infection Prevention and Control|infect

...lvis]], increased flexion of the hips, and a compensatory hyperlordosis in the lumbar spine. ...ese muscles are inhibited and substituted by activation of the superficial muscles.

...al interventions—a systematic review and meta-analysis.] ''British Journal of Sports Medicine'', ''56''(9), pp.521-530.</ref> ...urface of the [[Femur|femur]], which are the main articulating surfaces of the patellofemoral joint.<ref name="p1">Medscape. Drugs and Diseases. Patellofe

...gs move during functional movements. When we view it this way, we see that the core actually includes: # Muscles that stabilize the [[Hip|hips]].

...ists Overuse Injuries in Professional Road Cyclists.] The American journal of sports medicine. 38. 2494-501. 10.1177/0363546510376816. Available from: ht ...de to get sufficient power at bottom of stroke. Putting stress on low back muscles.

...d and believe it's a normal part of womanhood. For this reason, many cases of UI go undiagnosed. ...on the socioeconomic burden worldwide. UI is associated with lower Quality of Life (QoL), depression and extremely high annual medical-care costs.

...ally, these abovementioned factors have also been found to be an indicator of prosthetic success<ref name="p1">Patrick L1, Knoefel F, Gaskowski P, Rexrot transtibial, pistoning, knee flexion, family, arabic

...es of the gluteal region Primal.png|thumb|250x250px|Superficial muscles of the gluteal region.]] ...nimus|Gluteus minimus]] the deep layer and the smallest one of the gluteal muscles and helps with hip abduction and internal rotation.

'''Original Editor '''- [[User: Merinda Rodseth |Merinda Rodseth]] based on the course by ...anual physical therapy on plantar heel pain: a systematic review]. Journal of Manual & Manipulative Therapy. 2017 Jan 1;25(1):3-10.

...gnment. The Journal of Bone &amp; Joint Surgery. 2000; 82:1639-1639 [Level of Evidence: A1]</ref> ...ce between vastus lateralis and medialis and by the ligamentous support of the medial and lateral retinaculum<ref name="p3" />^.

...nk. Arthritis & rheumatology. 2019 Oct;71(10):1634-41.</ref>The management of OA can be divided in to conservative and conservative<ref name=":1" /> tre Exercise therapy is the core for conservative Treatment,<ref name=":1" />

...osed chain exercises are exercises or movements where the distal aspect of the extremity is fixed to an object that is stationary. ...fect of Open and Closed Kinetic Chain Exercises on Dynamic Balance Ability of Normal Healthy Adults]. J Phys Ther Sci. 2013 Jun;25(6):671–4.</ref>

'''Original Editor '''- The [[Open Physio]] project. ...of Muscular Strength: Training Considerations.PubMed.gov.National Library of Medicine.National Centre for Biotechnology Information.2018 Apr;48(4):765-7

...cuss the anatomy of the knee joint in detail and provide some examples of knee joint pathology. ...ior to superior. The rotation axes of the foot joints are perpendicular to the cardinal planes. Therefore, motion at these joints results in rotations wit

...scles in the front part of the femur) to the [[patella]] or kneecap tears. The quadriceps tendon may be partially or completely torn.<ref name=":4">https: ...driceps tendon rupture limits lower leg extension is based on the severity of tendon damage. Minor tendon tears may have minimal impact on extensor funct

...tes from the subscapular fossa. The term "subscapularis" means under (sub) the scapula (wingbone). ...minor]] muscles. The subscapularis is the largest and strongest muscle of the rotator cuff.<ref name=":1">Aguirre K, Mudreac A, Kiel J. [https://www.ncbi

...tion_site..jpg MRI. Partial rupture of the cranial subscapularis tendon at the insertion site]]] ...vre, which can reliably diagnose or exclude clinically relevant rupture of the [[subscapularis]] tendon.

...of motion]] in assessment. There are multiple types of joint end-feels all of which are different for each individual. * The end of each motion at each joint is limited from further movement by particular an

...reasoning the various differential diagnoses and isolating the exact cause of symptoms. == Brief Anatomy of the [[Knee]] ==

...m.nih.gov/books/NBK482431/#:~:text=The%20sciatic%20nerve%20also%20provides,the%20sensation%20of%20the%20sole. Anatomy, sciatic nerve.][Updated 2020 Apr 23 ...r to third sacral spinal nerves and is a continuation of the upper part of the [[Sacral Plexus|sacral plexus.]]<ref name=":0">Anatomy.tv | 3D Human Anatom

...from high-energy mechanisms such as motor vehicle collisions with sequelae of limb shortening and deformities if not treated correctly. ...with the Winquist and Hansen classification, which is based on the amount of comminution.<ref name=":0" />

...iginal Editors ''' - [[User:Sofie Van Cutsem|Sofie Van Cutsem]] as part of the [[Vrije Universiteit Brussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universi ...e joint]. British journal of sports medicine.1998; ''32''(1): 73-74. Level of evidence: 5</ref>

...'''Original Editor '''- [[User:Robin Tacchetti|Robin Tacchetti]] based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/krista-eskay/Krist ...opment_An_Insight Principles, milestones and interventions for early years of human growth and development: an insight]. Int J Curr Microbiol Appl Sci. 2

...ust be both flexible (to adapt to ground forces) and very rigid (to propel the body forwards). They must also be able to transform quickly between these t ...compartment, the deep posterior compartment, the lateral compartment, and the anterior compartment.

...rbox"> '''Original Editor '''- [[User:Carin Hunter|Carin Hunter]] based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/michelle-green-sme ...a beautiful work of art."<ref name=":3">Green-Smerdon M. Basic Anatomy of the Dancer’s Ankle and Foot course. Plus , 2022.</ref>

...involves a position where they work on their knees for a prolonged period of time such as miners, gardeners, carpet layers and mechanics.<ref name="p5" ...prepatellar bursa) and those that occur elsewhere (pes anserinus bursa and the iliotibial bursa) <ref name="p4">Mcafee J.H. et al.. Olecranon and prepatel

...onnective tissue.<ref>Liang, W. C., et al. (2018). "The natural history of the patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy in Taiwan: A medical center exper ...y appropriate therapy.<ref>Hsu JD, Furumasu J. Gait and posture changes in the Duchenne muscular dystrophy child. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1993; 288(March):1

'''Original Editors ''' - [[User:Nick Libotton|Nick Libotton]] as part of the [[Vrije Universiteit Brussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universi ...Issue 3 - p 249-259. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15912711 [1] Level of Evidence: C</ref> ==

...t forms the calf muscle or triceps surae. It runs from back of the knee to the ankle and is multipennate. ...JA, Day MK, Lee PL, et al. Physiological cross-sectional area of human leg muscles based on magnetic resonance imaging. J Orthop Res. 1992;10(6):928–34.</re

== What is the Core? == ...iders. Therefore discrepancies also exist in how to effectively strengthen the core.

...n consistently advocated in the literature to be practiced routinely after the [[COVID-19|SARS COVID-19]] pandemic outbreak. ...;49(3):717-726. doi: 10.1093/ije/dyaa033.</ref>. This has opened a new era of teleconsultation for medical services, including rehabilitation.

...wall (anterior view)|right|frameless|600x600px|Overview of the muscles of the abdominal wall (anterior view)]] ...n abdominal wall is formed of [[skin]], [[fascia]], and muscle and encases the abdominal cavity and viscera<ref name=":0">Flynn W, Vickerton P. [https://w

...strengthen the lower back and core by engaging (pulling in) the abdominal muscles. Push-ups are a fast and effective exercise for building strength. == Execution of conventional push-up ==

...sistant virus. The protein capsid of the virus can endure to the low pH of the stomach<ref name=":2">Sci-Hub | Poliovirus. Essential Human Virology, 257� ...itions-Glady-Samuel-Raj-pdf</ref>.The virus affects children under 5 years of age<ref name=":0" />

...represents an hourglass or bowtie shape. The ACL is a key structure in the knee joint, as it resists anterior tibial translation and internal rotational lo ...ilage and mineralized fibrocartilage<ref>Wheeless, C,R. Wheeless' Textbook of Orthopaedics. [http://www.wheelessonline.com/ortho/anatomy_of_acl http://ww

...sary wear and tear. That is why it is so important to learn the principles of proper body mechanics<ref name=":0">Colorado spine inst. [https://www.color * Good body mechanics means using the body’s strength to the best mechanical advantage to do a task efficiently and without injury.

...://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560847/ Lateral Collateral Ligament (LCL) Knee Injuries]. StatPearls [Internet]. 2020 Aug 4.</ref> ...www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11046165 Lateral stabilizing structures of the knee: functional anatomy and injuries assessed with MR imaging.] Radiographics.

'''Original Editor '''- [[User:Wanda van Niekerk|Wanda van Niekerk]] based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/lee-herrington/ Le The following points highlight general principles that should be considered wit

.../2/e6.full Propagation of stress fracture of the patella.] British journal of sports medicine 2005;39(2):e6.</ref><ref>Sweetnam R. [https://pmj.bmj.com/c ...with the aim to increase the moment arm of the quadriceps muscle and thus, knee extensive capacity. <ref name=":14" />

== Basic Structure of the Foot and Ankle == ...the lower leg and foot. The osseous components of the ankle joint include the distal [[tibia]], distal [[fibula]], and [[talus]].

...from all over the world to raise awareness about the crucial contribution the profession makes to keeping people well, mobile and independent. ...n as World Physiotherapy designated 8th September as World PT Day. This is the date World Physiotherapy was founded in 1951.

...emoral triangle to the opening in the [[Adductor Magnus|adductor magnus]], the adductor hiatus.<ref name=":0">IMAIOS. Adductor Canal - Canalis Adductorius ...etween the anterior thigh and posterior leg.<ref name=":1">Songo Lolomari. The Adductor Canal. http://teachmeanatomy.info/lower-limb/areas/adductor-canal/

...chronic issues.<ref name=":0">Van der Walt A. Assessment and Management of the Equine Spine Presentation. Plus , 2021.</ref> ...s a concern about his / her own riding, especially when there is a history of trauma or pathology (e.g. back surgery / pelvic fracture)

...t's used to protect, support, or immobilize an injured or inflamed part of the body. ...and splinted as soon as the injury occurs for the best functional outcomes of his rehabilitation. Therefore, positioning and splinting should:

....&nbsp;<ref name="p6">Karandikar N, Vargas OO. Kinetic chains: a review of the concept and its clinical applications. PM and R. 2011 Aug 31;3(8):739-45.</ ...by movement at one joint produced or affected movement at another joint in the kinetic link. <ref name="p9">Ellenbecker TS, Davies GJ. Closed kinetic chai

...yancy, hydrostatic pressure and viscosity)<ref>Aquatic Therapy Association of Chartered Physiotherapists (ATACP). About ATACP. Available from: https://at ==Outcome Measures of ACL Rehabilitation==

...struction and may only be partially complete. Please come back soon to see the finished work! ({{REVISIONDAY}}/{{REVISIONMONTH}}/{{REVISIONYEAR}})</div> ...omyosis) or to enhance activity (hypertendomyosis) in a muscle or group of muscles.

'''Original Editor '''- [[User:Lennert De Henau|Lennert De Henau]] as part of the [[Vrije Universiteit Brussel Evidence-based Practice Project]] ...a disk) meniscus, also called the popping knee syndrome, is a variation on the normal meniscus.

...should be considered when tenderness is found over the posterior aspect of the lateral femoral condyle. ...ee joint from one point to another whereas the fabella redirects forces on the flexor side

...t E. The history of biomechanics in total hip arthroplasty. Indian Journal of Orthopaedics. 2017 Aug;51(4):359-67.</ref> ...ip_Clinical_perspective Evolution of the Koch model of the biomechanics of the hip: a clinical perspective.] J Orthop Sci. 2002;7(6):724-30. </ref>

...ia LR, Banik S, Guria Sr LR. Variable branching pattern of tibial nerve in the tarsal tunnel: a gross anatomical study with clinical implications. Cureus. ...ef> It also has articular and cutaneous branches.<ref name=":2">Wikipedia. The tibial nerve[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibial_nerve .] Available from:

...a comprehensive and systematic physical examination of the moving parts of the body. ...king, there are two patterns of range of motion used in the interpretation of joint motion:

...nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2754351/ The kinaesthetic senses]. The Journal of physiology. 2009 Sep 1;587(17):4139-46.</ref>. ...to an unstable gait, frequent [[falls]] and [[Ataxia|ataxic]] behavior in the affected patients.<ref name=":2">Kröger S, Watkins B. [https://skeletalmus

...struction and may only be partially complete. Please come back soon to see the finished work! ({{REVISIONDAY}}/{{REVISIONMONTH}}/{{REVISIONYEAR}}) ...ls can increase a woman's attractiveness, they can change the biomechanics of walking and can affect gait by reducing stride length, and increasing pelv

...y|Okunoye Mercy]] [[User:Awelewa Oluwatayo|Awelewa Oluwatayo]], as part of the [[Redeemer's University Physioculture Journal Project]] ...ov/19411641/ Ricci WM, Gallagher B, Haidukewych GJ. Intramedullary nailing of femoral shaft fractures: current concepts. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2009 May;

...s://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2941577/ Diagnosis and management of quadriceps strains and contusions]. Current reviews in musculoskeletal medi ...training and competition.<ref name=":2">Kary JM. Diagnosis and management of quadriceps strains and contusions. Current reviews in musculoskeletal medic

...X demonstrated a clear positive response with abolition of resting pain on the visual analogue scale (VAS). ...s the same situation for most of the therapists and patients/households in the outpatient department in question.

...ng and treating patients. This article discusses the general principles of the muscle length assessment. == Structure of Muscles ==

...'''Original Editor '''- [[User:Robin Tacchetti|Robin Tacchetti]] based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/krista-eskay/ Kris ...nform policies aimed at early childhood development]. Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences. 2022 Mar;9(1):57-64.</ref>

...-weighted MR image in plantar flexion showing the “nutcracker-phenomenon”. The os trigonum together with surrounding soft tissues are wedged between talus ...ussell, D.W. Kruse, Y.I. Koutedakis, I. M. Mcewan, M. A. Wyon Pathoanatomy of Posterior Ankle Impingement in Ballet Dancers. Clinical Anatomy 2010; 23:61

...rbox"> '''Original Editor '''- [[User:Carin Hunter|Carin Hunter]] based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/michelle-green-sme ...hese positions and the demands incurred, compensation can occur further up the kinetic chain, resulting in pain and injury.

'''Original Editors '''- [[User:Tania Appelmans|Tania Appelmans]] as part of the [[Vrije Universiteit Brussel Evidence-based Practice Project]] ...s. Clinical orthopaedics and related research. 1981 Jul 1;158:59-69. Level of evidence: 1A</ref>^&nbsp;That process can lead to pain, loose bod

...each variation has a specific inheritance pattern, time of onset and rate of muscle loss.<ref name=":0">LaPelusa A, Kentris M. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih ...by absent or defective glycoproteins in the muscle membrane. In each type of muscular dystrophy, different genes are deleted or mutated. These changes c

...he buttocks. This test assesses the strength of the leg, pelvic, and trunk muscles, as well as dynamic balance. It is used to evaluate an individual's ability ...to 40 minutes using simple equipment and is used to assess various aspects of physical fitness.

...ry:The_University_of_Waterloo_Clinical_Biomechanics_Project The University of Waterloo Clinical Biomechanics Project] ...low are descriptions of the different biomechanical mechanisms examined in the research.

A case study of a diabetic elderly amputee patient in the United Kingdom: Amputee Case Study This a case study of a 73-year old gentleman who has had a right trans-tibial [[Amputations|ampu

...lobal (also known as stabiliser and global movers, see [[Core Muscles|core muscles]]). ...ir length create joint compression, thus producing active stabilisation of the joint.<ref name=":0" />

...arthroscopic and physical findings in posterolateral rotatory instability. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc (2010) 18:123–129</ref> ...n G. Acute and chronic management of posterolateral corner injuries of the knee [corrected] [published erratum appears in ORTHOPEDICS 2008 Jul;31(7):725].

...''Original Editor '''- [[User:Stacy Schiurring|Stacy Schiurring]] based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/instructor/claire-robertson// C ...he VMO in isolation is not entirely without use, it limits the application of any research findings in clinical practice.

...not edit unless you are involved in this project, but please come back in the near future to check out new information!! If you would like to get involve ...be used in patient's with fixed platar flexion deformity to increased base of support and improve balance.

...atomy|hip joint]]. It is the largest muscle at the hip representing 16% of the total cross-sectional area.<ref name=":0">Keith L. , Anne M. R . ....tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.3109/09593985.2011.604981 A literature review of studies evaluating gluteus maximus and gluteus medius activation during reh

...n of the SC joint.<ref>ALLMAN JR FL. Fractures and ligamentous injuries of the clavicle and its articulation. JBJS. 1967 Jun 1;49(4):774-84.</ref> '''The SC joint is formed by the articulation of three bones'''<ref name=":3" />''':'''

== History of Presenting Condition == ...bsp;to his doctor 2 weeks ago who prescribed him a short course of NSAIDs, of which have not helped&nbsp;significantly. He is now starting to develop pai

====Upper Limb <ref name=":3">Harvey L. Management of Spinal Cord Injuries: A Guide for Physiotherapists. Elsevier Health Science ! rowspan="2" |'''Muscles'''

...ademy of Orthopaedic Surgeons clinical practice guideline on the treatment of Achilles tendon rupture]. JBJS. 2010 Oct 20;92(14):2466-8.</ref>. Achilles ...perative_Treatment_of_Acute.1.aspx Operative versus nonoperative treatment of acute Achilles tendon ruptures: a multicenter randomized trial using accele

...3847.2023.2170684</nowiki></ref> collected data on non-contact injuries of the hamstrings in a sports club from Barcelona. ...ar (a total of 17 sports). Thus, this injury represents a potential source of danger in sport physiotherapy.

...nd [[Movement Dysfunction|movement]], this can result in marked alteration of function.</div> ...altered connective tissue biology and a decrease in effective maintenance of tissue homeostasis<ref name=":1" />.

...anda Umeri|Miranda Umeri]] and [[User:Josh Nickel|Josh Nickel]] as part of the [[Queen's University Neuromotor Function Project]] ...Quadriceps Muscle|quadriceps]] following a [[Total Knee Arthroplasty|total knee arthroplasty]].

'''Original Editor '''- Africa Clubfoot Training Team as part of [http://www.physio-pedia.com/Clubfoot_Content_Development_Project ICRC and ...f extensive scarring, residual pain and inadequate correction as seen with the other procedures such as bandages by Hippocrates and plaster casts by Kite

...69(2):183-191.</ref>. In fact, there is evidence to prove that the opinion of running causing osteoarthritis is not correct.<ref name=":0">Plack Leigh-An ...ce symptoms such as joint line tenderness, reduced [[Range of Motion|range of motion]], crepitus with movement, joint effusion, and/or joint space defor

...ion, Adduction, External Rotation test. This is a pain provacation test of the hip for assessing lateral hip pain for [[Gluteal Tendinopathy|gluteal tendi ...sis and Contemporary Diagnoses for Lateral Hip Pain: A Scoping Review.]” ''Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy'', vol. 29, no. 8, 19 Dec. 2020,

...nt; the totality of movement a joint is capable of doing. Range of motion of a [[Joint Classification|joint]] is gauged during passive ROM (assisted) '' ...s Range of Motion? Available:https://www.verywellhealth.com/overview-range-of-motion-2696650<nowiki/>(accessed 20.11.2022)</ref>

The [[Nagi's Disability Model|functional limitations and impairments]] after a ...ation endurance, speed, or security required to perform their [[Activities of Daily Living|daily activities]] independently and safely. [[Falls]] are a

Following the first 6 weeks of [[ACL Rehabilitation: Acute Management after Surgery|acute management after In the acute management phase, there are some considerations to protect the surgical repair and allow healing without compromising ROM.

...Roger Noel ,Ismael El Habouchi ,Faryan Bouzapar and Tom Flachet as part of the [[Vrije Universiteit Brussel Evidence-based Practice Project]] [[Image:Knee Anatomy Side View.png|thumb|right|250px|Knee - Side View]]

...rary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1469-8749.2007.tb12610.x/epdf</ref>. However, the secondary changes associated with muscle mis- and dis-use are progressive. ...einforce the neural connections that control these movements. As a result, the child is likely to practice limited, ineffective, energy-consuming movement

There are two distinct forms of compartment syndromes, acute and chronic types. ...he fascial compartment affected by increased compartment pressures include muscles, [[Neurone|nerves]] and vasculature.

...al ligament.<ref name=":4">Frobell R, Cooper R, Morris H, Arendt, H. Acute knee injuries. In: Brukner P, Bahr R, Blair S, Cook J, Crossley K, McConnell J, ...e patellar tendon, improving the mechanical advantage of the quadriceps in knee extension.<ref name="p1">Egmond DL, Schuitemaker R. De knieregio. In: Mink

'''Original Editor '''- [[User:Abbey Cain|Abby Cain]] as part of the [[World Physiotherapy Network for Amputee Rehabilitation Project]] ...]. CSP Clinical Guideline 03. November 2012</ref>. &nbsp;A crucial element of constructing a rehabilitation programme is sound gait analysis. This will l

...Muscles of the Leg that Move the Foot and Toes b.png," Wikimedia Commons, the free media repository, <nowiki>https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?ti ...year follow-up of the UEFA Champions League injury study]. British journal of sports medicine. 2013 Aug 1;47(12):743-7.</ref>

...]. 2011 Sep;10(9):844-52</ref>. The two most commonly used classifications of gait are: * '''Spastic Hemiplegia / Unilateral CP''': In spastic hemiplegia, the most widely accepted gait classification system was introduced by Winters e

...torbox"> '''Original Editor '''- [[User:Free Picke|Free Picke]] as part of the Vrije Universiteit Brussel Project. ...1999 (Level of Evidence: 2C)</ref>The primary symptom is excessive laxity of multiple joints. <ref name="p3" />

There are a number of common [[Posture|postural]] changes that can affect an individual's functio In older adults, the following postural features are commonly observed:<ref name=":0">Banfi M. I

...31enGKMNFmQDrR81ebM8nTL3awzhNFEurQ__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA Role of Spider Cage in Motor Control in Cerebral Palsy.] Int J Phys Med Rehabil. 20 The name "'''Spider cage'''" was given by children who were being treated in su

...adriceps Muscle|quadriceps]],[[brachialis]] & [[Adductor Magnus|adductor]] of thigh.It may arise with or without trauma.But its common in young active at These different causes of myositis ossificans (MO)divide the disorder into two subgroups:

...practical%20guide%20to%20management.&f=false The multiple ligament injured knee: A practical guide to management.] New York: Springer Science, 2004.</ref> The [[Knee|knee joint]] is made up of articulations of the [[Femur|distal femur]], [[Tibia|proximal tibia]] and [[patella]].<ref name=

'''Original Editor '''- Your name will be added here if you created the original content for this page. ...om the left] represents a faulty posture that differs from the good one by the following:

...ational Clinical Guidelines for Stroke''. 3rd ed. London,UK: Royal College of Physicians; 2008. ..., et al. A novel weightbearing strengthening program during rehabilitation of older people is feasible and improves standing up more than a nonweight-bea

...rbox"> '''Original Editor '''- [[User:Carin Hunter|Carin Hunter]] based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/rina-pandya/ Rina ...rward control system to voluntary movements of the limbs.<ref name=":3" /> The diaphragm role in trunk stability occurs simultaneously with its ventilatio

...f clinical tests for supraspinatus tendon tears.] Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery. 2018 Aug 1;34(8):2326-33.</ref>. This can b The drop arm test may be more accurate when used in a battery of tests such as:

...): 799-804 (C)</ref> In most cases, flexion deformities occur bilaterally. The deformity is either temporary or permanent. ...MmasQiM|300}}<ref>OrthoMed Pain &amp; Sports Medicine. Flexion Contracture KNEE. Available from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aqifMmasQiM [last accessed

...ir daily activities and this independence can be achieved only when we put the various factors affecting each postural task into consideration ...s such as motor, sensory and cognitive abilities. Also, impact the control of balance.

...1111/joa.13249 Femoral anteversion: significance and measurement.] Journal of Anatomy. 2020 Nov;237(5):811-26.</ref> ...r reliability of goniometer and inclinometer use in Craig’s test.] Journal of physical therapy science. 2015;27(4):1141-4.</ref><ref name=":1" />

...rbox"> '''Original Editor '''- [[User:Carin Hunter|Carin Hunter]] based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/donna-fisher// Don ...This includes soft-tissue and bony injury, as well as changes as a result of [[Spasticity|neurological changes]]. They can be an effective adjunct along

...CA, Nicholson GP, Romeo AA. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23015931 The kinetic chain in overhand pitching: its potential role for performance enha The phases of an overhead throw consist of a:

...riginal Editor '''- [[User:Gaëlle Vertriest|Gaëlle Vertriest]] as part of the [[Vrije Universiteit Brussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universi ...se adductor muscles help to stabilise the pelvis and pull the legs towards the mid line (adduction).<ref name="p5">http://www.physioadvisor.com.au/1042655

Here are some photos of poor positioning and handling of children with cerebral palsy Here are some of the benefits of good handling and positioning skills

Iliotibial band syndrome (ITBS) now known as Iliotibial Band Pain or lateral knee pain<ref>Bonoan, M., Morales, M., Liu, X.W. ''et al.'' Iliotibial Band Synd ...maximus causes the leg to decelerate, generating tension (compression) in the iliotibial band.<ref name="Van der worp Maarten et al.">van der Worp MP, v

...Paulis|Heather Paulis]], [[User:Lauren Trehout|Lauren Tréhout]] as part of the [[Vrije Universiteit Brussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universi ...zing the calf. It is performed as a clinical test to identify the presence of a complete [[Achilles Rupture|Achilles rupture]].

...''Original Editor '''- [[User:Stacy Schiurring|Stacy Schiurring]] based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/instructor/damien-howell// Dami ...Howell, D, Gait Deviation Associated with Pain Syndromes in the Pelvis and Knee. Gait Analysis. Plus. 2022</ref>

...om/Category:The_University_of_Waterloo_Biomechanics_Project The University of Waterloo Biomechanics Project] ...athy through the analysis of EMG, kinetic, and kinematic factors. Analysis of biomechanical factors may provide insight on how to treat specific Achilles

...lsy (also called [[Erb's Palsy]]) which involves brachial plexus injury of the infant during delivery. ...vidence indicates that the condition is rare, with only a small population of women being affected<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">Katirji B, Wilbourn AJ,

[[File:Ilustration of the muscles. jpeg.jpeg|thumb|alt=|335x335px]] ...7;5(9):522-33.</ref> The timing and activation of dynamic stabilisers are the most important factors in achieving functional stability.<ref name=":11" />

'''Original Editor '''- [[User:Robin Tacchetti|Robin Tacchetti]] based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/pam-versfeld/ Pam ...ous exploratory movements to intentional, goal directed actions that allow the infant to interact with people, things and events in their environment.<ref

...Mosby; 1999.</ref>, support, or immobilize an injured or inflamed part of the body.<ref name=":1">Althoff AD, Reeves RA. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/b * Substitute for Weak Muscles

...aining. Following 6 weeks of inpatient therapy, he was able to attain most of his goals. These included independently donning and doffing his prosthesis, Transfemoral, diabetic, PVD, locked knee prosthesis, Male, 72 years old

'''Original Editor '''- [[User:Lorenza Perez|Lorena Perez]] as part of [http://www.physio-pedia.com/ICRC_Cerebral_Palsy_Content_Development_Projec ...Cerebral Palsy at all stages of their development, but even more so during the early stages where impairments are often not so evident. See [[Child Develo

...gress to the next position so your runner does not have to move in and out of too many positions.<ref name=":1" /> ...ell as how they run. Using all this information will give a great overview of your runner and enable you to fully assess any imbalances, weaknesses or ch

...ysical impairment. It stretches the lower extremity muscles in combination of hamstring, adductors and rotators. <br> ...tric contract-relax technique on passive straight leg-raise angle. Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy 1994;20:138–44.</ref>1994).

...s, diagnose and manage an equine patient. To do this, a good understanding of equine anatomy is essential. Pelvic hind limb bears 40-45% of the weight and provides the majority of propulsion for locomotion.

...r deformities of the leg caused by disordered endochondral ossification of the proximal medial tibial physis.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">Medscape. Blo ...cs 2019;53(5):662.</ref> &nbsp;Unlike bowlegs, which tend to straighten as the child develops, Blount's disease is progressively worsening. It can cause s

.../ref>&nbsp;<ref>Lan Chen et al. Medial collateral ligament injuries of the knee: current treatment concepts, Current reviews in musculoskeletal Medicine, S [[File:Knee-joint.jpg|right|frameless]]

...struction and may only be partially complete. Please come back soon to see the finished work! ({{REVISIONDAY}}/{{REVISIONMONTH}}/{{REVISIONYEAR}}) </div> ...Nigeria. (2016). Human biomechanics: Basic and applied. Federal University of Technology, Owerri and Tropical Publishers Nigeria.https://www.researchgate

...not edit unless you are involved in this project, but please come back in the near future to check out new information!! If you would like to get involve ...Edition), Mosby,2020.</ref>. It includes all the muscles in the body and the nerves serving them.

...rbox"> '''Original Editor '''- [[User:Carin Hunter|Carin Hunter]] based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/claire-robertson// ...ely referrals are made when necessary. If there has been any trauma to the knee, it is necessary to make sure that all relevant investigations have been ca

...rbox"> '''Original Editor '''- [[User:Carin Hunter|Carin Hunter]] based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/michelle-green-sme ...case study forms part of the '''Practical Assessment and Rehabilitation of the Dancer''' Course.

'''Original Editor '''- Africa Clubfoot Training Team as part of [[Clubfoot Content Development Project|ICRC and GCI Clubfoot Content Devel ...anced Clubfoot Treatment Provider Courses - Participant Manual. University of Oxford: Africa Clubfoot Training Project, 2017.</ref>

...sp;the inflammation of a bursa, a small fluid filled sac that sits between muscles, tendons and bones to reduce friction<ref name=":0">Johar, S., Bursitis. In #[[Prepatellar Bursitis]] - housemaid's knee

...veira Silva D, Barton C. How to manage patellofemoral pain - Understanding the multifactorial nature and treatment options. Phys Ther Sport. 2018</ref> ...s may also be felt at the joint, in addition to tenderness on palpation of the small facets, and some effusion.<ref name=":0" />  

.... The patellotrochlear index: a new index for assessing patellar height. ''Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc.'' 2006;14(8):707-712.</ref><br> ...e patellofemoral joint. International sports medicine journal. 2001. Level of evidence D</ref> ==

'''Original Editor '''- The [[Open Physio]] project. ...ed by the therapist placing progressively more tension on the component of the nervous system that is being tested and are divided into upper and lower li

...ust about 1cm in diameter) but is crucial in facilitating our [[Activities of Daily Living|daily activities]]. ...m the body, partially processes it, and then transmits that information to the brain.

'''Original Editor '''- The [[Open Physio|Open Physio]] project. Amputation is defined as surgical removal or loss of body part such as arms or limbs in part or full. It is usually distinguishe

...But if a plica has been diagnosed beyond any doubt as being the source of knee pain, it can be treated correctly.<ref name=":0" /> See [[Knee]] for a detailed anatomy

...Journal of neuromuscular diseases. 2015 Jan 1;2(s2):S7-19.</ref> Patterns of weakness can be variable - Scapuloperoneal or distal weakness or respirator To summarize the common types<ref name=":0" />,

...not edit unless you are involved in this project, but please come back in the near future to check out new information!!</blockquote><div class="editorbo ...|Mei Toone]] as part of the [[Arkansas Colleges of Health Education School of Physical Therapy Musculoskeletal 1 Project]]</div>

...izing terminology <ref>Lee DK, Ahn KS, Kang CH, Cho SB. Ultrasonography of the lower extremity veins: anatomy and basic approach. Ultrasonography. 2017 Ap According to several descriptions, the small saphenous vein (SSV) has major anatomical variations due to its embry

...; Wilkins, 2011.</ref> It is the thickest tendon in the human body and has the capacity to withstand large tensile forces.<ref name=":0">Wong M, Kiel J. A ...Achilles tendon reduces friction to allow free movement of the tendon over the bone.<ref name="Moore" />

...rbox"> '''Original Editor '''- [[User:Carin Hunter|Carin Hunter]] based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/rina-pandya/ Rina ...ect. It could be that the underlying cause of the condition is coming from the [[Myofascial Pain|myofascial]] system. It can be difficult to initially pic

...-5241.6.200112.xml The role of the iliofemoral ligament as a stabilizer of the hip joint.] EFORT Open Reviews. 2021 vol. 6(7), pp. 545-555. </ref> ...n extracapsular ligament, it is anatomically connected with the capsule of the hip joint.

...ated with the work task. The ROSA final scoring ranges from 1 to 10 , with the higher score indicating an increased risk for work related musculoskeletal == Development of the tool ==

...luteus medius[[Gluteus Medius|.]] This uncovered part of gluteus medius is the safe area in which buttocks dorsogluteal intramuscular injections should b ...enhub https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/gluteus-medius-and-minimus-muscles</ref>

...not edit unless you are involved in this project, but please come back in the near future to check out new information!!</blockquote>'''Original Editor ' ...not edit unless you are involved in this project, but please come back in the near future to check out new information!!</blockquote>

...is not itself a disease. The twitching cannot be stopped or controlled by the person experiencing it. Myoclonus can begin in childhood or adulthood, symp # Most commonly by a disturbance of the brain or spinal cord (the central nervous system, or CNS), or

...or recovery, continued disability, and decreased [[Quality of Life|quality of life]]<ref name=":2">Butera KA, Fox EJ, George SZ. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.ni ...onment and the task.<ref name=":0" /> Movement in itself is an interaction of different body systems like "sensory/perceptual, cognitive, and motor/actio

The muscles which are responsible for movement and postural control are divided into 2 ...et al.">Brumagne S, Cordo P, Lysens R, Verschueren S, Swinnen S. The role of paraspinal muscle spindles in lumbosacral position sense in individuals wit

'''Original Editors ''' - [[User:Andrea Nees|Andrea Nees]] as part of the [[Vrije Universiteit Brussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universi ...tps://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00256-002-0573-1 Imaging features of ischial bursitis with an emphasis on ultrasonography.] Skeletal radiology.

...tive and specific test for detection if irritation of the sciatic nerve by the piriformis. FAIR stands for flexion, adduction and internal rotation. Also ...s a piramidal shape that lies almost parallel with the posterior margin of the [https://www.physio-pedia.com/Gluteus_Medius gluteus medius].<ref>Piriform

...nd Neurophysiologic Testing.</ref> Various electrodiagnostic tests consist of Nerve Conduction Studies, Electromyography, Late responses, Repetitive Nerv ...he above-mentioned tests. It is imperative to perform these studies as per the protocols and guidelines that are being published from time to time

...mation of the Infrapatellar Fat Pad (IFP) is a common source of [[Anterior Knee Pain]]; also called Hoffa's disease, fat pad syndrome or hoffitis. Fat pad ...ww.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-12859-1 Morphological characteristics of the infrapatellar fat pad]. Scientific Reports. 2022 May 27;12(1):1-9.</ref>

...''Original Editor '''- [[User:Stacy Schiurring|Stacy Schiurring]] based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/instructor/damien-howell/ Damie ...<ref name=":0">Howell, D, Gait Deviation Associated with Pain Syndromes in the Lower Leg and Foot. Gait Analysis. Plus. 2022</ref>

...n for [[Amputations|Transfemoral amputees]] and the creativity required of the prosthetist involved *Condition of 'sound' leg: DVT 1987, pain in foot which limits standing time. <br>

Transfemoral rehabilitation of a diabetic elderly patient: Amputee Case Study ...c rehabilitation subsequently for 2 years to enable her to reach her goals of functional ambulation

'''Original Editor '''- Your name will be added here if you created the original content for this page. ...power refers to the ability to overcome resistance in the shortest period of time.

...with a walker by then. His endurance was low but he did not show any trace of depression at all.He got his temporary leg in our inpatient care, and his l ...06, Risk of Reamputation in Diabetic Patients Stratified by Limb and Level of Amputation: 10-year observation,</ref>. In hospital, he was taught how to u

[[File:Synovial Joints.jpg|right|frameless]]The synovial membrane is soft and thin membrane yet has various significant rol ...ly has its own specific functions but also interacts with other tissues in the joint both structurally and functionally<ref name=":3">Musculoskeletal Key

...natal exercises aim at improving the physical and psychological well-being of an expected mother for [[Labour|labor]] and preventing pregnancy-induced pa ...helps to overcome these changes and improves the mood and energy level of the mother. Healthy pregnant women should exercise for at least 150 min per wee

...bula]] [[bone]]<nowiki/>s. Together, the three borders (listed below) form the ankle mortise. ...alleolus (bony prominence on the lower fibula) forms the lateral border of the ankle joint

...sed on randomized controlled trials of water immersion therapies.] Journal of Epidemiology. 2010:20(1):2-12.</ref> They enable an individual to practise ...://www.msard-journal.com/article/S2211-0348(20)30098-5/fulltext The effect of aquatic physical therapy on patients with multiple sclerosis: a systematic

...''Original Editor '''- [[User:Stacy Schiurring|Stacy Schiurring]] based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/instructor/damien-howell/ Damie ...gait deviations, while others occur together.<ref name=":0" /> This leads the rehabilitation professional to wonder if some gait deviations are more clin

...lar methods of electrotherapy and the evidence to support it in the use of knee conditons specifically.&nbsp; ...evidence to support this theory, and almost all of the literature supports the magnetic field effect.

...the second metatarsophalangeal or MTP joint) further forward. It is a type of brachymetatarsia.<ref name="brage">Schimizzi, A; Brage, M (September 2004). ...etatarsal bones of the foot and it could be bilateral. Brachymetatarsia of the first metatarsal is also known as “Morton’s syndrome or Toe”<ref name

...via intervertebral foramina. The supply motor and sensory innervation to the lower limb and [[Pelvic Floor Anatomy|pelvic]] girdle<ref>Radiopedia [https ...unction and movement allowing knee extension, hip flexion and adduction of the thigh<ref name=":0">Singh O, Al Khalili Y. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bo

...stability; Journal of Back and Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation; 2012 (Level of evidence 1B)</ref> ...muscle strength can itself contribute to low back pain even in the absence of degeneration.<ref>Studnicka K, Ampat G. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books

...component of the physical examination as it provides an objective measure of a patient's physical strength and offers valuable insights into potential n ...hand dominance, age, biological sex, fatigue, medication, time of day and the patient's occupation. Accounting for these variables is essential to ensure

...tors ''' - [[User:Thijs Van Liefferinge|Thijs Van Liefferinge]] as part of the [[Vrije Universiteit Brussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universi ...Joint|subtalar joint]]. In both joints, osteoarthritis can be diagnosed in the medial and lateral compartments.&nbsp;

...nts that become increasingly intentional as the infant uses longer periods of being awake and alert to explore and connect with their social and physical ...n awake and alert infants alternate between period of activity and periods of quiet

...George Smith|George Smith]], [[User:Bryn Roberts|Bryn Roberts]] as part of the [[Nottingham University Spinal Rehabilitation Project]] <br> ...00</ref>. Low back pain refers to pain between the bottom of the ribs and the buttock crease.

...al tests can be used to assess FAI and the respective ligament involved in the acute [https://www.physio-pedia.com/Ankle_Sprain sprain] or [https://www.ph '''Ligaments of the ankle'''

Human gait depends on a complex interplay of major parts of the [[Introduction to Neuroanatomy|nervous]], musculoskeletal and [[Cardiopulmo * The individual gait pattern is influenced by age, personality, mood and sociocu

..."editorbox"> '''Original Editor '''- [[User:Jess Bell|Jess Bell]] based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/tracy-prowse/ Trac ...econdary schools]. Front Public Health. 2020;8:527442.</ref> large numbers of children and teenagers still participate in organised sports.<ref>Safe Kids

...islocation occurs through the disruption of 2 separate bony articulations: the talonavicular and talocalcaneal joints.<ref>Horning J, DiPreta J. Subtalar ...associated fractures: Case report and review of literature.] World Journal of Orthopedics. 2015 Apr 18;6(3):374.</ref>.

...iginal Editors ''' - [[User:Annelies Beckers|Annelies Beckers]] as part of the [[Vrije Universiteit Brussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universi ...e study of conservative care utilizing ART and rehabilitation’, Journal of the Canadian Chiropractic Association, 2006 September, volume 50, num. 3, pp. 1

...as opposed to prosthetic hip) is inherently stable and needs a huge amount of force to cause dislocation, such as in a motor vehicle accidents.<ref name= # Posterior dislocation (most common ~85%). Caused by combined forces of: hip flexion, adduction, and internal rotation.

...melting point of wax is usually lowered by adding an impurity in the form of paraffin oil.<ref name=":0">William E. Prentice. [https://vdoc.pub/download ...d by improving the circulation, promote healing and removing toxins out of the skin.<ref name=":0" />

'''Original Editor '''- The [[Open Physio]] project. ...e upper limb to the ground, in cases where reducing weight bearing through the lower limb is desired.

'''Original Editor '''- The [[Open Physio]] project. ...nt to the cerebral cortex for higher processing.<ref>''Guyton AC. Textbook of Medical Physiology. 8th ed. Philadelphia, PA  WB Saunders; 1992.''</ref>

...lar and skeletal system"<ref>Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine. Copyright 2008 The Gale Group, Inc.</ref>. ...ers convinced to use the [[Introduction to Orthotics|orthoses]] as part of the treatment plan?

...eolus. The plantar calcaneonavicular ligament can be considered as part of the medial ligament complex. The Deltoid ligament is composed of superficial and deep components.

...y of Complex Patient Problems|Bellarmine University's&nbsp;Pathophysiology of Complex Patient Problems project.]] ...a-prospective-case-control-study (accessed 14.3.2022)</ref>. It can affect the

'''Original Editor '''- [[User:Merinda Rodseth|Merinda Rodseth]] based on the course by ...ff MS, et al. [https://bjsm.bmj.com/content/55/19/1106.abstract Management of plantar heel pain: a best practice guide informed by a systematic review, e

'''Original Editor '''- [[User:Liezel Wegner|Liezel Wegner]] as part of the [[World Physiotherapy Network for Amputee Rehabilitation Project]] ...ure and wound dehiscence.&nbsp;<ref name="ICRC">International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), ICRC physiotherapy reference manual: prothetic gait analy

...ley F, Evans M, Beattie A, Middleton K, et al. Randomised controlled trial of Alexander technique lessons, exercise, and massage (ATEAM) for chronic and ...bal instruction and an individual learns self-help through the combination of these methods.

...ache during the winter season<ref>Paturel ''A.'' Why is Arthritis Worse in the Winter? [Internet]. Cedars Sinai. 2022 [cited 5 January 2023]. Available fr == Influence of Seasonal Parameters on Joints ==

...ritis. OA usuallly presents with joint pain and loss of function; however, the disease is clinically very variable and can present merely as an asymptomat [[File:Knee-OA1.png|thumb|463x463px|Knee OA]]

...''' - [[User:Sarah Sue-Ping|Sarah Sue-Ping]] as part of [[The University of Waterloo Clinical Biomechanics Project]] ...s://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC164361/ Mechanisms and management of stress fractures in physically active persons.] J Athl Train. 2002 Jul;37(3

...j11Oclg Lumbar interbody fusion] : techniques , indications and comparison of interbody fusion options including PLIF , TLIF , MI-TLIF , OLIF / ATP , LLI ...ntervertebral space after discectomy<ref name=":1" /> and successful union of two or more [[Lumbar Vertebrae|vertebra]]<ref name=":0" />.

...MD - editor. 2nd edition. Essentials of Muscluloskeletal Care. Section 6, Knee and Lower leg - popliteal cyst: 2001:397-398 </ref> ...ert, J. C., Bianchi, S., Verdonk, R., & Wirth, C. J. The popliteal cyst. ''Knee'' Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy. 2006'';'' ''14''(7): 623-628.

...struction and may only be partially complete. Please come back soon to see the finished work! ({{REVISIONDAY}}/{{REVISIONMONTH}}/{{REVISIONYEAR}})</div> ...education, exercise and weight management. This page provides an overview of osteoarthritis, including epidemiology, risk factors and pathology, before

[[File:Sagittal section of the lumbar spine Primal.png|thumb|258x258px]] ...en T. [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/1471-2474-14-206 Accuracy of physical examination for chronic lumbar radiculopathy]. BMC musculoskeletal

'''Original Editor '''- The [[Open Physio]] project. ...stress. Massage therapy help you to get the blood flowing which speeds up the recovery process.

...''Original Editor '''- [[User:Stacy Schiurring|Stacy Schiurring]] based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/instructor/damien-howell/ Damie ...ffective treatment of low back pain? A point-counterpoint debate]. journal of orthopaedic & sports physical therapy. 2019 Jun;49(6):425-36.</ref> </block

...not edit unless you are involved in this project, but please come back in the near future to check out new information!! If you would like to get involve ...rove [[balance]], decrease the risk of falling, help with weak musculature of lower legs, and to return to previous activity or facilitate patient mobili

...tacey Cameron]], and [[User:Gabrielle Broome|Gabrielle Broome]] as part of the [[Nottingham University Spinal Rehabilitation Project]]<br> ...as a secondary disability in persons with lower limb amputations. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2001;82:731–734. http://dx.doi.org/1

...diating pain along the course of the [[Sciatic Nerve|sciatic nerve]] from the lower back or buttock to one or both legs or an associated [[Sacral Plexus| ...sciatica. BMJ. 2019 Nov 19;367:l6273. </ref>, which are the direct result of sciatic nerve or sciatic nerve root pathology.

'''Aids''' The provision of appropriate simple orthoses, aids and appliances to alleviate distress and ...imple bandages applied to the knee can relieve pain and increase the sense of security walking

..., Nanayakkara PWB, van Royen BJ, Wu W, Xia C, van Dieën JH. Understanding the Active Straight Leg Raise (ASLR): An electromyographic study in healthy sub The aSLR test is considered positive when it elicits pain in the lumbo-pelvic region or it points out a Motor Control (MC) dysfunction.

...arachutes, and even movement in the water. More resistance also means your muscles have to work harder.<ref>Bill Geiger. Beginner's Guide To Resistance Traini Guiding [[Principles of Exercise Physiology and Adaptation|principles]] to develop a resistance tra

...e an issue, one study reporting that 31% of cyclists experienced some form of overuse hand pain<ref>Schwellnus, Martin & Derman, Wayne. (2014). [https:// ...st's back]], [[Cyclist's Neck|cyclist's neck]], [[Cyclist's Knee|cyclist's knee]])

...able onset and severity and often difficult to localize. In early disease, the physical examination is often normal which inevitably causes a delay in dia This short video gives a good summary of the condition

...rbox"> '''Original Editor '''- [[User:Carin Hunter|Carin Hunter]] based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/donna-fisher/ Donn ...e patient to achieve their highest functional level - it should not hinder the patient.<ref name=":1" />

[[File:Muscles of the back.png|Muscles of the back|alt=|right|frameless|399x399px]] ...813/<nowiki/>(accessed 28.5.2021)</ref> [[Lumbar]] strain accounts for 70% of mechanical low back pain.<ref name=":0">Will JS, Bury DC, Miller JA. Mechan

...and cutting are considered the most common playing actions associated with the injury (51% and 15% respectively). ...een male and female athletes according to this report was in the mechanism of injury; males were more likely to suffer contact injuries (56%) while non-c

...;12(1):1189.</ref> This article discusses the key anatomical structures of the foot. ...ior to superior. The rotation axes of the foot joints are perpendicular to the cardinal planes. Therefore, motion at these joints results in rotations wit

...r elite adult rowers, there have been few studies assessing the prevalence of injuries in high school rowers. ...njury prevalence in the high school population in order to fill the gap in the literature.

...nternational, 2011.</ref>The popularity of CPRs has increased greatly over the past few years.<ref name="p1">Adams ST, Leveson SH. Clinical prediction rul ...ntion is likely to result in the optimal outcome for the patient, based on the information they have collected.<ref name="p1" />

...ently under review and may not be up to date. Please come back soon to see the finished work! ({{REVISIONDAY}}/{{REVISIONMONTH}}/{{REVISIONYEAR}}) </div> ...osteocytic death, leading to collapse of the necrotic segment of the head of femur..

...stricted locomotor activity and functional disability, and may progress to the point where joint replacement is needed. Hip osteoarthritis is a major glob ...nditioning and obtaining endurance of the surrounding muscles that support the joint.

Above Knee Amputee ...e learning from the Lower Limb Amputee Rehabilitation Course to reflect on the care provided.

...oi from [https://www.cvt.org The Center for Victims of Torture] as part of the [[PREP Content Development Project|PREP Content Development Project]] ...ese patients. Consideration for physiotherapy interventions that recognise the complex impact trauma can have on a person’s well-being is paramount. [[T

'''Original Editor '''- Part of [http://www.physio-pedia.com/Clubfoot_Content_Development_Project ICRC and ...if followed properly. <ref>Irani RN, Sherman MS. The Pathological Anatomy of Club Foot. JBJS. 1963;45(1):45-52.    </ref>

...leading cause of disability worldwide”.  It advised that “a key component of healthy ageing is to maintain mobility, and a key public health interventio ...c/articles/PMC6458786/ Strategies for optimising musculoskeletal health in the 21 st century. BMC musculoskeletal disorders]. 2019 Dec;20(1):164. Availabl

...prevalence, reliability, and validity of the measuring methods, the effect of LLD on function, and its role in various neuromusculoskeletal conditions<re ===Classification of Leg Length Discrepancy===

...name="p2">Jackie et al. ( 2013) 'Hypokalemic Periodic Paralysis: Two Cases of Profound Weakness', Air Medical Journal, 32(4), pp. 181-183.</ref>. == '''Patients with hypokalemia may present with signs and symptoms of:''' ==

[[File:Three-types-of-cartilage-hyaline-elastic-and-fibrocartilage.png|right|frameless]] ...[[Connective Tissue Disorders|connective tissue]] that is found throughout the body .

...swing phase. Foot drop can therefore hinder walking and increase the risk of tripping and falling. <ref>Stevens F, Weerkamp NJ, Cals JW. Foot drop. BMJ ...pated behind the head of the [[fibula]] and as it winds around the neck of the fibula.<ref>Palastanga N & Soames R ''Anatomy and Human Movement, Structur

...l discuss the anatomy of the hip joint in detail and provide some examples of hip joint pathology. ...ior to superior. The rotation axes of the foot joints are perpendicular to the cardinal planes. Therefore, motion at these joints results in rotations wit

[[File:Degeneration-of-the-acromioclavicular-joint.jpeg|thumb|Left '''AC joint degenerative''' changes ...int disease of the acromioclavicular joint: a review. The American journal of sports medicine. 2013 Nov;41(11):2684-92.Available:https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.

...ently under review and may not be up to date. Please come back soon to see the finished work! ({{REVISIONDAY}}/{{REVISIONMONTH}}/{{REVISIONYEAR}}) ...edge Broker (UBC Department of Physical Therapy, Physiotherapy Association of BC, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Providence Health Care Res

...n: a living systematic review with network meta-analysis.] British journal of sports medicine. 2021 Apr 1;55(7):369-77.</ref> ...ed Trial. Diversity & Equality in Health and Care. 2017 Aug 4;14(4).</ref> The pathophysiology is thought to be different and therefore there is alternati

'''Original Editors ''' - [[User:Dorien Scheirs|Dorien Scheirs]] as part of the [[Vrije Universiteit Brussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universi [[Image:Knee ligaments.png|right|350px]]

...Dyssynergic defecation and biofeedback therapy]. Gastroenterology Clinics of North America. 2008 Sep 1;37(3):569-86.</ref> ...echnique involves using visual, physical and/or auditory feedback to guide the patient to give their optimal performance.<ref>Basmajian JV. Biofeedback: P

...hildren with developmental disabilities in low and middle-income countries–the case for action]. International health. 2021 May;13(3):222-31.</ref> == Supine Development in the Newborn Infant: 0-4 weeks ==

[[File:Knee-OA1.png|right|frameless]] ...int disease, is typically the result of wear and tear and progressive loss of articular cartilage. It is most common in elderly people and can be divide

...with patellar tendinopathy: a randomised clinical trial]. British journal of sports medicine. 2021 May 1;55(9):501-9.</ref>. ...inopathy have been identified, such as gender, weight and body mass index, the most significant risk factor appears to be training load (i.e. an extrinsic

...children usually demonstrate ankle dorsiflexion at heel strike by the age of five years.<ref name=":7" /> ...alking-pdf-new-9.pdf Evidence-based Clinical Care Guideline for Management of Idiopathic Toe Walking]. Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center. Gui

...execute smooth, accurate, controlled motor responses (optimal interaction of [[muscle]] function). * Coordination is the ability to select the right muscle at the right time with proper intensity to achieve proper action.[[File:Cerebellum

...]] and [https://www.physio-pedia.com/User:Erynne_Rowe Erynne Rowe] as part of [[Queen's University Neuromotor Function Project|Queen's University Neuromo ...nce to guide decision-makers in the future and to highlight the importance of further research in adults that have CP.  

...''Original Editor '''- [[User:Stacy Schiurring|Stacy Schiurring]] based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/instructor/damien-howell/ Damie ...ffective treatment of low back pain? A point-counterpoint debate]. journal of orthopaedic & sports physical therapy. 2019 Jun;49(6):425-36.</ref> </block

...he specific body segment responds by generating specific forces to counter the [[Introduction to Human Biomechanics - External Forces|external forces]], t ...lication of the imaginary incision method and simplified force analysis in the lower limb.

...udy explores the clinical itinerary and possible rehabilitation objectives of an elderly dysvascular, bilateral amputee in a European University Hospital ...ptic orthopaedics unit. It concerns approximately one month, in the middle of a sometimes long and consuming route, covered by these patients, from acute

A force is a push or pull acting upon an object as a result of its interaction with another object. It plays a crucial role in rehabilitat ...damental in guiding rehabilitation protocols. By harnessing the principles of biomechanics and applying them effectively, healthcare professionals can ta

...g is formed by the fused bones of the ilium, ischium and pubis attached to the sacrum. A pelvic fracture can occur by low-energy mechanism or by high-ener ...hat fuse together during the late teenage years. These bony components are the ilium, ischium and pubis. <ref name="Russel">Russel G. V. Et al, [https://e

'''Original Editor '''- The [[Open Physio]] project. ...curs as a result of a powerful eccentric contraction or over-stretching of the muscle. Therefore, it is typical for non-contact sports with dynamic charac

...ogal|Tania Bhogal]], and [[User:Caitlyn Zavitz|Caitlyn Zavitz]] as part of the [[Queen's University Neuromotor Function Project]]<br> [[File:Demyelination of Nerve 1.png|thumb|448x448px|Demyelination of Nerve]]

...system that regulates gait, this process is disrupted. Finding the source of this disruption is essential to accurate diagnosis and effective treatment. ...algic gait as the result of a e.g. trip, [[Falls|fall]], or a stubbed toe. The limp isn’t usually permanent and probably not given much thought.

...orefoot disorders and conservative treatment.] Yeungnam University Journal of Medicine. 2019 May;36(2):92.Available from:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc ...n. "Metatarsophalangeal joint instability of the lesser toes." The Journal of Foot and Ankle Surgery 53.4 (2014): 440-445.

'''Original Editor '''- [[User:User Name|Kim Jackson]] as part of [http://www.physio-pedia.com/ICRC_Cerebral_Palsy_Content_Development_Projec ...d neurologists, each playing a distinct yet collaborative role in managing the unique challenges presented by CP.

...n where the tendon curves around the cuboid'''. <ref>Randt T. Fractures of the Calcaneus. In: Saxena, A. (eds) International Advances in Foot and Ankle Su ...ve Physiol Ther. 2009;32(1):41-52. doi: 10.1016/j.jmpt.2008.09.014. (level of evidence 1A)</ref>

'''Original Editor '''-[[User:Elsa Ptsi|Elsa Ptsi]] as an assignment for the [[Physiotherapy, Exercise and Physical Activity Course|Physical Actvitiy co ...>Physical status : the use of and interpretation of anthropometry , report of a WHO expert committee. World Health Organization. Available at: http://app

...ivities or professional and recreational sports. This article will discuss the ankle joint and its osseous, soft tissue, neural and vascular components, a ...ior to superior. The rotation axes of the foot joints are perpendicular to the cardinal planes. Therefore, motion at these joints results in rotations wit

...0–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. The Lancet. 2017 Sep 16;390(10100):1211-59.</ref> Pain is not always a bad thing! Pain is the body's way to receive messages that there is a threat or something is wrong

...ef>. CMT is a slowly progressive disorder and it encompasses a large group of clinically and genetically heterogeneous disorders. ...22) gene<ref name="KF1" />. More information regarding the specifics about the different gene mutations can be found here <ref name="KF4">NHS CHOICES., 20

...nwerckx|Matthias Steenwerckx]], [[User:Wout Theys|Wout Theys]] as part of the [[Vrije Universiteit Brussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universi ...changes of the bones and soft tissues where adjacent spinous processes in the [[Lumbar Anatomy|lumbar spine]] rub against each other.<ref name=":4">Radio

...ae in place, and [[Tendon Anatomy|tendon]]<nowiki/>s attach the muscles to the spinal column. ...cluding the bony structures, articulations, ligaments, muscles, nerves and the vascular supply.

== Overview of Running Injuries == ...f><ref>Francis P, Whatman C, Sheerin K, Hume P, Johnson MI. The Proportion of Lower Limb Running Injuries by Gender, Anatomical Location and Specific Pat

...ibia - frontal view.png|thumb|Pain generally in the inner and lower 2/3rds of tibia.|alt=|240x240px]] ...over the anterior [[tibia]] and is an early stress injury in the continuum of tibial [[Stress Fractures|stress fractures]].<ref name=":9">McClure CJ, Oh

* Vulva: the external female genital area<ref name=":2">The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Vulvovaginal Health. Available from: https * Labia majora: the outer folds of skin<ref name=":2" />

...rbox"> '''Original Editor '''- [[User:Carin Hunter|Carin Hunter]] based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/michelle-green-sme ...to propel movement and an important shock absorber. As well as this, most of a dancer's artistic expression comes from their foot.<ref name=":11" />

...box">'''Original Editors '''- [[User:Andrea Nees|Andrea Nees]] as part of the [[Vrije Universiteit Brussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universi ...tes movement by reducing friction between the anterior [[hip]] capsule and the [[iliopsoas]].<ref name=":0">Johnston CA, Wiley JP, Lindsay DM, Wiseman DA.

...ginal Editor''' - [[User:Ewa Jaraczewska|Ewa Jaraczewska]] based on course of [https://members.physio-pedia.com/instructor/rina-pandya/ Rina Pandya] ...also to reduce the work of the body, the energy expenditure, in order for the body to move effortlessly, seamlessly as much as possible". ''Rina Pandya''

...pelvis. The rounded femoral head sits within the cup-shaped acetabulum of the pelvis. [[File:Sagittal section of the structures of the hip 2 Primal.png|thumb|Sciatic Nerve]]

...ns are not consistent. Verhagen et al. (2010) highlighted that definitions of sports injury can be discussed in both theoretical and operational terms.<r ...The IOC manual of sports injuries: an illustrated guide to the management of injuries in physical activity]. John Wiley & Sons; 2012 Jun 12.

...rticles/PMC4303793/ Rehabilitation of spinal cord injuries.] World journal of orthopedics. 2015 Jan 18;6(1):8. Available from:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.go ...trength, conservation of bone density, and to ensure normal functioning of the respiratory and digestive system<ref name=":0" />.

== Overview of the Pelvic Girdle Musculoskeletal Method^sm == ...ysiotherapy assistants since 2011.<ref name=":0">Riczo, D. Introduction to the Pelvic Girdle Musculoskeletal Method Course. Plus , 2021.</ref>

...derstanding of the lumbar spine evaluation. This page provides an overview of this evaluation and includes links for more information. ...formulate hypothetical diagnoses about the potential pathoanatomical cause of pain:<ref name=":2">Cunningham S. Lumbar Spine Evaluation Course. Plus, 202

...t. Sacroiliac joint syndrome is a significant source of pain in 15% to 30% of people with mechanical [[Low Back Pain|low back pain]]. ...ction is a condition caused by abnormal motion or slight mispositioning of the SI joint.

...may present with certain postural dysfunctions such as increased tension of their anterior muscular peri-laryngeal chain.<ref name=":1" /> These postur ...ons. Many responded that they tended to choose interventions that focus on the body (see Figure 1), such as:<ref name=":1" />

..., and more. Healthline. <nowiki>https://www.healthline.com/health/benefits-of-stretching#benefits</nowiki></ref> Effects of Stretching

...ies.<ref name=":1">Joseph TN, Mroczek KJ. Decision making in the treatment of hallux valgus. Bull NYU Hosp Jt Dis. 2007;65(1):19-23. </ref> This article [[File:Foot inferior.png|thumb|Plantar surface of the foot]]

...">'''Original Editors '''- [[User:Francky Petit|Francky Petit]] as part of the [[Vrije Universiteit Brussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universi ...9858 Detection and staging of chondromalacia patellae: relative efficacies of conventional MR imaging, MR arthrography, and CT arthrography]. AJR Am J Ro

..."editorbox"> '''Original Editor '''- [[User:Jess Bell|Jess Bell]] based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/mauro-banfi/ Mauro ...tion.<ref name=":0" /> Swallowing actions (such as sucking, swallowing and the breathing / swallowing sequence) continue to develop after birth as babies

...ticle/pii/S0022510X10003928 Perspectives of Kennedy's disease]. Journal of the Neurological Sciences. 2010 Nov 15;298(1-2):1-0.</ref> ...ssion.<ref name=":0" /> Kennedy’s Disease usually appears between the ages of 30-60; however, earlier and later onsets can also occur.<ref name=":4" />

..._Problems Bellarmine University Physical Therapy Program's Pathophysiology of Complex Patient Problems Project.] ...ther comorbidities have not been found. The patient disclosed that she had the flu last week but has not been tested or had a diagnosis confirmed. She has

...struction and may only be partially complete. Please come back soon to see the finished work! ({{REVISIONDAY}}/{{REVISIONMONTH}}/{{REVISIONYEAR}})</div> ...24; 112(1): 32-45</ref>. These discrepancies may stem from various sources of inter-individual variation, including genetic factors, diverse physical att

...ed social roles and desired recreational activities, have a higher quality of life, and have improved health status. The ability to walk after a Spinal cord injury (SCI) depends on many factors in

...'''Original Editor '''- [[User:Robin Tacchetti|Robin Tacchetti]] based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/krista-eskay/ Kris ...o early. Babies born before 37 weeks are considered preterm. Depending on the gestational age, preterm can be further divided into three sub-categories:

...nafiglia|Emma Bonafiglia]] and [[User:Kevin Duong|Kevin Duong]] as part of the [[Queen's University Neuromotor Function Project]] <br> ...ncrease his confidence, autonomy, and prognosis acceptance through the use of therapeutic interventions.

...rbox"> '''Original Editor '''- [[User:Carin Hunter|Carin Hunter]] based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/donna-fisher/ Donn ...y aspects that need to be considered aside from [[Biomechanical Assessment of Foot and Ankle|biomechanical]] factors, including comfort and aesthetics to

...agility, and balance along with mental control. It is a popular sport with the explosion in climbing gyms, bouldering venues and, bolted sports routes. ..., treatments, and prevention is important to diagnose, manage, and counsel the rock-climbing athlete.

...box"> '''Original Editor '''- [[User:Bo Hellinckx|Bo Hellinckx]]as part of the [[Vrije Universiteit Brussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universi ...4.184 Hamstrung by hamstring strains: a review of the literature]. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy. 1984 Jan 1;5(4):184-95.</ref>

...important to have a functional knowledge of the underlying biomechanics of the shoulder complex. ...oordinated motion. weakness of any muscle change normal kinematic chain of the joint.

...):1863-1877.</ref>. Thus, runners have sought numerous strategies in hopes of reducing injury and running faster. One strategy is to run without any shoe ...in minimalist shoes is linked to higher running-related pain in the ankle, knee, calf and shin <ref>Knapik JJ, Orr R, Pope R. Update on Minimalist Running

...to treat many diseases with different conditions that include improvement of sports performance<ref name=":0" />. ...ef>: <u>Area treated category,</u> the <u>material inside the cups</u> and the sixth category is <u>other cupping types</u> for example sports, cosmetic,

...on therapy: [https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/11/7/2969 Vibration parameters of effective wearable devices]. Applied Sciences. 2021 Mar 26;11(7):2969.</ref The WBV shown to have beneficial effects on the nervous and musculoskeletal systems:

...]<nowiki>''</nowiki><ref>Fox JR, Lovegreen W. Lower Limb Orthoses. InAtlas of Orthoses and Assistive Devices 2019 Jan 1 (pp. 239-246). Content Repository * An orthosis is a single device, a group of them are referred to as orthoses.

...tation interventions. <ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">Harvey L. Management of Spinal Cord Injuries: A Guide for Physiotherapists. Elsevier Health Science ...status. <ref name=":1" /><ref>McDonald JW, Sadowsky C. Spinal Cord Injury. The Lancet. 2002 Feb 2;359(9304):417-25.</ref><ref name=":2">Waters RL, Adkins

...sician'', ''103''(2), 81-89.</ref> The purpose of this page is to describe the evidence-based physical therapy practice including diagnosis, assessment an ...Physical Therapy of the American Physical Therapy Association.] ''Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy'', (7), CPG1-CPG70.</ref>

...early life."<ref name=":0" /> IASP also argues that "[a]ctivity induced in the nociceptor and [[Nociception|nociceptive]] pathways by a noxious stimulus i ...including:<ref>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Benefits of Physical Activity. Available from https://www.cdc.gov/physicalactivity/basi

...7th March. 1998 Mar.</ref> and straining or rupture of the muscles around the ankle (e.g. [[Calf Strain|calf]], [[Peroneal Tendinopathy|peroneii]], [[Tib ...att, D. , Treatment Of Pott’s Fracture, department of traumatic surgery of the New York postgraduate hospital, New YorkfckLR</ref>.

...tion following total knee arthroplasty in patients under 55 years of age]. The bone & joint journal. 2016 Dec;98(12):1625-34.</ref> ...able from: https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1250275-overview#:~:text=The%20primary%20indication%20for%20total,pain%20caused%20by%20severe%20arthriti

...l Therapy Management of Adult Lower-Limb Amputees. Chapter 23 -''' ''Atlas of Limb Prosthetics: Surgical, Prosthetic, and Rehabilitation Principles. Avai ...assessment tools are utilised to identify the issues around the potential of falls for an individual patient.

...ncrease active life expectancy by limiting the development and progression of [[Chronic Disease|chronic disease]] and disabling conditions. There is also ...e & Science in Sports & exercise: Official Journal of the American College of Sports Medicine. Med Sci '''Sports''' Exerc. 2009. 41 (7): 1510-1530. Ava

== Diagnostic Tools for the Sacroiliac Area and Pelvic Girdle Dysfunction == ...ef name=":1" /> This suggests that there are other extra-articular sources of sacroiliac region pain.<ref name=":1" />

...alled acetabular dysplasia because it's shallowness does not fully support the femoral head.<ref name=":6" /> [[File:Hip_dysplasia_schematic.jpg|Diagram of Hip joint structures' position |alt=|299x299px|thumb]]

...der, bowel and sexual function. The neurological interruption also affects the individual's blood pressure, skin integrity and ability to regulate tempera Spinal cord Injury does only have an impact on the individuals' physical and emotional well-being, but it also has a considera

...sessment as part of the screening process is relevant as there is evidence of correlations between injury and posture.<ref name=":1" /> Abnormal [[Postur Studies of various sports find load accumulation and uneven muscle tone can cause post

[[File:Muscles of the Pelvic Floor.jpg|thumb|411x411px|Muscles of the Pelvic Floor]] ...e disorders. Surgical management is controversial and with limited studies of varying success.

== Anatomy of the Forelimb == ...ed.<ref name=":0">Hinkle FD, Johnson SA, KT, Selberg, MF Barrett. A review of normal radiographical variants commonly mistaken for pathological findings

...Complex Patient Problems|from Bellarmine University's&nbsp;Pathophysiology of Complex Patient Problems project.]] ...cord injuries (SCI)]], [[amputations]], joint replacements, and [[Overview of Traumatic Brain Injury|traumatic brain injuries (TBI)]].<ref name=":0">Sun

...destructive process can occur through multiple pathways. Knowing the type of arthritis a person has means that informed decisions can be made. ...lm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2612045/ Acute monoarthritis: what is the cause of my patient's painful swollen joint?] CMAJ. 2009 Jan 6;180(1):59-65. </ref>

...'''Original Editor '''- [[User:Ewa Jaraczewska|Ewa Jaraczewska]] based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/instructor/helene-simpson/ Hele ...tifica.com/view/journals/eor/6/8/2058-5241.6.200138.xml Current management of trimalleolar ankle fractures.] EFORT Open Reviews. 2021 Aug 10;6(8):692-703

...l14No4/13.pdf Changes of kinematic gait parameters due to pregnancy.] Acta of bioengineering and biomechanics [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2021 Nov 25];14(4). ...in Gait with Anteriorly Added Mass: A Pregnancy Simulation Study.] Journal of Applied Biomechanics [Internet]. 2016 Aug [cited 2021 Nov 21];32(4):379–8

....nih.gov/pubmed/30013870 Piriformis Syndrome and Wallet Neuritis: Are They the Same?.] Cureus. 2018 May;10(5). ...be explained by the wider quadriceps femoris muscle angle in the os coxae of women.<ref name="Lori" />

...''Original Editor '''- [[User:Stacy Schiurring|Stacy Schiurring]] based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/instructor/pam-versfeld/ Pam Ve ...keful prone positioning on the physical, cognitive, and social development of typically developing infants.

...vice .<ref name="Nair & Peate 2012">Nair M, Peate I, editors. Fundamentals of Applied Pathophysiology: An essential guide for nursing students. John Wile ...that pain could be a measure of potential threat rather than an indication of tissue health.<ref name="Moseley 2003" /><br> Lorimer Moseley’s 2007 pape

...ditors ''' - [[User:Maryam Azab|Maryam Azab]] as part of [[The University of Waterloo Clinical Biomechanics Project]] ...n cause of heel pain. It is important to note that despite the presence of the suffix “itis”, this condition lacks inflammatory mechanisms and agents.

...commonly referred to as SIJ) is the joint connection between the spine and the pelvis. ...101(5):1440-53.</ref> made up of the [[sacrum]] and the two innominates of the [[pelvis]].

...com/doi/abs/10.1179/jmt.2006.14.4.70E Trigger point dry needling.] Journal of Manual & Manipulative Therapy. 2006 Oct 1;14(4):70E-87E.</ref> Trigger poin == Pathophysiology of MTrPs ==

...] David Bayard, Neil De Heyder, Jack Cortvriend, Nicolas Casier as part of the [[Vrije Universiteit Brussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universi ...; Factors affecting success include tear age, location and pattern, age of the patient, as well as any associated injuries.

...''Original Editor '''- [[User:Stacy Schiurring|Stacy Schiurring]] based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/instructor/damien-howell/ Damie ...cle can be a career-long endeavour and calls for creativity on the part of the physiotherapist during treatment interventions.

...struction and may only be partially complete. Please come back soon to see the finished work! ({{REVISIONDAY}}/{{REVISIONMONTH}}/{{REVISIONYEAR}}) ...cols can be used when appropriate, but it has to match with the patient on the day

...riginal Editor '''- [[User:Wanda van Niekerk|Wanda van Niekerk]] based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/instructor/helene-simpson/ Hele ...e=":0" /> This page will focus specifically on the conservative management of hallux valgus.

...rbox"> '''Original Editor '''- [[User:Carin Hunter|Carin Hunter]] based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/rina-pandya/ Rina ...t the day and performs many different breaths and breath holds. Retraining the diaphragm is, therefore, crucial for optimal function.

..."editorbox"> '''Original Editor '''- [[User:Jess Bell|Jess Bell]] based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/mauro-banfi/ Mauro ...in these areas, it is essential to have the skills to evaluate the impact of posture on these functions.

'''Original Editor '''- The [[Open Physio]] project. ...nificant, are not as severe as those in bones bearing a greater proportion of body weight..<ref>https://ukhealthcare.uky.edu/orthopaedic-surgery-sports-m

...07 Sep 25;21(7):50-.</ref> In essence, it is the extent to which a part of the body can be moved around a joint or a fixed point. ...part of patient assessment.<ref name=":0">Norkin CC, White DJ. Measurement of joint motion: a guide to goniometry. FA Davis; 2016 Nov 18.</ref>

Jill, the military soldier ...goal of running again. It took a lot of patience and determination, but in the end, Jill was able to be a competitive athlete again.

...acing Content Template. This has been made by students from the University of Northampton. The content on or accessible through Physiopedia is for [http://www.physio-pedi

...not edit unless you are involved in this project, but please come back in the near future to check out new information!!</div> ...iopsoas and spinal extensors) that connect the dorsal and ventral sides of the body <ref>Sahu, P. and Phansopkar, P. (2021) Screening for lower cross synd

...r Nov 86:1511-1519;2006</ref><ref>Jamieson,D, and Steege, J:The prevalence of dysmenorrhea,dyspareunia, pelvic pain and irritable bowel syndrome in prima .... However, the condition of the mother and the fetus determines which type of incision will be used.

...dy segments.<ref name=":1" /> This function is embedded in the principles of human [[biomechanics]]. Biomechanics is considered to be one of the underpinning principles in physiotherapy practice to provide optimal care f

'''Original Editor '''- [[User:Wanda van Niekerk|Wanda van Niekerk]] based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/merike-hopkins/ Me ...[[Tendon Anatomy|tendons]] and [[Ligament|ligaments]], are mainly at risk of injury.<ref>Walther M, Reuter I, Leonhard T, Engelhardt M. Injuries and res

...Reliability of navicular displacement measurement as a clinical indicator of foot posture.] J Am Podiat Med Assn 2001;91:262-8.</ref> ...ular on an index card placed along the inside of the foot and then measure the change with a ruler.

Post Prosthetic fitting rehabilitation of patient with trans tibial amputation, PVD and DM Type 2 ...urements with reference to the WHO ICF framework and current guidelines in the literature. This case supported current practice but also highlighted areas

...therapy in the treatment of tendinopathies of the lower limbs: a protocol of a systematic review]. Systematic Reviews. 2019 Dec;8(1):1-6.</ref> ...is of Tendinopathy|differential diagnosis]] is also important to make sure the diagnosis is accurate.

...]-like condition of the spine caused by degeneration of the joints between the spinal bones. ...he vertebrae posteriorly and and help with twisting and turning motions of the spine. <ref name=":0">Brennan D. Facet arthrosis: What is it and what caus

...owing these types of injuries is significant, which results in high levels of amputations.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">BACPAR, Chapter.3 Amputee Rehab ...mpromised where the dead muscle is missed resulting in uneven distribution of tissue necrosis.<ref name=":2" />

..."editorbox"> '''Original Editor '''- [[User:Jess Bell|Jess Bell]] based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/dana-mather/ Dana ...2019 Jan-Feb;53(1):35-44. </ref> Cerebral palsy can also lead to a number of secondary musculoskeletal conditions, which can also affect functional abil

Muscles used for breathing are connected to the lumbar vertebra. There is evidence suggesting a relationship between respir ...case–control study”, European Spine Journal, 2009, 18.7: 1066-1073. (level of evidence: 3B)</ref>

...ues in the foot where an enlargement of the bony section of the heel where the [[Achilles Tendon|Achilles tendon]] inserts is triggered. <ref name=":5">V ...0 Haglund's deformity and retrocalcaneal bursitis.] The Orthopedic clinics of North America 1994;25(1):41-6.</ref> Cavo varus deformities exacerbate this

Melancia, J.L., et al defines spinal stenosis as the narrowing of the [[/www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/spinal-canal|spinal canal]] ca ...joint hypertrophy or slippage of adjacent vertebral bodies, all narrowing the space for neural tissue to pass through.

...utlining the patient's goals and treatment plan. This case aims to discuss the limitations and provide evidence for rehabilitation and outcomes for adults ...time which increases the risk for damage<ref name=":1" />. The prevalence of CP is approximately 2-3 individuals per every 1000, most affecting children

...e USA alone and seems to be more common in individuals between 20-50 years of age. Women are also 3 times more likely to develop MS than men<ref>National Individuals with MS mainly present with the following symptoms;

...olid collagen scaffold: clinical and histological outcomes after two years of followup. J Orthop Traumatol 6:36–43</ref> ...R., et al. "Articular cartilage lesions of the knee." The American Journal of Sports Medicine 26.6 (1998): 853-861.</ref><ref name="Cole et al">Brian J.

...e Emblem|Jane Emblem]] and [[User:Manny Dhillon|Manny Dhillon]] as part of the [[Queen's University Neuromotor Function Project]] '''Top Contributors''' - ...e of the case study is to provide the reader with the typical presentation of DMD as well as assessment tools and intervention strategies used during thi

...taking part in sports such as football and hockey, which involves a change of direction activities.<ref name="p4" /> Proximal hamstring tendinopathy is a ...sment-and-Management.pdf Proximal Hamstring Tendinopathy: Clinical Aspects of Assessment and Management.] J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2016 Jun;46(6):483-9

...www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4012322/ Osteoarthritis of the spine: the facet joints]. ''Nature Reviews Rheumatology''. 2013 Apr;9(4):216. Availabl ...ine MRI showing degenerative disc disease, osteophytes, and osteoarthritis of C5-C6|thumb]]

...ssouri. Elsevier. 2021</ref> The muscle strength assessment is integral to the objective examination as it provides valuable information on strength and n ...hritis]]. Muscle strength can be a predictor of mortality, hospital length of stay, and hospital readmission.

'''Original Editor '''- [[User:Ewa Jaraczewska|Ewa Jaraczewska]] based on the course by Melanie Harding ...22 May 17;12(5):808. </ref> This article discusses the various definitions of spasticity, assessment methods and options for managing spasticity in spina

...rbox"> '''Original Editor '''- [[User:Carin Hunter|Carin Hunter]] based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/michelle-green-sme ...utilized in determining pointe readiness in young ballet dancers.] Journal of Dance Medicine & Science. 2018 Dec 1;22(4):209-17.</ref>

...'''Original Editor '''- [[User:Ewa Jaraczewska|Ewa Jaraczewska]] based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/instructor/helene-simpson/ Hele ...iotherapy management can aid in a faster recovery. A good understanding of the structures, functional anatomy, and etiologic factors in syndesmosis ankle

...and applied a research-based treatment approach while integrating the role of technology in rehabilitation. '''''Case Presentation:''''' The case study focuses on Michelle White, a 47year old female who is a work-fro

..."editorbox"> '''Original Editor '''- [[User:Jess Bell|Jess Bell]] based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/ibukun-afolabi/ Ib == Defining the Postpartum Period ==

...uency currents. As the low frequency current is the result of interference of two different medium frequency currents, it is named as – interferential •Using a medium frequency, a more tolerable penetration of current through the skin is possible.<ref name="null" /><ref name=":1">William E. Prentice. [ht

...an JM, Sowa G, Shekelle P, Denninger TR, Godges JJ; Orthopaedic Section of the American Physical Therapy Association. [https://www.jospt.org/doi/10.2519/j * Mechanical Diagnosis and Therapy (MDT) (also known as the McKenzie Method)

...ACL is critical to elucidate the mechanisms of injury, understand the fate of chronic ACL deficiency, and to improve surgical reconstruction. == Development of the ACL ==

...ditorbox"> '''Original Editor '''- [[User:User Name|Tom Fleet]] as part of the [[Nottingham University Spinal Rehabilitation Project]]<br> ...leeming, Diane Lee, and Thomas Myers, that anatomy slings are a large part of these systems and our ability to generate efficient dynamic movement.

...’s forearm muscles. It can be used as a screening tool for the measurement of upper body strength and overall [[Strength and Conditioning|strength]]. It ==== The Elderly ====