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...ular motion. <ref name=":0">Clarkson Hazel M. Musculoskeletal Assessment - Joint Motion and Muscle Testing. 3rd Edition. Philadelphia. Lippincott Williams & The patient's shoulder is stabilized by the weight of their trunk, when supine.

...ty of joint functions:''' functions of the range and ease of movement of a joint. ...zed; impairments such as in hypermobility of joints, frozen joints, frozen shoulder, arthritis

...mination-of-the-Unstable-Shoulder.pdf Clinical examination of the unstable shoulder.] Sports Medicine. 2002 Jun;32:447-57.</ref><br> ...er instability and laxity tests in subjects with and without self-reported shoulder problems.] BMJ open. 2018 Mar 1;8(3):e018472.</ref><ref>Dutton, M. (2008).

...t is used to assess the stability of the [[Glenohumeral Joint|Glenohumeral joint]]. ...head, more movement is considered to be a sign of [[Glenohumeral Joint|GH joint]] laxity.<br>

...sess the integrity of the [[Acromioclavicular Joint|acromioclavicular (AC) joint]]. ...across the patient's body, bringing their elbow towards the contralateral shoulder <ref name=":0">Park HB, Yokota A, Gill HS, El Rassi G, McFarland EG. [https

Shoulder abduction ...nrestricted shoulder girdle range.<ref>Norkin CC, White DJ. Measurement of joint motion: a guide to goniometry. FA Davis; 2016 Nov 18.</ref>

...the shoulder to check for posterior instability of the [[Shoulder|shoulder joint]]. <ref name=":0">Hattam P, Smeatham A. Special Tests in Musculoskeletal Ex The patient lies in a supine position with the shoulder at 90° abduction, with some external rotation, so the arm is horizontal wh

...ell R. Diagnostic values of tests for acromioclavicular joint pain. J Bone Joint Surg. 2004; 86(4):807-812.</ref> *If pain is elicited or increased in the region of the acromioclavicular joint, the test is considered positive

...to test for anterior instability of the [[Glenohumeral Joint|glenohumeral joint]]. ...erior glide of the head of the humerus) for risk of [[Shoulder Dislocation|shoulder dislocation]].

...r. Available from http://at.uwa.edu/special%20tests/specialtests/UpperBody/shoulder%20Main%20Page.htm</ref> ...erior shoulder stability]].It assesses [[Humerus|humeral head]] inferior [[Shoulder Subluxation|subluxation.]]<ref name=":2" />

...y of the [[Glenohumeral Joint|glenohumeral]] joint capsule, or to assess [[Shoulder Instability|glenohumeral instability]] in an anterior direction.<br> ...pist will flex the patient's elbow to 90 degrees and abducts the patient's shoulder to 90 degrees, maintaining neutral rotation.&nbsp; The examiner then slowly

Each joint has a normal [[Range of Motion|ROM]] range of values, while each person has ...name=":1">Wem [https://www.wikem.org/wiki/Range_of_motion_by_joint ROM by joint] Available online:https://www.wikem.org/wiki/Range_of_motion_by_joint [acce

Shoulder internal rotation (IR) Shoulder external rotation (ER)

...Joint Replacement Available: https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/treatment/total-joint-replacement/<nowiki/>(accessed 24.12.2023)</ref> ...oplasty), and various other procedures exist which attempt to realigne the joint (e.g. osteotomies) or resurfacing with tissue.<ref>Radiopedia Arthroplasty

Shoulder horizontal abduction Shoulder is abducted to 90 degrees and elbow is flexed to 90 degrees

The examiner places the patient's arm shoulder in 90 degrees of shoulder flexion with the elbow flexed to 90 degrees and then internally rotates the ...int video - © Kenhub https://www.kenhub.com/en/study/anatomy-glenohumeral-joint</ref>

...he shoulder to understand the arthrokinematic movement within the shoulder joint. ...>Dashottar A, Borstad J. Posterior glenohumeral joint capsule contracture. Shoulder Elbow. 2012 Oct;4(4):230-6.</ref>

...tify a superior anterior and posterior glenoid labral tear of the shoulder joint.<br> # The patient lies in supine position with affected shoulder slightly over the edge of the bed.

...used to assess the function of [[Supraspinatus]] muscle and tendon of the shoulder complex. <br> ...patient's thumb should be pointing up. The therapist should stabilize the shoulder while applying a downward force to the arm whilst the patient tries to resi

...reference to anterior and posterior drawer tests]. The Journal of bone and joint surgery. British volume. 1984 Aug;66(4):551-6. </ref> '''Step2.''' Relax the affected shoulder by holding patients arm ( or placing hand on axilla) with therapist one han

...k Pain: Clinical Practice Guidelines|neck]], [[Lumbar Anatomy|back,]] or [[shoulder]] pain.<ref>Ghan GM, Babu VS. Immediate effect of cervico-thoracic mobiliza ...ck Pain: Clinical Practice Guidelines|neck]], [[Lumbar Anatomy|back]] or [[shoulder]] pain.<ref name=":0">Gauri Milind Ghan & V. Sarath Babu. [https://www.tan

[[File:Internal impingement of the shoulder.jpg|thumb|High stressors in throwing motion]] ...s.<ref name="Wilk1">Wilk et al. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19194026/ Shoulder Injuries in the Overhead Athlete]. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2009;39(2):38

...tor cuff muscles. <ref name=":0">Jeno SH, Munjal A, Schindler GS. Anatomy, shoulder and upper limb, arm supraspinatus muscle. StatPearls Publishing; 2023.</ref ==== Shoulder Stability ====

...e of the 4 muscles which comprise the [[Rotator Cuff|Rotator Cuff]] of the shoulder. ...erior aspect of greater tuberosity of humerus, and the capsule of shoulder joint.<ref name="p2">Wheeles CR. [http://www.wheelessonline.com/ortho/infraspinat

<div class="col-xs-12 col-md-6 col-lg-4">[[Image:Elbow joint Primal.png|200px|center]]<br> Elbow Joint

...al Plexus|brachial plexus]].<ref name="aex">Juneja P, Hubbard JB. Anatomy, shoulder and upper limb, arm Teres minor muscle. StatPearls Publishing; 2023. </ref> ...th [[Infraspinatus]], primarily produces external rotation of the shoulder joint.<ref name="aex" />

...PA: Elsevier.</ref> and can be useful in helping differentiate between AC joint and impingement syndromes.<ref name="Frontera book">Frontera WR, Silver JK, #The patient's shoulder is positioned into 90 flexion and internal rotation, with the placed into 9

...g, there are two patterns of range of motion used in the interpretation of joint motion: ...capsular pattern of restriction is a limitation of pain and movement in a joint specific ratio, which is usually present with [[Osteoarthritis|arthritis]],

[[Image:Grays326.JPEG|thumb|right|Anterior view of the left shoulder and acromioclavicular joints, and proper scapular ligaments.]] ...oint <ref>.Christopher C. Dodson, Frank A. Cordasco, Anterior Glenohumeral Joint Dislocations, Orthopedic Clinics of North America,2008:39(4), 507-518. Avai

This test is used to detect postero-inferior instability of the Glenohumeral joint. ...of Success in Nonoperative Treatment of Posteroinferior Instability of the Shoulder.&amp; Am J Sports Med 2004 32: 1849 </ref>

...erve as a treatment procedure and are commonly administered in cases where joint range of motion is restricted. Specific grades of mobilization are describ ...ion assessment techniques and mobilization techniques for the glenohumeral joint will also be demonstrated and discussed.

...ystematic review of aetiology and treatment of post-stroke hand oedema and shoulder-hand syndrome.] Scandinavian Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine. 2000;32(1) |Shoulder

...disorders. 2014 Dec;15(1):1-10. </ref><ref>Jeno SH, Schindler GS. Anatomy, Shoulder and Upper Limb, Arm Supraspinatus Muscle. StatPearls [Internet]. 2019 Jan 4 {{#ev:youtube| uskZIqThlb0|300}}<ref>Young Lae Moon. Shoulder motion with rotator cuff (supraspinatus). Available from: www.youtube.com/w

...ambert SM, Gerber C. Lag signs in the diagnosis of rotator cuff rupture. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 1996;5:307-13.</ref>. The purpose of this clinical diagnostic te ...tion (to avoid elastic recoil of the joint capsule and the scapulothoracic joint). The patient is then asked to maintain the position actively while the exa

* [[Humerus]] and [[Elbow]] joint ...achialis - flexes and adducts the [[Glenohumeral Joint|glenohumeral]] (GH) joint and acts to stabilise the humeral head in the [[Glenoid Labrum|glenoid]] fo

...rmal positioning and movement of the [[scapula]] is linked to glenohumoral joint pathologies. ...at the hip and knee requires extreme stabilization at the scapula-thoracic joint.<ref name=":0">Hong J, Barnes MJ, Leddon CE, Van Ryssegem G, Alamar B. [htt

Stabilize distal end of humerus to prevent flexion of shoulder joint. ...nge of motion due to large biceps.<ref>Norkin CC, White DJ. Measurement of joint motion: a guide to goniometry. FA Davis; 2016 Nov 18.</ref>

...ar distance from the the line of action of a force to the rotation axis of joint. Torque is also called a moment of force and is expressed as ...s acting on opposite sides of an axis of rotation that cause the object or joint to produce rotatory force but without linear translation. These forces are

...ulder Unit’s specialist shoulder physiotherapist Marcus Bateman <ref>Derby Shoulder Unit. Results of Derby Instability Rehab Programme published [Internet]. 20 ...sell RD, Robertson WJ. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21808996/ Anterior shoulder instability: a review of pathoanatomy,]

Mr A has a history of persistent and debilitating pain in his shoulder with significant sleep disturbance following time in detention in his home ...worse from day to day. He has became more and more disabled because of his shoulder pain.

...scia]] that produce a synchronous motion and stability of the glenohumeral joint, scapulothoracic joints and upper extremities. ...name=":0" />. Assessment of the upper quadrant muscles is essential in the shoulder problems of athletes and the general population<ref>Donatelli RA. Sports-Sp

...istance test on subacromial space during static arm elevation.] Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. 2012 May 1;21(5):631-40.</ref>  ...a dyskinesis]] or abnormal scapular movement has been associated with many shoulder pathologies.<ref name=":1">Rabin A, Irrgang JJ, Fitzgerald GK, Eubanks A. [

...ests for the different degrees of subacromial impingement syndrome. J Bone Joint Surg Am, 87(7), 1446-1455.</ref> <br>See [[Test Diagnostics|test diagnostic [[Category:Shoulder]]

...levation. Infrapinatus muscle is often involved in shoulder pathologies as shoulder impingement and rotator cuff tears.<ref name=":0">Hughes PC, Green RA, Tayl ...n clinical and high resolution ultrasonography examinations of the painful shoulder. Journal of ultrasonography. 2015 Mar;15(60):29.</ref>

...p; Tomlinson JE. Clinical Diagnosis of Tears of the Rotator Cuff. J Bone Joint Surg. May 1991;(74):404-405]</ref><ref name="Cleland">Cleland J. Orthopae [[Category:Shoulder]]

...55582&ei=5lywYu_xEsKN6rQP-9Ca6AM&scisig=AAGBfm1zee7umg5uN42e02OpIHG5FnNW6w Shoulder injuries in overhead athletes: the “dead arm” revisited]. Clinics in sp ...ul serving in tennis, or working with the arm in a strained position above shoulder.<ref name="6a" /><ref name="p0" />The symptoms can exacerbate by the loss o

[[File:Shoulder Joint.png|thumb]] The [[Shoulder|shoulder complex]] is a set of 5 highly mobile and stable mechanically interrelated

...ticle/81/2/799/2829545 Measurement of scapular asymmetry and assessment of shoulder dysfunction using the lateral scapular slide test]: a reliability and valid ...est measures the amount of scapular protraction in 3 positions of shoulder joint abduction, by measuring the distance from the midline to the medial boarder

To test the presence of a shoulder full-thickness rotator cuff tear using the [[Codman's Test|Drop-Arm Sign]], ...ests for the different degrees of subacromial impingement syndrome. J Bone Joint Surg AmfckLR2005 July;87(7):1446-55.</ref> study, the combination of the fo

...20</ref> that makes up the front part of the shoulder. It sits between the shoulder blade and the sternum. There are 2 clavicles in a person, one on the right ...s type of articulation is also known as a ‘double plane joint’ – where two joint cavities are separated by a layer of articular cartilage.

*gradual increase in pain at neck and shoulder, progressing down the arm *Pain in neck and shoulder from holding arms elevated but minimal distress in arm or hand.

...al ([[SLAP Lesion|SLAP Lesion]]) or acromioclavicular lesions as cause for shoulder pain. ...A new and effective test for diagnosing labral tears and acromioclavicular joint abnormality. Am J Sports Med. 1998;26:610-613.</ref> ==

...ion while doing Activities of daily living (ADLs). Shoulder being a mobile joint has a high predisposition for Instability.<ref>Kim SH, Ha KI, Jung MW, et a == Classification<ref name=":0">Jaggi A, Lambert S. Rehabilitation for shoulder instability. British journal of sports medicine. 2010 Apr 1;44(5):333-40.</

...sts for the different degrees of subacromial impingement syndrome. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2005 Jul;87(7):1446-55.</ref> == *Testing:&nbsp; Shoulder is flexed to 90 degrees and then internally rotated with elbow flexed to 90

...s over the [[Glenohumeral Joint|glenohumeral joint]] and which gives the [[shoulder]] its rounded contour. ...//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23784480/ The deltoid, a forgotten muscle of the shoulder.] Skeletal radiology. 2013 Oct;42(10):1361-75.Available:https://pubmed.ncbi

== <ref>Norkin CC, White DJ. Measurement of joint motion: a guide to goniometry. FA Davis; 2016 Nov 18.</ref>Anatomical Movem Patient is seated with the shoulder abducted to 90 degrees, elbow flexed to 90 degrees and wrist over the edge

Patient is seated with the shoulder abducted to 90 degrees, elbow flexed to 90 degrees and wrist over the edge ...d range of motion is 0- 70 degrees<ref>Norkin CC, White DJ. Measurement of joint motion: a guide to goniometry. FA Davis; 2016 Nov 18.</ref>

...s a clinical test used to distinguish cervical nerve root compression from shoulder disease in case of doubtful diagnosis.<ref name=":0" /> [[Compression|Nerve ...al nerve root compression from C5 to T1, not when the pain arises from the shoulder.<ref name=":0" />

....nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8861852/ The Relationship Between Generalised Joint Hypermobility and Autism Spectrum Disorder in Adults: A Large, Cross-Sectio To assess general passive joint hypermobility.

Shoulder flexion ...range of motion is 0- 180 degrees<ref>Norkin CC, White DJ. Measurement of joint motion: a guide to goniometry. FA Davis; 2016 Nov 18.</ref>

...inations performed for general orthopedic diseases. Manual examinations of shoulder labral and rotator cuff injuries are scattered, but are not conclusive enou ...was suggested that throwing the ball puts a lot of stress on the shoulder joint.

...rus with one hand while the other hand performs humeral rotation while the shoulder is being elevated in the scapular plane. The test can be repeated in supine ...dity and accuracy of clinical tests used to detect labral pathology of the shoulder-a systematic review. Manual Therapy 2009; 14(2):119-30.</ref> <br>

...al Posterior Anterior Mobilization (UPA) in the treatment of patients with shoulder impingement syndrome: A randomized clinical trial.</u> === ...rmine whether the application of UPA’s to a comparable (or non-comparable) joint in the lower cervical region improves overall self-report of function and p

...injuries like Rotator cuff tear, Anterior dislocation of the shoulder, AC joint injuries and Clavicle fractures.<ref name=":0">Raiman L, Antbring R, Pyne D ...orced abduction and extension at the first Metacarpophalangeal joint (MCP) joint(outstretched hand) when a fall occurs with a ski pole in hand. There is an

[[Image:Scapulothoracic-joint.jpg|center]] ...acic (ST) “joint” is not a true anatomic joint as it has none of the usual joint characteristics (union by fibrous, cartilaginous, or synovial tissues).

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Thoracic Manipulation for Shoulder Dysfunction}} [[File:Shoulder pain.jpg|thumb]]

...nterior part of the force couples of the [[Glenohumeral Joint|glenohumeral joint]].<ref name=":0">Lin L, Yan H, Xiao J, Ao Y, Cui G. [https://link.springer. The patient places the palm of the affected side on the opposite shoulder, with the fingers extended and the elbow anterior to the body. The patient

# Prone Extension "Y" - Prone with palm facing upwards, shoulder abducted to 110° to the thorax while keeping your shoulders retracted but abduction and rotation. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 76:

[[Image:Grays326.JPEG|thumb|right|Acromioclavicular Joint]] ...of the [[scapula]] and is a gliding, or plane style synovial joint. The AC Joint attaches the scapula to the clavicle and serves as the main articulation th

*[[Shoulder Examination|Shoulder Examination]] *[[Shoulder Instability|Shoulder Instability]]

...of [[Shoulder Instability|shoulder instability]], occurs when the shoulder joint partially dislocates. In this condition the [[Humerus|humeral]] head slips ...:0">Vitoonpong T, Chang KV. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507847/ Shoulder Subluxation]. InStatPearls [Internet] 2020 Aug 29. StatPearls Publishing.Av

Patient is seated with the shoulder adducted by their side, elbow flexed to 90 degrees and forearm in the neutr ...range of motion is 80 - 90 degrees<ref>Norkin CC, White DJ. Measurement of joint motion: a guide to goniometry. FA Davis; 2016 Nov 18.</ref>

Patient is seated with the shoulder adducted by their side, elbow flexed to 90 degrees and forearm in the neutr ...range of motion is 80 - 90 degrees<ref>Norkin CC, White DJ. Measurement of joint motion: a guide to goniometry. FA Davis; 2016 Nov 18.</ref>

At the [[Glenohumeral Joint|glenohumeral joint]], the coracobrachialis Symptoms such as pain in the shoulder and arm going down the posterior part of the hand is most likely be due to

...45/4/357/111154/Tibiofemoral-Joint-Positioning-for-the-Valgus Tibiofemoral joint positioning for the valgus stress test]. Journal of Athletic Training. 2010 ...es an abducting force at the the foot, and a valgus force through the knee joint.

...sequential manner in order to determine abnormalities in alignment of bone/joint/muscle to other. <ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">Thompson J, Walton A. [ht == Peripheral Joint Assessment ==

The Shoulder Pain and Disability Index (SPADI) is a patient completed questionnaire with ...>Roach KE, Budiman‐Mak E, Songsiridej N, Lertratanakul Y. Development of a Shoulder Pain and Disability Index. Arthritis Care Res 1991; 4: 143–9.</ref> w

{{#ev:youtube|I1XEPBTjYVY}}<ref>Kenhub-Learn Human Anatomy. Elbow Joint: Bones, Muscles & Movement-Human Anatomy | Kenhub.Available from:https://ww == HumeroUlnar Joint ==

...on during functional activities, thus allowing for the control of abnormal joint translation during functional activities. These activities are designed to ...fness, coordinated motor patterns, and reflex activity to provide enhanced joint stability<ref name=":0" />. The information gathered is processed at three

...factors including the patient's age, medical history, and condition of the shoulder. ...ulder.<ref name=":0" />This device allows for improved biomechanics of the shoulder when the rotator cuff cannot be repaired.<ref name=":0" /> It reduces subac

...ehabilitation program for patients with an unstable shoulder (glenohumeral joint instability), it's important that the follow key factors should be consider ...ame="Wilk" /><ref name="Cutts">Cutts, S., Prempeh, M., Drew, S., 'Anterior shoulder dislocation', Ann R coll Surg Engl, VOL. 91 (2009), p. 2-7 (Level of eviden

...is experiencing an increase in clinical significance due to its role in [[shoulder]] pain and upper limb weakness.<ref name=":0">Kostretzis L, Theodoroudis I, ...ral Joint|glenohumeral]] and [[Acromioclavicular Joint|acromioclavicular]] joint.<ref>Avery BW, Pilon FM, Barclay JK. Anterior coracoscapular ligament and s

...lied to the knee, but there are versions for other joints such as the hip, shoulder and elbow. ...commended after [https://www.physio-pedia.com/Total_Knee_Arthroplasty knee joint replacement] or knee cartilage repair surgery. Uses of the CPM are also re

...ius depresses the clavicle as well as helps stabilize the sternoclavicular joint. The subclavius is enveloped in the clavipectoral fascia along with the pec ...s to aid in preventing dislocation of the clavicle at the sternoclavicular joint. It also can protect the neurovascular structures beneath it in the event o

.... Wiley Blackwell. 2012. p 1-24. </ref> A sprain is usually caused by the joint being forced suddenly outside its usual range of movement and the inelastic ...just a few fibres) to severe (complete rupture of the ligament, leading to joint instability).

...d assist with blocking [[Shoulder Dislocation|shoulder dislocation]] and [[Shoulder Subluxation|subluxation]] at the maximal ranges of motion.<ref name=":0">Ra ...(e.g. shoulder dislocation) or more commonly by repeated microtrauma, e.g. shoulder subluxation.<ref name=":1">Clavert P. [https://www.sciencedirect.com/scienc

...://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3812837/ A proposed evidence-based shoulder special testing examination algorithm: clinical utility based on a systemat ...xamination tests provide clinicians with the most value when examining the shoulder?] Update of a systematic review with meta-analysis of individual tests. Bri

[[File:Anterior-shoulder-dislocation-1.jpeg|thumb|Anterior-shoulder-dislocation|alt=|331x331px]] ...=":1">Abrams R, Akbarnia H. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459125/ Shoulder dislocations overview.] InStatPearls [Internet] 2021 Aug 13. StatPearls Pub

...le (AC) joint. Any patient presenting with AC joint or superior [[Shoulder|shoulder pain]] should be evaluated for distal clavicular osteolysis.<ref name=":0"> ...er joint.svg.png|center|thumb|150x150px|alt=|Anterior view of the shoulder joint]]

...is the art and science of measuring the joint ranges in each plane of the joint.<ref name=":0" /> The term 'goniometry' is derived from the greek words '< ...a patient has altered [[Range of Motion|range of motion]] in a particular joint, the therapist can use a goniometer to assess what the range of motion is a

...oulder-osteoarthritis-inferior-osteophyte-1.jpeg|thumb|GH OA; narrowing of joint space, subchondral sclerosis, inferior osteophyte ]] Please note this article relates to the glenohumeral joint of the shoulder only.

...the <u>Chronic pain management in the extremities</u>. In this technique, joint compression, muscular contraction or stretch is used as an the pain provoki ...the joint using the other. While maintaining the compression, a series of joint movements is tried to see if they produce pain. The movements can be either

...In the anatomical position the body is upright with the arms by the sides, shoulder in neutral rotation, palms facing forward, elbows and fingers extended and ...nderstandable and accurate way of describing human anatomy, physiology and joint planes and axes. It is also the zero position when measuring range of motio

...ten resulting in a fracture of the clavicle before a dislocation of the SC joint.<ref>ALLMAN JR FL. Fractures and ligamentous injuries of the clavicle and i [[Image:SC Joint.jpg|center|750px]]

[[File:Synovial Joint.png|right|frameless|399x399px]] The three [[Joint Classification|joints]] in the body (Histologically) are fibrous, cartilagi

...he arm, if the patient experiences any pain in and around the glenohumeral joint the patient must tell the physiotherapist what they are experiencing. Once ...ests for the different degrees of subacromial impingement syndrome. J Bone Joint Surg Am, 87(7), 1446-1455.</ref>

...d)]]The pisiform is one of eight carpal bones that forms part of the wrist joint. The name pisiform is derived from the Latin word ''pisum'' which means "pe ...12be391373b/Anatomy-Shoulder-and-Upper-Limb-Hand-Carpal-Bones.pdf Anatomy, Shoulder and Upper Limb, Hand Carpal Bones]. StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf. 2018</ref>

...osterior interosseous nerve. <ref name=":2">Khan IA, Varacallo M. Anatomy, Shoulder and Upper Limb, Hand Extensor Pollicis Longus Muscle. StatPearls Publishing ...erior interosseous artery.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">Khan I. Anatomy, Shoulder and Upper Limb, Hand Extensor Pollicis Longus Muscle. In: Varacallo M. edit

...Mudreac A, Kiel J. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513344/ Anatomy, Shoulder and Upper Limb, Subscapularis Muscle.] StatPearls [Internet]. 2020 Aug 10.< ...face of the scapula).<ref name=":2">Aguirre K, Mudreac A, Kiel J. Anatomy, shoulder and upper limb, subscapularis muscle. StatPearls Publishing; 2023.</ref>

...vailable from: https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases--conditions/scapular-shoulder-blade-disorders#:~:text=The%20scapula%2C%20or%20shoulder%20blade,help%20you ...://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/scapula-fracture-shoulder-blade-fracture#:~:text=What%20is%20a%20scapula%20fracture,from%20the%20back

...97)70047-8 Influence of rotator cuff tearing on glenohumeral stability]. J Shoulder Elb Surg. 1997;6(5):413–22.</ref> Rotator cuff tears may be caused by rep ...complex]], are important for maintaining the stability of the glenohumeral joint, which is highly mobile but inherently unstable.

...aumatic or post-operative elbow injury cases.<ref>Draper DO. DEEP HEAT AND JOINT MOBILIZATIONS INCREASE RANGE OF MOTION IN TRAUMATIC ELBOW INJURIES. Medical ...g the initial treatment and the patients hand will rest on the therapist's shoulder.

...ne.</ref>which can also be done with modifications in the position of each joint as a "sensitizer" to the specific nerves.<ref>Flynn TW, Cleland JA, Whitman ...ng is shoulder followed by forearm, wrist, fingers, and lastly elbow. Each joint positioning component is added until the pain is provoked or symptoms are r

...may be slightly painful because of osteoarthritis of the acromioclavicular joint. ...he hand in the costoclavicular syndrome helps to differentiate it from the shoulder-hand syndrome, where it is shiny, swollen, warm, and hyperaesthetic.

...procedure is a possible surgical procedure to treat patients with anterior shoulder instability and accompanied bone loss. It involves transferring the coracoi ...of the procedure contributes to the overall stability of the Glenohumeral Joint .<ref>Bigliani LU, Kelkar R, Flatow EL, Pollock RG, Mow VC. Glenohumeral St

...ous cuff around the glenohumeral joint and provide muscular support to the joint.<ref name=":2">Merolla G, Cerciello S, Paladini P, Porcellini G. [https://w ...id cavity gives attachment to the capsule of [[Glenohumeral Joint|shoulder joint]] and to the [[Glenoid Labrum|glenoid labrum]]

[[File:Degeneration-of-the-acromioclavicular-joint.jpeg|thumb|Left '''AC joint degenerative''' changes.]] ...Romeo AA, Bach Jr BR. Degenerative joint disease of the acromioclavicular joint: a review. The American journal of sports medicine. 2013 Nov;41(11):2684-92

...B. Anatomy, [https://www.statpearls.com/articlelibrary/viewarticle/30580/ Shoulder and Upper Limb, Triceps Muscle].Available:https://www.statpearls.com/articl ...ior surface of the olecranon process of the [[ulna]], capsule of the elbow joint and antebrachial [[fascia]].

== Muscles involved in Shoulder Flexion: == == Shoulder Flexion Biomechanics: ==

Maximal or deep hip flexion during a [[Squat Exercise|squat]], places the hip joint under load and can initiate the engagement of the CAM type femoral deformit ...egs shoulder apart, and their arms are lifted up in front of their body to shoulder height in order to enable balance. The patient is instructed to perform a d

...pain and muscle guarding, joint effusion, contractures or adhesions in the joint capsules or supporting ligaments, or malalignment or subluxation of the bon == Tibiofibular Joint ==

...active and passive insufficiency are functional states that occur in multi-joint muscles only. # Active insufficiency occurs when a multi-joint [[muscle]] shortens over BOTH joints simultaneously, and hence, creates so

...2020 Jul;17(14):4962.</ref> [[Hemiplegic Shoulder Subluxation|Hemiplegic shoulder subluxation]] is more common with left sided hemiplegia.<ref name=":1" /> ...ew of pathophysiology, assessment and management strategies of post stroke shoulder subluxation.] Pakistan Journal of Neurological Sciences (PJNS). 2016;11(3):

...duced by wrapping the hand around the distal forearm (just above the wrist joint).<ref>Dutton, M. (2008). Orthopaedic: Examination, evaluation, and interven A common variation of the test is described as the patient moving the shoulder into external rotation while simultaneously moving the forearm into the sup

...g/0831/c25908a5823aee7acc416e399da39578513a.pdf Conservative management of shoulder pain in swimming.] Physical Therapy in Sport. 2004 Aug 1;5(3):109-24.</ref> * shoulder (glenohumeral joint and scapulo-thoracic joint) and thoracic spine flexibility. <ref name=":0" />

* A mechanical obstruction of the joint so a loss of normal joint motion ...n exercises are to reduce and abolish pain symptoms, and/or restore normal joint function.

...le and it is rarely seen on x-ray, it has no functional role in the canine shoulder. ** Synsarcotic joint (a union between parts of the skeleton through muscles alone) with no attac

...s cross both the knee and the hip. Conversely, there is only a single one-joint muscle, known as the Iliopsoas, which only crosses at the hip. ...pist Position. Arrow 1: Therapist's arm is used to stabilize the patient's shoulder. Arrow 2: Therapist's arm is used for direct of force to put the hip into e

...ace with reference to quadrilateral space syndrome] [Internet]. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. Mosby; 2007 [cited 2021Nov16]. Available from: <nowiki>h *** innervates deltoid, teres minor, provides sensation to lateral shoulder

There are a variety of manual techniques used to increase joint play/joint ROM of the hip complex. Several of these techniques are listed below. For r ...de can be performed in other positions. Anterior glide is used to increase joint play and capsular stretch to encourage external rotation and extension ROM.

...ific-tendonitis Calcific Tendonitis]Available:https://www.orthobullets.com/shoulder-and-elbow/3042/calcific-tendonitis (accessed 12.1.2023)</ref> ...Exposure to Low Amounts of Ultrasound Energy Does Not Improve Soft Tissue Shoulder Pathology: A Systematic Review. Physical Therapy. 2010; vol 90 (1): 14-25.

...scapularis muscle. Clinical features in 16 cases]. The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British volume 1991 73-B:3, 389-394</ref>. It was developed to ...Cuff|rotator cuff]], which provide stability and strength to the shoulder joint during motion. The other 3 muscles include The [[Supraspinatus]], The [[Inf

...pose of this article is to help healthcare providers differentiate between shoulder impingement and instability by utilizing the most current literature. ...f three common tests for traumatic anterior shoulder instability. ''J Bone Joint Surg Am''. 2006;88:1467-1474.</ref>. <br>

...er pain on muscle function: implications for the assessment and therapy of shoulder disorders. European journal of applied physiology. 2015 Feb 1;115(2):225-34 ...movement and function<ref name=":0">Eleanor Richardson & Jeremy Lewis. The Shoulder Symptom Modification Procedure (SSMP). https://www.shoulderdoc.co.uk/articl

...that most commonly develop at the margins of a [[Synovial Joints|synovial joint]] as a response to articular cartilage damage, as seen very commonly in [[o ...onse to the altered [[Growth Factors|growth factor]] environment following joint injury. In some cases osteophytes can contribute to the stability of the jo

...flossing involve applying an external pressure above or below a muscle or joint of the extremities, typically by using a circumferential, elastic band. The ...can be applied to any appendage to have affect on a painful area or stiff joint. Such as the ankle:{{#ev:youtube|L6ygP7rWwb4}}<ref>Rock Tape Go stronger go

...t act around the [[Glenohumeral Joint|glenohumeral joint]] to facilitate [[shoulder]] movement<ref name=":0">Radiopedia [https://radiopaedia.org/articles/teres ...(LD), where it acts in synergy to extend, adduct and internally rotate the shoulder. eg The TM and LD muscles act in the acceleration and follow through phases

...s across three joints, and is able to generate movements in [[Glenohumeral Joint|glenohumeral]], [[elbow]] and radio-ulnar joints. ...ck M, Varacallo M. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519538/ Anatomy, Shoulder and Upper Limb, Biceps Muscle.] [Updated 2021 Aug 11]. In: StatPearls [Inte

* [[Pectoralis Major Rupture|Pectoralis major tendon rupture]] is a rare shoulder injury, most commonly seen in weight lifters. eg bench press, when the arm ...is a stiff upper back, often a consequence of less than the perfect neck, shoulder, and upper back postures. eg [[Upper-Crossed Syndrome|upper crossed syndrom

...ct to the head of the humerus, forming a cuff around the glenohumeral (GH) joint. ...n each of the four muscles are vital to maintain functioning of the entire shoulder girdle.&nbsp;

...ndrew TL. Closed Kinetic Chain Exercise. A Comprehensive Guide to Multiple-Joint Exercises. Journal of Chiropractic Medicine. 2002;1(4):200.</ref> In a clos ...n of three types of exercise in the treatment of rotator cuff tendinopathy/shoulder impingement syndrome: A randomized controlled trial. Physiotherapy. 2017 Ju

...the quality of the cross-cultural adaptations of Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH)]. La Medicina del Lavoro. 2021;112(4):279.</ref> ...lm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1513569/ The shortened disabilities of the arm, shoulder and hand questionnaire (Quick DASH): validity and reliability based on resp

* Fracture around the shoulder * Adhesive capsulitis (frozen shoulder)

...of the driving force provided primarily by the torque generated from the [[shoulder]]<ref name=":0">Davis DD, Nickerson M, Varacallo M. [https://europepmc.org/ ...motion to happen<ref>Freestyle Swimming Muscle Analysis 1 A Comprehensive Joint and Muscle Analysis Regarding the Motion of Freestyle Swimming Shawn Mantic

“Please stand upright with feet shoulder width apart. Squat down until you believe that the top of your thighs are p ...ion or recruitment (neuromuscular), muscle weakness, strength asymmetry or joint instability (strength)

...hurchill Livingstone.</ref> and a further modification in position of each joint is done as "sensitiser". The ULTT's are equivalent to the straight leg rais ...n of the cervical spine can be added<ref>Wells P. Cervical dysfunction and shoulder problems. Physiotherapy, 1982; 68: 66-73.</ref>. If pain is provoked in th

...assessing abnormalities in the kinetic chain of upper extremity leading to shoulder pain in patients with throwing disorder<ref>Somu K, Noriaki M, Yukio U, Jun Combined abduction test for assessment of posterior shoulder tightness. The examiner completely prevents any movement of the scapula by

...form of scapular Dyskinesis are (1) Acromio clavicular instability, (2) [[shoulder]] impingement, (3) rotator cuff injuries, (4) Glenoid labrum injuries, (5) ...based on stretching and strengthening, aim to improve muscle strength and joint position sense    The [[Serratus Anterior|serratus anterior]] and [[trape

...d more cost-affordable than IKD, but does question its efficacy for larger joint use such as the knee <ref>Stark T, Walker B, Phillips JK, Fejer R, Beck R. ...eliability and Validity of the ActivForce Digital Dynamometer in Assessing Shoulder Muscle Force across Different User Experience Levels. Int J Sports Phys The

* Is a key scapular stabilizer, keeping the shoulder blades against the ribcage when at rest and during movement.<ref name=":4"> ...raction and upward rotation of the [[Scapulothoracic Joint|scapulothoracic joint]].<ref>Richard D. Gray’s anatomy for students.</ref>

....<ref>Radiopedia Shoulder Joint Available:https://radiopaedia.org/articles/shoulder (accessed 14.4.2022)</ref> ...4. inferior angle of scapula 15. lateral border of scapula 16. scapula|alt=Shoulder]]

...der [[bursitis]] (inflammation of a bursa) is one of the leading causes of shoulder pain. It can lead to lost workdays and, in some cases, even disability. ...conditions-and-diseases/shoulder-bursitis (accessed 13.4.2022)</ref>[[File:Shoulder-bursa-illustration-creative-commons-image.jpeg|thumb|1. Subacromial-subdelt

[[File:Pectoralis minor muscle and shoulder blade.png|right|frameless|alt=|431x431px]] ...aig MA, Bordoni B. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545241/ Anatomy, Shoulder and Upper Limb, Pectoral Muscles].Available:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bo

...surrounds all 3 joints. There are thickening medially and laterally of the joint capsule that blends with the MCLC and LCLC respectively and contributes to ...capsule and thickening of the lateral collateral ligament complex, and the joint surfaces in nearly all cases are well preserved. The most convenient and im

Used for facial paralysis, jaw pain, elbow, shoulder and thoracic injuries and local soft tissue injuries of the wrist.<ref name ...r and ascends through the posterior aspect of the arm until it reaches the shoulder. It terminates at the outer end of the eyebrow. <ref name=":0" /><ref name=

...stiffness, enhancing overall patient well-being<ref>Levangie PK, Norkin CC.Joint Structure and Function: A Comprehensive Analysis. ...the scapula, facilitating the wide range of movements at the glenohumeral joint .<ref>Standring S, Borley NR, Collins P, et al. *Gray's Anatomy: The Anatom

The standing flexion test is a test that can be used to assess '''sacroiliac joint''' dysfunction. It is best used in combination with other specific tests. A ...ein. Intertester Reliability for Selected Clinical Tests of the Sacroiliac Joint. Physical Therapy. 1985; 65: 1671-1675fckLRLevel of evidence: C</ref>

* Lateral rotation of the carpometacarpal joint of the fifth digit * Lateral rotation of the metacarpophalangeal joint of the fifth digit

...r, grade 3 lateral meniscus tear, grade 2 MCL &amp; LCL tear &amp; on left shoulder rotator cuff tear Referred for physiotherapy in April 2015 for strengthenin ...Special tests done that were positive are drop arm, empty can for the left shoulder while valgus stress test, McMurray's test and Apley's test right knee. Post

...>Lung BE, Burns B. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK526046/ Anatomy, Shoulder and Upper Limb, Hand Flexor Digitorum Profundus Muscle.] InStatPearls [Inte

...synovial hinge joint. The three bones that make up the articulation of the joint are: the distal end of the [[humerus]] and proximal ends of the [[radius]] * Joint [[Effusion tests|effusion]].

...ongoing_internal synovial fluid]. It protects and brakes the shocks of the joint and allows the structures near the bursa to move with minimal friction. The *Overuse of the joint: for example vacuuming for hours on end

...come impaired and eventually induce pathoanatomical changes in tissues and joint structures. <ref>Sahrmann S. ''Movement System Impairment Syndromes of theE ...and safely. They are believed to have postural role and control excessive joint movement. A muscle contracts when it acts as a stabiliser, but it doesn’t

...avies GJ. Closed kinetic chain exercise: a comprehensive guide to multiple joint exercises. Human Kinetics; 2001. Available From: http://bit.ly/1NunaL7</re ...For example, when doing a seated knee-extension the primary stress to the joint is the rotation of the distal tibia on the proximal femur even though other

...ic exercise is commonly used in the treatment and management of a range of shoulder disorders, is commonly advocated to address dysfunctions in mobility, postu ...patients with a diagnosis of massive rotator cuff tears of the shoulder]. Shoulder & Elbow. 2009 Jul 1;1(1):55-60.</ref>.

[[File:Shoulder bursa.jpg|357x357px|alt=|thumb|The shoulder joint has many ligaments]] ...tion|joint]] moves. While the ligament appears as a single structure, with joint movement, some fibres appear to tighten or loosen depending on the bone pos

[[File:Shoulder dislocation, anteroposterior after reduction, with Bankart and Hill-Sachs l ...r S (2006). Correlation between Bankart and Hill-Sachs lesions in anterior shoulder dislocation. ANZ J Surg 76 (6): 436–8.</ref>

...eps). The long head (LHB) contributes to the stability of the glenohumeral joint. The majority of biceps rupture involves the LH. Rupture of the LHB tendon ...long head of the biceps brachii in superior stability of the glenohumeral joint.] JBJS 1995;77(3):366-72.</ref>

...rus, first published by Codman in the 1930s. <ref name="p4">Codman EA: The Shoulder,Boston: G.Miller &amp Company,1934</ref> ...acing the hand in space.<ref name="Cathcart">Cathcart CW: Movements of the shoulder girdle involved in those of the arm on the trunk. J Anat Physiol 1884; 18:2

...p;<ref name="vier">Postsurgical orthopedic sports rehabilitation: knee and shoulder – Robert C Manske</ref>&nbsp;which tests anteromedial rotary instability ...s and a clinical test to demonstrate its presence. The journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, american volume, 1968; 50-A, No.2:211-225.</ref>

.... 4th Edition. Cape Town: University of Cape Town, 2010.</ref>[[File:Elbow joint.png|thumb|415x415px]] The [[Elbow|elbow joint]] are made up of the following joints:<ref name=":5" />

• The arm of the standing (or seated) patient is abducted 30 degrees at the shoulder and maximally extended. • The patient then extends the neck and turns the head toward the symptomatic shoulder and is asked to take a deep breath and hold it.

...unction is to assist with various neck, arm and shoulder movements such as shoulder elevation and cervical side flexion. ...shoulder is most commonly involved (82%) and pain radiates to the neck and shoulder, but rarely to the arm<ref name="Menachem" />.

...encedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0030589808000461 Anterior glenohumeral joint dislocations.] Orthopedic Clinics of North America 2008;39(4):507-18.</ref> ...ns]] that can occur with a shoulder dislocation and contribute to further shoulder instability (2 minutes)

...h an artificial joint- a prosthesis. It aims to create a stable, pain-free joint with a functional range of movement when conservative treatments have faile ...ment of the hand and articulates proximally with the forearm via the wrist joint and distally with the five metacarpals. The ends of the bones are covered w

...nd the anterior [[Deltoid|deltoids]]. They assist with elbow extension and shoulder flexion, respectively. ...ators include [[Latissimus Dorsi Muscle|latissimus dorsi muscles]] (aid in shoulder stability) and [[Quadriceps Muscle|quadriceps]], which work to keep your le

...aspinatus]] tenodesis performed arthroscopically in patients with anterior shoulder instability and engaging Hill-Sachs lesions. ...eks. Based on these timeframes the following modifications to the anterior shoulder reconstruction rehab model follow remplissage:

...ormally works and cause extra wear and tear than it would on a non-injured joint. Injured joints cause degenerative changes at faster pace that lead to pain ...synovial hinge joint. Three bones are involved in the articulation of the joint: the distal end of the humerus and proximal ends of the radius and ulna. Si

...me=":0" /><ref name=":7" />. The primary aim of conservative management of shoulder pain is to reduce pain and improve function through correction of modifiabl ...operly addressed. An essential component of treatment for individuals with shoulder pain is to encourage active self-management. The primary aim is to help pat

[[File:Frozen shoulder..jpg|thumb|Fibrosis in “Frozen Shoulder”]] ...]] capsule may lead to [[Adhesive Capsulitis|adhesive capsulitis]] (frozen shoulder).<ref>New Medical Types of Fibrosis Available: https://www.news-medical.net

...rtant to have a functional knowledge of the underlying biomechanics of the shoulder complex. ...inated motion. weakness of any muscle change normal kinematic chain of the joint.

* after fractures and joint replacements eg [[Total Knee Arthroplasty|TKR]] === M'''uscle Interactions and Joint Dynamics in Limb Movement''' ===

...in any of these areas can reduce a person's independence<ref name=":1">SCI joint Contractures. Research and Training Center on Independent Living, Universit ...n of participants with tetraplegia who got at least one contracture in any joint was 83%.<ref name=":4">Diong J, Harvey LA, Kwah LK, Eyles J, Ling MJ, Ben M

...f the joint in which a displacement of the clavicle occurs relative to the shoulder.<ref>Heijmans E, Eekhof J; Neven AK. Acromioclaviculaire luxatie, huisarts ...ents (trapezoid and conoid) also important structures for stability of the joint.<ref name="p7" />&nbsp;

...s In Sport|biomechanics]]. The most common swimming injury regions are the shoulder, neck, lower back and knee. *posterior shoulder stretch

...n, that remained in place for 3 months. He felt a subluxation at the right shoulder with significant pain and had to stop playing. Rested for 1-2 weeks with on ...just started some speed-based training but is now having some intermittent shoulder pain.

...cises/<nowiki/>(accessed 2.1.2022)</ref> eg [[Dumbbell Exercise|Dumbbell]] shoulder press on exercise ball involves concerted work by [[Abdominal Muscles|abdom ...muscles with every rep, naturally improving flexibility and it optimising joint mobility<ref name=":2">Set for Set Compound exercise Available:https://www.

[[Supraspinatus]]: aids in abduction of the shoulder joint. ...er" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">[[File:Hip-joint-acetabulum-femur-head-caput-femoris-greater-trochanter-lesser-minor-major-i

==Shoulder Examination== ...is difficult to assess. Having a systematic and structured approach to the shoulder history and examination ensures that key aspects of the condition are elici

...uld normally indicate strength of a muscle or muscle group of the targeted joint. ...mal values at specific joint angles and peak values generated throughout a joint range across speeds should be made. <ref name=":3" />

...tability|posterolateral rotatory instability]] (PLRI) of the [[Elbow|elbow joint]] and the evaluation of its [[Lateral Collateral Ligament|lateral collatera ...gnostic apprehension signs for posterolateral instability of the elbow. J. Shoulder Elbow Surg. 15 (3), 344–346.</ref>

...cause of the vast range of motion of the shoulder complex (the most mobile joint of the human body), dynamic stabilizers are crucial for a strong sense of n ...5-669.</ref> Dynamic restraints result from neuromuscular control over the shoulder muscles, facilitated through motor control and [[Proprioception|propriocept

*Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery (American) *Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery (British)

...d bilateral Xray- Rt shoulder having early degenerative changes while left shoulder Xray was normal. ...er with walking. She had Known OA knee bilateral. She also had Hx of right shoulder dislocation that she told was alright- reported no recent episode. She also

...90° - 100°), where the elbow is too low resulting in a valgus force on the joint. Since the UCL is the principal structure opposing this motion, it will be ....1302/0301-620X.42B4.788 Javelin thrower's elbow]. The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British volume. 1960 Nov;42(4):788-92.</ref> </blockquote>

...ve test useful for diagnosing pain related to [[Facet Joint Syndrome|facet joint pathology]], e.g. [[osteoarthritis]]. ...se of this test is to assess lumbar or cervical spine [[Facet Joints|facet joint]] pain. It uses the patient’s trunk both as a lever to induce tension and

The following video discusses the key shoulder muscles in general, including trapezius and serratus anterior. ...lly to the clavicle, so the majority of its influence on [[Scapulothoracic Joint|scapulothoracic]] mobility occurs here. Contraction of the upper trapezius

[[File:Overhead shoulder.jpg|thumb|alt=|shoulder overhead sport ]] ...A. [https://www.scielo.br/j/rbfis/a/7XDTVZYkJK6sQJLhSvGJQFz/ Prevention of shoulder injuries in overhead athletes: a science-based approach.] Brazilian journal

.... Review of existing grading systems for cervical or lumbar disc and facet joint degeneration. Eur Spine J. 2006;15(6):705-718. Available from: https://www. ...others may feel stiffness and/or pain in the neck, shoulders, between the shoulder blades, or lower back.

...cle. The supraspinatus is part of the [[Rotator Cuff|rotator cuff]] of the shoulder. Most of the time, it is accompanied by another [[Rotator Cuff Tears|rotato ...ps it in place. These muscles help to lift and rotate the arm. Visit the [[shoulder]] for more detailed information.

...iven to HMS, such as joint hypermobility syndrome and benign hypermobility joint syndrome. HMS is a dominant inherited connective tissue disorder described ...om localized joint hypermobility and other disorders that have generalized joint hypermobility, such as [[Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome]], [[Rheumatoid Arthritis]]

...aged by physiotherapists, and the trapezius plays an important role in the shoulder. * Appropriate kinematics of the scapula is crucial for optimal shoulder joint function, eg enabling repetitive movements of the hand over the head.

...e it promotes neuromuscular development and maintenance by achieving multi-joint and polyaxial targets of the human body <ref name=":0" />, involves extreme ...f name=":1">Shaw T. Clinical application of the Turkish Get-Up to an acute shoulder injury in a competitive Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu athlete. Journal of bodywork an

....    </ref><ref>Anderson VBW, E. . Impaired joint proprioception in higher shoulder elevations in chronic rotator cuff pathology. . <nowiki>''</nowiki>Arch Phy ...report. <nowiki>''</nowiki>Journal of shoulder and elbow surgery/American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons.<nowiki>''</nowiki> 2005;14(5):506-510.</ref>

...a]] during movements involving the [[Scapulothoracic Joint|scapulothoracic joint]]. It is more of a symptom of other diagnoses. It is commonly seen in young ...petitive overhead activities, however, it can also be due to trauma to the shoulder blade region. Aside from these variations, snapping scapula can be caused b

...Initial intervention aims to prevent secondary complications of restricted joint movement, pain, swelling and contracture. Following this, rehabilitation o [[Category:Shoulder]]

* Shoulder pain (present in 30-60% of clients with paraplegia and tetraplegia) ** Shoulder pain: 71%; wrist pain: 51%; hand pain: 43%; and elbow pain: 35%<ref name=":

* Biceps also contribute 10 percent of the total power in [[shoulder]] abduction when the arm is in external rotation<ref name=":11">Varacallo M [[File:Shoulder Pain.png|right|frameless]]

...inesiology. FA Davis; 2012.</ref>. Although the focus has been more on the shoulder, the entire body movement is required to perform the act of throwing. Throw ...cs">Escamilla R, Andrews JR. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19530752 Shoulder Muscle Recruitment Patterns and Biomechanics during Upper Extremity Sports.

Temporo-mandibular joint:<ref name=":1" /> * A condylar joint, with an articular disc, that sits between the mandibular condyles and the

...). The centrally organised protection programme (the NSB) which caused the shoulder pain and lower back pain is redundant since there is not more potentially d |Shoulder joint pain (NRS* 5) during shoulder elevation >90° Flex (while standing)

...rious directions, producing movements on the [[Glenohumeral Joint|shoulder joint]] (internal rotation, adduction and extension of the arm)<ref>Ken hub latis ...ill work to adduct, medially rotate and extend the arm at the glenohumeral joint.

...ack Pain|LBP]] may actually be suffering from disorders of the hip or knee joint. Examination of proximal and distal joints in the same region of the report ...teral hip rotation range of motion asymme- try in patients with sacroiliac joint regional pain. Spine. 1998;23:1009-1015.</ref><ref>Porter JL, Wilkinson A.

...r Support during Routine Daily Activities in Patients with Post-Hemiplegic Shoulder Subluxation]: A Randomized Controlled Study. Int J Environ Res Public Healt [[File:Post stroke shoulder dislocation.jpg|thumb|407x407px|Post stroke shoulder dislocation]]

...kes]], [[Spinal Cord Injury|spinal cord injuries (SCI)]], [[amputations]], joint replacements, and [[Overview of Traumatic Brain Injury|traumatic brain inju ...[Total Knee Arthroplasty|knees]], elbow, and [[Total Shoulder Arthroplasty|shoulder]]. Chronic muscular trauma leads to what is traditionally known specificall

...al (shoulder) joint, [https://www.kenhub.com/en/study/anatomy-glenohumeral-joint Kenhub.com],Accessed 21/5/2022</ref> ...VU69iHQeLlJgZZFKa-zdJbD6MkbNHQSU7i7nCSSbnglEG6tAXwYFoNCvNA Developments in shoulder arthroplasty.] Proceedings Of The Institution Of Mechanical Engineers. Part

...ct of manual therapy and stabilizing exercises on forward head and rounded shoulder postures: a six-week intervention with a one-month follow-up study.] BMC mu * Temporomandibular joint pain and inflammation

...hip or knee) can make a big difference by partly off-loading the arthritic joint.. Foot and ankle orthoses, such as shoe wedging or insoles can be hugely be ...start Disease Modifying Anti-Rheumatic Drug (DMARD) therapy. DMARDs limit joint damage, maintain function and reduce later disability. Delaying DMARDs adve

...oordination of limbs at multiple joints while also precisely measuring the joint-specific force applied by the subject as they perform individual tasks. The |Joint position sense

* Protection of a [[Joint Classification|joint]] or [[Tendon Anatomy|tendon]] |Shoulder or Axilla

'''Position:''' Patient supine on plinth. Shoulder in 90° abduction and externally rotated. Forearm in supination. Wrist in ...across acromioclavicular joint to prevent shoulder girdle elevation during shoulder abduction. Extra support is placed under distal arm.<ref name=":4" />

...joint mobility, movement, motor control, strength and stability around the joint, as well as the whole [[Kinetic Chain|kinetic chain]].<ref name=":0" /> ...the external resistance. The muscle shortens and there is movement at the joint.<ref name=":3">Rivera-Brown AM, Frontera MD. Principles of exercise physiol

# Do your symptoms change (better or worse) with any movements of the neck or shoulder?<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; ...ng injury or surgery(joint stiffness, heterotopic ossification, infection, joint instability)<br>

...t to changes in the [[Connective Tissue Disorders|connective tissues.]] As joint range of movement has a direct effect on [[posture]] and [[Movement Dysfunc ...://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12027537 Subchondral bone of the human knee joint in aging and osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage] 10:360-369, 2002 Ava

...s C, Walker B. Epidemiology, common diagnoses, treatments and prognosis of shoulder pain: A narrative review. International Journal of Osteopathic Medicine. 20 ...risk factors of a rotator cuff tear in the general population. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery 2010; 19(1): 116-120.</ref>

...d the lacertus fibrosus (bicipital fascia) and is separated from the elbow-joint by the [[brachialis]]. ...ial artery, and articular branches of the median nerve innervate the elbow joint as it passes in front of the elbow<ref name=":1">Dydyk AM, Negrete G, Sarwa

...Knee braces can be used to offload the joint in acutely painful arthritis]]Joint protection is a self-management approach&nbsp;that aims to maintain functio ...://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1191/026921599667005364 The effect of a joint protection education programme for people with rheumatoid arthritis.] Clini

* shoulder pain === Shoulder Pain ===

...e function.<ref name="mm">M.T. Hirschmann, B. Wind et al.; “Reliability of Shoulder Abduction Strength Measure for the Constant-Murley Score”; Clin Orthop Re ...minutes. <ref name="ll">F. ANGST, H.-K. SCHWYZER et al.; Measures of adult shoulder function.” ; Arthritis Care &amp; Research November 2011; 63 (S11); 174-1

...cle weakness, fatigue, weight loss, decreased appetite, hyperpigmentation, joint pain, and depression.<ref name="Mayo" /><ref name="Medline" /><ref name="WE ...on: 4+/5<br>Shoulder Ext: 4+/5<br>Shoulder Abd: 4/5<br>Shoulder IR: 4/5<br>Shoulder ER: 4/5<br>Elbow Flex: 4+/5 <br>Elbow Ext: 4+/5 <br>Hip Flex: 4+/5<br>Hip E

...hnique consists of injecting anesthetic in supraspinatus fossa of affected shoulder, with the patient sitting down and upper limbs pending beside the body.<ref ...K. GILL,1 E. M. SHANAHAN,2 A. W. TAYLOR,1 R. BUCHBINDER,3 AND C. L. HILL4 -Shoulder Pain in the Community: An Examination of Associative Factors Using a Longit

...ft tissues that surround the joint, including muscles, ligaments, tendons, joint capsules, and skin. A lack of stretching, especially when combined with act ...d a moving arm. The examiner places the goniometer along the bone near the joint being measured to determine the range of motion.

...most commonly injected into joints — such as the ankle, elbow, hip, knee, shoulder, spine, wrist and small hand or foot joints<ref>Mayo Clinic [https://www.ma [[File:Bursitis prepatellar.jpg|alt=bursa in shoulder|right|frameless|252x252px]]

<br>A 28 year-old Caucasian female presents to the clinic with complaints of joint pain (arthralgia) and intermittent low back pain. Patient cannot recall any Joint pain, low back pain, headache, muscle stiffness, difficulty sleeping and pa

...triceps ruptures: case report and retrospective chart review.] Journal of shoulder and elbow surgery. 2006 Jan 1;15(1):130-4.</ref> due to the constant of the ...ndon in the olecranon but also in the tendon itself or in the myotendinous joint.

Joint hypermobility is usually addressed with therapeutic exercise to improve neu Joint hypomobility may be addressed with manual interventions including joint mobilization and manipulation. Hypomobility of vertebral and costovertebral

Arthrogryposis Multiplex Congenita (AMC) "describes joint contractures in two or more areas of the body."<ref name=":0">Society for M ...ed and externally rotated hips, flexed knees, clubfeet, internally rotated shoulder, extended elbows, and flexed and ulnarly deviated wrists

...brachium, antebrachium, and hand) as well as some muscles of the neck and shoulder.<ref name="Hussey 2007">Hussey AJ, O'Brien CP, Regan PJ. [https://www.ncbi. ...e pain is often described as a severe ache or throbbing radiating from the shoulder distally down the arm or proximally into the neck. The duration of pain is

...;72(4):474-83. </ref>) makes localisation of passive testing to a specific joint difficult. Thus, careful observations of the horse’s responses to manipul The C0/C1 joint is responsible for flexion and extension of the head<ref name=":2">Rombach

...n nerve]] C8, T1.<ref name=":0">Tiwana MS, Sinkler MA, Bordoni B. Anatomy, Shoulder and Upper Limb, Triceps Muscle. StatPearls [Internet]. 2020 May 30</ref> It acts to abduct the carpometacarpal joint of the thumb.<ref>The Muscles of the Hand - Thenar - Hypothenar - TeachMeAn

With the distal part fixed, movement at any one joint in the [http://www.physio-pedia.com/Kinetic_Chain kinetic chain] requires m ...g comprehensive forces to the joints which enhances [[Joint Classification|joint]] stability.<ref name="Kwon 2014" />

...ows for significant movement, but this is at the expense of stability. The shoulder is, therefore, susceptible to dysfunction and instability. ...se conditions. This article discusses the key anatomical structures of the shoulder complex, including the bony structures, articulations, ligaments, muscles,

...>Lung BE, Burns B. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK526046/ Anatomy, Shoulder and Upper Limb, Hand Flexor Digitorum Profundus Muscle.] InStatPearls [Inte * It is the sole flexors of Distal Interphalangeal (DIP) Joint of digit 2nd to 5th.

[[File:Dumbbell shoulder press.jpeg|right|frameless]] ...that engages multiple joints and muscle groups, rather than targeting one joint and muscle group as in isolation lifting.

In children under 10 years, PEDs are the most common type of joint dislocation.<ref name="Uhl" />&nbsp; ...ion of the elbow joint: relationship to medial instability.] J of Bone and Joint Surg, 82-A(4): 555-560, 2000.</ref><ref name="Haan">Haan J, Schep NWL, Tuin

...021 Mar 2:1-3.</ref> This page discusses the subjective examination of the shoulder, but much of the information presented can be applied to the subjective ass *** How and when did your shoulder problem start?

...Johal P, Martin D, Broadhurst N, Johal P, Martin D, Broadhurst N. Managing shoulder pain in general practice—assessment, imaging and referral. Aust Fam Physi ...and physical examination are the most important instruments in evaluating shoulder pain, musculoskeletal imaging can be an important adjunct.<ref name=":3">Mc

...ogy/injury mechanisms underlying a clinical condition that affects muscle, joint and/or bone.  We will ask you to present your findings in oral and written * Levangie PK, Norkin CC.  Joint Structure and Function. 5^thEd, FA Davis, 2011.

*[[Frozen Shoulder]] *[[Figure of Eight Method of Measuring Ankle Joint Swelling]]

...omy<ref name="Yamamoto et al.">Yamamoto N. A review of biomechanics of the shoulder and biomechanical concepts of rotator cuff repair. Asia-Pacific Journal of ...ble.<br>The limited passive stability indicates that the primary source of joint stability must be balanced muscle control. <br>The rotator cuff provides th

...mc/articles/PMC9627061/pdf/OS-14-2837.pdf Finite Element Analysis of Elbow Joint Stability by Different Flexion Angles of the Annular Ligament.] Orthop Surg ...iction in range of motion during passive exercises due to tightness of the joint capsule."

...ler MA, Bordoni B. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537229/ Anatomy, Shoulder and Upper Limb, Hand Muscles]. StatPearls [Internet]. 2020 Jan.</ref> [[Fle ...ral position of the wrist, forearm supinated, Carpometacarpal(CMC), and IP joint at 0°, thumb in adduction adjacent to the 2nd Metacarpal.

Flexor digiti minimi brevis muscle flexes the Metacarpophalangeal joint of the little finger. ...and (FL): Sep 8, 2020. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30521235/ Anatomy, Shoulder and Upper Limb, Hand Guyon Canal].</ref>

...placed from its normal position in the center of the glenoid fossa and the joint surfaces no longer touch each other. ...houlder instability]], [[Shoulder Subluxation]] and [[Shoulder Dislocation|shoulder dislocation]].

...Goniometry. FA Davis; 2016 Nov 18.</ref><ref name=":4">Reese NB, Bandy WD. Joint Range of Motion and Muscle Length Testing-E-book. Elsevier Health Sciences; Muscles connect to bones or joint capsules by connective tissue structures, such as [[Tendon Anatomy|tendons]

...2732-2736.</ref>&nbsp;<ref name="Fritsch">Fritsch BA, Taylor DC. Posterior Shoulder Instability. Current Orthopaedic Practice. 2010; 21: 32-37.</ref>&nbsp;Tran ...ting/coexisting factors include microtrauma or macrotrauma injuries to the shoulder, previous dislocations, soft-tissue and/or boney structural abnormalities,&

...tch of the ulna below. This articulation is called the proximal radioulnar joint. The distal radius is articulated with a scaphoid at its lateral part and m ...":1">Ring D, Jupiter JB, Simpson NS. Monteggia fractures in adults. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1998 Dec;80(12):1733-44. PMID: 9875931.</ref>

...0_Kinematics_of_Arm_Joint_Motions_in_Basketball_Shooting Kinematics of Arm Joint Motions in Basketball Shooting]. Procedia Engineering. 2015; 112; 443-448</ ...es in preparation for the shot. This typically involves a stance with feet shoulder-width apart, knees slightly bent, and the body balanced and aligned towards

...ompressive force, a traction injury following anterior dislocation of the shoulder,<ref name="Allen et al">Allen J, Dean K. Recognizing, managing, and testing .... 2000;35(3):316-328.</ref> or a forced Abduction movement of the shoulder joint.

...or L, Varacallo M. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK539723/ Anatomy, Shoulder and Upper Limb, Hand Flexor Digitorum Superficialis Muscle.] [Last updated: ...It is the hyperextension of the PIP joint with flexion posture of the DIP joint that most commonly occurs secondary to rheumatoid arthritis, cerebral palsy

...tructure that accompanies the stress<ref name=":0">Levangie PK, Norkin CC. Joint Structure and function: a comprehensive analysis. 4th. Philadelphia: FA. Da ...ocus on joint [[proprioception]]. This would be achieved by mobilising the joint tissue within the toe region of the stress-strain curve.<ref name=":1" /><r

...intervention to infraspinatus and teres minor on the range of glenohumeral joint internal rotation = ...of evidence that has linked loss of internal rotation of the glenohumeral joint with sub-acromial pathology such as impingement, tendinopathy and labral le

...ondromas of the distal aspect of the tibia or fibula.] Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery 2000;82:1269.</ref> These tumors may present with a stalk-like stru ...st commonly as a painless bump near a joint, usually the [[knee]] or the [[shoulder]]. Other symptoms may present and are usually associated with the location

...rthroplasty|TKR,]] [[ACL Reconstruction|ACL reconstruction]], arthroscopic shoulder surgery.) == Joint Mobilization with Cryotherapy ==

...59250/ [Accessed 18th September 2020].</ref><ref>Sheen J, Khan Y. Anatomy, shoulder, cubital fossa. StatPearl [Internet], 2020. Available from: https://www.ncb ...s in the axilla or arm, but it does supply articular branches to the elbow joint.

...followed by the hip and the ankle (foot). To a lesser degree in the wrist, shoulder and elbow. It may also appear in the spine, but it is infrequent.<br>The sy ...ssive [5]. Some may experience pain, swelling, warmth and stiffness in the joint [5][8]. Locking and instability, mechanical symptoms, may develop [5]. PVNS

*[[Acromioclavicular Joint|Acromioclavicular Joint]] *[[Acromioclavicular Joint Disorders|Acromioclavicular Joint Disorders]]

...e mid to end-range facet [[Manual Techniques for the Cervicothoracic Spine|joint mobilizations]] that are applied Antero- cranially along the treatment plan ...trunk is in contact with the anterolateral surface of the patient's right shoulder. This is to stabilize the trunk of the patient when the mobilization is car

...as the cubital articulations. It is important to note that the capsule and joint cavity are continuous for all three joints <ref>Magee, D.J. Chapter 6: Elbo ...for two degrees of freedom (movement) at the elbow; notably the trochlear joint (flexion and extension) and the radiohumeral and superior radioulnar joints

! rowspan="2" |'''Joint''' | rowspan="25" |'''Shoulder'''

...ef><ref>Kibler WB, Sciascia AD. Disorders of the scapula and their role in shoulder injury. Gewerbestrasse, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing. 201 SD can be seen in overhead athletes or patients with shoulder pathology such as rotator cuff disease, glenohumeral instability, impingeme

...h without any lifestyle changes. Her goals for therapy are to decrease her joint pain and to get her muscles stronger so she doesn't struggle at work any lo ...Berta B, et al. Cross-cultural adaptation of the disabilities of the arm, shoulder, and hand (DASH) questionnaire into Hungarian and investigation of its vali

...ually distinguished from disarticulation where a part is removed through a joint<ref name=":0">Shores JT, M.D. [https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/treat *Shoulder Disarticulation (SD)

...d that injuries or sprains might result in a minor "positional fault" to a joint causing restrictions in physiological movement. *The techniques have been developed to overcome joint `tracking' problems or `positional faults', i.e. joints with subtle biomech

..., L., Dhooghe, R., Dijkhuis, J., Roy, J.S., &  Cools, A.Proprioception and shoulder pain: A Systematic Review. ''J Hand Ther''. 2019 Aug 31. pii: S0894-1130(1 ...urnal of Athletic Training, 37''(1),71-79.</ref> (Clinically measured as a joint matching task).

...://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK536933/ Anatomy, Shoulder and Upper Limb, Shoulder.] [Updated 2021 Jul 31]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): S ...i.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK536933/</nowiki></ref> The intrinsic muscles of the shoulder which connect the scapula and/or clavicle to the humerus include:

[[File:Platysma.png|frame|Platysma]]It originates in the upper thoracic and shoulder regions from a [[fascia]] that covers the [[pectoralis major]] and [[de ...Additionally, TrPs in platysma can be misdiagnosed as [[temporomandibular joint]] (TMJ) dysfunction. Most TrPs in platysma are regularly located over SCM<r

...e&nbsp;[[Talk:Manual Therapy and Exercise Intervention in the Treatment of Shoulder and Neck Pain in a Patient with Mental Health Comorbidities: A Case Report| ...enhance adherence. After eight weeks of treatment the patient had improved shoulder and neck ROM, pain level, DASH and Neck Pain Disability Scale scores, but a

...the serratus anterior, a case report of 20 cases. The journal of bone and joint surgery 1983 (65-B), 552-556.fckLREvidence levels: 3</ref><ref>B. Forthomme * Acute Traumas, for example a direct shock on the shoulder during a car accident with a sudden traction on the arm. It has also seen

** The feet, ankle, knees, hip, trunk, shoulder, neck and head posture is assessed through the video ...as 0 or 1. The questions 16 and 17 are rated as 0,1 and 2 depending on the joint displacement and overall performance respectively

[[File:Ligaments of the hip joint anterior aspect Primal.png|right|frameless|400x400px]] The hip joint is a ball and socket [[Joint Classification|joint]] that is the point of articulation between the head of the [[femur]] and t

[[File:Shoulder diagram.jpg|thumb|436x436px|Shoulder Diagram]] The [[Glenohumeral Joint|glenohumeral joint]] of the shoulder has the highest [[Range of Motion|range of motion]] of the human body and t

...proprioception also appeared normal on the finger to nose/heel to shin and joint sense tests. The [[Tinetti Test|Tinetti assessment tool]] was used to asses ...ive dysphasia, touch localisation test was difficult to complete, however, joint proprioception was demonstrated and conducted and appeared normal.

...ih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9450698/ Temporomandibular disorder and generalized joint hypermobility: application of diagnostic criteria]. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol ...lternative scale that offers a wider view of joint laxity (including the [[shoulder]], [[hip]], [[patella]], [[Ankle and Foot|ankle]], [[Ankle and Foot|foot]]

...la]] are underdeveloped and sit high on the back causing weakness of the [[shoulder]]<nowiki/>s * Postural exercises and strengthening of neck, shoulder, and periscapular musculature is recommended in most patients.

...antly limit functional abilities in individuals with a spinal cord injury. Shoulder ROM problems are related to functional limitations and disability, and can * Some abduction and external rotation of shoulder - can alter position as needed

...n undergoing breast cancer treatment: study protocol for the prevention of shoulder problems trial (UK PROSPER).] BMJ Open 2018;8''':'''e019078</ref>. .... [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0306987711002738 Shoulder impairments and their association with symptomatic rotator cuff disease in

...se may result in subchondral collapse which threatens the viability of the joint involved. Non-traumatic cases will typically present with mechanical pain o # '''Joint or bone trauma'''

...ures. It is the most common fracture of childhood. A fall onto the lateral shoulder most frequently causes a clavicle fracture. Radiographs confirm the diagnos ...d cases, a clavicle fracture results from a fall directly onto the lateral shoulder.<ref name=":0" />

...joint at the base of the second toe (the second metatarsophalangeal or MTP joint) further forward. It is a type of brachymetatarsia.<ref name="brage">Schimi * [[Ankle Joint|Ankle]] Pain - Weak Ankles

* flexibility (e.g. joint range of movement) * Shoulder internal rotation

...runs posteriorly to the lumbar vertebral bodies and anteriorly to the knee joint axis * Protraction of the [[Shoulder|shoulders]]

...w joint. Physiotherapists have a functional knowledge of the complicated 3-joint elbow complex as well as its associated anatomy. They can apply this knowle ...ne. 2004 Oct 1;23(4):503-17.</ref> It is an extremely congruent and stable joint. Due to its complexity, even after severe injury, it is more prone to stiff

...acet joint dysfunction in the neck and back, and for broader areas such as shoulder pain, scoliosis, sciatica, asymmetrical legs, hips or arms, or to treat chr ..., Shaffer MA.The Immediate Effects of Muscle Energy Technique on Posterior Shoulder Tightness: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2011;4

...icular cartilage have become separated. Which form loose bodies within the joint. The separated flakes can then ossify due to nourishment by the synovial fl Repetitive high stress forces on the joint can result in a series of minor injuries on the elbow that can eventually l

...al therapy and sacroiliac and lumbar exercises in patients with sacroiliac joint dysfunction syndrome. Pain Physician. 2021;24(3):223.</ref> ...on, and translatory gliding and traction mobilisations are used to restore joint play to its usual state.<ref>Physiopedia. [[Kaltenborn of Hand]] (last acce

...ssence, it is the extent to which a part of the body can be moved around a joint or a fixed point. ...t of patient assessment.<ref name=":0">Norkin CC, White DJ. Measurement of joint motion: a guide to goniometry. FA Davis; 2016 Nov 18.</ref>

* [[Acromioclavicular Joint Disorders|Shoulder impingement syndromes]] * [[Greater Trochanteric Pain Syndrome|Hip]] or [[Shoulder Bursitis|shoulder]] [[bursitis]]

...Nguyen J, Duong H. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK546622/ Anatomy, Shoulder and Upper Limb, Hand Hypothenar Eminence.] In: ''StatPearls''. Treasure Is ...ler MA, Bordoni B. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537229/ Anatomy, Shoulder and Upper Limb, Hand Muscles.] In: ''StatPearls''. Treasure Island (FL): S

...cedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1356689X05000214 Diagnosis of sacroiliac joint pain: validity of individual provocation tests and composites of tests]. Ma ...aslett 2006">Laslett M. Pain provocation tests for diagnosis of sacroiliac joint pain. The Australian journal of physiotherapy. 2006;52(3):229.</ref> Diagno

...e]] forces and the forces in [[bone]]<nowiki/>s and [[Joint Classification|joint]]<nowiki/>s that result from transmission of the muscle forces through the ...ditions under which an object moves.<ref name=":1">Levangie PK, Norkin CC. Joint Structure and function: a comprehensive analysis. 4th. Philadelphia: FA. Da

* Sternal fracture occurrence has tripled with the use of vehicular shoulder restraints, likely secondary to the deceleration forces concentrated direct * [[Sternoclavicular Joint Disorders|Sternoclavicular dislocation/injury]]

...injury, chronic emotional stress, postural stressors, persistent neck and shoulder contraction, neck immobilization (cervical collar).<ref>http://www.webmanme Stand with feet shoulder-width apart. Place both hands on forehead and gently push forward on the he

...e=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> . Its main functions are to stabilise the elbow joint and to resist valgus loads<ref name=":0" />. The UCL stabilises the elbow joint by slowing down elbow extension during throwing's deceleration phase and by

...] and [[Gluteus Maximus|gluteus maximus]] muscles in the [[Hip Anatomy|hip joint]]. Sway-back posture reduces contraction of the skeletal [[Muscle|muscles]] * One-joint (iliacus, [[Psoas Major|psoas]]), and two-joint hip flexors ([[Rectus Femoris|rectus femoris]], [[Tensor Fascia Lata|tensor

== Shoulder == ...ions/documents/guide/wcm001684.pdf Diagnosis and Management of Soft Tissue Shoulder Injuries and Related Disorders: Best Practice Evidence-Based Guideline] New

...he extent and nature of the relationship between thoracic manipulation and shoulder pain. ...ar-old male, was admitted to physical therapy after a two-month history of shoulder pain. Interventions were aimed at strengthening the periscapular musculatur

...ction and dysfunction, resulting in design improvements in devices such as joint arthroplasty systems and orthotic devices. ...cal Biomechanics of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome]], [[Dynamic Stabilisers of the Shoulder Complex]], [[Biomechanical Assessment of Foot and Ankle]], [[Biomechanics a

...Yn4T4Ag&scisig=AAGBfm3wEEM12DzhEgbyGNROGK_mVIkv-g Thoracic costotransverse joint pain patterns]: a study in normal volunteers. BMC Musculoskelet disord. 200 ...se consists of the annulus fibrosis of the intervertebral disc. A synovial joint ensures the connection between the rib and the thoracic vertebra. <ref name

...>. Degeneration causes vertebral osteophytes, [[Facet Joint Syndrome|facet joint osteoarthritis]] (FJ OA), and [[Intervertebral disc|disc]] space narrowing. ...A is [[Age Related Changes in the Cervical Spine|age]]. As we age, healthy joint [[cartilage]] (chondrocytes) and [[Extracellular Matrix|extracellular matri

...onal movements. ''Every pattern has an opposite pattern in each individual joint movement, the two together constitutes a diagonal.'' Patterns are named according to the proximal joint movement while the pattern movement starts with the most distal joints. Thi

[[Rotator Cuff Tendinopathy]] is a common condition representing 30-70% of shoulder pain disorders<ref>Oliva F, Piccirilli E, Bossa M, Via AG, Colombo A, Chill ...ter LM, van der Heijden GJ. Clinical prediction rules for the prognosis of shoulder pain in general practice. Pain. 2006 Feb 1;120(3):276-85.</ref>.

...The manubriosternal and xiphisternal joints are less frequently affected. Joint swelling distinguishes the condition from costochondritis. Tietze’s syndr ...mmation, the normal movement in joints are disrupted, the movements of the shoulder crepitates and pain may occur.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" /> Complaints

...l ailments of the disease that lead to a bent presentation and arthralgic (joint pain) symptoms.<ref name="WHO">World Health Organization. Chikunguyna Fact ...ankles. While the larger joints involved are the knee and shoulder. Axial joint involvement can occur as well.<ref name="p3">Mohan A, Kiran D, Manohar IC,

...ed grade I whiplash because the injured person presents neck pain and / or joint stiffness, does not present neurological or bone alterations. [[File:Shoulder-and-Neck-PainF.jpg|alt=Pain zone|thumb]]

...essential and commonly used treatment method for the management of tissue, joint and movement dysfunction. There are several different main stream approache ...sively to assess range and symptom response in the open pack position of a joint. Understanding this idea of accessory movements and their dysfunction is es

...le (side): client attempts to place forearm on a table by abducting at the shoulder ...lient attempts to place forearm on a box, 25.4cm tall, by abduction at the shoulder

...ic]] vertebra has a total of six joints with neighboring vertebrae: four [[Joint Classification|synovial joints]] and two symphyses.<ref name=":0">Richard L ...lm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1513569/ The shortened disabilities of the arm, shoulder and hand questionnaire (QuickDASH): validity and reliability based on respo

...inical presentation. i.e. [[Cervical Anatomy|Cervical joints]], [[Shoulder|Shoulder,]] [[Elbow]]. ...youtube.com/watch?v=DxW0rodKOGs|width}}<ref>Ascension Via Christi Joint-by-Joint Musculoskeletal Physical Exam: Hand and Wrist Available from:https://www.yo

...eruse injury/complaints reported by studies were the back, knees, neck and shoulder, groin and buttocks, and hands.<ref name=":0" /><ref>Nathan J. Dettori & Da The patellofemoral joint is under particular stress in bicycling thus patellofemoral pain (PFP) is a

...n its own axis.<ref name=":1">Reboredo V. Anatomy of the Temporomandibular Joint Course. Plus , 2021.</ref><ref name=":2">Wadhwa S, Kapila S. [https://www.n ...sref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub%20%200pubmed Biomechanics of the temporomandibular joint]. J Dent Res. 2008;87(11):989-91.</ref>

* '''Previous shoulder injury''' Upper quadrant musculoskeletal conditions are defined as pain in the arm , shoulder and neck and they are not due to trauma or underlying systemic disease.<ref

...ghting any aberrations found. Treatment may include releases of myofascia, joint mobilisations and manipulations, muscle energy techniques, taping and spec ...r mat with legs extended and hands palm down just above shoulders; retract shoulder blades down and in towards the midline of your spine; maintaining that posi

...rm. The main function of the triceps is the extension of the [[Elbow|elbow joint .]]<ref>Singh RK, Pooley J. [https://bjsm.bmj.com/content/36/6/467 Complete ...1/triceps-rupture Triceps Rupture] Available: https://www.orthobullets.com/shoulder-and-elbow/3071/triceps-rupture<nowiki/>(accessed 30.12.2021)</ref>.

...the upper arm is the result of an internal rotation torque at the shoulder joint, caused by muscle actions ([[Latissimus Dorsi Muscle|latissimus dorsi]] and ...e considerably because the segments of the body can move their masses with joint rotations. This concept is critical to understanding balance and stability

...current presentation nor the reported history were consistent with typical shoulder instability. The physical therapist recommended a referral to a physiatrist ...typical presentation, most patients with NA are initially diagnosed with a shoulder type pathology or cervical radiculopathy. Patients with NA generally seek s

...ulnar artery in the hand. <ref name=":2">Richard M. M; Zachary G.Anatomy, Shoulder and Upper Limb, Forearm Radial Artery. InStatPearls [Internet] August 15, 2 ...ls superiorly to anastomose with the radial collateral artery at the elbow joint.

...re Grenzgeb., 121:427-8</ref><ref>Fu F.H., Harner C.D., Klein A.H. (1991), Shoulder impingement syndrome: a critical review. Clin. Orthop.;269:162-73.</ref>. A ...3), Occupational risk factors associated with soft tissue disorders of the shoulder: a review of recent investigations in the literature, Ergonomics 36:697-717

...ome cases C7 is involved as well) usually produced by widening of the head shoulder interval. Injuries to the brachial plexus affects movement and cutaneous se ...e surgical neck of the humerus deep to deltoid. It innervates the shoulder joint, teres minor and deltoid muscles, skin of superolateral arm.

The shoulder girdle (scapula, coracoid, clavicle) is greatly reduced in the equine limb. * Only the radius supports the humerus at the elbow joint

# High risk of shoulder subluxation due to lack of innervation of the shoulder girdle '''[[Shoulder Subluxation]]:'''

...clavicle and the manubrium of the sternum and first costal cartilage, the joint has little bony stability. Between the medial clavicle and the manubrium is ...the anterior and posterior surfaces of the manubrium, respectively. The SC joint is supported superiorly by the interclavicular ligament that connects the s

..., along with partial medial facetectomy (limited to one-third of the facet joint) and rhizolysis of the traversing nerve roots (that is, the nerve roots tha #[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8_AHkiiPYS8 Shoulder abduction test.]

...enzuela M, Bordoni B. [https://europepmc.org/article/med/30725850 Anatomy, Shoulder and Upper Limb, Hand Palmar Interosseous Muscle.] In: StatPearls. StatPearl ...s towards centre of third digit or middle finger. Flex metacarpophalangeal joint while extending interphalangeal joints.

...325967121992133 The area of impingement in the throwing versus nonthrowing shoulder of collegiate baseball players: An MRI study of the simulated late-cocking ...imally.<ref name=":3">Kibler B. et al. The role of the scapula in athletic shoulder function. Am J Sports Med 1998;26:325–37</ref><br>The coracoacromial arch

</ref> the accessory head (Gantzer's muscle)<ref>Benson D, Miao K. Anatomy, Shoulder and Upper Limb, Hand Flexor Pollicis Longus Muscle. In: Varacallo M. editor * The FPL mainly flexes interphalangeal joint of the distal phalanx of the thumb.

...o create the hinge, while the radius and ulna articulate to create a pivot joint to allow forearm pronation and supination. ...ture are capitellum fractures, distal radius fractures, distal radio-ulnar joint dislocations, medial collateral ligament (MCL) ruptures, biceps tendon rupt

[[Biomechanical Fundamentals of Sacroiliac Joint Pain|Body mechanics]] is a term used to describe the ways we move as we go ...er the best rest break strategies based on your job demands.<br>• Practice joint-conserving kinematic movement patterns.<br>• Maintain a reasonable level

...pertension, and obesity<br>No complaints of pain in the LE but does have L shoulder pain. <br>Pt currently uses power wheelchair for primary mode of transporta *Soft tissue mobilization and joint mobilization to increased L knee extension

...in any of these areas can reduce a person's independence<ref name=":1">SCI joint Contractures. Research and Training Center on Independent Living, Universit

===Muscles of the Upper Arm and Shoulder Blade=== ===Shoulder girdle– [[Shoulder#Anatomy|shoulder gridle anatomy pages]] ===

...986_Shoulder_problems_in_overhead_sports_Part_I_-_biomechanics_of_throwing Shoulder problems in overhead sports. Part I - biomechanics of throwing]. Pol Orthop === 2. Shoulder ===

...xion: 4/5<br>Shoulder Ext: 4/5<br>Shoulder Abd: 4/5<br>Shoulder IR: 4/5<br>Shoulder ER: 4-/5<br>Elbow Flex: 5/5<br>Elbow Ext: 5/5<br>Hip Flex: 4/5<br>Hip Ext: ...e of the adverse diseases or conditions which can then affect the patient. Joint and bone protection should be a primary concern of the therapist due to the

...Consensus practice guidelines on interventions for cervical spine (facet) joint pain from a multispecialty international working group]. Regional Anesthesi ...n ('closing down' of the joint) and reduces with flexion ('opening' of the joint). The most commonly affected cervical spine levels are C5, C6 and C7.<ref n

...ow the patient moves the joint on their own. You can read about completing joint range of movement assessment [[Range of Motion|here.]] |[[Manual Muscle Testing: Shoulder Flexion|Shoulder Flexion]]

[[File:Septic arthritis of left hip joint with melioidosis.jpg|right|frameless]] ...mmation, cytokines and proteases are released, thus resulting in potential joint destruction. <ref name="p3">Goodman CC, Snyder TEK. Differential diagnosis

...es on rabbit tendo Achillis. A sonographic and histological study.] J Bone Joint Surg Br 1998; 80: 546-552.</ref>, and amplify growth factor and protein syn ...565/#__ffn_sectitle Efficacy of Extracorporeal Shockwave Therapy in Frozen Shoulder.] International Journal of Preventive Medicine 2014; 5(7): 875-881</ref>

|Swimming<ref>Johnston T.R., Abrams G.D. Shoulder Injuries and Conditions in Swimmers. In: Miller T. (eds) Endurance Sports M |Decreased external rotation of the shoulder

...r displacement of the distal fragment, disruption of the distal radioulnar joint and the triangular fibrocartilage complex often occurs. There may also be a * Distal Radioulnar Joint (DRUJ) disruption- injury to the sigmoid notch of the radius and the lunate

....pdf</ref>. PMR characteristically presents with pain and stiffness in the shoulder and hip girdles and an elevated acute phase response. <ref>Sara Muller et a ...iffness and soreness for no apparent reason. Synovitis and bursitis of the shoulder and hip are the cause of the patient's pain and symptoms are typically bila

...rs Company; 1985. pp. 4–8.</ref> the boundaries of the distal tibiofibular joint are the origin of the tibiofibular ligaments on the tibia and their inserti ...r tubercle of the tibia''' makes up the anterior margin of the syndesmosis joint, while the '''posterior tubercle''' creates its posterior margin. Because t

...these injuries often involve several of the structures associated with the joint.<ref name=":5" /> Apart from the clinical history, clinical reasoning and t ...) (i.e. pronation and supination). It is an extremely congruent and stable joint.<ref>Bryce CD, Armstrong AD. Anatomy and biomechanics of the elbow. Orthope

- Perforated ulcer can refer pain to shoulder with irritation of the diaphragm. - Peripheral joint involvemnt.

== Shoulder == ...joint.<ref name=":7">Marcellin-Little DJ, Levine D, Canapp SO. The Canine Shoulder: Selected Disorders and Their Management with Physical Therapy. Clinical Te

...nowiki/>'nerd neck''''. It is due to muscle imbalances around the neck and shoulder<ref name=":1" />and sustained posture of long duration whiling using a cell # Shoulder blade retractors

This patient gave consent to talk about their shoulder injury and how it has impacted their daily life since the original date of ...ed through the utilization of diagnostic ultrasound to the patient's right shoulder.

...index. It is designed to assess motor functioning, balance, sensation and joint functioning in patients with post-stroke hemiplegia<ref name=":0">Fugl-Meye * Joint range of motion (8 joints)

...e axis (C2) the joint [[atlanto-occipital joint]] and the [[atlanto-axial joint]] * Atlantoaxial joint is responsible for 60% of all cervical rotation

* Occipital bone: forms the joint between the skull and the first vertebrae of the neck (the atlas) ...ondyles and the mandibular fossae of the temporal bones. It has a '''loose joint capsule''' with thickenings that form a lateral ligament, as well as an '''

...dysfunction. "Weakness", on the other hand, refers to the stability of the joint and it's associated motor control. ...can either be viewed as a mobility (Tissue Extensibility Dysfunction (TED)/Joint Mobility Dysfunction (JMD)) OR a Stability/Motor Control Issue (SCMD). 

...nt of this patient must, therefore, include an examination of the neck and shoulder, as well as head control and balance. ...Derivation of a clinical decision guide in the diagnosis of cervical facet joint pain. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2014; 95(9): 1695-701.</ref>

...rt]. Journal of Health and Allied Sciences NU. 2019;09(02):51-6.</ref> The joint itself is also associated with a number of important functions including ea == Temporomandibular Joint Biomechanics ==

* '''Biomechanical impingement of the shoulder''' ...he literature is considered by many to be one of the most common causes of shoulder pain.

...unnel Syndrome, Diagnostic and Treatment Dilemma. THE ARCHIVES OF BONE AND JOINT SURGERY. 2015 Jul; 3(3): 156–162.</ref>{{#ev:youtube|3M6dzH1i-GI}} ...deep branch of the radial nerve (DBRN) courses over the radiohumeral (RH) joint. The tunnel ends where the DBRN becomes the PIN as it exits the distal edge

|Joint ...site of the injury (e.g. bone, cartilage, ligament, muscle, bursa, tendon, joint, nerve or skin) and the type of injury (e.g. fracture, dislocation, sprain

...verse friction massage in the management of chronic bursitis of the hip or shoulder]. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 1993, 16:107-111</ref>. The transverse action

...ength create joint compression, thus producing active stabilisation of the joint.<ref name=":0" /> ...Crossley KM, Kim HJ, Pandy MG. Contributions of individual muscles to hip joint contact force in normal walking. Journal of biomechanics. 2010 May 28;43(8)

...- No residual limb results in loss of balance and stability as there is no joint sense to allow for the body to position/stabilize itself. Post surgical pai *upper limb (shoulder depressors, rotator cuffs, serratus and latissimus)

Its most basic function is to adduct and medially rotate the thigh at hip joint. Its functional roles are listed below. .... Both muscles serve as dynamic stabilizers of the ball and socket joints (shoulder or hip, respectively). <ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" />

...s. Move slightly distal to the tubercle and you will find the scapholunate joint. * Disability of Arm, Shoulder, and Hand questionnaire [[DASH Outcome Measure|(DASH)]]

...litation, the anatomic and biomechanical understanding of the medial elbow joint is necessary<ref>Hoshika S, Nimura A, Yamaguchi R, Nasu H, Yamaguchi K, Sug The [[Elbow|elbow joint]] is stabilized primarily by three ligaments:

...iations whilst also providing a stabilising force at the ulnar side of the joint. The muscle’s function will be affected by the position of the forearm as ...position to neutral, and the ECU contracts isometrically to stabilize the joint<ref name=":0" />. 

Awareness of these structural changes, along with imbalances of joint biomechanics due to paralysis of key muscles is of paramount importance sho ...joints of the fingers straight to balance the intrinsics and the thumb CMC joint abducted 30°, MCP and IP joints straight or slightly flexed to position th

...othoracic joint, [https://physio-pedia.com/Glenohumeral_Joint glenohumeral joint], and [https://physio-pedia.com/Thoracic_Anatomy T4-T5 segment]. Janda note ...and upper [[trapezius]] to increase activation to maintain [[Glenohumeral Joint|glenohumeral]] centration<ref name=":1">Page P, Frank CC, Lardner R. Asses

..."refers to pain and weakness, most commonly experienced with movements of shoulder external rotation and elevation, as a consequence of excessive load on the ...f>Di Giacomo G., Pouliart N.,Costantini A.,De Vita A., Atlas of Functional Shoulder Anatomy. Italy:Springer, 2008. p232.</ref> The rotator cuff muscles include

..., L., Dhooghe, R., Dijkhuis, J., Roy, J.S., &  Cools, A.Proprioception and shoulder pain: A Systematic Review. ''J Hand Ther''. 2019 Aug 31. pii: S0894-1130(1 3.     '''Proprioceptors:''' Detects changes to limb position (joint position sense), movement detection (kinesthesia).

...rior nuchal line to the first thoracic spinous process".&nbsp;The Bone and Joint Decade 2000-2010 Task Force on Neck Pain and Its Associated Disorders descr ...ralgesia on palpation and in both passive and active movements in neck and shoulder area<ref name="Misailidou et al.">Misailidou V, Malliou P, Beneka A, Karagi

*Shoulder ABD bilateral= 4/5 *Shoulder Flexion bilateral= 4-/5

...ock. Gel is useful for protecting bony areas such as the foot, hand and AC joint. It can be cut as a horseshoe pad to treat ankle sprain, which can be used <br><u>'''Football shoulder pads'''</u>

.... 2021 Apr;51(4):759-76.</ref> Risk factors such as strength, [[balance]], joint mobility and [[biomechanics]] are often of interest as these are modifiable * Detailed biomechanical description (joint)

...is seated in the middle of the chair, back straight; feet approximately a shoulder width apart and placed on the floor at an angle slightly back from the knee ....1002/pri.411 Reliability of performance‐based measures in people awaiting joint replacement surgery of the hip or knee. Physiotherapy Research Internationa

...inventories. First is the Impairment Inventory, which assesses 6 domains (shoulder pain and stages of recovery of postural control, arm, hand, leg and foot). # Shoulder pain

==== Decoaptation (i.e. opening) of the Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ) ==== * Tension in the shoulder elevators

...erus]] is a fracture of the distal end of the humerus just above the elbow joint. The transverse section of the shaft of the humerus is somewhat circular in ...olecranon finally acts as a fulcrum on the fossa. While the anterior elbow joint capsule produces an anterior tensile load, resulting in fracture and disrup

...result of [[Latissimus Dorsi Muscle|latissimus dorsi]] and [[Subscapularis|shoulder internal rotators]] working too hard. * Too much wrist flexion and can compress the joint and nerve in the wrist as well as lead to elbow pain.

'''Neck/Upper Back/Shoulder''' ...<ref name="p6">Holte K, Westgaard R. Daytime trapezius muscle activity and shoulder-neck pain of service workers with wors stress and low biomechanical exposur

*Joint Mobilization: Grade 3 and 4 thoracic facet joint traction in supine *Stretching: Hip flexors, hip external rotation stretch, ...uote>-Prone - hip extension, shoulder elevation, contralateral hip ext and shoulder elevation<br>-Supine hook lying- bridge, hip external rotation + abduction,

...iction in range of motion during passive exercises due to tightness of the joint capsule." ...position with the most congruency of the joint surfaces. In this position, joint stability increases. For example, the closed pack position for the interpha

# A forceful blow causing depression of the shoulder and lateral flexion of the neck to the contralateral side, leading to tract ...symptomatic subjects. A prospective investigation. ''The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery'', [online] 72(8), pp.1178-1184. Available at: <nowiki>https://www.

...fractures, spinal fractures, or joint dislocations (classically posterior shoulder dislocations). <ref>Bounds EJ, West B, Kok SJ. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.go ==== Joint Contracture ====

* Stretching can occur when the head and neck are forced away from the shoulder, which could happen in a fall from a motorcycle. If severe enough, the nerv ...ular brachial plexus: patterns of injury, management and outcome.". J Bone Joint Surg Br 94 (6): 799–804.</ref>.

...diculopathy|radiculopathy,]] and weak positive evidence for cervical facet joint radiofrequency denervation.<ref>Cohen SP. [https://www.mayoclinicproceeding ...and flexors, cervical spine deep muscles, and any tight muscles in chest, shoulder and upper back. Often this will include mobilisation of a stiff upper thora

* Continual joint problems<ref name=":0" /> |Shoulder pain in swimmer

Pronator teres pronates the forearm and assists in flexion of the elbow joint.<ref name=":0" />It acts synergistically with the pronator quadratus. If th ...ld against the patients side or be stabilized by the examiner to avoid any shoulder abduction movement.

...JM, Watson J, Heath-Jones T. Validation of the LEFS on patients with total joint arthroplasty. Physiother Can. 2000;52:97-105.</ref><ref>Binkley J, Stratfor ...ered to consistently identify the preferred practice pattern, the affected joint of the body, stage of healing and functional scores at the initiation of ph

...letal system is a spherical accumulation of fluid produce from an adjacent joint capsule or tendon sheath. A ganglion cyst is not a cyst because the collect ...accessed 11.10.2019)</ref><br>88% of the cysts are located near the wrist joint and 11% near the foot and ankle<ref name=":1" />. In the wrist they are fou

...themselves.<ref name="fullerton" /><ref name="curtis">Curtis KA, Black K. Shoulder pain in female wheelchair basketball players. Journal of Orthopaedic &amp; ...the head or by repeatedly performing a normal movement so often that your joint begins to wear down.<ref name="fullerton" /> Activities like pushing a whee

...he upper trapezius muscle. It is characterised by acute or persistent neck-shoulder pain.<ref name=":9">De Meulemeester K, Calders P, De Pauw R, Grymonpon I, G ...clavicle and scapula.<ref>Simons SM, Dixon JB. Physical examination of the shoulder. Up-To-Date Online. 2013 Nov.</ref>

[[File:Sacroiliac joint.png|right|frameless|398x398px]] ...hyper- or hypo-mobile) or malalignment of the sacroiliac joint. Sacroiliac joint syndrome is a significant source of pain in 15% to 30% of people with mecha

[[File:Frozen shoulder..jpg|350x350px|thumb|MRI Thickened joint capsule, especially at the inferior recess could be a sign of AC]] ...many names in common use, we will be referring to this condition as Frozen Shoulder.

*Facet joint: the joint where the vertebrae connect ...abeled as the OA joint; its primary motion is flexion and extension at the joint. It also performing side-bending with opposite rotation.

...neuromuscular (brain and nervous system), musculoskeletal (soft tissues, [[Joint Classification|joints]] and [[bone]]<nowiki/>s), [[Cardiovascular Considera ...cal History'' 41 (1997), 487-495.</ref> [[Image:Shoulder massage.jpg|thumb|Shoulder Massage: Relief at Museum in Cyrene Libya thought to be 2000 years old]]

...to, tendinopathies, strains, sprains, tears, and arthritic changes within joint spaces.<ref name=":3" /> ...er out for imaging. MSK ultrasound allows therapists to observe tissue and joint structures throughout the rehabilitation process. Doing so, can allow you t

...Dystrophy|Limb-Girdle,]] Symptoms include weakness and wasting, affecting shoulder girdle and pelvic girdle first; progression is slow; death is usually due t * Presents as proximal muscle weakness, mainly in the pelvic girdle or the shoulder girdle muscle groups.

...e proximal medial aspect of the [[Knee]], two inches below the medial knee joint line between the pes anserinus tendons<ref name="Moschowitz">Moschowitz E. ...r a period of time. [[Bursitis]] can also occur in the [[Shoulder Bursitis|shoulder]], [[Prepatellar Bursitis|knee]], [[Iliopsoas Bursitis|hip]], [[Olecranon B

...nceptual model of neck pain: linking onset, course, and care: the Bone and Joint Decade 2000-2010 Task Force on Neck Pain and Its Associated Disorders.] Spi ...[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15284513/ Predictive factors for neck and shoulder pain: a longitudinal study in young adults.] Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2004 Au

...ation. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1988(233):7-18.</ref><ref>Dudek N, Trudel G. Joint contractures. In: Frontera W, Silver J, Rizzo T, editors. Essentials of phy ...rain injury<ref>Fergusson D, Hutton B, Drodge A. The epidemiology of major joint contractures: a systematic review of the literature. Clin Orthop Relat Res.

...nd, positioned at the end of the upper limb, is a combination of complex [[Joint Classification|joints]] whose function is to manipulate, grip and grasp, al ...nd to allow fine adjustment of grip.<ref name=":3">Levangie PK, Norkin CC. Joint Structure and Function: A Comprehensive Analysis. 5th Ed. Philadelphia: F A

...ome: A case report and review of the literature.] International journal of shoulder surgery. 2010 Apr;4(2):27.</ref> * Repetitive arm and shoulder movements and activity, such as from playing certain sports

...[[hamate]]. More proximally, the lunate is a component of the radio-carpal joint, and it also articulates with the [[ulna]] via the [[Triangular Fibrocartil ...mild and occasional to severe and debilitating. The range of motion of the joint is nearly always decreased, with loss of flexion and extension. Compared to

...be fractured. Communication of the distal fragment and fractures into the joint surface is present in some of these fractures. The colles fracture is one o ...exion and extension); it also articulates with the distal ulna (creating a joint for pronation and supination).

...shoulders]] and [[Neck Pain: Clinical Practice Guidelines|neck]]. Although joint pain is also often reported, muscle pain is the most typical description of

...iction in range of motion during passive exercises due to tightness of the joint capsule." ...position with the most congruency of the joint surfaces. In this position, joint stability increases. For example, the closed pack position for the interpha

*[[DASH Outcome Measure|Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand]]&nbsp;- A 30 item questionnaire, targeted towards measuring the According to a case report by Coppieters and colleagues, joint mobilizations of the elbow, thoracic spine and rib thrust manipulations, an

# Absence of apophyseal joint degeneration or SI inflammatory changes. *No inflammation at sacroiliac joint or facet joint ankylosis

...ies, intervertebral ligaments, the hyaline cartilage, the underlying bone, joint capsule and zygoapophyseal joints. It can lead to the formation of osteophy ...to contact with one another during motion, and slide during flexion of the joint to cover articular surfaces exposed by this movement.<ref name="gellhorn" /

...ce and maximal shoulder muscle strength of healthy young adults with round shoulder posture. J Phys Ther Sci. 2018;30(3):373-80.</ref>[[File:Thoracic and scapu ...Moiseev F, Feipel V et al. In vivo thorax 3D modelling from costovertebral joint complex kinematics. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon). 2014;29(4):434-8. </ref><

#* Unable to raise arms above shoulder level without external rotation #* Able to extend the wrist, rotate and adduct the shoulder<ref name=":2">Oelofse W. Upper Limb Management in Lower Tetraplegia  - Occ

...ed directly through the hip joint, a HP includes removal of the entire hip joint along with a section of the pelvis on the same side<ref name=":2">Yari P, D ...sinmotion. Hip Disarticulation Amputee Excels with the Otto Bock Helix Hip Joint. Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U77D-J46cnU [last accessed

...ritis]]) post arthroscopic irrigation and debridement found improvement in joint [[Range of Motion|range of motion]], synovitis on [[MRI Scans|MRI]] and [[H ....There is support that some early OA stages (Tonnis Grade 1 or less and if joint space is preserved by at least 2 mm) can see symptomatic improvement with a

...iction in range of motion during passive exercises due to tightness of the joint capsule." ...position with the most congruency of the joint surfaces. In this position, joint stability increases. For example, the closed pack position for the interpha

...4.</ref>. The most frequently involved body regions are the hip, knee, and shoulder. Although usually benign, chondroblastoma metastasizes on rare occasions, w ..., Tang P, Carlson J, Gebhardt M, Mankin H. Chondroblastoma of bone. J Bone Joint Surg. 2000; 82(8), 1140-1145.</ref>. <br>

...novium/capsule, ligaments and muscles. It refers to a clinical syndrome of joint pain accompanied by varying degrees of functional limitation and reduced qu ...ints in the body is prone to arthritis, but degenerative arthritis of this joint is an uncommon pathology <ref>A.Goel, A. Shah, Craniovertebral instability

...Uncovertebral Joints|uncovertebral joint]]<nowiki/>s, [[Facet Joints|facet joint]]<nowiki/>s, [[posterior longitudinal ligament]] (PLL), and [[ligamentum fl ...pathy]] the pain most often occurs in the cervical region, the upper limb, shoulder, and/or interscapular region <ref>Ellenberg MR, Honet JC, Treanor WJ. Cervi

...hip and knee extension should occur simultaneously while maintaining some shoulder retraction and the spine's natural curvature.

...ary osteoarthritis and secondary osteoarthritis. OA usuallly presents with joint pain and loss of function; however, the disease is clinically very variable ...ages of OA, the cartilage wears away and bone rubs against bone leading to joint damage and more pain.<ref>Arthritis foundation [https://www.arthritis.org/a

*Right shoulder pain that changes in the position cannot alter *Pain in the shoulder, back or sacral area that are alleviated after meals or bowel movements.

...>Sawyer E, Tadi P. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK539760/ Anatomy, Shoulder and Upper Limb, Forearm Extensor Carpi Ulnaris Muscle.] [Updated 2019 Mar 1 ...eep lymphatic vessels. <ref name=":4">Sawyer E, Sajjad H, Tadi P. Anatomy, shoulder and upper limb, forearm extensor carpi ulnaris muscle. StatPearls Publishin

...rve pattern. It is important to determine if symptoms are related to neck, shoulder or elbow positions or movements. * [[DASH Outcome Measure|Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (DASH)]]

Deceleration during follow-through produces shear forces on the radio-humeral joint. ...bony protuberances, including the medial epicondyle, the radio-;capitellar joint and the posterior olecranon apophysis, may reveal tenderness and true patho

...x-rhythm-therapy in the treatment of non-traumatic restricted movements of shoulder. In: Annual conference of physiotherapy 2010.</ref>

...ervical dystonia, presents as the rotation of the head or chin towards the shoulder.<ref name="Dauer" />&nbsp;Repetitive jerking of the head may be present wit ...nt neck pain. May also present with jerking movements, transient spasms, [[shoulder]] elevation, stiffness/tightness, and tremor.<ref name="Crowner" /><ref nam

...pathic ulnar impaction syndrome. Surgical technique. Journal Of Bone &amp; Joint Surgery, American Volume September 2, 2006;88A:212-220.</ref><ref name="Har ...eater biomechanical forces, particularly rotation forces, &nbsp;impact the joint. This positive variance can result from<ref name="Katz 2010" /><ref name="B

...scription of identifying whether the lesion is contained or not contained (shoulder) may also be included. Finally, although no accepted definition of lesion s ...xcessive invertion force, the talus is rotated laterally within the mortis joint in the frontal plane, impacting and compressing the lateral talar margin ag

* In the CTTH group, active trigger points per person in the head, neck, shoulder and upper back were 4.3 ± 2.1 vs 0 in the CON group ...and these active trigger points had lower PPT levels in the head, neck and shoulder than in the upper back

** Assess scapula movement during exercises (such as prone shoulder extension / abduction) ...skinesia - overactive upper trapezius and reduced lower trapezius on prone shoulder abduction

...t slow, medium, and fast velocities, inform the position of the anatomical joint in any potential orthotic intervention. It further assists in identifying i .... The muscle's reaction to stretch (X) is rated on a 6-point scale and the joint angle (Y) recorded at the point where the muscle reaction is first felt (Bo

<u>Subjective examination</u>: rounded shoulder, forward head, belly abdomen, flattening of lumbar curvature, flexion, abdu ...s, abductors, external rotators, flexibility training for the affected hip joint, and we instructed the patient to sleep prone as tolerated. Strengthening e

...hey have pain or symptoms in other regions such as their thoracic spine or shoulder. ...erform an activity that produces their symptoms such as looking over their shoulder as if they were checking a blind spot when driving, and note at which point

...term, easily felt changes/improvements of acute conditions (e.g. injuries, joint replacing) much more reliable than those of long term illnesses (e.g. rheum ...the Michigan Hand Outcomes Questionnaire and the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand Questionnaire in Patients With Hand Injury] on Physiospot, publis

* Protracted [[Shoulder|shoulders]]. ...ed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29964215/ Pregnancy Results in Lasting Changes in Knee Joint Laxity.] PM&R [Internet]. 2019 Feb [cited 2021 Nov 25];11(2):117–24. </re

...head, pectoralis and latissimus dorsi contract bringing more and more the shoulder in extension and internal rotation. ...ate a base of support in the epitroclea against the gravity and align with shoulder so this create the elbow flexion.

...rolateral rotary instability is demonstrated on the right. The humeroulnar joint rotates laterally (red arrow). The annular ligament (red) remains intact, a ...RI, the annular ligament usually remains intact as the proximal radioulnar joint does not dislocate.<ref name="O'Driscoll 1991" />&nbsp;

...- amputation through phalanges or disarticulation of metatarsal-phalangeal joint &nbsp; **toe amputations should not be performed through the joint because it will expose the avascular cartilage<ref name=":1" />

|Flexors/extensors of atlanto-occipital joint |Adductors of shoulder

...and ulnar deviation and pronation and supination (at the distal radioulnar joint). Optimal wrist function requires adequate range of motion. Wrist motion is ...iction in range of motion during passive exercises due to tightness of the joint capsule."

...stretched position<ref name=":3">Clarkson HM. Musculoskeletal assessment: joint range of motion and manual muscle strength. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; ...ity, efficient at working isometrically, useful in maintaining posture and joint stabilisation

...ong with [[Wrist and Hand Osteoarthritis|osteoarthritis of the radiocarpal joint]]. Timely diagnosis, appropriate immobilization, and referral to surgical o *[[DASH Outcome Measure|DASH]] or QuickDASH (Disabilities of Arm, Shoulder or Hand)

...L, Hall T. Neural tissue evaluation and treatment. Physical Therapy of the Shoulder. New York: Churchill Livingstone. 1997 </ref>. ...ed by pain, numbness, weakness, and swelling in the region of the neck and shoulder. Also by pain and sensory disturbances that radiate from the cervical spine

...S. Whiplash associated disorder: a review of current pain concepts. Bone & Joint. 2015; 4:360</ref>  Most whiplash associated disorders are minor soft tiss ...is completely extended with a shearing force causing compression of facet joint capsules.

...ch acute compartment syndrome is seen include the forearm, thigh, buttock, shoulder, hand, and foot.<ref name=":2" /> ...Johnstone. Diagnosing acute compartment syndrome. The journal of bone and joint surgery, Vol. 85, N°5, July 2003 A1 (2)http://web.jbjs.org.uk/cgi/reprint/

...or Muscles|muscle]] and connective tissue attachments from the head, neck, shoulder blade, clavicle, lumbar spine and pelvis as well as connections to organs i ...Spinal joint sprain involving the disc or zygapophyseal (facet) joint; rib joint sprain; [[Muscle Strain|muscle strain]].

...ct/med/3571311 Revision total elbow arthroplasty]. The Journal of bone and joint surgery. American volume. 1987 Apr;69(4):523-32.</ref>. The points are add ...xtent of established validity, reliability, and responsiveness. Journal of shoulder and elbow surgery. 2013 Oct 1;22(10):1380-94.</ref>. This study showed that

* Structural factors such as subluxation from disk and facet joint degeneration and changes in the normal lordotic curvatures of the spine can .... Patients also can experience pain and paresthesia in the head, neck, and shoulder.

...le to recover strength and function in his lower extremity, as well as his shoulder. The use of a cane and [[Foot Orthoses|Ankle-Foot Orthosis]] (AFO) were cri ...patient has developed a chronic overuse, compensatory injury in his right shoulder secondary to post-polio syndrome causing a high level of pain. Fortunately,

...from the [[Atlanto-occipital joint|atlanto-occipital]] and [[Atlanto-axial joint|upper cervical joints]] and perceived in one or more regions of the head an ...cogenic headache are a combination of unilateral pain, ipsilateral diffuse shoulder, and arm pain. ROM in the neck is reduced, and pain is relieved with anesth

...es.<ref>Pfluegler G, Kasper J, Luedtke K. The immediate effects of passive joint mobilisation on local muscle function. A systematic review of the literatur *A depression force is applied to the ipsilateral shoulder girdle.</div>

...ntraction, the velocity of muscle movement, the type of equipment, and the joint range of motion.<ref name=":1" /> ...the joint capsule, adequate warm-up, and muscle viscosity. Flexibility is joint specific, thus, no single flexibility test can be used to evaluate total bo

...c factors for neck pain in the general population: results of the Bone and Joint Decade 2000-2010 Task Force on Neck Pain and Its Associated Disorders. Spin ...o be sensitive (94%) and specific (84%) means of diagnosing cervical facet joint dysfunction. These tests are:

...ed by severe weakness of neck extensors and may associate with weakness of shoulder girdle and proximal arm muscles. This occurs as a result of several neurolo ...(Vol. 99, No. SUPP_10, pp. 12-12). The British Editorial Society of Bone & Joint Surgery.</ref>

...achial Plexus|brachial plexus]], a network of nerves in the lower neck and shoulder region, is stretched or compressed. This type of injury is frequently seen ...oulder, particularly during a football tackle, bending the ear towards the shoulder with rotation (which compresses the cervical nerves), and hyperextension of

Complaints of pain at the MCP joint could be associated with any of the following:<ref name="Makkouk" /> *MCP joint sprain

...osis considered in children between 9 and 15 years of age that sustained a shoulder injury.<ref name="Hart" />&nbsp;Additionly, this fracture can occur in newb ...bone structure at the supracondylar region,<ref name="Hart" />&nbsp;and a joint position of hyperextension.<ref name="Marquis">Marquis CP, Cheung G, Dwyer

...line-height: 1.5em;">) of the neck, and disorders of the temporomandibular joint.</span><ref name="latifpour" /><ref name="cherian">Cherian K, Cherian N, Co ...ead and the cervicothoracic junction as well as muscular imbalances of the shoulder and neck muscles (the sternocleidomastoid muscle, the descending part of th

...rs|genetic disorders]] which are characterizes by progressive weakening of shoulder and hip muscles. LGMD is defined as a muscular dystrophy presenting with pr ...rotein complex. Patients don’t show cardiac involvement and muscles of the shoulder girdle and of the posterior compartments of the legs are most severely affe

...adius is defined as the area three centimetres proximal to the radiocarpal joint, where the radius interfaces with the lunate and scaphoid bone of the wrist ...and Hand|wrist]] joint (also known as the radiocarpal joint) is a synovial joint in the upper limb, marking the area of transition between the forearm and t

* [[Sternoclavicular Joint|sternoclavicular joint]] injury ...R, Millett PJ. Treatment of clavicle fractures: current concepts review. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2012;21(3):423-9.</ref> In adults, over 66% of fractures occur

...it may be viewed as a ‘silent contributor’ to clinical presentations of [[shoulder]] and [[Neck Disability Index|neck pain.]] Therefore, understanding the eff Manual therapy techniques such as joint mobilisation, manipulation and soft tissue mobilisation can be used in orde

...o include a full musculoskeletal examination of the users range of motion, joint flexibility, muscle length, and skeletal alignment, with neurological issue The data should be gathered about the patient ‘s postural alignment at head, shoulder, trunk, pelvis and lower extremities using the visual observation and palpa

* Joint inflammation * Increase joint ROM

...study, very low quality, n=33). No evidence was available for revision of joint replacement, depression, or disability." ...lm.nih.gov/books/NBK561392/ 28. Joint replacement (primary): hip, knee and shoulder, ''NICE Guideline, No. 157 , National Guideline Centre (UK), London: Nation

* affected shoulder positioned comfortably. ...cognizant of electromyographic activity in selected muscle or awareness of joint position sense via visual or auditory cues.

=== [[Joint Classification|Joints]] === * In the case of costovertebral and costostransverse joint stiffness, passive mobilisation of the thoracic spine and costovertebral jo

* [[Passive Range of Motion: Shoulder flexion|Passive]] range of motion (knee [[Flexion Deformity of the Knee|fle * Thigh circumference (thigh girth, thigh muscle mass, knee joint swelling) <ref name=":3">Zamarioli A, Pezolato A, Mieli E, Shimano A. [http

...ely become stiff and sensitive due to a bone formation at the level of the joint capsule and cartilage. It causes a decreased range of motion and, in its ad ...gh not often recognised, axial spondyloarthritis can also cause peripheral joint pain, particularly in the hips, knees, ankles, and shoulders and neck. It i

...se occur due to the physiological pelvic ligament relaxation and increased joint mobility seen in pregnancy. The severity of symptoms varies from mild disco ...roiliac arthropathy, pelvic insufficiency, symphysis pain syndrome, pelvic joint syndrome, [[Recognising Pelvic Girdle Pain|pelvic girdle pain]], pelvic rel

...al alignment of the [[Wrist and Hand|carpal bones]] and/ or the radioulnar joint. The loss creates a disturbance of the normal balance of the carpal- and ra ...: the trauma causes ligamentous injuries that lead to misalignments of the joint surfaces, or badly healed fractures with consequent articular incongruence.

...syndrome (CTS) sometimes feel pain in the forearm,&nbsp;elbow, upper arm, shoulder, chest, and upper back. ...ioni J. Double-crush nerve compression in thoracic-outlet syndrome. J Bone Joint Surg 1990;72A:85-88.</ref>

...However, the triad is not required for diagnosis. Splenomegaly and severe joint involvement are not always present in some people with FS, and some people ...presence of RA, neutropenia, and splenomegaly.<ref name="p4" /> Severe RA joint involvement and splenomegaly are not always present in FS and are not neces

...otor control, reducing shoulder subluxation, reducing pain associated with shoulder subluxation and spasticity, improving sensory and proprioceptive awareness, ...ingle channel device is used for less complex movements such as rectifying shoulder subluxation. Although single channel systems are mainly used for simple mov

...sides of the hood wrap around the phalanx. At the proximal interphalangeal joint the hood is reinforced by the interosseus and lumbrical muscles. At the dis ...df Focus on extensor tendon injury.] British Editorial Society of Bone and Joint Surgery 2011. </ref><ref name=":0">Hirth MJ, Howell JW, Feehan LM, Brown T,

...passive constraint of the posterior ligaments; contraction of the deep one-joint muscles and thoracic parts of the long extensors.<ref name=":4">Edmondston ...hosis. A study of the intra-rater reliability in subjects with and without shoulder pain. BMC musculoskeletal disorders. 2010 Dec;11(1):39.</ref>:

...volvement of both synovium and entheses (sites where tendons, ligaments or joint capsules attach to the bone) leading to spinal and oligoarticular perip ...omplaints. In peripheral spondyloarthritis, the inflammation of peripheral joint and tendons are the main complaints. Further, spondyloarthritis can show an

|[[Acromioclavicular Joint|acromioclavicular joint]] |Atlanto-axial joint

...he volar metaphysis of the distal phalanx. At the proximal interphalangeal joint (PIPJ), the flexor digitorum profundus and the flexor digitorum superficial ...ves the traumatic loss of terminal extension at the distal interphalangeal joint (DIPJ).

...high propensity for inflammation at the sites where tendons, ligaments and joint capsules attach to the bone. These sites are known as entheses. <ref name=" ...ibrous cartilage. Due to its fibrocartilaginous components, the sacroiliac joint is a so-called articular enthesis.<ref name="p4">Hermann K.G.A., Bollow M.,

...ndyle and the olecranon. The floor of the tunnel consists of the [[elbow]] joint capsule and the posterior band of the medial collateral ligament of the elb ...dhesions within the tunnel, hypertrophy of the surrounding musculature, or joint changes.<ref name="Aldridge">Aldridge JW, Bruno RJ, Strauch RJ, Rosenwasser

...ijer PPF, van den Bekerom MP, van der Woude HJ, Eygendaal D. Tennis elbow. Shoulder Elbow. 2019;11(5):384-92. </ref> and it is a common musculoskeletal present ...nt (LCL), which fuses with the annular ligament of the proximal radioulnar joint. These structural changes could be the result of overuse, underuse or a com

* Shoulder Abduction: 69/175 degrees PROM * Shoulder abduction (2+)

...own at any handheld mobile device, which can lead to headaches, neck pain, shoulder and arm pain, breathing compromise.<ref>The Text Neck Institute. [https://w * [[Atlanto-occipital joint|Atlanto-occipital joints]] (C0 to C1): the principal motion is flexion-exte

...hosis. A study of the intra-rater reliability in subjects with and without shoulder pain. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders , 1 (11), 39.</ref> ...cia]]<nowiki/>l/soft tissue manual therapy (using hands-on techniques) and shoulder mobilization to help improve spinal flexibility.

...e and short, consisting of a single articular facet for the costovertebral joint.<ref name=":2">Safarini OA, Bordoni B. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/308 ...des the surrounding soft tissues. The most common symptoms are chest pain, shoulder pain, and arm pain. Weight loss is frequently present<ref>Alifano M, D'aiut

...oad term that encompasses disorders of the [[TMJ Anatomy|temporomandibular joint]] and its associated anatomical structures. ...hat the lateral pterygoid muscle was connected to the medial aspect of the joint capsule, meniscus and the condyle pterygoid fovea in more than half of the

...igaments, [[Achilles Tendon|Achilles tendon]] insertion, plantar fascia, [[Shoulder|shoulders]], olecranon and metacarpophalangeal joints <ref name="p1" /><re *peripheral joint affection

...ces of the agonistic and antagonistic muscles. It helps provide functional joint stabilisation through dynamic stability,<ref name=":11">Page P, Frank CC, L ...n during these activities and lead to the development of global effects of joint pathology. A study found that proximal hip weakness has caused anterior kne

...ng dressed and reaching for things in the cupboards because of his limited shoulder mobility. Consequently, John relies heavily on his wife who lives at home w |Shoulder Flexion

...dorsii muscles are involved in the poling phase during elbow extension and shoulder back extension, respectively. ...vation primarily for thrust action in the poling phase and secondarily for joint stabilisation at pole impact and during the poling phase.

...he nerve is generally a result of the same trauma that injures the bone or joint, but can also occur as a result of moving the patient or stretching, or man ...of stretch injuries, although this is rare and only occurs in about 5% of shoulder dislocations. Ulnar injuries account for 30% of patients with combined skel

...s occur in the epiphysis, around the knee joint, femur, tibia, wrist, hip, shoulder, and low back. In rare cases, the tumor may spread to the lungs. Pain usual

...igitorum Superficialis|Flexor digitorum superficialis]] (flexes the middle joint of each finger) ** flexion of the distal interphalangeal joint

...;''' There is less resistance, so it is easy to passively move the limb or joint. However, a person with a low muscle tone may find it difficult to initiat ...or whole limb extension, the tone can sometimes be relaxed by bending one joint e.g. if the whole leg goes into an extension pattern and the leg straighte

...This is often done for fractures of the tibia, femur (thigh), and humerus (shoulder). ...ost Tibial intramedullary surgery which alteres the kinematics of the knee joint<ref name=":0" />

...presentations of NP may include muscle pain, muscle spasm, headache, facet joint pain, nerve pain, referred pain and bone pain. <ref>Harvard Medical School .... St. Louis, Mo, Saunders Elsevier. 2008.</ref> C4 helps to control upward shoulder movement and helps to power the [[Diaphragmatic Breathing Exercises|diaphra

...ative in vivo studies of median nerve sliding in response to wrist, elbow, shoulder and neck movements. Clinical Biomechanics, 2003. 18(10): 899-907</ref>. ...o the moving joint and is least in the nerve segments distal to the moving joint.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

...ts (zygapophyseal joints), one at either side and a central vertebral disc joint.]] ...s zygapophyseal joints) which are on either side and also a vertebral disc joint in the centre of the vertebrae. These joints do not allow for much movement

...rsal part of the SLL is the strongest and the primary stabiliser of the SL joint and can resist forces of up to 260 N. The avascular proximal membranous por ...transmitted through the radioscaphoid joint and 35% across the radiolunate joint. As the SLL is between these two primary load-sustaining bones, it is easy

...and tendon-periosteal junction and non-contractile structures such as the joint capsule, bursae, [[fascia]], and ligament. <ref>Stasinopoulos D, Johnson MI ...ffects of deep friction massage and dry needling therapy on night pain and shoulder internal rotation in subacromial pain syndrome: 1-year follow up of a rando

...ef name=":9">Haldeman S, Carroll L, Cassidy JD. Findings from the bone and joint decade 2000 to 2010 task force on neck pain and its associated disorders. J ...workers’ compensation claims in the United States and in Sweden, neck and shoulder problems account for 18% of all disability payments<ref name=":8" />. One

#* Into a joint? | Shoulder Fracture Dislocation

**** Isometric forces - transfer force across a joint to generate joint movement ...aptations are specific to strength, power, endurance, functional activity, joint angle, sequence of muscle activations, energy systems and virtually all oth