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== Clinical Examination == *[[Lumbar Examination|Lumbar Examination]]

...et al">Flynn T, Cleland J, Whitman J. User's Guide to the Musculoskeletal Examination: Fundamentals for the Evidence-based Clinician. Buckner, Kentucky: Evidence ...lature is contracted.<ref name="Flynn et al" /><ref>Dutton, M. Orthopaedic Examination, Evaluation, and Intervention. New York: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.; 2

...teau of the injury, which is usually between 6 - 12 months in the complete spinal cord injury, there are a number of reconstructive surgery options available ...inal Cord Medicine; 1999.</ref> It is therefore important that a thorough examination of the upper limb with regarding to muscle strength, sensation and function

[[International Framework for Examination of the Cervical Region]]<br> ...nt of a package of care offered by physical therapists to individuals with spinal pain.

...quake <ref>Lathia C, Skelton P, Clift Z, Chapter.8 Early Rehabilitation of Spinal Cord Injuries. Lathia C, Skelton P, Clift Z. [https://resources.relabhs.org ...to a Spinal Injury Rehabilitation Centre 3-weeks after sustaining a T12-L1 Spinal Cord Injury managed surgically following Nepal Earthquake.

...e Organization of the Spinal Cord. In: Watson C, Kayalioglu G, editors.The Spinal Cord: A Christopher and Dana Reeve Foundation Text and Atlas. London: Acade ...s by association with parasympathetic neurons in the sacral segment of the spinal cord.<ref name=":1" />

== Examination == On examination, she was found to have reduced range of motion of her lumbar spine, positiv

...f flexibility and can even lead to chronic pain when a spinal nerve or the spinal cord becomes irritated or constricted as a result of the deterioration<ref === Examination ===

...to A. [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0161475408001760 Spinal palpation for lumbar segmental mobility and pain provocation: an interexami [[Category:Sacroiliac Examination]]

...e adjacent vertebral lamina and prevents buckling of the ligament into the spinal canal during extension, preventing canal compression. The lateral portion o ...causes hypertrophy and can lead to spinal canal stenosis (narrowing of the spinal canal), which can sometimes cause pain.

...as [[Facet Arthrosis|facet arthropathy]], [[Lumbar Spinal Stenosis|lumbar spinal stenosis,]] and [[Sacroiliac Joint|sacroiliac joint pain]]. There is a high ...deformity or pathology of the other. This means that hip pathology causes spinal pathology or vice versa.

A complete musculoskeletal examination of the patients gives an over view of patients body structure and function. ...loskeletal_Screening_Examination_Booklet.pdf The Musculoskeletal Screening Examination booklet]. University of Western Ontario. Available from: <nowiki>https://rh

...Main M, Mazzone ES, Montes J, et al. (2017) Revised Hammersmith Scale for spinal muscular atrophy: A SMA specific clinical outcome assessment tool. PLoS ONE [[Category:Paediatrics - Assessment and Examination]]

...rts: of these, the posterior and larger serves for the transmission of the spinal cord, its membranes, and the accessory nerves; the anterior and smaller con ...iew of the literature. Case reports in medicine]. 2011;2011.</ref>, causes spinal cord [[myelopathy]] that may need surgical intervention.

...o evaluate how patients and their parents perceive the appearance of their spinal deformity. [[Category:Paediatrics - Assessment and Examination]]

...for use in patients with [[stroke]]<ref name=":0" />, [[Spinal Cord Injury|spinal cord injury]] and [[Cerebral Palsy Introduction|cerebral palsy]]<ref name=" ...in Spinal Cord Injury|contractures]] and/or a clasp-knife response before examination<ref name=":1" />.

...eads to interruption of normal function of nerve tracts in one half of the spinal cord<ref name=":1">Ranga U, Aiyappan SK. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/ See the video below to further understand the anatomy of the spinal cord in relation to BSS.<br>

...s for Neurological Classification of Spinal Cord Injury, Revised 2011. Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil 2012;18(1):85-99.</ref> '''Sensory Examination'''

...ow back pain which can come from various structures, notably facet joints, spinal muscles, and ligaments. [[Low Back Pain|Low back pain]] is a major clinical ...matomal numbness), along side, with interventional spinal procedures (e.g. spinal epidural injection, facet joint injection, transforaminal injection) is nec

...this area. This page will give us an overview of assessment of ageing with spinal cord injury to bridge some of the existing gap in the literature. ...ttps://www.physio-pedia.com/Assessment_of_Spinal_Cord_Injury assessment of spinal cord injury]).

...tman JM, Cleland JA, Flynn TW. Regional Interdependence: A Musculoskeletal Examination Model Whose Time Has Come. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2007;37(11):658-660. P == Examination&nbsp; ==

...and Measures for the Physical Therapist Assistant. Chapter 9 Neuromuscular examination. Stacie J. Fruth, Carol Fawcett ...ber of causes like [[Stroke|cerebral hemispheric]] or [[Spinal Cord Injury|spinal cord]] damage. 

...ion of the Lumbar Spine Available: https://musculoskeletalkey.com/physical-examination-of-the-lumbar-spine/ (acessed 20.11.2022)</ref> ...cite_ref-:0_1-2"></span>Tape measure: inexpensive instrument for measuring spinal motion, and possibly the easiest to use.

...of the space where nerve roots exit the spine, which can be a result of [[Spinal Stenosis|stenosis]], bone spurs, [[Thoracic Disc Syndrome|disc herniation]] * 12 pairs of spinal nerve roots,

...ce each skeletal muscle is innervated by nerves derived from more than one spinal cord level.<ref>Earths lab Myotomes Available:https://www.earthslab.com/ana == Spinal Nerves ==

...a [https://radiopaedia.org/articles/osteoarthritis-of-the-vertebral-column Spinal OA] Available: https://radiopaedia.org/articles/osteoarthritis-of-the-verte ..., also contribute to osteoarthritic degeneration.<ref>Lindsey T, Dydyk AM. Spinal Osteoarthritis. Available:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK553190/ (ac

...ich is that portion of a peripheral nerve that “connects” the nerve to the spinal cord. Nerve roots arise from each level of the spinal cord (e.g., C3, C4), and many, but not all, intermingle in a plexus (brachi

..., S., The Human Extremities: Mechanical diagnosis and therapy. Wellington: Spinal publications New-Zealand, 2000.</ref> ...Supp G, Robbins SM. A study exploring the prevalence of Extremity Pain of Spinal Source (EXPOSS). J Man Manip Ther. 2020 Sep;28(4):222-230.</ref>

...axial skeleton. The first two laws solely apply to the lumbar and thoracic spinal regions, but the third applies to the entire vertebral column&nbsp;<ref nam [[Category:Cervical Spine]] [[Category:Cervical Spine - Assessment and Examination]]

...tion, however, 1-2% of cases of low back pain are caused by non-mechanical spinal disorders or visceral diseases such as a [[Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm|abdomi ==Examination Findings==

# Most commonly by a disturbance of the brain or spinal cord (the central nervous system, or CNS), or ...on with infection, [[Traumatic Brain Injury|head]] or [[Spinal Cord Injury|spinal cord injury]], [[stroke]], brain tumors, kidney or liver failure, chemical

.... [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4303793/ Rehabilitation of spinal cord injuries.] World journal of orthopedics. 2015 Jan 18;6(1):8. Available ...L. GUTTMANN, O.B.E., M.D., M.R.C.P.;1953</ref><ref name="Sedgwick et al.">Spinal cord potentials in traumatic paraplegia and quadriplegia; E M SEDGWICK, E E

...considered rare. It encompasses numerous associated pathologies including spinal stenosis, degenerative spondylolisthesis, osteoarthritis, aging, trauma, an ...usually be diagnosed based on a patient's history of symptoms, a physical examination, and imaging tests<ref>[https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/Pages/conditions

...Spinal Cord Injuries|spinal cord injury]]. An individual with this form of spinal cord injury (SCI) will have intact motor function and sensations of pain, l ...and tabes dorsalis, but both tend to be generalized to PCS:<ref>Medmaster. Spinal Cord Syndromes: Clinical Recognition & Anatomy Review. Available from: <now

...tion tests for the assessment of sacroiliac joint dysfunction.] Journal of spinal disorders. 1998 Aug;11(4):341-5.</ref><ref name="Vier">P Vercellini. Chroni ...ests and acceptable intertester reliability to be included in the clinical examination: <ref name="Drie" /><ref name="Zes" />

...D.L.+Skaggs,+J.M.+Flynn.+Staying+out+of+trouble+in+pediatric+orthopaedics.+Examination+of+the+spine.+Philadelphia,+2006.+P20-21.+Level+of+evidence:+D&ots=d_mu8QW6 ...column vertebrae. The examiner looks for indicators of scoliosis, such as spinal asymmetry, unlevel shoulders, scapula asymmetry, unlevel hips, and the head

...ion of the ANS sympathetics, which originate from T1-L2 afferents from the spinal cord.<ref>Benhamou CL, Roux C, Tourliere D, Gervais T, Viala JF, Amor B. Ps ...l O. Angina pectoris symptoms caused by thoracic spine disorders. Clinical examination and treatment. Acta Med Scand Suppl 1981;644:84-86</ref> (Heart surgery, im

...rotational horizontal plane motion. Many nerves innervate the muscles for spinal rotation. * The [[Spinal Manipulation|rotational manipulative technique]] is commonly used for patie

...pain]]. Thoracic back pain is more often due to [[The Flag System|serious spinal pathology]] than neck or low back pain but thoracic back pain is also preva === Examination ===

...ons in nonprimary motor areas may cause a release of inhibitory control by spinal interneurons, leading to a reappearance of the [[Reflexes|reflex]].<ref nam ...ns.pdf Primitive reflexes and postural reactions in the neurodevelopmental examination. Pediatric neurology.] 2004 Jul 1;31(1):1-8.</ref>

These tracts (fibers) cross over upon entering the spinal cord and ascend to the brainstem centers. ...anatomy|nervous system,]] lies anteriolaterally to the ventral horn of the spinal grey matter. This pathway comprises of three neutron sets and forms part of

...z JM, Brennan GP. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17374633 Preliminary examination of a proposed treatment-based classification system for patients receiving Beyond identifying serious pathology [[Red Flags in Spinal Conditions|( red flags]])such as fractures, diagnostic imaging is not often

...cond line of defense, preventing the odontoid process from compressing the spinal cord and by doing so, secondarily limits movement of the craniocervical jun == Examination ==

...M takes into the account the shape of the spinal coloumn. Extension of the spinal column facilitates inhalation in a vertical direction,while slumped posture ...two sides of the body. In case of scoliosis or sideways distortion of the spinal column there is a marked difference in breathing movement between the left

...in the body and its effect on the spine.&nbsp;<ref>Functional Soft Tissue Examination and Treatment by Manual Methods by Warren I Hammer Third Edition.</ref> ...stem and the posture is derived from the fine postural system, through the spinal cord.

== Subjective Examination == == Objective Examination ==

== Spinal Reflex/The Reflex Arc == ...ark Hallett, 'Tendon Reflexes and Pathological Reflexes', ''The Neurologic Examination: Scientific Basis for Clinical Diagnosis'', 1 edn (New York, 2016; online e

...ty, and multiple thoracic compression fracture<ref name=":0">Basu S (2012) Spinal injuries in children. Front. Neur. 3:96. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2012.00096</ref ...SCI on this complex process<ref name=":1">Powell A, Davidson L. Pediatric Spinal Cord Injury. A Review By Organ System. Phy. Med. and Rehab Clinics, 2015;

...complaint.<ref name="Manipulations, Inc">Wainner RS, Flynn TW, Whitman JM. Spinal and Extremity Manipulation: The Basic Skill Set for Physical Therapists. Sa ...n|LBP]] may actually be suffering from disorders of the hip or knee joint. Examination of proximal and distal joints in the same region of the reported pain and d

...ts a deep sulcus on its upper surface for the passage of the corresponding spinal nerve. Vertebral Causes of Spinal Pain:<ref name="Maitland">G.D. Maitland. Vertebral Manipulation. Fourth Edi

This page follows on the [[International Framework for Examination of the Cervical Region]]<br> and is based upon Section 10 Teaching OMT for ...OMPT%20cervical%20framework%20final%202020.pdf International Framework for Examination of the Cervical Region for potential of vascular pathologies of the neck pr

...diagnosis-based clinical decision rule for the management of patients with spinal pain.] BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2007;8:75.</ref> The reverse of centralizat ...ted to contribute to the assessment of the underlying acuity and nature of spinal symptoms, <ref>Kuhnow A, Kuhnow J, Ham D, Rosedale R. [https://pubmed.ncbi.

...st.<br> <br>An applicant who has not previously taken the physical therapy examination or an applicant who has not previously held an interim or temporary permit ...der of the interim permit ceases practice immediately upon notification of examination failure; or

...[Motor Neurone|motor neuron]] facilitation) acting on alpha motor neurons; spinal reflex mechanisms are typically normal.<ref name=":0">O'Sullivan SB, Schmit ...nal drive (upper motor neuron facilitation) acting on alpha motor neurons; spinal reflex mechanisms are typically normal.<ref name=":0" /> There is a disrupt

...l stimulation therapy for patients with neurogenic bowel dysfunction after spinal cord injury. Medicine. 2018 Oct;97(41).</ref> The clinical symptoms of neur The symptoms of neurogenic bowel in [[Spinal Cord Injury]] can be broadly divided into two headings:

.... </ref> It is a common pathological life-threatening condition after a [[Spinal Cord Injury]] (SCI), usually occurring if the SCI is at or above the T6 lev ...17472540/ Recognition and effective management of autonomic dysreflexia in spinal cord injuries. Expert opinion on pharmacotherapy.] 2007 May 1;8(7):945-56.<

...n in rheumatoid arthritis. British J Rheum 1998;37:417-420.</ref> Cervical spinal cord compromise due to atlantoaxial subluxation can have serious neurologic ...ynn">Flynn TW, Cleland JA, Whitman JM. User's Guide to the Musculoskeletal Examination--Fundamentals for the Evidence-Based Clinician. Evidence in Motion;2008:94.

...t is a rare neurogenic disease. As the cyst gets larger, it presses on the spinal cord and interferes with the transmission of [[Neurone|nerve]] impulses. S ...lar and Genetic Disorders|congenital]] brain defects, [[Spinal Cord Injury|spinal cord trauma]] and [[Infectious Disease|infection]].

...17; 18: 188.</ref>. For a schedule of which signs to look for in different spinal diseases follow this [https://bmcmusculoskeletdisord.biomedcentral.com/arti

Avoiding over-stressing the spinal tissues ...t should be allocated between dynamic spinal flexion exercise to allow the spinal tissue, muscles and [[Intervertebral disc|intervertebral discs]] to remodel

* [[Shoulder Examination|Shoulder]]: *[[Thoracic Examination|Thoracic spine]]:

...e notches form the intervertebral foramina for the passage of the thoracic spinal nerves. ...ative to another in the thoracic region run a huge risk of compressing the spinal cord and leading to damage of the cord.

* Spinal anaesthesia over epidural anaesthesia<ref name=":4" /> ...s, the largest spinal nerve plexus. It consists of nerves originating from spinal segments L1 to S4, lumbar plexus taking its origin from L1 to L4 and sacral

...ospt.2020.9971 International framework for red flags for potential serious spinal pathologies.] journal of orthopaedic & sports physical therapy. 2020 Jul;50 ===== You should know the following after the initial examination: =====

...es in people with spinal cord injury: a systematic review.] The journal of spinal cord medicine. 2010 Jan 1;33(4):353-70.</ref><br> ...the 'locked-in' syndrome, the persistent vegetative state and brain death. Spinal cord. 1998 Nov;36(11):741-3.</ref><ref>Hamou C, Shah NR, DiPonio L, Curtin

The Trendelenburg sign is a quick physical examination that can assist the therapist in assessing for any hip dysfunction.<ref nam ...Trendelenburg sign can be used to assess other mechanical, neurological or spinal disorders, such as the Congenital dislocation of the hip or hip subluxation

[[File:Spinal Cord Segments and body representation.png|thumb|'''Figure. 1''' Spinal Cord ]] ...Nicholson Perry K. Managing Pain for adults with spinal cord injury. Rural Spinal Cord Injury Project. 2002 Jun.</ref>

...rrent literature as it pertains to the reliability of the manual segmental examination of the lumbar spine and how it plays into the management of patients with l ...ing keywords: motion palpation, reliability AND palpation, reliability AND spinal motion palpation, intervertebral motion, and validity AND motion palpation.

...psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.944.1147&rep=rep1&type=pdf Preliminary Examination of a Proposed Treatment-Based Classification System for Patients Receiving ...stic triage has taken place and the individual has been cleared of serious spinal pathology neck pain is often refer simply classified as having neurological

...amplitude) may be applied. The latest research demonstrates that thoracic spinal manipulation yields a decrease in shoulder pain and overall improvements in ...e J, Kilbreathe SL, Hooman L, York S. Scapulohumeral rhythm and associated spinal motion. Clin Biomechan. 2008; 23: 184-192.</ref>

[[File:Spinal-cord-injury-symptoms.png|right|frameless|691x691px]] ...rezaee S. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6439316/ Traumatic spinal cord injury: an overview of pathophysiology, models and acute injury mechan

...ior elements that help guide the movement of the vertebrae and protect the spinal cord. Vertebral Causes of Spinal Pain:<ref name="Maitland" />

...d to the [[Cerebral Cortex|cerebral cortex]]. In the [[Spinal cord anatomy|spinal cord]], this pathway travels in the dorsal column, and in the [[brainstem]] ...teral branches that will terminate in the spinal gray matter to facilitate spinal reflexes. The majority of the central axonal process, however, will leave t

...erse ligaments of the axis are responsible to maintain the diameter of the spinal cord and to stabilise the atlantoaxial joint. The insufficient and unstable ...blades, neck stiffness, headaches and pain radiating in the arms. Serious spinal cord compression might present as weakness, paresthesia or even paralysis i

...y not know much about them. The clinicians must conduct a profound medical examination and check the family history of the patient. It is vital that the patient's ** muscle biopsy and examination of the level of CK (creatine kinase) in the tissues

...j/article-abstract/81/5/1135/2857622 Using published evidence to guide the examination of the sacroiliac joint region.] Physical therapy. 2001 May 1;81(5):1135-43 ...tion tests for the assessment of sacroiliac joint dysfunction]. Journal of spinal disorders. 1998 Aug;11(4):341-5.</ref><ref name="Tien">M Laslett. Pain prov

.... [https://academic.oup.com/rheumatology/article-abstract/43/6/750/2899121 Spinal mobility in ankylosing spondylitis: reliability, validity and responsivenes ...r Heijde D. [https://www.jrheum.org/content/31/9/1779.short Measurement of spinal mobility in ankylosing spondylitis: comparison of occiput-to-wall and tragu

...to individuals who have not taken and passed the National Physical Therapy Examination (NPTE).&nbsp; This is a&nbsp;license that&nbsp;can be used for up to six mo <blockquote>An examination waiver may be sought if the applicant can provide proof that&nbsp;he or she

...to obturator internus, which is formed from portions of the L5, S1, and S2 spinal nerves. ...the hip. Testing of the external rotators would be done in a normal [[Hip Examination|hip assessment]].

...his anatomical structure due to its proximity to the [[Spinal cord anatomy|spinal cord]] and [[brainstem]].<ref>S.K. Demetrios et al. It is time to reconside ...itself superiorly from the body. The odontoid process lies anterior to the spinal cord and is used as the pivot for the rotation of the head. The C1 vertebra

This page follows on the [[International Framework for Examination of the Cervical Region]]<br> and is based on Section 9 Safe OMT Practice fr ...OMPT%20cervical%20framework%20final%202020.pdf International Framework for Examination of the Cervical Region for potential of vascular pathologies of the neck pr

...esult in [[Spinal Stenosis|spinal stenosis]], neurologic deficit, cervical spinal deformity and instability. Patients can be polysyndromic in their presentat * Fusion of two or more spinal bones in the neck

...lumn Medial Lemniscal Pathway|dorsal column]] of the [[Spinal cord anatomy|spinal cord]] (the dorsal column is responsible for [[proprioception]]).<ref>Healt ...terior cord syndrome (Posterior spinal artery infarction); Hemi-section of spinal cord ([[Brown-Sequard Syndrome|Brown Sequard syndrome]])<ref name=":0">Epom

...isruption of the pathways between this region to the caudal portion of the spinal cord.<ref name=":0">Castro‐Diaz D, Taracena Lafuente JM. Detrusor‐sphin ...reflex. The PMC provides excitatory impulses to the bladder and blocks the spinal guarding reflexes. The detrusor contracts with synergistic relaxation of th

...from the anterior rami of the  T1 to T11 [[Thoracic Spinal Nerves|thoracic spinal nerves]] ...ra and abdominal peritoneum and differ from the anterior rami of the other spinal nerves in that each pursues an independent course without plexus formation.

...e.<ref name="Dutton">Dutton M. The shoulder complex. Dutton M. Orthopaedic Examination, Evaluation, and Intervention. 2nd ed. New York, NY: McGraw Hill Companies. ...o the pelvis.<ref name="cook 2013">Cook C, Hegedus EJ. Orthopedic physical examination tests: An evidencebased approach. Upper Saddle River: Rearson Education.</r

* Central nervous system lesions (stroke, multiple sclerosis, spinal cord injury) ...items and 2 clinical examination items<ref name=":0" />. For the clinical examination, a cotton wool and 23 gauge needle is required. A score of 12 or above is i

...ub, 2021. Available at: https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/clinical-examination-of-the-optic-nerve Accessed on October, 4, 2021</ref> === Fundoscopy Examination ===

</div>'''''Disclaimer:''' digital rectal examination involving deep anal pressure and voluntary anal contraction is discussed on [[File:Spinal-cord-injury-symptoms.png|thumb|518x518px]]

...ion: female, 66 years old, currently on disability for back surgery due to spinal stenosis *Co-morbidities: diabetes type 2, spinal stenosis, IV drug user, smoker


...ss frequently.<br>Gliomas, ependymomas, and other cerebral, cerebellar, or spinal cord lesions that may result in neurologic deficits, seizures, and/or hydro ...Bonne NX, Schapira S, Vincent C, et al. Prognostic value and management of spinal tumors in neurofibromatosis type 2 patients. Acta Neurochir (Wien). May 201

...[Cervical Radiculopathy|radiculopathy]] and [[Cervical Myelopathy|cervical spinal myelopathy]] respectively. ...ge of 40;<ref name="Meyer">Meyer F, Borm W, Thome C. Degenerative cervical spinal stenosis: current strategies in diagnosis and treatment. Dtsch Arztebl Int

...ons: [[stroke]], [[Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation in Northern Sri Lanka|spinal cord injury]], [[Multiple Sclerosis (MS)|multiple sclerosis]], [[Cerebral P [[Category:Neurological - Assessment and Examination]]

...disorder of the dorsal column and dorsal root of the [[Spinal cord anatomy|spinal cord]]. Tabes dorsalis is caused by demyelination as a result of an untreat ...ry information is transmitted through the dorsal (posterior) column of the spinal cord and through the medial lemniscus in the brainstem. [[Dorsal Column Med

...inology''': Discitis is discouraged as a term as isolated infection of the spinal disc rarely occurs. Normally the initial infection is the vertebral endplat * spinal instrumentation or [[Spinal Cord Injury|trauma]]

The following steps<ref name=":0">DeJong’s The Neurologic Examination: Sixth edition; Lippincott Williams and Wilkins 2005, pp 495-496.</ref><ref ...corticospinal tract dysfunction localized to the cervical segments of the spinal cord.<ref name=":0" /> In this regard, it is analogous to the [[Babinski Si

...the [https://www.physio-pedia.com/Brachial_plexus brachial plexus] (C8, T1 spinal nerves) [[Wrist and Hand Examination]]

...iotherapy clinics. The physiotherapy assessment aims to screen for serious spinal conditions and identify impairments that may have contributed to the onset Once [[An Introduction to Red Flags in Serious Pathology|serious spinal pathology]] and [[Specific Low Back Pain|specific causes of back pain]] hav

...8 years of age.<ref name=":4">Howard J, Sees J, Shrader MW. Management of spinal deformity in cerebral palsy. JPOSNA®. 2019 Nov 3;1(1).</ref>{{#ev:youtube| According to the [https://www.srs.org/ Scoliosis Research Society], the spinal deviation can be<ref name=":3">Vialle R, Thévenin-Lemoine C, Mary P. Neuro

...vital for the clinician to perform a detailed medical history and physical examination to rule out more serious conditions. ...e arising from the central nervous system (CNS), the [[Spinal cord anatomy|spinal cord]] or nerve root compression, or the peripheral nervous system. It can

...ds to be more common in the elderly. Literature suggests repetitive lumbar spinal movements in the sagittal plane predispose injury of the posterior elements ...at an increased risk of developing “kissing spine disease” due to repeated spinal extension and flexion movement.<ref name=":5" />

== Spinal Stability == [[Image:Figuur panjabi.jpg|alt=|right|frameless|599x599px]]Spinal stability can be related to one, two or three “sub-systems” that greatl

...connective tissue<ref>1. Carrino JA, Campbell PD, Lin DC et-al. Effect of Spinal Segment Variants on Numbering Vertebral Levels at Lumbar MR Imaging. Radiol ...is area, fairly common among certain athletes due to the amount of frantic spinal motion involved in many sports, can develop into [[Sacroiliac Joint Syndrom

...ific condition, but rather a description of a problem in which one or more spinal nerves are affected.<sup><ref name="p1">Igor Stiler. Pf-NCS Testing For Ear ...ractical value of the H reflex in certain neurologic disorders. Neurologic examination exploits the muscle stretch reflex to measure motor neuron excitability in

...ical condition affecting the bundle of nerve roots at the lower end of the spinal cord. The CE provides innervation to the lower limbs, and sphincter,control ...CES is a prolapse of a lumbar disc but other conditions such as metastatic spinal cord compression can also cause CES<ref name=":0" />.

...athletes and their safety<ref>Myers A, Sickles T. Preparticipation sports examination. Primary Care: Clinics in Office Practice. 1998 Mar 1;25(1):225-36. ...0" /><ref name=":1">Pedraza J, Jardeleza JA. The preparticipation physical examination. Primary care. 2013 Sep 21;40(4):791-9.

...ures they pass. This test looks to reproduce these symptoms by placing the spinal cord on tension via cervical flexion.<ref>The student physical therapist. [ ...al aggravation of symptoms will be very rare if a comprehensive subjective examination was taken and the physiotherapist is able to link this information with a k

...cular pain is mostly secondary to posterolateral herniations that compress spinal nerves as they exit through the intervertebral foramen. Radicular pain will ...ow. This is particularly more severe in the thoracic spinal cord since the spinal canal in this region is smaller compared to the cervical and lumbar region.

...7 vertebrae, the lumbar spine has 5 vertebrae and other other bones of the spinal column are the sacrum and coccyx which both consist of fused vertebrae. * Spinal canal dimensions: varies from T1 to T12<ref name=":2">Othrobullets [https:/

[[File:Spinal cord.jpg|alt=|right|frameless|374x374px]][[Spinal cord anatomy|Spinal cord]] injury (SCI) results in the loss of a [[muscle]]'s ability to genera == History of Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation ==

...es/PMC5315261/ Relationship between body positioning, muscle activity, and spinal kinematics in cyclists with and without low back pain: a systematic review. [[File:Lumbar Extension.JPG|right|frameless|268x268px]]This examination would look at posture, bony alignment, muscle length, strength and synergis

...functional definition is that FBSS results when the outcome of the lumbar spinal surgery does not meet the pre-surgical expectations of the patient and surg ...) at a non-surgical site <br>• [[Facet Arthrosis|Facet arthrosis]] <br>• [[Spinal Stenosis]] <br>• [[Spondylolysis]] with or without [[Spondylolisthesis]]<

...eficit related to the spinal cord. It is usually due to compression of the spinal cord by osteophyte or extruded disc material. It is most commonly localized ...athy depends on the neurological localization in the [[Spinal cord anatomy|spinal cord]], rather than the [[Brain: Developmental Divisions|brain]] or periphe

...ral joints are innervated by the lateral branches of the posterior rami of spinal nerves C8-T11. * Each joint receives the fibers from a spinal nerve of its numerically equivalent level and from the level above.<ref nam

The Cervical Nerves are spinal nerves originating from the cervical vertebra<ref>Joshua W, Vamsi R, Bruno ...e=":0" /><ref>Joshua C, Shane K, Jonathan S. Netter's Orthopaedic Clinical Examination. USA: Elsevier, 2015.</ref>

...tures can also refer pain to the lumbar spine - i.e. [[Spinal Masqueraders|spinal masqueraders]]<ref>Walcott B, Coumans J, Kahle K. Diagnostic pitfalls in sp There are also a number of red flags to check for when assessing spinal pain, including:<ref>Finucane L. An Introduction to Red Flags in Serious Pa

...re categorized according to general presentation, findings from a physical examination, impairments, and functional limitations, and are grouped into one of sever ...meet in order to be placed into a specific treatment group. A CPR for the spinal stabilization treatment category <ref name="Hicks" /> is provided below and

...d facet syndrome. It Encompasses numerous associated pathologies including spinal stenosis, degenerative spondylolisthesis, osteoarthritis, ageing, trauma an ...ior vertebral osteophytes are less common and only rarely impinge upon the spinal cord or nerve roots.<ref>Cherubino P, Pazzaglia UE, Grassi FA, Borromeo U.

...ion interventions. <ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">Harvey L. Management of Spinal Cord Injuries: A Guide for Physiotherapists. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2008 ...verall neurological status. <ref name=":1" /><ref>McDonald JW, Sadowsky C. Spinal Cord Injury. The Lancet. 2002 Feb 2;359(9304):417-25.</ref><ref name=":2">W

The recovery or improvement of ambulation after a Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) is an important goal because people who can walk independ The ability to walk after a Spinal cord injury (SCI) depends on many factors including:

...cle/10.1007/s00586-008-0764-0 Spinal fractures in patients with ankylosing spinal disorders: a systematic review of the literature on treatment, neurological *[[Spinal Stenosis|spinal stenosis]]

...l spine.<ref>Fernandez M, Moore C, Tan J, Lian D, Nguyen J, Bacon A et al. Spinal manipulation for the management of cervicogenic headache: A systematic revi The subjective assessment of the cervical spine is discussed [[Cervical Examination|here]], but when a patient reports headaches, it is important to ask specif

Unlike spinal nerves whose roots are neural fibers from the spinal grey matter, cranial nerves are composed of the neural processes associat ...nston: TherapyEd, 2016. p121-184</ref><ref name="Fun">Chui KK, Schmitz TJ. Examination in Sensory Function. In: Physical Rehabilitation. 6th Edit. Philadelphia: O

*[[Template:Clinical Examination|Clinical Examination]] - for examinations performed for a particular anatomical area. *[[Template:Nottingham|Nottingham University Spinal Rehabilitation Project]]

.../ref><ref>Deyo RA, Rainville J, Kent DL. What can the history and physical examination tell us about low back pain? Jama. 1992 Aug 12;268(6):760-5.</ref> * Any posterior spinal muscle and its associated tendon can be involved, although the most suscept

...and wet gangrene. Patient also has a significant kyphosis due to previous spinal fractures. Due to this both trunk, upper and lower limbs and the respirator ...ad a fall backwards down the stairs in November 2014 resulting in multiple spinal fractures and a significant kyphosis. He reports he is no longer receiving

...n<ref>Cameron MH, Monroe L. Physical Rehabilitation-E-Book: Evidence-based examination, evaluation, and intervention. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2007 Apr 5.Availab [[Category:Stroke - Assessment and Examination]]

...iley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/art.24853 Prevalence of and screening for serious spinal pathology in patients presenting to primary care settings with acute low ba ...formed from the subjective interview. The video below briefly outlines the examination.

Excessive motion of vertebral bodies in relation to one another is considered spinal instability (i.e. a loss of the functional integrity of a system which prov * Spinal instability can be the result of an injury, degenerative process, tumor, pr

...the thigh is normally a branch of the posterior disunity of the L2 and L3 spinal nerves. It travels through the pelvis heading towards the anterior superior ...incidents in individuals who underwent direct lateral and posterior lumbar spinal surgery can cause MP.&nbsp;

The Biering-Sorenson test was first described by Hansen in 1964 as an examination of the isometric endurance of the [[Hip Anatomy|hip]] and [[Back Muscles|ba To begin this test, an examination plinth, a stopwatch and three to four straps are needed.

...It originates from three sensory nuclei (mesencephalic, principal sensory, spinal nuclei of trigeminal nerve) and one motor nucleus (motor nucleus of the t ...orsal and ventral roots of the spinal cord<ref name=":1" />. Fibers in the spinal trigeminal tract convey impulses concerned with thermal, tactile sense, and

Formed by the spinal roots '''C6, C7, C8, T1.''' [[Category:Wrist - Assessment and Examination]]

...ymptoms involving upper limb parathaesia, weakness with reduced [[Thoracic Examination|thoracic movement]] and tenderness on palpation of the T4 vertebra.<ref>Miy ...%20thoracic%20spine%20has%2012,for%20the%20vertebra%20above%20it. thoracic spinal nerves] mostly innervate respiratory, visceral and lower back areas however

...ational Spina Bifida Symposium, Chicago, May 1990.</ref> This prevents the spinal cord from freely moving, which then increases stress with flexion and exten ...mphreys RP. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=786565 The Tethered Spinal Cord: Its Protean Manifestations, Diagnosis and Surgical Correction. Childs

[[File:CT spinal cord.jpg|alt=|thumb|CT spinal cord]]Medical imaging is crucial in a variety of medical setting and at all ...always view the results in the context of an in depth history and physical examination. This will help to discern whether findings correlate with the patient's co

...pain, paresthesia, or numbness in the lower limb which may be provoked by spinal posture(s) and/or movement(s). While radiculopathy and radicular pain commo * degenerative conditions: [[spondylolisthesis]], [[Lumbar Spinal Stenosis|spinal stenosis,]] [[Osteophyte|osteophytes]]

=== Physical examination === ...ial -, tongue -, sternocleidomastoid -, trapezius -, cervical and thoracic spinal muscles.

*Brief physical assessment as appropriate. Examination helps with patient confidence *Similar to low risk, elicit concerns and adequate physical examination

...2010;23(2):11.</ref><ref>Van Dillen L.R, Maluf K.S, Sahrmann S.A. Further examination of modifying patient-preferred movement and alignment strategies in patient A majority of spinal dysfunction is the result of cumulative microtrauma caused by impairments i

...[User:Joe Wakefield|Joe Wakefield]] as part of the [[Nottingham University Spinal Rehabilitation Project]]<br> ...e and [[Lumbar Radiculopathy|radicular pain syndrome]], and are one of the spinal interventional procedures.

*Lumbar spinal pain, with or without referred pain in the lower limb girdle or lower limb; Physical examination alone is insufficient to establish a diagnosis of IDD. Diagnostic imaging,

* [https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/413899-overview Spinal dysraphism] * Spinal cord tumour

...zers of the cervical spine and shoulder girdle. eg upper cervical flexors, spinal extensors, scapular (scapular retractors)and shoulder stabilisers. [[Pilates]] is also a great way to get spinal stabilisation and core strength.

...he hip while maintaining knee flexion.<ref>Dutton, M. (2008). Orthopaedic: Examination, evaluation, and intervention (2nd ed.). New York: The McGraw-Hill Companie ...n that involves the injection of contrast material in the space around the spinal cord and nerve roots using a real-time form of x-ray called fluoroscopy) Th

== Examination == '''Objective: Physical Examination Tests and Measures''' <br>Patient presented with slurred speech and had dif

== Examination findings == She gave no history of trauma, or other symptoms or signs of serious spinal pathology including bowel or bladder disturbance, unexplained weight loss,

...ty, an approach that takes into account risk factors, patient history, and examination results to make judicious decisions about patient management has been recom ...rvical motion. They also provide proprioceptive information throughout the spinal nerve system to the brain.

== Examination == Examination for Lower crossed syndrome should follow the same patterns as for examining

...ets the user's needs.<ref name=":0" /> Unlike other orthotic devices, many spinal braces are off-the-shelf, although certain situations call for a custom-mad == Four Principles of Spinal Bracing ==

There is a 'three joint complex' at every spinal level except C1–C2. This motion segment is formed by the three articulati ...teophytes can impinge anatomical structures like the cervical spinal cord, spinal nerve root, radicular artery, vertebral artery and cervical sympathetic tru

* '''Sensory Neurones''': Send signals back to the brain via the spinal cord ...''': Originate in the cerebral cortex and travel down to the brain stem or spinal cord

...oracic Anatomy|thoracic]] spines. Beginning at Grade 3, the tests for both spinal levels are combined. ...n M. Daniels and Worthingham's muscle Testing-E-Book: Techniques of manual examination and performance testing. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2013 Sep 27.</ref>

== What is a Spinal Cord Injury == ...ational standards for neurological classification of spinal cord injury. J Spinal Cord Med 2011; 34: 535-546</ref>{{#ev:vimeo|65471467|300}}

...nical test for [[Thoracic Hyperkyphosis|thoracic kyphosis]] and [[Cervical Examination|cervical]] mobility. It is also known as '''Flesche test'''.<ref>Cervical f * [[Congenital Spine Deformities|Congenital spinal deformity]]

...e of [[Lumbar Vertebrae|lumbar vertebra]], paralumbar muscles and tendons, spinal ligaments, [[Intervertebral disc|intervertebral discs]], and nerves.<ref na * [[Neuropathies]] of lumbar spinal nerves

*This reflex is mediated by the spinal cord, but influenced by higher centers. The area of skin from which the ref ...nal Tract|The corticospinal tract]] influences the segmental reflex in the spinal cord. When the corticospinal tract is not functioning properly, the result

The lumbar spine has several distinguishing characteristics<ref name=":2">Spinal anatomy and backpain. P.F. Ullrich. Spine-health, trusted information for b ...ebrae of the lumbar spine (L1-L5) are the biggest unfused vertebrae in the spinal column, enabling them to support the weight of the entire torso.

...iliac joint dysfunction, or an iliopsoas spasm.<ref>Dutton M. Orthopaedic: Examination, evaluation, and intervention. 2nd ed. New York: The McGraw-Hill Companies, ...tion tests for the assessment of sacroiliac joint dysfunction]. Journal of Spinal Disorders. 1998 Aug;11(4):341-5.</ref><ref>Philippon MJ, Stubbs AJ, Schenke

For children, there is an emphasis on external examination, unless an internal exam is deemed necessary. ...ality indicating sacral neuropathy, occult spinal abnormalities, abdominal examination

...regions and curves. The important parts of the [[Thoracic Anatomy|thoracic spinal region]] include: # Muscle weakness (often because of a weakening spinal extensor muscle) <ref name="Hinman et al." />

[[International Framework for Examination of the Cervical Region]]<br> *Spinal cord damage

* Osteoporotic spinal fractures are unique in that they may occur without apparent trauma.  ...:youtube|https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LILgFAEMAbg|width}}<ref>Spinelive Spinal compression fractures. Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LILg

...roperties in a healthy lumbar spine.<ref name=":0">Vital, J., & Cawley, D. Spinal Anatomy Modern Concepts; Springer International Publishing, 1st edition 202 ...commonly occurs at the posterior-lateral site which may protrude into the spinal canal.<ref name=":0" /> When the nucleus content begins protruding out this

...022 Sep 27;28:e938042.</ref> Vertebral fracture is the most common serious spinal pathology, followed by [[Skeletal Metastases|metastatic bone disease]].<ref ...cific attributes derived from a patient's medical history and the clinical examination that are usually linked with a high risk of having a serious disorder like

...ing the condition responsible for a patient’s LBP symptoms, the subjective examination may help determine which referral or intervention is warranted. <br> == Subjective Examination==

...ition: Pg 558-564.</ref><ref name="Dutton">Dutton, M. (2008). Orthopaedic: Examination, evaluation, and intervention (2nd ed.). New York: The McGraw-Hill Companie ...let T, Falla D, Rushton A. Diagnostic utility of patient history, clinical examination and screening tool data to identify neuropathic pain in low back related le

The multifidus muscle and [[Erector spinae]] are important in spinal stability. ...back pain and sciatica, prescribed according to findings during mechanical examination of the lumbar spine and using a combination of lumbar motions, including fl

Electrodiagnostic studies are considered an extension of the physical examination and are most useful in the workup of: <ref>Paganoni S, Amato A. [https://ww * [[Spinal Stenosis|Spinal stenosis]]

...ew of Traumatic Brain Injury|acquired brain injury]], [[Spinal Cord Injury|spinal cord injury]], [[stroke]], [[Motor Neurone Disease MND|motor neurone diseas [[Category:Older People/Geriatrics - Assessment and Examination]]

It is formed from the ventral rami of the fourth lumbar to third sacral spinal nerves and is a continuation of the upper part of the [[Sacral Plexus|sacra [[Neurological Assessment|Neurological examination]] is crucial for the assessment of sciatic nerve.

[[Category:Neurology]] [[Category:Neurological - Assessment and Examination]] [[Category:Neurological - Outcome Measures]] [[Category:Neurological - Ou [[Category:Stroke]] [[Category:Stroke - Assessment and Examination]] [[Category:Stroke - Outcome Measures]]

...may result in [[Neuropathies|neuropathy]], or by any [[Spinal Cord Injury|spinal injury]] or accident followed by complaints of decreased sensation.<ref nam == Sensory Examination ==

...usculoskelet disord. 2008; 9: 140 </ref> which are often overlooked during examination for pain source localisation in this area due to possible visceral pain ref ...ion. Two cases that responded to manual therapy directed towards posterior spinal structures. Manual therapy (2008) 13(1): 82-86 </ref> <ref name=":2" />

...JS, Kwon YH, Kim CS. Is it radiculopathy or referred pain? Buttock pain in spinal stenosis patients. Clinics in orthopedic surgery. 2019 Mar 1;11(1):89-94.</ ...ion between the spine and the pelvis.<ref name=":42">Dutton M. Orthopaedic Examination, Evaluation, and Intervention. 2nd ed. New York: McGraw Hill, 2008.</ref> I

* History and physical examination of the chest that document reproducible pain by palpation over the costal c ...tance]] (FFD): high reliability and sensitivity, but poor correlation with spinal changes

...where tendons, ligaments or joint capsules attach to the bone) leading to spinal and oligoarticular peripheral arthritis, principally in genetically pre * spinal [[fracture]]<nowiki/>s

...rd anatomy|spinal cord]] at the [[Cervical Anatomy|cervical]] level of the spinal column resulting in [[spasticity]], hyperreflexia, pathologic [[reflexes]], ...paralysis and loss of function. .<ref name="Boos">Boos N and Aebi M (Eds). Spinal disorders: Fundamentals of Diagnosis and Treatment. Springer-Verlag Berlin

== Examination == ...about the possible effects of his Crohn’s Disease in correlation with his spinal fracture and impairments. Pt denies changes in bowel or bladder function si

===== Spinal pain ===== Those with acute spinal pain need adequate pain relief and advice to keep as active as possible.

...axial rotation in the horizontal plane, as well as being characterized by spinal deformities in the sagittal plane <ref>Illés, Tamás S., et al. “The Thi ...Journal: Official Publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research

...nfection in the small intestine. The poliovirus multiplies and affects the spinal cord's motor neurons, anterior horn cells ,and train stem ,leading to tempo # Neural Stage-The virus finds its way to the anterior horn cells of the spinal cord and nerve cells in the brain stem.

...iliacus muscles. It is essential for correct standing or sitting [[Lumbar Examination|lumbar posture]], [[Hip Anatomy|hip joint]], and during [[Walking - Muscles Innervation of the psoas minor comes from the ventral ramus of the L1 spinal nerve.<ref name=":1">Agichani S, Sontakke Y, Joshi SS, Joshi SD. Morphology

...s slow, sometimes spanning 50 to 60 years; [[Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA)|Spinal Muscular Atrophy]] (most common type of muscular atrophies).<ref name=":1" ...which can be diagnosed largely based on the patient's history and physical examination with a little help from modern technology. The interactions between the for

...e the pain sensation being located along the related dermatome of the same spinal segment. <ref name="p3">Yam MF, Loh YC, Tan CS, Khadijah Adam S, Abdul Mana The most common causes of referred pain are pain radiating from: a spinal segment, a sacroiliac joint, viscera, tumors, infections or from associated

..., Albright, J., Powell, J., Crowley, E. and El-Khoury, G. (1994). Cervical Spinal Stenosis and Stingers in Collegiate Football Players. ''The American Journ [[Cervical Examination|Subjective Assessment]]:

...t RD, McAuley JH. Independent evaluation of a clinical prediction rule for spinal manipulative therapy: a randomised controlled trial. Eur Spine J. 2008;17:9 ...ocess of testing of (multiple) hypotheses through history taking, physical examination using validated clinimetrical instruments and outcome measures incorporated

'''N: Neurological examination''' A neurological examination is performed to establish neurologic function and to help form a diagnosis.

* [[Osteoporotic Vertebral Fractures|Spinal compression fractures]] == Examination ==

The root is the lateral branch of the dorsal rami of the C2 and/or C3 spinal nerves<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />. <u>Physical examination</u><ref name=":3" /><u>:</u>

...er Limb Orthoses|upper limb orthoses]], [[Introduction to Spinal Orthotics|spinal orthoses]], cranial remolding orthoses, protective helmets, and [[Shoe Anal * patients with muscular weakness after a [[stroke]] or [[Spinal Injury|spinal injury]]

...orme]] (GBM) is an aggressive, rapid growing type of tumour located in the spinal cord or the brain<ref name=":0">BrainTumour Research. Glioblastoma multifor == Examination Findings ==

...ser:Katherine Moon|Katherine Moon]] as part of the [[Nottingham University Spinal Rehabilitation Project]] ...47.</ref>. The International Framework for Red Flags for Potential Serious Spinal Pathologies was developed to create some consensus amongst healthcare worke

* If a gait disorder has an acute onset, cerebrovascular, spinal and neuromuscular causes should be considered, as should adverse drug effec ...response due to a weak gluteus maximus.<ref>Dutton M, Dutton's Orthopaedic Examination, Evaluation, and Intervention. 5th ed. New York: McGraw Hill; c2020.</ref>H

...ics?utm_source=physiopedia&utm_medium=search&utm_campaign=ongoing_internal spinal and extremity musculoskeletal disorders]. ...Kenzie R., The lumbar spine: Mechanical diagnosis and therapy. Wellington: Spinal publications New-Zealand, 1981.</ref><ref>Physiotherapy NewZealand [https:/

The occipital nerves are a group of 3 nerves that arise from the C2 and C3 spinal nerves. ...t nerve that arises from the medial division of the dorsal ramus of the C2 spinal nerve. It runs backward between the C1 and C2 vertebrae and traverses betwe

...://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/1471-2474-14-206 Accuracy of physical examination for chronic lumbar radiculopathy]. BMC musculoskeletal disorders. 2013 Dec ...ec 1;17(1):9. </ref>&nbsp;Lumbar sacral radiculopathy is a disorder of the spinal nerve roots from L1 to S4.

...es of nerve cells in the [[Brain Anatomy|brain]] and [[Spinal cord anatomy|spinal cord]]. ...n and death of different types of [[Neurone|nerve cells]] in the brain and spinal cord. The initial symptoms of MSA are often difficult to distinguish from t

Intervertebral disc disease (IVDD) is the most common spinal condition in canine patients.<ref name=":3">Rusbridge C. Canine chondrodyst ...are aged between three and six years. If a predisposed breed presents with spinal pain, IVDD must be considered in a differential diagnosis. The overall prev

...al of Anatomy; 221; 537-567; 2012</ref> as well as transfer loads from the spinal column to the pelvis. The sacrum articulates superiorly with the fifth lumb On objective examination:

...ner E: The anatomy of lumbosacral posterior rami and meningeal branches of spinal nerves (sinuvertebral nerves). J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 1956; 38:377–91</re * conventional clinical examination nor radiological examination can diagnosticate facet joint syndrome,

...[Red Flags in Spinal Conditions|Red Flags]]:''' Although uncommon, serious spinal conditions (such as those listed below) may present as chronic LBP in appro * [[Lumbar Spinal Stenosis]]

...er:Emily Westwood|Emily Westwood]], as part of the [[Nottingham University Spinal Rehabilitation Project]]<br> ...curs as a result of excessive cervical movement causing impingement on the spinal cord, with a risk of severe neurological damage if untreated.<ref name=":1"

[[International Framework for Examination of the Cervical Region]]<br> ...37:2499-2503.</ref>. Evaluation of blood pressure as part of the physical examination may therefore be a valuable test to inform clinical reasoning.

...Disorders and the Severity, Treatment, and Outcomes of Sciatica and Lumbar Spinal Stenosis, Spine.1996;21:2885-2892</ref> There are different grades ranging ...he cervicothoracic junction as well as the interaction of the head and its spinal components.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" />

...istribute mechanical stress during movement. Scoliosis is often defined as spinal curvature in the “coronal” (frontal) plane. While the degree of curvatu ...[https://www.hindawi.com/journals/bmri/2015/123848/ Effects of exercise on spinal deformities and quality of life in patients with adolescent idiopathic scol

...Various types, such as medulloblastoma and gliomas, affecting the brain or spinal cord. === Medical History and Physical Examination ===

...rch Society, the thoracic spine has a kyphosis between 20 to 40 degrees. A spinal deformity is considered when the curve is greater (or lesser) as mentioned == Examination ==

...determined by the direction of the shoulders which represents the superior spinal segment. For example, if a patient is standing with their shoulders to the [[Category:Lumbar Spine - Assessment and Examination]]

...ef name=":3">Fernandez M, Moore C, Tan J, Lian D, Nguyen J, Bacon A et al. Spinal manipulation for the management of cervicogenic headache: A systematic revi * the dura mater of the upper [[Spinal cord anatomy|spinal cord]] and posterior cranial fossa

* Higher spinal loads and trunk muscle force in an upright stance. Accelerate the degenerat * Restricted spinal range of motion

[[Functional Electrical Stimulation Cycling for Spinal Cord Injury|Functional electrical stimulation]] (FES) in the lower extremit [[Category:Neurological - Assessment and Examination]]

*Tumors of the spinal cord == Examination ==

...M, Miller WC, Krassioukov AV. Global Incidence and Prevalence of Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury. Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences. 2013 Jul;40(4):456- ...l cord injury at a tertiary care center in India—a retrospective analysis. Spinal Cord. 2021 Jun 25:1-6.</ref> The strongest predictors of mortality were fou

...; [[User:Tyler Shultz|Tyler Shultz]] as part of the[[Nottingham University Spinal Rehabilitation Project]]<br> ...><ref name=":4" /> Pain can be caused when a nerve branching away from the spinal cord is compressed or irritated and sensation such as tingling is often fel

...</ref>, patients with stroke , and other neurological conditions such as [[Spinal Cord Injury|SCI]] and children with [[Cerebral Palsy and Associated Conditi * Physical examination for skin condition if there is [[Oedema Assessment|edema]], wound, skin pat

...rsal horn cells:''' Increased excitability of second order neurons in the spinal cord<ref name=":4" /> ...on|descending inhibitory]] and facilitating pathways from the brain to the spinal cord can result in [[Central Sensitisation|central sensitisation]]<ref>Kune

...com/doi/epdf/10.1111/dmcn.12876 Use of the Hammersmith Infant Neurological Examination in infants with cerebral palsy: a critical review of the literature]. Devel ==== Hammersmith Infant Neurological Examination ====

It is comprised of the C5-T1 spinal nerve roots. Sensory examination of the hand & forearm will be unremarkable in anterior interosseous nerve c

* In each spinal motion segment there are two facet joints. The sensory nerve of these joints is the medial branch of the dorsal spinal ramus<ref name=":0" />.

The causes of sciatica can be categorised into spinal or non-spinal causes or iatrogenic<ref name=":10" />: '''Spinal causes:'''

* Degenerative spinal pathology with failure of conservative treatment<ref name=":0">Maxey, L. an * Lumbar degenerative spinal deformity including symptomatic [[spondylolisthesis]] and degenerative [[sc

...31:623-631 </ref><ref name=":5">Fritz J, Brennan G, Clifford S, et al. An examination of the reliability of a classification algorithm for subgrouping patients w Patients who require '''medical management''' will have [[Red Flags in Spinal Conditions|red flags]] that suggest serious pathology (e.g. fracture or can

Watch this 5-minute showing of a thoracic examination by a physiotherapist ...//www.youtube.com/watch?v=FJtjB6lnObU&app=desktop|width}}<ref>PTN Thoracic examination Available from:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FJtjB6lnObU&app=desktop (las

== Subjective Examination/ The Interview == ...lems with urination are often how PCa is picked up). Is there a history of spinal pain, hip pain or pelvic pain? Any Psychiatric conditions, or other medical

Ligament&nbsp;<ref name=":0">Dutton M. Orthopaedic: Examination, evaluation, and intervention(2nd edition). New York: The McGraw-Hill Compa Spinal Accessory Motor CN XI<br>

...ed towards the management of RLS include exercise training, transcutaneous spinal direct current stimulation (tsDCS), pneumatic compression devices (PCDs), l ...ade based on your symptoms, medical history and family history, a physical examination, and test results. <ref name=":2" />

[[Spondylolysis]] describes various forms of spinal degeneration that accompany the natural aging process. Spondylolysis is a ...e (These act like shock absorbers for the spine as it moves.), 12 pairs of spinal nerve roots, posterior rami (innervate the regional muscles of the back) an

...lso at play and the beneficial psychological effects of providing hands-on examination and intervention have been substantiated.<ref>Huijbregts PA. [https://www.s ...vanced specialty area of physical therapy practice that is based on manual examination and treatment techniques integrated with exercise, patient education, and o

[[File:Dog spinal pain.jpeg|thumb|Dog being examined]] ...15;177(7):171.</ref> This page discusses some of the more common causes of spinal dysfunction in dogs. The following points are important to consider wheneve

...nd [[ribs]], or during injury to the head, lungs and [[Spinal cord anatomy|spinal cord]], typically because it requires high - energy/torque trauma to cause Diagnosis of fractured scapula is possible only after a proper physical examination and investigations.

...ed to consider if the patient has a formal diagnosis (eg [[Spinal Stenosis|spinal stenosis]] or [[COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease)|COPD]]) and ho * '''[[Cauda Equina Syndrome]]''' - spinal and leg pain, neurological symptoms, changes in bladder/bowel, or saddle an

...ptoms and the underlying neurological problems (involvement of the cortico-spinal tract) was first described by Jean-Martin Charcot. In 1874 Charcot began us [[Image:Spinal cord cross section.png|right|500px]]

==Shoulder Examination== ...s. Having a systematic and structured approach to the shoulder history and examination ensures that key aspects of the condition are elicited and important condit

...rmation about the assessment of the thoracic spine is available [[Thoracic Examination|here]], but specific questions to consider in the subjective assessment inc ...b%20%200pubmed International framework for red flags for potential serious spinal pathologies]. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2020;50(7):350-72.</ref>

== Examination == ...keletal examination to exclude different musculoskeletal disorders such as examination and assessment for pelvic girdle pain, posture assessment, and lumbar for e

== <br>Examination Findings&nbsp; == *Good core strength and full spinal ROM

...pelvic examination, inspection of the perianal area, and a digital rectal examination (DRE). * Pelvic Examination: assess the health of the vaginal tissue, pelvic organ prolapse (supine and

...ralgesia reflects that [[Central Sensitisation|central sensitisation]] (at spinal cord/brain level) is at play. It involves sensitisation of second-order neu ...Pain|Post-stroke pain]], [[Multiple Sclerosis (MS)|Multiple Sclerosis]], [[Spinal Cord Injury]]<ref name=":4" />

...d Rehabilitation. 2021 Mar 2:1-3.</ref> This page discusses the subjective examination of the shoulder, but much of the information presented can be applied to th ...ts=G8PGs3ysze&sig=y0pgLZE-FX1RlfyA0jBebRTV6NE#v=onepage&q&f=false Clinical Examination E-Book]. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2008 Jul 7.</ref>

...ligaments.<ref name=":0">Cook, C, Hegedus, E. (2013). Orthopedic Physical Examination Test: An Evidence Based Approach. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.</ref><ref name ...t and Radiologist blinded to opposite assessment. Gold standard diagnostic spinal injection used.<br>'''Test characteristics'''<br>Presented as expected<br>'

...sing spondylitis, cauda equina syndrome, compression fracture, symptomatic spinal stenosis, or herniated disc with radiculopathy. It can also be caused by re == Examination ==

...e sclerosis]], or instantly, as occurs with [[Spinal Cord Injury|traumatic spinal cord injury]], [[Stroke|cerebral vascular accidents]], and limb [[amputatio ...dividual goals, an evaluation of existing assistive devices and a physical examination<ref>Khasnabis C, Heinicke Motsch K, Achu K, et al., editors. Community-Base

...matic Brain Injury|traumatic brain injury (TBI)]], or [[Spinal Cord Injury|spinal cord injury (SCI)]]. Some examples of how VR simulations can be used in neu [[Category:Neurological - Assessment and Examination]]

*[[Lumbar Spinal Stenosis]] ...muscles to the spinal column. Thirty-one pairs of nerves are rooted to the spinal cord and they control body movements and transmit signals from the body to

...by nerve root impingement), lower extremity sensory loss, reflexes, active examination, ... Gait troubles, loss of function, coordination issues and symptoms cons ...is can easily be made based on the history of the patient and the physical examination. Osteoarthritis is a clinical diagnosis. Questionnaires and visual analog s

...e often related to limb lameness.<ref name=":1">Haussler KK. Review of the examination and treatment of back and pelvic disorders. AAEP Focus Meeting - Lameness a ...because of this, the tail muscles are directly influenced by the back and spinal muscles (and vice versa).<ref>Higgins G. Pilates for horses - part 4: the t

...(a neuropathy). The site of injury in radiculopathy is at the level of the spinal nerve root. The result is pain (known as radicular pain), weakness in limbs ...of the origin of the nerve root as it exits from the [[Spinal cord anatomy|spinal cord]], but the [[Pain Mechanisms|pain]] and accompanying symptoms usually

...[[User:Lyle Brennan|Lyle Brennan]] as part of the [[Nottingham University Spinal Rehabilitation Project]]<br> ...l stenosis''' is a medical condition characterized by the narrowing of the spinal canal as a consequence of bone and soft tissue degeneration, including disc

...Fracture|fractures]] and vertebral collapse lead to a reduction in height, spinal cord compression, [[Radiculopathy|radicular]] pain or [[Thoracic Hyperkypho Physical examination. Variable depending on the extent of disease, usually include

#Processes involving the spinal cord when MRI is contraindicated<ref>College, A. ACR – ASNR – ASSR – [[Category:Neurological - Assessment and Examination]]

...How to Move On. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4257148/ Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil]. 2014. 20; 3: 167–180. Accessed 26 February 2020. </re [[Category:Mental Health - Assessment and Examination]]

...n rule to identify patients with low back pain most likely to benefit from spinal manipulation: a validation study]. Ann Intern Med. 2004 Dec 21;141(12):920- ...tz JN, Zimmerman ZE, Mass H, Makhni MC. Diagnosis and Management of Lumbar Spinal Stenosis: A Review. JAMA. 2022 May 3;327(17):1688-99.</ref>

...on is a thorough clinical history and [[Neurological Assessment|neurologic examination]], which frequently reveals multifocal symptoms. <ref name=":5" /> ...new findings on magnetic resonance imaging ([[MRI Scans|MRI]]) or clinical examination.

# Iatrogenic spondylolisthesis (Type 6) is a potential sequela of spinal surgery. Frequently, these patients will have undergone prior laminectomy ...e, thus relieving the pressure on the bony elements as well as opening the spinal canal or neural foramen.

==== Subjective examination ==== ==== Objective examination ====

...ig=AAGBfm1p3ViKCsvwqglPROEO4BdG0jJ0sA Scapulohumeral rhythm and associated spinal motion.] Clinical biomechanics. 2008 Feb 1;23(2):184-92.</ref><ref>Sugamoto * Neurological causes include [[Cervical Radiculopathy]], long thoracic or spinal accessory nerve palsy.

Once any signs of [[Red Flags in Spinal Conditions|potentially serious disease]] are excluded, the physiotherapist ...er PD, Goldsmith CH, Vernon H. A randomized clinical trial of exercise and spinal manipulation for patients with chronic neck pain. Spine. 2001;26:788–79

...que, reliable parameters and normative data for age 7-10 years]. Scoliosis Spinal Disord. 2017;12:38. </ref> ...hnishi T et al. [https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2309499020960834 Spinal postural alignment measurements using markerless digital photography]. J Or

...our now has better survival rates, although these differ with location. eg Spinal tumours having an 86% long-term survival compared to 25% of sacrococcygeal ...umbness, and/or paralysis or [[Urinary Incontinence]] (if the tumour is of spinal origin)<ref name="p4">Gerrand C, Athanasou N, Brennan B, Grimer R, Judson I

*Patients with neuromuscular disease or [[Spinal Cord Injury|spinal cord injury]]<br> [[Category:Respiratory System - Assessment and Examination]]

...nerve or the spinal cord causing pain consistent with nerve compression or spinal cord dysfunction, also known as [[myelopathy]].<ref>Dydyk AM, Massa RN, Mes ...or wall and by the vertebral arches and ligaments on the lateral wall. The spinal cord lies in this vertebral canal<ref name=":1">Drake, Richard, A. Wayne Vo

...elines e.g. controversy around the use of steroids or stem cell therapy in spinal cord injury management. Not every patient or situation fits neatly into a g == Spinal Cord Injury Clinical Guidelines ==

...responsible for coordination<ref>Potvin A.R. Tourtelotte W.W. Quantitative examination of neurologic functions. Boca Raton 1985</ref>. Motor coordination requires ...1042442/ Validation and factorial structure of a standardized neurological examination assessing neurological soft signs in schizophrenia.] Schizophrenia Research

...a person giving you permission to administer any form of medial treatment, examination or test. For consent to be termed valid, it must be voluntary, informed and ...on making a sign or an action showing they are in agreement with the test, examination or treatment.

...ion, osteophyte formation, vertebral body degeneration, compression of the spinal cord, or cervical spondylotic myelopathy<ref>Xiong W, Li F, Guan H. [https: ...ylosis is age-related degeneration of the intervertebral disc and cervical spinal elements.

== Examination == ...examination]] which begins with a thorough history followed by a physical examination:

...the epidemiological literature dealing with associations between sagittal spinal curves and health. Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics, ...its geometric center.<ref>Boyle P, Weitz M. editors. Dutton’s orthopaedic examination evaluation and intervention. McGraw-Hill. 2019.</ref>

...echanically weak for stress. The majority of these fractures occur without spinal cord injury. 20 to 40% of the fractures are associated with neurological in ...of spine fracture, and motor vehicle accidents are the number one cause of spinal cord injury. <ref>Whitney E, Alastra AJ. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/book

...pins and needles (paraesthesia) in the HT eminence can also indicate a C8 spinal root lesion on the ipsilateral side due to the dermatomal distribution for For a complete wrist and hand examination, see [[Wrist and Hand Examination]]

...ackson]] and [[User:Adam Auckland]] as part of the [[Nottingham University Spinal Rehabilitation Project]]<br> [[Red Flags in Spinal Conditions|Red flags]] are clinical findings that are identified from a pat

..., Refshuage KM. Comparison of General Exercise, Motor Control Exercise and Spinal Manipulative Therapy for Chronic Low Back Pain: A Randomized Trial. Pain. 2 ...acy. Euro Spine Journal 2013; 22: 607-707</ref><ref>British Association of Spinal Surgeons. Antibiotic Treatment for Chronic Low Back Pain. http://www.spines

...a chronic progressing inflammatory disease that causes inflammation of the spinal joints that can lead to severe, chronic pain and discomfort. In advanced st ...en, but diagnosed less often because of a milder disease course with fewer spinal problems and more involvement of joints such as the knees and ankles. Preva

...n of MC are still poorly understood, progress is being made in linking his spinal phenotype with [https://www.physio-pedia.com/Degenerative_Disc_Disease disc '''Physical examination''' findings may not be useful for differentiating between clients with and

...ide a specific diagnosis for the patient (e.g. cruciate ligament repair or spinal operation). This referral provides valuable information about the patient� ...<ref name=":9">Dewey CW, da Costa RC, Thomas WB. Performing the neurologic examination. In: Dewey CW, da Costa RC, editors. A practical guide to canine and feline

...movements of the craniocervical region. The hemodynamic changes in various spinal positions potentially have clinical relevance.<ref>Kranenburg HA, Tyer R, S [[Category:Cervical Spine - Assessment and Examination]]

...h enhances clarity of communication and understanding of team roles with a spinal cord injury multidisciplinary team and challenges clinicians to think holis ...the rehabilitation process. <ref name=":0" /><ref>Harvey L. Management of Spinal Cord Injuries: A Guide for Physiotherapists. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2008

...lear radicular pattern i.e. in the distribution of the ventral branch of a spinal nerve. Cervical radiculopathy is mostly a non- radicular phenomenon can be ...e neck and the shoulder to disqualify a cause of this region: see physical examination

...tion of leukemic bone marrow blasts in excess of 25%. A repeat bone marrow examination may be required in some cases to confirm the diagnosis.<ref name=":2">Kato * A proper medical examination is necessary.

...tudy of Pain (IASP) in its classification of Chronic Pain defines cervical spinal pain as "pain perceived anywhere in the posterior region of the cervical sp ...ssment of chronic neck pain should follow the usual [[Cervical Examination|examination for the cervical spine]]. However it is important to be aware of the diffe

...reased interest in the functional roles of muscles, particularly in active spinal segment stabilization, and the clinical need for more directed and specific [[Category:Cervical Spine - Assessment and Examination]]

...in concentric lamellae of diversified orientation (between 45° and 65° off spinal axis), it is primarily a tensile member. ...but the questions on the list only ask about the situation on the date of examination, they do not consider the whole situation.<ref name="p3" />

...pen online course (MOOC) can be used to teach physiotherapy students about spinal cord injuries: a randomised trial.] Journal of physiotherapy. 2015 Jan 1;61 ...line course for teaching physiotherapy students and physiotherapists about spinal cord injuries.] Physiotherapy. 2015 May 1;101:e538.

*[[Lumbar Examination]] *[[Spinal Stenosis|Spinal Stenosis]]

...uctural misalignments of body posture in the sagittal plane. Scoliosis and spinal disorders. 2018 Dec 1;13(1):6. Available from: <nowiki>https://www.ncbi.nlm ...decreased functional capacity and perceived quality of life. In addition, spinal misalignment is associated with a slow gait, poor balance and a higher risk

...8) there were Tarlov cysts<ref>Komisaruk BR, Lee HJ. Prevalence of sacral spinal (Tarlov) cysts in persistent genital arousal disorder. The Journal of Sexua ...anal of Alcock and the site of compression can be detected during physical examination it will be tender and painful with palpation<ref>Klifto K, Dellon AL. [http

...27(4):326.</ref> It is a osseous excrescences or bony outgrowths from the spinal ligaments as they attach to adjacent vertebral bodies.<ref>[https://www.ncb ...annulus eventually undergo ossification, leading to a fusion effect of the spinal segments and the similarity in appearance to bamboo. In the spine, this occ

== Examination == [[Bed Mobility and Transfers in Spinal Cord Injury|Bed Mobility]]: Pt unable to perform; maximum assistance would

...m/The_Upper_Cervical_Spine_and_Cervicogenic_Headaches upper three cervical spinal segments] are specifically recognised as pain generators for CGH, a number Information on a full cervical spine examination is discussed [[Cervical Examination|here]], including the subjective assessment. Key points relevant to CGH are

'''Grade 1:''' There are no evident physical examination findings that suggest any structural/major pathology and minimal or no invo ...' Signs/symptoms of a major structural pathology like fracture/dislocation/spinal cord injury/metastasis/neoplasm or any systemic disease.

*[[Accessory Nerve Cranial Nerve 11|Spinal Accessory Nerve]] *[[Accessory Nerve Cranial Nerve 11|Spinal Accessory Nerve]]

...ctural misalignments of body posture in the sagittal plane]. Scoliosis and spinal disorders. 2018 Dec 1;13(1):6. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov * [[Thoracic Examination|Thoracic]] joints

...es afferents from the trigeminal nerve as well as the upper three cervical spinal nerves. Neck trauma, whiplash, strain, or chronic spasm of the scalp, neck, ...al nerves C1, C2, and C3; therefore, any structure innervated by the C1–C3 spinal nerves could be the source for a cervicogenic headache.<ref name=":2" />

* History and examination is vital in the first line of investigating procedures which should be done ...rected via orthopedic procedures like spinal decompression, spinal fusion, spinal correction.

...lium, ischium, and pubic [[bone]].<ref name="Dutton">Dutton M. Orthopaedic Examination, Evaluation, and Intervention. 2nd ed. New York: McGraw Hill, 2008. </ref> ...joint may also cause dysfunction. Individuals with altered gait patterns, spinal deformities or leg-length discrepancies can have reduced interlocking abili

...ent<ref name=":0" />. To do this there are three essential elements of the examination: ...uch of the information needed to rule out red flags and guide the cervical examination.

...'- [[User:Sarah Scott|Sarah Scott]] as part of the [[Nottingham University Spinal Rehabilitation Project]]<br> ...lization. Respiratory mechanics must be intact for both normal posture and spinal stabilization. There is a dynamic interaction between the key muscles of re

* About one in six people with IBD also has spinal inflammation, this is independent of the severity of the bowel disease sym A diagnosis of enteropathic arthritis is made through a complete medical examination including a history of symptoms and taking into account family history. Var

...ser:Samuel Soroya|Samuel Soroya]], as part of the [[Nottingham University Spinal Rehabilitation Project]] ...w the knee and depression.<ref name=":2">Andersson GB. The epidemiology of spinal disorders. Frymoyer JW The adult spine: principles and practice. 1997. Phil

Pancreatitis is generally diagnosed quickly, by examination of the abdomen, and confirmed using a series of medical tests including: * General tests – such as blood tests, physical examination and x-rays.

...[[User:Daisy Meffan|Daisy Meffan]] as part of the [[Nottingham University Spinal Rehabilitation Project]]<br> A spinal fracture happens when a vertebral body collapses. When this occurs in the p

== Examination == On physical examination, a slight firm swelling on the involved site and sometimes a local heat. A

* CRT is a physical examination technique which provides a quick and reliable assessment regarding the adeq ...Hill RD, Smith RB. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK350/ Chapter 30: Examination of the extremities: pulses, bruits, and phlebitis]. Clinical Methods: The H

...CANVent Ottawa Pulmonary Function Assessment in Neuromuscular Diseases and Spinal Cord Injury Available from:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=78vfDmufbVU Acc [[Category:Respiratory System - Assessment and Examination]]

...fibrosis, surrounds the soft inner core of the disc, the nucleus pulposus. Spinal discs undergo degenerative changes as we age, but not everyone will have sy ...form. Pain and motion both decrease. <ref name="p1">Dutton M. Orthopaedic Examination, Evaluation, and Intervention. 2nd ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hll; 2008.</ref

...mn spine and its significance in the classification of acute thoracolumbar spinal injuries]. spine. 1983 Nov 1;8(8):817-31.</ref> ...asic injury types which can be even further specified into 27 subgroups of spinal fractures[3].<ref name=":0">Aebi M. [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1

...=":0" /><ref>Fernandez M, Moore C, Tan J, Lian D, Nguyen J, Bacon A et al. Spinal manipulation for the management of cervicogenic headache: A systematic revi ...e detailed discussions of [[Cervical Examination|cervical]] and [[Shoulder Examination|shoulder]] assessments. The following points are particularly relevant to o

...BMC Musculoskelet Disord''. 2009;10(39).</ref> looked at the prevalence of spinal pain. It found that in one year<ref name=":4" />: ...endence.<ref>Ghamkhar L, Arab AM, Nourbakhsh MR, Kahlaee AH, Zolfaghari R. Examination of regional interdependence theory in chronic neck pain: interpretations fr

...ntrally, the posterior lateral sulcus dorsally, the pons rostrally and the spinal cord caudally<ref name="sri" />. ...of damaged structures within the lateral medulla. A three-step oculomotor examination called HINTS (Head-Impulsive-Nystagmus-Test-of-Skew) has been shown to be a

...">Erickson ML, Utzman RR, McKnight R. Physical Therapy Documentation: From Examination to Outcome. Third Edition. SLACK Incorporated. 2020</ref> ...rehabilitation based on routine clinical practice: a case study approach.] Spinal cord series and cases. 2020 May 5;6(1):33.</ref><ref name=":7">Berenspöhle

...induces experience-specific patterns of plasticity across motor cortex and spinal cord. Journal of applied physiology. 2006 Dec;101(6):1776-82.</ref>. Rehab ...t always a sign of tendinopathy as it was evident in overhead athletes and spinal cord injuries<ref name=":0" />.

...'''- [[User:Kaya Simon|Kaya Simon]] as part of the [[Nottingham University Spinal Rehabilitation Project]]<br>'''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributors ...ous system connects between the brain and the body. A [[Spinal Cord Injury|spinal cord injury]] at the cervical spine can lead to temporary or permanent para

== Examination-November 2016 == == Examination-June 2017 ==

=== Physical Examination === * [[Sacroiliac Joint Syndrome|Sacroiliac joint pain]]: No history of lumbar spinal issues, tenderness over the sacroiliac joint, no tenderness above L5. <ref

...ury can either stretch, rupture or avulse the roots of the plexus from the spinal cord<ref name=":5" />. It is the&nbsp;most common birth-related brachial p A thorough history and physical examination with focus on neurologic examination are used to confirm diagnosis.

...of the formation of the bone or skin or both to cover the lower end of the spinal cord and nerves. It is often associated with neurological problems in the l [[Category:Foot - Assessment and Examination]]

...m.nih.gov/books/NBK470173/</ref> Patients will often present with impaired spinal movement, abnormal [[posture]], buttock and hip pain, peripheral arthritis, ...lantoaxial Osteoarthritis|atlantoaxial]] subluxation, [[Spinal Cord Injury|spinal cord injury]] and, occasionally, [[Cauda Equina Syndrome|cauda equina syndr

...amework for Examination of the Cervical Region|International framework for examination of the cervical region for potential of Cervical Arterial Dysfunction prior The IFOMPT document provides clinical reasoning and physical examination guidance for clinicians and highlights the need for manual therapy clinicia

* The spinal cord as a "pain control box," emphasising its role in modulating pain signa ...s term was denoted by Woolf, who coined central sensitisation to represent spinal mechanisms responding to continuous peripheral input. Central sensitisation

...]] and [[User:Anj Leung|Anj Leung]] as part of the [[Nottingham University Spinal Rehabilitation Project]] ...ment of spinal manipulation therapy (SMT) was superior to one treatment of spinal mobilisations for acute low back pain. There was also moderate quality evid

...ttingham University Spinal Rehabilitation Project|University of Nottingham Spinal Rehabilitation Project]] # Specific and systematic examination to identify these factors

...divides neural canal of this vertebra into dorsal large spinal foramen for spinal cord and ventral small for [[Odontoid process|odontoid process of axis vert * Allowing for the passage of nutrients and fluid to the spine and spinal cord

...ich is generated from the [[Brain Anatomy|brain]] or [[Spinal cord anatomy|spinal cord]]. Primary chronic pain includes [[fibromyalgia]], [[Irritable Bowel S Careful physical examination, medical history, and psychosocial assessment can help distinguish primary

...ructural Validation among Adolescents with Idiopathic Scoliosis Undergoing Spinal Fusion Surgery.] Physical & Occupational Therapy In Pediatrics. 2020;40(5): ...ticle/abs/pii/S1090380103001551 The Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia: further examination of psychometric properties in patients with chronic low back pain and fibro

=== History Examination === === Physical Examination ===

...arcomere|sarcomeres]], resulting in a non-striated pattern (on microscopic examination, it appears homogenous). Smooth muscle cytoplasm contains large amounts of ...he bladder can lead to loss of tone and subsequent [[Bladder Management in Spinal Cord Injury|neurogenic bladder]] disease, which hugely effects a person's

*nervous systems structures: nerve roots, spinal cord, brain, sympathetic nervous system ...e and flexion of the upper levels, which exceeds the physiologic limits of spinal mobility. 

Lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS) ...clinical guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis (update). The Spine Journal. 2013 Jul 1;13(7):734-43.</ref>

...nd this may seem confusing at first. However a nerve root comes out of the spinal column between C7 and T1, hence C8 as T1 already exists&nbsp;</span><ref na ...Radiculopathy Epidemiology, Etiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment. Journal of Spinal Disorders &amp;Techniques. April 2015; 28:5. </ref><ref name="Rad">Radhakns

== Examination == ...asures<br>'''Objective :''' Physical Examination Tests and Measures<br>The examination should also include ICF Findings:<br>Body Functions and Structures<br>Impai

...nal conditions, and individuals with upper extremity, lower extremity, and spinal conditions: a systematic review]. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabil ...ame=":2" /> Snodgrass SJ surveyed physical therapists and found that after spinal pain, the second most common cause for absenteeism from work was overuse of

== Examination == ...joint position while moving adjacent joints (hip flexion while maintaining spinal neutral) Dynamic control will be exercised with daily activities or sports.

...tin RL, Enseki KR, Draovitch P, et al. Acetabular labral tears of the hip: examination and diagnostic challenges. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2006;36:503-15.</ref>< ...Huijbregts P, Jensen R. Concurrent criterion-related validity of physical examination tests for hip labral lesions: a systematic review. J Manual Manip Ther 2008

...in able-bodied participants, and those with paraplegia and tetraplegia. ''Spinal Cord'' 59, 1162–1169 (2021)</ref> Borg RPE scale was developed by Gunnar [[Category:Cardiovascular System - Assessment and Examination]]

...r '''- [[User:Liam Cook|Liam Cook]] as part of the [[Nottingham University Spinal Rehabilitation Project]]<br> ...n this area a convergence of the trigeminal sensory nerves and the C1 - C3 spinal nerves occurs.

....<ref name=":13" /> Moreover, a number of non-mechanical pathologies can [[Spinal Masqueraders|masquerade]] as musculoskeletal thoracic pain. All of these co ...stly come from the anterior rami of the [[Thoracic Spinal Nerves|T1 to T11 spinal nerves.]]<ref name=":0" /> Along with the intercostal artery and vein, thes

...der the list of differential diagnoses (listed below). A detailed history, examination of active and passive movement (shoulder, cervical spine, thoracic spine), * Spinal manipulation to cervical and thoracic spine

[[Oncology Examination|Oncology examination]] is necessary to screen the patient initial state and later to determine t * A physical examination may help localize a malignancy.

...roke GL, Guthrie, PB. Voltage-dependant block by Mg2+ of NMDA responses in spinal cord neurones. Nature 1984;309:261-263.</ref>. ...y;92(1-2):147–57.</ref>, and second the physical examination (neurological examination, assessment of active movements, neural tissue provocation tests). Based on

...[[Overview of Traumatic Brain Injury|brain injury]], [[Spinal Cord Injury|spinal cord injury]], [[Neuropathies|neuropathy]], [[Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis ...lantar flexors. These muscle groups are commonly chosen, so that important spinal nerve roots are assessed systematically eg testing the strength of the el

...isease or damage anywhere along the neuraxis of the peripheral or central (spinal and supraspinal) nervous system<ref name=":1">PPM [https://www.practicalpai |[[Spinal Cord Injury|Spinal cord injuries]]

...Flynn T, Hing W, Rubinstein S, Vogel S et.al. International Framework for Examination of the Cervical Region for Potential of Vascular Pathologies of the Neck Pr ...nesis represent the usual care of the evaluation. By performing a thorough examination and using [[Clinical Reasoning|clinical reasoning]], clinicians may be able

#It samples only a small number of joints for examination so that hypermobile joints outside this selected group will inevitably and ...ndicates generalized hypermobility of the joints <ref name="Alter" />. The spinal forward flexion criterion differs from the other criteria, in that it measu

...sment|subjective history]], in order to determine an appropriate objective examination and treatment plan, and reduce clinical reasoning errors.<ref name=":0">Pet ...ngs presented here will only be used to guide the clinician throughout the examination and evaluation process and help relate subjective and objective data from a

== Subjective Examination/ The Interview == ...ysfunction or [[Urinary Incontinence|incontinence]]. Is there a history of spinal pain, hip pain or pelvic pain? Are there any psychiatric conditions or othe

...pontine angle, in one of the divided spaces left and right of the extended spinal cord, into the brain stem. In these cases the tumour is called a Cerebellop ...m very late or by chance, for example when telephoning or during a routine examination. Above all, high-frequency hearing difficulties are noticed - suddenly one

...ser:Anna Mansfield|Anna Mansfield]] as part of the [[Nottingham University Spinal Rehabilitation Project]] ...t al">Jeffries L, Milanese S, Grimmer-Somers K. Epidemiology of Adolescent Spinal Pain. Spine. 2007;32(23):2630-2637.</ref><span style="line-height: 1.5em;">

...cific low back pain problematic, it’s crucial to understand the functional spinal unit (=motion segment, the smallest physiological unit of the (lumbar) spin ...y the first lumbar vertebrae and then from the second lumbar vertebrae the spinal nerves forms the cauda equina.

...by the intercostobrachial nerve.<ref name="Stanley">Hoppenfeld S. Physical Examination of the Spine and Extremities. CTI Reviews 2014.</ref> ...various points along its length. <ref name="Dutton">Dutton M. Orthopaedic Examination, Evaluation and Intervention. 2nd Ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2008.</ref><re

...months prior to this physical therapy interaction. In addition to clinical examination findings, this case study outlines potential physical therapy interventions ...eurons (UMN) and lower motor neurons (LMN) in the brain, brainstem, and/or spinal cord (1). In ALS, the destruction of these neurons can lead to a diverse cl

* Spinal, hip, pelvic movements and range of motion ...regulations / requirements in your own area before performing an internal examination and make sure you complete the necessary training.  

...onyms that are used frequently for PS are the deep gluteal syndrome, extra-spinal sciatica and wallet neuritis.<ref>Siddiq MA. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ *Lumbar&nbsp;[[Spinal Stenosis|spinal stenosis]]

[[Manual Therapy|Manual examination and therapy]] have been de-popularised in some quarters, but according to J * Manual examination is vital in the diagnosis of neck pain. The [[Cervical Flexion-Rotation Tes

*[[Spinal cord anatomy|Spinal cord]] (anterior horn and Clarke’s Column)<ref name="p2" /> ...l bodies in the dentate nucleus, substantia nigra and anterior horn of the spinal cord.<ref name="p1" />

...ser:Matthew Bailey|Matthew Bailey]] as part of the [[Nottingham University Spinal Rehabilitation Project]]<br> ...s of L5/S1 and causes the vertebra to move out of alignment with the other spinal vertebrae. This often occurs as a result of a bilateral spondylolysis,<ref

...D, Carlesso L, Flynn T, Hing W, Kerry R. 2012. International Framework for Examination of the Cervical Region for potential of Cervical Arterial Dysfunction prior * previous spinal surgery

Coordinated movement requires a functioning cerebellum, spinal cord and peripharal nervous system. Diseases and injuries that damage or de * [[Spinal Cord Injury|Spinal cord injuries]]

# Veterinarian and other medical professionals - what has been found on examination and have there been any other investigations? ...purchased. It typically includes a general health check, gait assessment, examination of the horse performing strenuous exercise, a re-assessment 30 minutes post

...ight, and facet orientation in degenerative spondylolisthesis]. Journal of spinal disorders. 1999; 12(1):68-73.</ref><ref>Dunlop RB, Adams MA, Hutton WC. [ht # Improving mobility: with spinal manipulations and exercises.

...result from damage anywhere along the neuraxis: peripheral nervous system, spinal or supraspinal nervous system. *Often a history of central nervous system disorder/lesion (i.e., spinal cord injury)

...wing can be implicated in pathology: [[Cerebellum]], [[Spinal cord anatomy|spinal cord]], [[Brainstem|brain stem]], [[Vestibular System|vestibular]] nuclei, === Spinal Cord and Peripheral Nerve-Related Ataxia ===

...mptoms, family history), objective measures (ex. physical and neurological examination), and laboratory tests (ex. EMG, MRI, blood samples) <ref name=":3" />. ...ve disease that affects the upper and lower motor neurons of the brain and spinal cord, resulting in a loss of muscle control. Currently, there is no known c

...[[stroke]], and nervous system disorders for instance [[Spinal Cord Injury|spinal cord]] and [[Traumatic Brain Injury|brain]] injury, can result in somatosen [[Category:Neurological - Assessment and Examination]]

*Neurological changes from [[Spinal cord anatomy|spinal cord]] compression === Digital Rectal Examination (DRE) ===

*'''Spinal profile''' should be normal for age with no joints at end of range. [[Category:Paediatrics - Assessment and Examination]]

== Examination == Perform examination of the low back. See [https://www.physio-pedia.com/Low_Back_Pain Low Back P

...esponse during the stance phase of gait<ref>Dutton M, Dutton's Orthopaedic Examination, Evaluation, and Intervention. 5th ed. New York: McGraw Hill; c2020.</ref> <nowiki>***</nowiki> a neurological examination is indicated ***<ref name=":1" />

...'''- [[User:Diana Yang|Diana Yang]] as part of the [[Nottingham University Spinal Rehabilitation Project]]<br> ...f name=":2" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":9">Gelabert, R. (1986) Dancers’ Spinal Syndromes. ''The Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy''. 7(4)

...|brain]] and [[Spinal cord anatomy|spinal cord]]. The nerve roots exit the spinal cord and then branch out into smaller peripheral nerves. The peripheral ne * Physical examination of skin condition, foot anatomy, and vascular perfusion<ref name=":3" />.

...[User:Hin Ying Chan|Hin Ying Chan]] as part of the [[Nottingham University Spinal Rehabilitation Project]]<br> | Spinal Stenosis

== Examination == ==== Physical Examination ====

...nal motion segment stiffness in with normal external loads may cause pain, spinal deformity or damage to the neurological structures. <ref name="p9">Davarian ...hat during the [http://www.physio-pedia.com/Lumbar_Instability#Examination examination of lumbar instability] positive and negative determinants can be found indi

...ternal examination? If yes, are they anxious or fearful about the internal examination? ===== Examination =====

...outube|https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LILgFAEMAbg|width}}<ref>Spine live. Spinal compression fractures reasons. Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watc ...ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10767803/ Percutaneous vertebroplasty for pain relief and spinal stabilization.] Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2000 Apr 15;25(8):923-8.</ref>

...tibular function in US adults: data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2001-2004]. Arch Intern Med. 2009;169(10):938-44. </ref> === Vestibulo-spinal reflex (VSR) ===

...ult of heavy lifting, although a report exists of one case stemming from a spinal manipulation for back pain.<ref name=":7" /> Profound retching associated w ...e immobility of this region),<ref name=":6" /> discitis or a lesion of the spinal cord or vertebral body (e.g. neoplasm).<ref name=":7" />

...nts producing greater ranges of motion.<ref name="Shultz">Shultz SJ et al. Examination of musculoskeletal injuries. 2nd ed, North Carolina: Human Kinetics, 2005. ...s of physiotherapy in people with spinal cord injury? A systematic review. Spinal cord. 2017 Aug;55(8):722-9.</ref>

...r people as a disability in younger people (including both acquired, as in spinal cord injury, and life-long, as in intellectual disability) does not have th [[Category:Older People/Geriatrics - Assessment and Examination]]

* Movement precautions ([[Sternal Precautions|sternal precautions]], spinal precautions, etc.) if applicable ...xion and extension<ref name=":1">Fruth S. Fundamentals of Physical Therapy Examination. Second Edition. Burlington, Massachusetts: Jones & Bartlett Learning, 2018

<div class="noeditbox">Welcome to the [[Nottingham University Spinal Rehabilitation Project]]. This space was created by and for the students at ...lar weakness (abdominals and gluteus maximus) and tightness (iliopsoas and spinal extensors) that connect the dorsal and ventral sides of the body <ref>Sahu,

...ific structural pathology identified through isolated or combined physical examination, imaging and histo­pathological analysis.<ref name=":1" /> ...<ref>May S, Chance­ Larsen K, Littlewood C, et al: Reliability of Physical Examination Tests Used in the Assessment of Patients with Shoulder Problems: A Systemat

'''Subjective Examination'''<br> '''Spinal accessory nerve''' (Inability to ABDuct arm beyond 90 degrees. Pain with sh

...the diaphragm and postural deficiencies can negatively affect respiration, spinal stability, endurance and patient's abilities to complete functional tasks. ...hich can result in other systemic and musculoskeletal disorders, including spinal instability.

...ial:Contributors/{{FULLPAGENAME}}}} as part of the [[Nottingham University Spinal Rehabilitation Project]]</div> * [[Lumbar Spinal Stenosis]]

...inal cord to the brain) or rhizotomy (surgical procedure in which anterior spinal nerve roots are cut to relieve severe pain) are other options available if A comprehensive physical examination for evaluating SI joint dysfunction. 

Following [[Communication in the Physical Examination|the physical examination]], patients expect some answers regarding their condition and return to nor .../j.physio.2009.04.006 A qualitative investigation of Red Flags for serious spinal pathology]. Physiotherapy. 2009; 95, 223–226. </ref> but explain that the

...to get a clear picture of the way the lesion is affecting the client. The examination should focus on |Distal spinal accessory nerve

...tor '''- [[User:Mark Sia|Mark Sia]] as part of the [[Nottingham University Spinal Rehabilitation Project]]<br> ...of the neck pain may be myofascial in origin. A questionnaire and physical examination were used for this study. The inclusion was stated but exclusion criteria w

...ur in isolation. Most seen concomitant injuries were lower limb (13.2%) or spinal injuries (6.3%).<ref name=":0">Dhillon MS. Fractures of the calcaneus. JP M == Examination ==

...://theses.gla.ac.uk/7248/ Studies on serial resting and dynamic endoscopic examination] of thoroughbred yearlings'' (Doctoral dissertation, University of Glasgow) |Ventral branch of local cervical spinal nerve

...umeral rhythm ratio. This correlation highlights the importance of proper spinal alignment in the prevention of shoulder joint disorders.<ref>Hosseinimehr S == Clinical Examination ==

...attaches onto the clavicle and scapula.<ref>Simons SM, Dixon JB. Physical examination of the shoulder. Up-To-Date Online. 2013 Nov.</ref> ...if no improvement in symptoms, neurological symptoms or if [[Red Flags in Spinal Conditions|red flags]] present<ref name=":12" />

...ously.<ref name=" Thomas, 2004">Thomas C. How is disability understood? An examination of sociological approaches. Disabil Soc 2004;19:569–83.</ref> ...efits there are to being active<ref>Wadey R, Melissa Day M. A longitudinal examination of leisure-time physical activity following amputation in England.Psycholog

...co"''', which means "a process of drawing or pulling, and various forms of spinal traction have been described, since the time of Hippocrates, for the relief ...to the trunk region. They also protect the delicate [[Spinal cord anatomy|spinal cord]] and nerves within their vertebral canal.

...[Long Thoracic Nerve|long thoracic]] or [[Accessory Nerve Cranial Nerve 11|spinal accessory nerve]] injury. <ref>Humphrey CS, Sears BW, Curtin MJ. An anthrop ...J, Kilbreath SL, Hollmann L, York S. Scapulohumeral rhythm and associated spinal motion. Clinical biomechanics. 2008 Feb 1;23(2):184-92.</ref>

...rd used for this study.<ref name="Cleland">Cleland J. Orthopaedic clinical examination: an evidence-based approach for physical therapists. Saunders: Elsevier, 20 ...chwarzer et al 1995" /> and adopted the standards set by the International Spinal Injection Society in order to measure the success of injections. These stan

* '''Pituitary tumor''': Abnormal neurologic examination. Visual field defects and galactorrhea may occur. * '''Brain tumor:''' Abnormal neurologic examination including reflex asymmetry, sensory asymmetry, or motor weakness. Papillede

...a drain inserted. Various approaches are used by different surgeons, under spinal or general anaesthesia. The posterolateral approach is most commonly used b # [[Hip Examination|Hip examination]]

...ecommendations for muscle strength, hypertrophy, and local endurance: a re-examination of the repetition continuum.] Sports. 2021 Feb 22;9(2):32.</ref> ...ecommendations for Muscle Strength, Hypertrophy, and Local Endurance: A Re-Examination of the Repetition Continuum]<ref name=":3" />

|Wind-up phenomenon (spinal cord neurons) ...otocol it can be used in isolation to detect increased firing of secondary spinal cord neurons. Pressure or pin-prick can be used as a stimulus.[[File:Two po

...er. 2021</ref> The muscle strength assessment is integral to the objective examination as it provides valuable information on strength and neurological deficits. ...abolic and Endocrine Disorders|metabolic syndromes]], [[Spinal Cord Injury|spinal cord injury]], [[Motor Neurone Disease MND|motor neuron disease]], [[Multip

...[[User:Luke Dunmore|Luke Dunmore]] as part of the [[Nottingham University Spinal Rehabilitation Project]]<br> '''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributor ...9079/ Blended-Learning Pain Neuroscience Education for People With Chronic Spinal Pain: Randomized Controlled Multicenter Trial.] Phys Ther. 2017; 98(5): 357

...10.1016/j.gaitpost.2008.05.008. Epub 2008 Jun 26.</ref>, and will lead to spinal imbalance. Due to continuous pressure on the popliteal fossa there may be p === History and physical examination ===

'''4. Musculoskeletal:''' Applications in the musculoskeletal system include spinal imaging, assessment of joint disease and soft tissue tumors<ref>Helms, C (2 ...contrast as compared to CT scans and plain radiographs making it the ideal examination of the brain, spine, joints, and other soft tissue body parts

== Pelvic Girdle Pain Examination == * other space-occupying lesions around the spinal cord or nerve roots

== Examination Findings == * Lumbar puncture (spinal tap)

== Examination Findings == # Spinal nerve roots

* Trauma and spinal cord injury ...based on a careful assessment of history, known risk factors, and physical examination.<ref name=":3" /> From there, additional studies must be performed to confi

...rvous system]](CNS) (the [[Brain Anatomy|brain]] and [[Spinal cord anatomy|spinal cord]]) and the rest of the body. Neuropathies can significantly impact pat * '''Physical Examination''': This involves testing reflexes, gauging [[Muscle Strength Testing|muscl

A thorough medical history in conjunction with a neurological examination and imaging are used to diagnose MS, and it is diagnosed once other potenti == '''Examination Findings''' ==

...the pain transmission, carried by A-delta and C afferent fibers, from the spinal cord to the brain - also known as the [[Gate Control Theory of Pain|gate co ...the nucleus of human fibroblasts]. Phys Ther 1995;75(7):629-634.</ref> An examination of research studies to assess changes in blow flow with ultrasound produced

...A. Conversion motor paralysis disorder: overview and rehabilitation model. Spinal Cord. July 2002;40(7):327-334. Available from: MEDLINE, Ipswich, MA. Access ...is is made, a psychiatrist will proceed to inform the patient that neither examination nor diagnostic tests have shown any damage to their neurologic system. The

...https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2796951/ Anatomy and physical examination of the knee menisci: a narrative review of the orthopedic literature.] The ! scope="col" | Spinal innervation

** Visceral innervation converges at the same spinal cord levels as slipping ribs and intercostal nerves and this close associat == Physical Examination ==

...ssidy JD, Bleakney RK. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17021311/ Clinical examination and ultrasound of self-reported snapping hip syndrome in elite ballet dance === Physical Examination ===

...stimuli causes hyperalgesia, allodynia, and referred pain across multiple spinal segments, resulting in chronic widespread pain and decreased tolerance to s ...the CNS to release glial cells within the brain and [[Spinal cord anatomy|spinal cord]] for healing support and pain response. With FMS, this auto-immune re

== Examination Findings == ...xion. She was able to actively approach a more upright posture with normal spinal curvatures upon cueing, but was unable to maintain this position for more t

...aard AL et al. International Framework for Red Flags for Potential Serious Spinal Pathologies. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2020;50(7):350-372.</ref> Red flags ...therapy-examination-in-an-outpatient-setting-course/ General Physiotherapy Examination in an Outpatient Setting Course]. Plus, 2023.</ref>

== Examination Findings == ...anepoel, M. & Strydom, G. L. The benefits of hydrotherapy to patients with spinal cord injuries. African Journal of Disability. 2018;7(0): 450. https://doi.o

*Spinal cord syndrome == Examination ==

*Radicular spinal pain; == Examination ==

The popliteus muscle is supplied by the tibial nerve, from spinal nerve roots L4 through S1, with approximately 2 to 3 parallel tibial nerve ...ernardini BJ, Reid III JB. Current concepts review: comprehensive physical examination for instability of the knee. The American journal of sports medicine. 2008

...thritis results in better outcomes in terms of disease activity, function, spinal mobility and radiographic damage, as well as a better response to treatment ...onycholysis, pitting and hyperkeratosis, which can be observed on physical examination

...spine by 4-8%, over the first 3-4years of treatment. Medication can reduce spinal fractures by around 30-70% and [[Femoral Neck Hip Fracture|hip fractures]] [[Category:Older People/Geriatrics - Assessment and Examination]]

...ct examination, during reoperation or by histopathological or radiological examination. ...egional pain syndrome-diagnostic mechanisms, CNS involvement and therapy. Spinal Cord. Vol 41. pp. 61-75</ref>. Symptoms include distal pain, allodynia and

...ing: functional assessment, ROM, palpation, special tests and neurological examination. Flexion tests are often performed during a lameness examination or pre-purchase vetting assessment to exacerbate any lameness that may be p

The diagnosis can be established by clinical examination, and it can be confirmed by X-rays. Physical examination: see below

...Huijbregts P, Jensen R. Concurrent Criterion-Related Validity of Physical Examination Tests for Hip Labral Lesions: A Systematic Review. The Journal of Manual Ma == Examination ==

...om/articles/10.1186/s12891-019-2949-6 Red flags for the early detection of spinal infection in low back pain]. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. 2019; 20(606).< * general spinal curvature:

...d by minor trauma- cough/sneeze or major trauma- significant impact on the spinal axis ...t they don't experience any symptoms during the treadmill test, additional examination is necessary to identify whether their symptoms could be due vestibulo-ocul

...curve. The vertebral canal of the lumbar region houses the tail end of the spinal cord and the [[Cauda Equina Syndrome|cauda equina]]. == Examination ==

* [[Chronic Low Back Pain|Chronic spinal pain]]: ...ity.] Pain Rep. 2020 Aug 11;5(5):e837.</ref> Patients who reported chronic spinal pain tended to consume less whole grains, dairy, fruit, and fibre and more

...he fists trying to lift head against gravity and against the resistance of spinal and hip that remain in flexion.<br> ...position to raise the head, uses upward gaze (eye extension) to assist the spinal extension. Eyes play a significant role in postural control.

...Man Hayden Lui|Ho Man Hayden Lui]] as part of the [[Nottingham University Spinal Rehabilitation Project]]<br> ...d is considered the gold standard diagnostic tool for detecting a range of spinal pathologies. <ref>Kim G-U, Chang MC, Kim TU, Lee GW. Diagnostic modality in

...articles/s41598-020-71557-y The effect on clinical outcomes when targeting spinal manipulation at stiffness or pain sensitivity: a randomized trial.] Scienti

...rformance need to be part of the clinician's decision-making process. When examination findings are somewhat unremarkable, and when the patient presents with sign ...ations, the diagnosis of internal impingement is made through the physical examination along with MRI<ref name=":14">Chlodwig Kirchhoff &amp; Andreas B. Imhoff, P

...ing a lumber condition should clear any signs of cauda equina syndrome and spinal stenosis, and for upper cervical pain/headache and vertigo, vertebrobasilar ...necessary. The mnemonic PQRST<ref>Estes ME. Health assessment and physical examination. Cengage Learning; 2013 Feb 25.</ref> is a framework developed to be used i

...a result of output from the alpha motor neuron in the ventral horn of the spinal cord<ref name="Jones" />. ...ensory systems. The patient's eyes should be closed throughout the sensory examination.

...ost cases the physical assessment will also include a full musculoskeletal examination of the users range of motion, joint flexibility, muscle length, and skeleta ...ow"><div class="col-md-6 col-md-offset-3"><div class="text-right"><ref>CI. Spinal Seating - Finding Bony Landmarks in the Pelvis. Available from: https://vim

...t of the patient’s posture (position of the jaw, [[tongue]] and [[Cervical Examination|neck]]); palpation of the TMJ to assess for swelling, muscle spasm and stif ...part of the head and upper neck can refer pain to any other part. Careful examination of the patient’s TMJ and neck is very important to ensure that all struct

* See [[Foot and Ankle Assessment-Investigations and Tests|foot and ankle examination]] page for a full assessment of the foot and ankle. * Subjective History: emphasis on any knee trauma, recent spinal/peripheral limb surgery or family history of neurological disease

...vanced specialty area of physical therapy practice that is based on manual examination and treatment techniques integrated with exercise, patient education, and o ...Fernández-Carnero J, Cleland A. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21875517/ Examination of motor and hypoalgesic effects of cervical vs. thoracic spine manipulatio

...ref name="Bontempo" /><ref name="Gaunt">Gaunt BW, Boers, T. SC, AC, &amp; spinal specific manual techniques can dramatically increase shoulder girdle elevat === Physical Examination ===

...ed [[Neurone|nerve]] root and its associated [[Cranial Nerves|cranial]] or spinal nerve [[Dermatomes|dermatome]] that occurs 3-5 days after transmission of t The diagnosis is generally made based upon an examination of the skin and taking a medical history. A skin sample may be taken to det

...tral nervous system (the [[Brain Anatomy|brain]] and [[Spinal cord anatomy|spinal cord]]), involving the nerves and blood vessels, which results in the pain ...isual phenomena (eg, scintillations, scotomata, or blindness) confirmed by examination during an attack or (after proper instruction) by the patient's drawing of

...A, Glinsky JA, Katalinic OM, Ben M. Contracture management for people with spinal cord injuries. NeuroRehabilitation. 2011 Jan 1;28(1):17-20.</ref><ref>Salie ...K, Nagami S, Kurozumi C, Harayama S, Nakamura M, Ikeno M, et al. Effect of spinal sagittal alignment in sitting posture on swallowing function in healthy adu

#Processes involving the spinal cord when MRI is contraindicated<ref>College, A. ACR – ASNR – ASSR – [[Category:Neurological - Assessment and Examination]]

...tural control by increasing intra-abdominal pressure (Hodges et al, 2000). Spinal instability could cause mechanical alterations leading to insufficient resp |Spinal stenosis

...proposed another classification based on the findings of the neurological examination. The first group of patients presents with a central phenotype, with motor ...ociceptive (painful) information is relayed through the dorsal horn of the spinal cord for processing and modulation before cortical evaluation.'' <ref>Teasd

#Histopathologic examination of skin biopsies #Bacteriological Examination

...e specific origin of these deficits local to the ankle ligaments or at the spinal or supraspinal levels of motor control have yet to be fully elucidated. It On physical examination the hindfoot motion should be recorded and peroneal muscle strength should

...Juliet Underwood|Juliet Underwood]] as part of the [[Nottingham University Spinal Rehabilitation Project]]<br> [[Image:SACRUM ALTERED.png|left|302x256px]][[Image:Ilium spinal.png|center|343x293px]]

''PM'': Anterior rami of spinal nerves L1-L3 ....nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8167346/pdf/10.1177_1941738120953418.pdf Physical Examination of the Hip]. Sports Health. 2021 Mar;13(2):149-153.

...m.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7216136/ Novel insights into the pathogenesis of spinal sarcopenia and related therapeutic approaches: A narrative review.] Interna [[Category:Older People/Geriatrics - Assessment and Examination]]

...ating in six weeks of craniocervical flexion exercises was as effective as spinal manipulation at reducing cervical pain and headache frequency and intensity * An assessment of the anterior neck should include an examination of the following:

...structural misalignments of body posture in the sagittal plane]. Scoliosis Spinal Disord. 2018;13:6.</ref> ...it is necessary to differentiate the two conditions based on the physical examination and radiographic analysis.<ref>Horn SR, Poorman GW, Tishelman JC, Bortz CA,

# Protect spinal cord Red flags are signs and symptoms found in the patient's history and clinical examination, which could warn us the possibility of life-threatening disorders. Identif

* Spinal Erectors ...ulltext/2016/05000/an_examination_of_muscle_activation_and_power.2.aspx An examination of muscle activation and power characteristics while performing the deadlif

...athlete in their personal and family history as well as important physical examination techniques <ref name="National" />. * A preparticipation physical examination is essential to uncover episodes of exertional syncope, presyncope, chest p

...serious pathologies and identifying contributing factors through a proper examination [[Manual Therapy|Manual therapy]] provides an opportunity for detailed examination and treatment of complex physical dysfunctions. It can be a good option for

...of ALS six months prior. Client characteristics, subjective and objective examination findings, and a clinical hypothesis are documented throughout the case stud ...eurons in the motor cortex and lower motor neurons in anterior horn of the spinal cord<ref name=":0" />. In limb-onset ALS, the disease begins by affecting t

● Multiple Sclerosis or Spinal Cord Injury (pudendal nerve dysfunction) - External examination and functional testing for the pelvic girdle and lumbopelvic

*'''History and Physical Examination''' ...ue can be utilized when adult AML has spread or may spread to the brain or spinal cord. Chemotherapy can also be administered into a body cavity such as the

...r of other conditions. The diagnosis is based on the history of trauma and examination findings where the use of an ultrasound can be used to identify whether the == Clinical Examination ==

...coma. It is important that physical therapists conduct a full neurological examination to detect any neurological damage. ...e surgery involves placing electric leads into the involved section of the spinal cord or nerve roots to transmit energy that blocks the pain through the gat

* [[Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA)|Spinal muscular atrophy]] * [[Spinal Cord Injury|Spinal cord injury]]

A full musculoskeletal examination should be performed to assess the musculoskeletal system. Functional tests (spinal and chest wall mobility)

== Examination Findings == Spinal alignment appears normal. Atrophy and hypotonia is noted bilaterally in the

...temporomandibular disorder, tenderness and myofascial trigger points). On examination, he had a reduction in cervical rotation to the right.<ref name=":3" /> * [[Spinal Cord Injury|Spinal cord injury]]

...ic claudication and radiculopathy as delayed presentations of the retained spinal bullet. Spine J. 2009 Oct;9(10):e5-8.</ref> * general [[Neurological Screen|sensory and motor examination]]

...ssion assessment toolkit that can increase the sensitivity of the clinical examination for detecting the effects of concussion. ...on T, McAllister T. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3183488/ Examination of the construct validity of ImPACT™ computerized test, traditional, and

...displacement. Some traumatic injuries, such as pelvic trauma, amputations, spinal cord injury and traumatic brain injury, require clinicians to have speciali |[[Spinal Cord Injury]]

== Examination Findings == ...acquired brain injury (ABI), cerebral palsy (CP), multiple sclerosis (MS), spinal cord injury (SCI) and stroke.<ref>Ashworth Scale / Modified Ashworth Scale

...l nervous system consists of the nerves that branch out from the brain and spinal cord. These nerves form the communication network between the central nervo ...ive trauma as the probable cause. A thorough clinical history and physical examination should be completed and should follow the same format as a standard [[Asses

The physical examination should include:<ref name=":0" /> ...u to have a positive effect on pain, flexibility, muscle hypertonicity and spinal motion symmetry.<ref>Haussler KK. Equine Manual Therapies in Sport Horse Pr

...etal Surgery and Research.] 2017 Apr 1;1:25.</ref> A detailed radiographic examination of the axial and appendicular skeleton is invaluable for the differential d ...managing various aspects of skeletal dysplasia, including craniofacial and spinal manifestations, type II collagen disorders, pregnancy in individuals with s

#Postural responses (Vestibulo-Spinal Reflex) -&nbsp;keep the body upright and prevent falls when the body is une ....<ref name="sell">Sell TC. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22498148 An examination, correlation, and comparison of static and dynamic measures of postural sta

== Examination Findings == * Spinal Alignment (standing) = slight left lumbar curve

...antakis GA. [https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/12/7/1598 The Effectiveness of Spinal, Diaphragmatic, and Specific Stabilization Exercise Manual Therapy and Resp [[Category:Respiratory System - Assessment and Examination]]

...tion program two weeks after a craniotomy, with stable vitals. The initial examination findings included impaired memory, balance issues, limited ambulation and == Examination Findings ==

...information to our central nervous system (CNS), both at the level of the spinal cord (reflexive) and sent to the cerebral cortex for higher processing.<ref [[Category:Neurological - Assessment and Examination]]

...les should be comprehensively assessed. A vaginal and a possible anorectal examination if indicated should be conducted. Postnatal women can benefit from an indiv ...d Oxford Manual Muscle Testing (MOMMT) during digital vaginal or anorectal examination, running is not advised yet.<ref name=":1" />

== Examination Findings == ...etion accumulation and aspiration<ref>Legal Help & Resources for Brain and Spinal Cord Injury Survivors [Internet]. Newsome & Melton; 2023.Why is there a dan

*Spinal Dysfunction<ref name="CSM" /> ...attention to the history of occurrence of the trauma is needed. A clinical examination and testing of the muscle function together with the patient's recollection

...ser:Mary Okunsanwo|Mary Okunsanwo]] as part of the [[Nottingham University Spinal Rehabilitation Project]] ...ished in Cureus provides pre-consultation guidance and step-by-step remote examination instructions to musculoskeletal clinicians working in primary care to adapt

...ain do not relate to any 'biological' factors such as findings on physical examination, or change on X-ray, but to what are termed 'psychosocial variables', such ...hought to modulate Aδ and C fibre-mediated nociceptive transmission in the spinal cord. TENS can be proposed only when the size of the pain area is limited a

|Mini mental state examination | spinal cord injury<br>

== Examination Findings == ...MA, et al. Gait-assisted exoskeletons for children with cerebral palsy or spinal muscular atrophy: A systematic review. NeuroRehabilitation (Reading, Mass).

...usa SA. Current and emerging therapies for Duchenne muscular dystrophy and spinal muscular atrophy. Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2021 Apr 1;220:107719.</ref> * encourage patient involvement during the examination and management

* Genetic (Down’s syndrome,  Prader-Willi, Tay-Sachs, spinal muscular atrophy, Charcot-Marie-Tooth syndrome, Marfan syndrome and Ehlers- Diagnosis is made based on a medical examination and use of the [[Beighton score]] (see Figure 1).

=== Clinical Examination === ...ical history are essential for diagnosis and treatment of narcolepsy. This examination can rule out or identify other neurological conditions that may be causing

* Examination * Alters/inhibits spinal reflex activity (facilitated segment)

...], [[User:Kamal Manek|Kamal Manek]] as part of the [[Nottingham University Spinal Rehabilitation Project]] ...s, M.W., 2003. Mood and anxiety disorders associated with chronic pain: an examination in a nationally representative sample. Pain, 106(1-2): 127-133</ref>.

'''Examination Findings:''' ...right side more. It will be extremely difficult to reverse any changes in spinal curvature through physiotherapy alone, but the severity of scoliosis progre

...back [[Hip Disability and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score|hip]] or [[Shoulder Examination|shoulder pain]], and/or pain with weight-bearing. ...ical/thoracic), leg weakness or paresis (lumbar), or [[Bowel Management in Spinal Cord Injury|bowel and bladder symptoms]] (sacral). Other common sites of me

* Able to make prescribing decisions based on relevant physical examination assessment and history taking ...s work by attaching to proteins known as opioid receptors in the brain and spinal cord to reduce the perception of pain. However, persistent use of these dru

...er PD, Goldsmith CH, Vernon H. A randomized clinical trial of exercise and spinal manipulation for patients with chronic neck pain. Spine 2001;26(7):788-99.< ...-605.</ref>) with light soft-tissue massage as indicated to facilitate the spinal manipulative therapy

== Examination Findings == ...ury?utm_source=physiopedia&utm_medium=search&utm_campaign=ongoing_internal spinal cord injury] and other neurogenerative diseases. There was a significant im

...osteoarthritis is diagnosed based on a patient’s symptoms and the clinical examination.<ref name=":6">Törnblom M, Bremander A, Aili K, Andersson MLE, Nilsdotter ...cience/article/pii/S1877065720301536 Clinical and radiographic features of spinal osteoarthritis predict long-term persistence and severity of back pain in o

...months prior to this physical therapy interaction. In addition to clinical examination findings, this case study outlines potential physical therapy interventions ...eurons (UMN) and lower motor neurons (LMN) in the brain, brainstem, and/or spinal cord.<ref name=":0">O’Sullivan SB, Schmitz TJ, Fulk G, [https://fadavispt