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[[Red Flags in Spinal Conditions|Red flags]] one should be aware of are: Rule out conditions such as

...ressive flaccid paralysis. It is believed to be one of a number of related conditions, all sharing a similar underlying autoimmune abnormality, as a group known ...ter a relatively benign gastrointestinal or respiratory illness. The first neurological sign of GBS is usually paresthesias of the toes, followed by a sudden onset

...s to improve the quality of life for individuals with complex injuries and conditions.<ref name=":0">Winstein C, Requejo P. [https://academic.oup.com/ptj/article * enhance the treatment and management of complex injuries and conditions

...anxiety affect one’s mental health following severe illness/injury. These conditions were commonly identified at 1 month post injury/illness, and although their ...amily and social support, financial and/or insurance issues, or contextual conditions (such as deployment and subsequent return home in military personnel) can l

...p; Hypertrophy may also also lead to calcification within CNS resulting in neurological symptoms that include seizures, focal deficits, headaches, and developmenta ...on around the angioma.&nbsp; This leads to increased risk for seizures and neurological deficits.<ref name="Ped Medscape" />

...functioning and disability as a ''dynamic interaction'' between '''health conditions''' and '''contextual factor'''s both personal and environmental factors.<re ...environment a grouped into'''8 dimensions''' as: ''distance, time, ambient conditions, terrain characteristics, physical load, attentional demands, postural tran

...aging as well as medical signs are often used to differentiate some of the conditions that are mentioned below from calcaneal spurs. === Neurological Causes ===

...f Clinical Decision Making. In: Lennon S, Stokes M, editors. Pocketbook of Neurological Physiotherapy. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2008 Oct 10.</ref><ref>Bernhardt J * Weather conditions: hot, dry, snowy, windy

...like myopathies and dystrophies etc. Hence it can be described as both a neurological and a musculoskeletal test that is targeted to the peripheral nervous syste Clinical EMG studies are used to diagnose various conditions like

BDD&nbsp;is commonly associated with other co-morbid conditions, such as: ...tionally, SSRI's are frequently used in treatment of many of the co-morbid conditions associated with BDD, including [[depression]], social phobia, [[Bulimia Ner

...sed to treat headaches and arthritis. <ref name=":0">National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. Noninvasive Brain Stimulation: Applications and Impli ...68329/ Clinical diagnostic utility of transcranial magnetic stimulation in neurological disorders. Updated report of an IFCN committee.] Clin Neurophysiol. 2023 Ju

[[File:Capture Pudendal illustration.png|thumb|Pudendal Conditions- An illustration<ref>Relevant Anatomy Of Pudendal Nerve And Etiological Fac ...to the buttocks can cause pudendal neuralgia<ref>[http://www.painspa.co.uk/conditions/pudendal-neuralgia/ Pathophysiology]-Pudendal neuralgia_painspa.co.uk</ref>

* Typical neurological signs of long-tract involvement are exaggerated tendon reflexes (patellar a ...ary remission is uncommon. In 75% of the patients, episodic worsening with neurological deterioration occurs, 20% have slow steady progression, and 5% experience r

...r and conflict; torture and ill-treatment; imprisonment; precarious living conditions.<ref>Madoro D, Kerebih H, Habtamu Y, Mokona H, Molla A, Wondie T, Yohannes ...n all affect detainees' physical and psychological well-being. Poor prison conditions may also lead to the spread of communicable diseases, the worsening of exis

[[Category:Neurological - Conditions]]

...h varied practice and feedback. <ref>Levin MF, Demers M. Motor learning in neurological rehabilitation. Disability and rehabilitation. 2021 Nov 20;43(24):3445-53.< ...ver again (e.g. repeating sit to stand from the same couch, under the same conditions). Variable practice involves variability (e.g. sit to stand from a couch, a

...ast J, Mulroy S, Wren TA, Kay RM, et al. Cerebral palsy: clinical care and neurological rehabilitation. Lancet Neurol. [Review]. 2011 Sep;10(9):844-52</ref>. The t ...the child leads with the less impaired limb during walking, is part of the neurological problem and cannot be influenced by orthotic management.<br>

Superficial heat is often used in chronic conditions such as OA and can also be useful for reducing muscle spasm. It promotes bl ...hen using the incline/decline not to exacerbate or over load pathological conditions such as hip OA or carpal hyperextension.<ref>Drum MG, Marcellin-Little DJ,

*Worsening neurological function However, there are serious conditions which may mimic musculoskeletal dysfunction in the early stages of their pa

...expected that supplementary prescribing would be used for chronic medical conditions and other health needs <ref name="Courtenay and Griffiths" />. ...s in Injection Therapy for physiotherapists. Supporting good governance in neurological and musculoskeletal injection therapyfckLRfckLRAvailable at:http://www.csp.

=== Neurological Testing === ...fective, especially in warm water to decrease pain which may be applied to conditions such as [[Guillain-Barre Syndrome|Guillain Barre]] or [[Amyotrophic Lateral

...thletes <ref>Dimberg, E.L. and Burns, T.M. Management of common neurologic conditions in sports. Clin Sports Med. 2005; 24: 637–662</ref><ref>Krivickas, L.S. a ...s. For example, altered mental status, decreased cervical range of motion, neurological symptoms affecting more than one extremity, signs of a fracture, indication

...ive and nerve tissue dysfunction and if possible rule in or out particular conditions. ...ning process. The chart below highlights some of the most common red flag conditions for patients with neck pain.<br>

...veral states that afflict physically active persons when exercising during conditions of high environmental heat stress. If not treated EHRI in the extreme cases EHRI consists of a spectrum of conditions that range from mild (heat [[Oedema Assessment|oedema,]] heat rash) to life

* '''Neurological''' manife<nowiki/>stations include: <u>Neurological</u>

...eripheral neuropathy.] Available from: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/peripheral-neuropathy/symptoms-causes/syc-20352061 (last accessed 24.3.2019 ...in relief and acceleration of healing in treatment of neuropathic pain and neurological deficits as adjuvant therapy.<ref>Cotler HB, Chow RT, Hamblin MR, Carroll J

* [[Cerebral Palsy and Associated Conditions|Cerebral Palsy]] ...Pandyan AD, Gregoric M, Barnes MP et al. Spasticity: clinical perceptions, neurological realities and meaningful measurement. Disabil Rehabil 2005;27:2–6.</ref>

...ritis]] were also identified as less common risk factors alongside chronic conditions such as congenital stenosis. <ref name="p9">Schroeder GD, Vaccaro AR. [http ...en the clinician should determine the level of consciousness and conduct a neurological screening.

[[Category:Neurological - Conditions]]

...fully treat patients who reach full recovery, we should remember that many conditions are chronic and progressive in nature and that some patients will never be ...therapist to recognize potential patterns that may be specific to certain conditions. It is suggested to ask the patient to indicate the area of symptom experie

...ef> The profession is involved in the rehabilitation of almost all medical conditions. ...knowledge extends to the respiratory, cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, and neurological systems. The studies focus on pathologies of all of these systems and their

...brain injury. The therapist should inquire about any previous respiratory conditions, as well as [[Smoking Cessation and Brief Intervention|smoking]] history. ...sive Care Unit are to maintain oxygen delivery in order to limit secondary neurological damage. Mechanical ventilation is commonly used with 3 aims:

...henne and Dejerine-Klumpke Palsies Information Page: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke(NINDS)</ref> ...ors, and hand extensor muscles. &nbsp;The position of the limb, under such conditions, is characterized by : the arm hanging by the side and is rotated medially,

...bility relies on passive joint structures, dynamic muscular responses, and neurological control.<ref name="Helgeson et al" /><br>The treatment program of STS inclu [[Category:Ankle - Conditions]]

[[Category:Neurological - Conditions]]

[[Category:Conditions]] [[Category:Wrist - Conditions]]

...nai organisation. https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/f/fractured-kneecap.html (accessed 25/07/2018).</ref><ref>Schunke M. Anatom * Neurological assessment

Dysfunctional breathing (DB) is defined as chronic or recurrent conditions where "the normal biomechanical pattern of breathing is disrupted, resultin BPD is also common in patients with anxiety disorder and mental health conditions (depression, personality disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder), where a

|Adults with stroke, SCI and other neurological conditions

...42,000 people - were diagnosed with CP<ref>Statistics Canada. Neurological conditions in household population [13-10-0467-01]. 2019. Available from: https://www1 ==== Neurological Testing ====

...ment for children/adolescents, adults and older adults. It also identifies conditions and changes that can occur in the system across the lifespan. == Neurological System ==

...hs.uk. 2017 [cited 2019 May 7]. Available from: <nowiki>https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/parkinsons-disease/treatment/</nowiki></ref>. ...mechanism for treating Parkinson’s disease symptomatology. Journal of the Neurological Sciences. 2017 Oct 15;381:732.</ref>.

...Stokes-Chapter-19-Self-management.pdf Physical Management for Neurological Conditions], Churchill Livingstone, 2013.</ref><ref>Lorig KR, Holman HR. Self-manageme ...royed infrastructure, poor access to essential services and crowded living conditions) or as a result of the specific injury, which may require them to change th

This case study was completed by neurological physiotherapist Megan Knowles-Eade. She has given full permission for this ...exercise are common barriers preventing people with Long Term Neurological Conditions (LTNC) seeking out regular exercise<ref name=":1">Rimmer, JH., Riley, B., W

...toimmunity]] and chronic infections and a major contributor in age-related conditions. The classical definition of inflammation includes rubor (redness), calor ( ...injury; the immune system in charge of neutralizing infections, while the neurological system receives and transmits pain and feeling signals. However, recent res

...sing spinal disorders: a systematic review of the literature on treatment, neurological status and complications.] European Spine Journal. 2009 Feb 1;18(2):145-56. Etiologic / Risk factors associated with various metabolic conditions <ref name="p1" /><ref name="p4" /> <ref name="p5" /><ref name="p8" />:

...only in children and Type 2 Diabetes in adults is now outdated as the two conditions can be expressed both in adults and children alike. ...es causes damage to various systems of the body including: cardiovascular, neurological, musculoskeletal and integumentary systems with increased risk of developin

...ise Test|Straight Leg Raise test]], which also showed no signs of possible neurological deficits.<ref name="p2" /> [[Category:Conditions]]

[[Category:Neurological - Conditions]] [[Category:Paediatrics - Conditions]]

...lacement] 10 years ago and controlled [https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/high-blood-pressure/symptoms-causes/syc-20373410 hypertension]. Patient arr ...g quickly. Past diagnostic tests have ruled out other serious neurological conditions. He has been more forgetful lately, and has trouble remembering important d

[[Category:Neurological - Conditions]]

* General/ global hypermobility, including conditions such as [[Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome|Ehlers-Danlos syndrome]] (EDH) and [[Down * Conditions with increased tone, e.g. [[Cerebral Palsy Introduction|cerebral palsy]].<r

.... Other presenting factors are: haematuria, rectal bleeding, haematoma and neurological and vascular abnormalities in the legs. Physical findings could include abn ...maged too. The clinician should carefully detect these nerve injuries by a neurological examination.

* Used in conditions that cause tightening or contractures of the structures – post-surgery, p * Skin conditions[[File:US Horse.jpeg|right|frameless]]

...to be underdiagnosed, making it essential to emphasize its presence. Other neurological abnormalities are typically present, in addition to developmental delays. ...and 29,000 controls. Annals of Neurology: Official Journal of the American Neurological Association and the Child Neurology Society.] 1999 Jan;45(1):100-10.</ref>

...pecially where the bones are osteoporotic. However, if there is compromise neurological compromise kyphoplasty is not indicated.<ref name=":0" /> ...te (by the presence of bony oedema) and also if there is compromise of the neurological system.<ref name=":1" />

...idence and Prevalence of Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury. Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences. 2013 Jul;40(4):456-64.</ref> ...ce, spinal cord injury remains one of the most serious injuries and common neurological consequence following disasters and conflicts resulting from direct crush i

...ee phases of ambulation is an essential part of the diagnosis of various [[Neurological Disorders|neurologic disorders]] and the assessment of patient progre ...on's|Parkinsonian Gait]] (seen in parkinson's disease and other neurologic conditions that affect the basal ganglia). Rigidity of joints results in reduced arm s

...ds for individuals with long-term conditions such as stroke, TBI and other neurological disorders are often unmet in the patient’s local community <ref name="(Th ...elderly population brings with it an associated increase in chronic health conditions <ref name="(Dexter et ak, 2010)">Dexter PR, Miller DK, Clark DO, Weiner M,

[[Category:Neurological - Conditions]]

4. Duration of symptoms for at least 3 months; and 5. Absence of other conditions explaining sinus tachycardia such as anorexia nervosa, primary anxiety diso ...me and postural tachycardia syndrome: a relationship study. Journal of the neurological sciences. 2014 May 15;340(1-2):99-102.</ref>. This syndrome tends to occur

...y have one, a few, many, or none of these associated conditions.&nbsp;Some conditions may be directly from the brain damage, and some come as a result of slow&nb ...The descriptions below give you more information. Some of these associated conditions will be&nbsp;covered in depth in later modules.

...emiology of Brachial Plexus Injuries in a Multitrauma Po... :. Congress of Neurological Surgeons, June 1997. Web. 29 Jan. 2013.</ref> The two mechanisms that can o ...Plexus injuries]. Available from: https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases--conditions/brachial-plexus-injuries/ (last accessed 12.3.2019)</ref>

...van Tulder M. Strategies for prevention and management of musculoskeletal conditions. Low back pain (non-specific). Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2007; Feb;21( • Weather conditions

...ies of dysmetria in patients with cerebellar deficits. Canadian journal of neurological sciences. 1993 May;20(S3):S83-92.</ref><ref>Palliyath S, Hallett M, Thomas ...trategies that may include medical history, family history, and a complete neurological evaluation. Various blood tests may be performed to rule out other disorder

[[Category:Stroke - Conditions]] [[Category:Neurological - Conditions]]

...icators of possible serious pathology such as inflammatory or neurological conditions, structural musculoskeletal damage or disorders, circulatory problems, susp ...ther than following the normal course of management for mild mental health conditions such as anxiety<<ref name="Main2" /><ref name="Main3" />. Orange flags can

...L. [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780443068980000335 Neurological Disease.] InPerioperative Medicine 2011 (pp. 343-359). Springer, London.</r Tourette syndrome has been shown to have a significant neurological BG component which manifests as sudden, repetitive uncontrolled movements a

...per 100 000, suggesting that in the ageing population dystonia is a common neurological disorder.<ref name=":2" /><ref>Müller J, Kiechl S, Wenning GK, Seppi K, Wi [[Category:Neurological - Conditions]]

...l, 2015; Kupeli et al, 2011). The condition is characterized by a range of neurological problems such as: [[ataxia]], mutism/[[dysarthria]], [[hypotonia]], emotion ...vement of anterior and posterior cerebral circulation causing wide ranging neurological deficits (Avula et al, 2015; Jacob et al, 2011.)

...ck over somatosensory/proprioceptive feedback concerning limb position. In conditions such as phantom limb pain (PLP), stroke, or [[Complex Regional Pain Syndrom [[Category:Neurological - Interventions]]

...l loads to maintain its normal pattern of displacement so that there is no neurological damage or irritation, no development of deformity, and no incapacitating pa ...he findings nonspecific and can be representative of any number of related conditions. Neck pain, weakness and other characteristics also present in cervical spi

* Other degenerative conditions # In [[Cerebral Palsy and Associated Conditions]], spastic [[Hip]] flexors and [[Hamstrings]] combine to flex the knee, cau

==== Neurological testing ==== [[Category:Neurological - Case Studies]]

...S): is a point scale used to assess a patient's level of consciousness and neurological functioning after brain injury. The scoring is based on the best eye-openin [[Category:Conditions]]

...l examination it may be important to perform all of the following:&nbsp; a neurological screen for sensation, a vascular examination (capillary refill and lower ex ...ng is often the cause of stress fracture, and usually occurs when training conditions are changed abruptly, especially excess mileage.(level of evidence 2a)<ref

...65525/International-Standards-for-Neurological International standards for neurological classification of spinal cord injury: revised 2019]. Topics in spinal cord * Use splinting to facilitate conditions for adequate venous return.

...Emerson et al" /> '''''In the UK, specific learning difficulties refers to conditions such as dyslexia, dyspraxia/developmental coordination disorder, dyscalculi ...difficulties affect the way information is learned and processed. It is a neurological condition rather than a psychological condition and it <u>does not</u> affe

Comorbid conditions (e.g., pre-gestational type I or II diabetes mellitus or kidney disease) ma * One/more adverse conditions, or

...imise their function.<ref name=":2" /> Given this, individuals with health conditions or injuries may require rehabilitation at various points in time across the * '''''Mental Health Conditions''''' such as anxiety; depression; obsessive/compulsive disorders; [[schizop

...itial medical care and rehabilitation are focused on minimising additional neurological damage to the spinal cord and enhancing recovery<ref name=":0" /> * Treatment of neurological and musculoskeletal injuries should focus on the presence of weakness, cont

...ed 2020May11]. Available from: <nowiki>https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/post-concussion-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20353352</nowiki></ref> ...d post-concussion syndrome. It is important to distinguish between the two conditions as management is different for both. Ability to make a correct diagnosis an

...ith mild CP, who attends outpatient physiotherapy with musculoskeletal and neurological symptoms. For this case we have included a mental health disorder to outlin ...s with CP. This is often difficult to diagnose as its symptoms mimic other conditions related to CP including fatigue, weakness, and repetitive strain injuries <

...e long-term physical, cognitive and behavioural impairments with residual neurological deficits, medical complications all resulting in lifestyle consequences, wh ...ountries where medical infrastructure and availability of state-of-the-art neurological care is already scare and may be further limited as a result of the disaste

...February 4, 2016. Updated March 23,2017. Accessed March 23, 2017.</ref>Two conditions associated with the Zika virus have made the outbreak more serious. The fir .... Patients experiencing this will be referred to physical therapy to treat neurological impairments such as symmetrical and bilateral weakness, numbness, respirato

...ationship between leg muscle activation and histochemistry. Journal of the Neurological Sciences. 1986;75(1):89-103</ref> and increased cross-bridge attachments<re ...r the treatment and prevention of contractures in people with neurological conditions: a systematic review. Physical Therapy. 2011;91(1):1-14.</ref><ref>Harvey L

* [[Thoracic Back Pain Red Flags|Red flags]] eg cardiac or lung conditions ([[pneumothorax]], [[Pulmonary Embolism|pulmonary embolism]]), peptic ulcer * Neurological symptoms

# Neurological Exam (if required) [[Category:Conditions]]

...carrying objects. She is not working currently due to her ongoing medical conditions. She reported taking over-the-counter medication for pain but they are not ..., breathing problems, problem with urination. She reported no red flags or neurological signs. 5D’s and 3N's are absent. She consumes 1 or 2 units of alcohol a m

..."Baker and Patel">Baker R, Patel D. Lower Back Pain in the Athlete: Common Conditions and Treatment. Primary Care: Clinics in Office Practice. 2005;32(1):201-229 ...2015 [cited 14 January 2015]. Available from: http://www.spine-health.com/conditions/lower-back-pain/potential-causes-back-pain-children-and-teens</ref>&nbsp;

...f traumatic brain injury in Asia: a call for research. Pakistan Journal of Neurological Science. 2009; 4(1): 27-32.</ref> Along with insufficient health care and p [[Category:Head - Conditions]]

[[Red Flags in Spinal Conditions|Red flags]] are clinical findings that are identified from a patient's medi ...moderate respiratory illness, the elderly and those with underlying health conditions are more likely to suffer from severe illness. As at November 2020 there ha

...portant for physiotherapists/physical therapists who treat musculoskeletal conditions in two ways: ...nd can help healthcare professionals working with cervical musculoskeletal conditions by promoting early detection of vascular pathologies, resulting in the best

...the [[Cervical Anatomy|cervical spine]] and TMD. There are numerous other conditions that can cause [[Pain Mechanisms|pain]] in the TMJ region. It is important ==== '''1.''' '''Inflammatory conditions ''' ====

Conditions the physical therapist should consider during the initial evaluation and su ==== '''Neurological Screen''' ====

...essive facial weakness and limited abduction of the eye(s)"<ref>Miller, G. Neurological disorders. The mystery of the missing smile. [[Category:Conditions]]

[[Category:Conditions]] [[Category:Head - Conditions]]

There are also a range of other neurological signs such as hemianopia, hemiplegia, visual impairments, auditory impairme ...individuals who have autism, Down’s syndrome, multisensory impairment and neurological disorders. Makaton uses signs from British Sign Language. It uses a multimo

...pain or pelvic pain? Are there any psychiatric conditions or other medical conditions for which they are being treated? Have they introduced any new activities o ...umbar spine]] and [[Hip Anatomy|hips]], and do a [[Neurological Assessment|neurological examination]] of the spine.<ref name=":0" />

...1660-4601/19/15/9198 Digital rehabilitation for elbow pain musculoskeletal conditions: a prospective longitudinal cohort study]. Int J Environ Res Public Health. '''N: neurological symptoms'''

[[Category:Neurological - Conditions]] [[Category:Conditions]]

...es and approaches from different philosophical backgrounds are utilized in Neurological Rehabilitation. Research to support the different approaches varies hugely, ...provides the origin for many of the facilitation techniques used today in neurological rehabilitation today.&nbsp;Rood developed a system of therapeutic exercises

...jury to the brain or by abnormal brain development. Although the injury is neurological in nature, it produces affects to the body that impair movement, coordinati [[Category:Neurological - Conditions]]

...uses [online]. [viewed 9 November 2014]. Available from: http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Charcot-Marie-Tooth-disease/Pages/Causes.aspx</ref>. ...2014]. Available from: http://www.physio.co.uk/what-we-treat/neurological/conditions/charcot-marie-tooth.html</ref>. It is a progressive disease so the symptoms

...d these involve many body systems, even though the underlying pathology is neurological in nature. This section provides a brief overview of some of the therapeuti ...ioning and early mobilisation management plans as soon as possible after a neurological impairment to prevent complications and to regain function. It is based on

== Non-Progressive Neurological Conditions == |+A Practical Classification of Spina Bifida, based on the Neurological Level of the Lesion <ref>Wyszynski DF, editor. Neural Tube Defects: From Or

...ssment process. Imaging assists physiotherapists in screening for critical conditions and in defining musculoskeletal disorders. There has however been a major s ** Severe neurological deficits

...nsity, duration and frequency of the exercise as well as the environmental conditions.<ref name="Burton 2004" />During physical exercise, requirements for oxygen ...amount of force that a muscle can generate varies individually. [[Genetic Conditions and Inheritance|Genetics]] play a big role in this force generation, but th

[[Category:Neurological - Conditions]]

...The initial treatment should be conservative, unless a patient has severe neurological compromise. ...ult in predictable results. Patients are often left with residual pain and neurological deficits, which are often worse after surgery.

[[Category:Neurological - Conditions]] [[Category:Conditions]]

'''Neurological Exam:'''''<strike><br></strike>'' *'''Nerve injury:''' Neurological injury can result from traction injury or attempted reduction and stabiliza

[[Carpal Tunnel Syndrome|Carpal tunnel syndrome]] (CTS) is a common neurological disorder. The cases of CTS are on the rise as its incidence in the working * Specific conditions may also be associated with an increased risk for the development of carpal

...g Psychiatry, jnnp-2014.</ref>. The diagnosis is based on ruling out other conditions such as a stroke, lyme disease, tumor, etc. ...dia.com/MRI_Scans Magnetic resonance imaging:]</u> MRI is used to rule out conditions such as stroke and tumor. Facial nerve inflammation and edema indicate bell

...on. Therefore, decreased CBF with a normal metabolic rate creates ischemic conditions.  ...re. Neurological presentation of Diffuse Axonal Injury includes bilateral neurological examination deficits frequently affecting the frontal and temporal white ma

...016 [cited 2016 Apr 8]. Available from: http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mixed-connective-tissue-disease/basics/definition/con-20026515</ref>&nbsp;I Some of the classical conditions or "signs” of MCTD include <ref name="cleveland" />&nbsp;[[Image:Ray.png|

...0% of patients with gunshot injuries while they are in hospital, but these conditions are "poorly identified and treated in the acute hospital phase despite thei The neurological assessment should include the following components:<ref name=":1" />

...d/or attention'''<ref name="NHS Choices 2012">NHS Choices 2012. www.nhs.uk/conditions/dementia/pages/introduction/apsx (accessed 21/10/2012)</ref><span style="li [[Category:Neurological - Guidelines]]

...ected extremity for those who are impacted by stroke or other neurological conditions. It uses principles of mass practice while restraining the neurologically s ...escribed as including the essential components of rehabilitation following neurological injury, which comprise of:<ref name="taub" />

...ith cardiopulmonary issues. Gradually, it was introduced in numerous other conditions. It evaluates the functional capacity of the individual and it provides val Some conditions where 6MWT can be used are listed below:

[[File:Chest X-ray 2346.jpg|thumb]]Respiratory conditions can affect breathing either through damage to the lungs or excess [[Sputum| ** Persistent >3 weeks<ref>NHS Cough Available at:https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/cough/ (Accessed 22nd November 2020)</ref>

...ms of pain and dysfunction in this area can be manifestations of different conditions such as [[Differentiating Buttock Pain and Sacroiliac Joint Disorders|Sacro Gluteal Pain Syndrome is an umbrella of different conditions with similar and overlapping symptoms.<ref name=":7" />

...in the management of various (chronic) disorders, such as musculoskeletal, neurological, cardiovascular,respiratory disorders<ref>Smidt, N., de Vet, H. C., Bouter, ...ty_and_Physical_Therapy Mental health] may be affected by many complicated conditions. Such an example is [[Myalgic Encephalomyelitis or Chronic Fatigue Syndrome

[[Category:Neurological - Conditions]] [[Category:Stroke - Conditions]]

Spondylosis may be applied nonspecifically to any and all degenerative conditions affecting the disks, vertebral bodies, and/or associated joints of the lumb ..., and [[Femoral Nerve Tension Test|femoral nerve tension test]] as well as neurological and [[Neurodynamic Assessment|neurodynamic]] assessment. This link will t

* Neurological - Dizziness, faintness, numbness & tingling (facial and extremities), blurr ...bilitation of patients with asthma-like symptoms, in particular, stressful conditions (e.g. exercise) may lead to RD during athletic performance.

...ion-based study of dystrophin mutations in Canada. The Canadian journal of neurological sciences Le journal canadien des sciences neurologiques. 2011;38(3):465.</r ...unction Measure (MFM)''' is a tool that can be used for most neuromuscular conditions and is applicable to all degrees of severity in ambulant and non-ambulant p

...in diagnosing children with AS.<ref name="National">National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke: Nation Health Institute. Asperger Syndrome Fact Sheet [[Category:Paediatrics - Conditions]]

...t on the Guillain-Barrè syndrome long-term outcome: a retrospective study. Neurological Sciences]. 2020 Feb 1;41(2):321-7.</ref>. [https://www.physio-pedia.com/Blo ...s been 4 months since his last admission to the hospital. No other medical conditions/comorbidities have since arisen and his medical status has remained stable.

|Neurological Physiotherapy |Neurological Assessment of Traumatic Brain Injury

...oy’s state of [[Introduction to Frailty|frailty]] (age, gender and medical conditions) as he did not know how to substitute his walking activity for another. Inc ...rformance of older adults and parkinson’s disease patients under different conditions]. Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering. 2020 Jan 1;40(1):363-77. DOI:1

Neurological System: ...dehydration. The final phase is either recovery or deterioration including neurological changes, collapse, and internal or external bleeding leading to death.<ref

...>. Complications of these injuries can be exacerbated by unsanitary living conditions and can lead to chronic pain, infections and abscesses. Musculoskeletal pai === Neurological Issues ===

* Mostly occur in people with conditions that decrease their mobility making postural change difficult<ref name=":2" * [[Neurological Disorders|Neurologic]] Disease

...Back Pain|Low back pain]] (LBP) is one of the most common musculoskeletal conditions; approximately 70-80% of the population will experience at least one episod *Neurological screen

*'''[[Strength Training in Neurological Rehabilitation|Strength Training]] -&nbsp;'''There is evidence that strengt ...nction within 3 months, the prognosis is good, but for those with residual neurological deficits, the outcome is guarded.

...sence of the disease can result in major long-term disability. As with all neurological disorders, there are three key stages through which an MS patient will pass ...sis (approx. 50%). It is characterised by a steady progression of clinical neurological damage with/without superimposed relapses, minor remissions, and plateaus.

...d 2022 May 9]. Available from: <nowiki>https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/amyotrophic-lateral-sclerosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20354022</nowiki></ref> H ...questionnaire that measures quality of life in 17 domains for adults with neurological disorders, such as ALS. This outcome measure was used for the following dom

*Risk factors and lifestyle conditions ===== Neurological Status =====

* [[Neurological Disorders|Neurological]] symptoms ...ions for Traumatic Brain Injury|Psychiatric]] and [[Neurological Disorders|neurological disorders]]

...ck F, Burridge J, Hermens H, Johnson GR. Spasticity: clinical perceptions, neurological realities and meaningful measurement. Disabil Rehabil. 2005 Jan 7-21;27(1-2 === Neurological Components of Spasticity ===

[https://physio-pedia.com/MS_Multiple_Sclerosis Multiple sclerosis] (MS) is a neurological condition characterized by inflammatory demyelination over multiple episode * No current concomitant conditions or relevant past conditions

...BMJ. 2017;357:j2224. </ref> Patients weren't expected to understand their conditions or to be given a choice regarding risks and benefits. People trusted their .... If incapacity is identified due to learning disability, psychological or neurological impairment that may influence understanding, judgement or decision making,

...inferiority trial. Physiotherapy 2020 Jun;107:19-27</ref> and neurological conditions<ref>Kate E Laver, Zoe Adey-Wakeling, Maria Crotty, Natasha A Lannin, Stac * The client was able to maintain balance on both conditions of the Rhomberg, but there was increased sway with eyes closed and subjecti

...ses alterations in [[Enzymes|enzymatic]] activity and changes in [[Genetic Conditions and Inheritance|gene]] transcription. ...in the treatment of mild to moderate musculoskeletal pain for a variety of conditions.<ref name=":1" /> The following physiotherapy treatment interventions have

[[Category:Shoulder]] [[Category:Shoulder - Conditions]] [[Category:Conditions]]

There are conditions that appear to more prevalent in patients that experience BPPV, for example <div class="" col-md-4''>Neurological disorders include:<ref name="Bhatt" /><br>

...occurring in the environment. Acute vertigo can be caused by the following conditions:<ref name=":0">Tonks B. Vestibular Pathologies Course. Plus , 2021.</ref> * [[Neurological Disorders|Neurological disorders]] - e.g. [[Multiple Sclerosis (MS)|multiple sclerosis]]

...leagues, lists common primary back problems.<ref name=":1" />Some of these conditions are discussed in more detail below. !Neurological Injury

...ref>recentrly proposed another classification based on the findings of the neurological examination. The first group of patients presents with a central phenotype, ...d.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30355604/ Complex regional pain syndrome and functional neurological disorders - time for reconciliation.] J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2019 M

[[Category:Neurological - Conditions]] [[Category:Paediatrics - Conditions]]

...rmatomes, myotomes, or nerve roots. There is no specific joint swelling or neurological deficits. Pain from a myofascial TrP is a distinct, discrete and constant p Under normal conditions, pain from TrPs is mediated by thin myelinated (Ad) fibres and unmyelinated

...ion. <ref name=":0" /> It is one of the most common inherited neurological conditions and can be inherited in one of three ways: autosomal dominant, autosomal re ...nternet]. NHS; 2022 [cited 2023 May 8]. Available from: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/charcot-marie-tooth-disease/symptoms/</ref> however, this case study can pr

...n caused by [[Osteoporosis|osteoporosis]] or by trauma. There is a risk of neurological damage, when this is the case, surgery is recommended,<ref name="p9" /> Ne * Check for [[Red Flags in Spinal Conditions|'''Red Flags in Spinal Conditions''']]&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &

...in many conditions, including healthy adults, children with neuromuscular conditions, geriatric, hip fracture, traumatic brain injury, Parkinson's,<ref name=":1 ...lower extremity amputations, cystic fibrosis, TBIs, and other neurological conditions.<ref name=":6" /> Patients with reduced endurance would benefit from a two-

...ssary to stop testing and refer on for medical review as it may indicate a neurological problem.<ref name=":0" /> * Vascular conditions<ref>Rushton A, Rivett D, Carlesso L, Flynn T, Hing W, Kerry R. [https://www

NBPP may occur with other conditions, including: * neurological examination

* Neurological complications such as stroke ...le to COVID-19 (ie those who are older and/or who have pre-existing health conditions)<ref name=":5">Silver J. Prehabilitation could save lives in a pandemic. BM

...Instability|chronic ankle instability]], malalignment, and certain medical conditions, such as [[haemophilia]]. ...ioration secondary to inflammatory changes, trauma, infection, vascular or neurological insults and poor biomechanics. These biomechanical insults could be due to

...L, de Sire A, Marotta N, Demeco A, Ammendolia A. Vibration therapy role in neurological diseases rehabilitation: an umbrella review of systematic reviews. Disabili ...no direct contraindications for the use of vibration therapy. However, the conditions that require caution are listed below <ref name=":3" />:

...ncerns that there may be non-spinal pain, structural deformity, widespread neurological disorder or serious spinal pathology it is appropriate to examine the patie [[Red Flags in Spinal Conditions|Red flags in spinal conditions]]

...ndurance <ref name="Enevoldson">Enevoldson T. Recreational drugs and their neurological consequences. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2004;75(3):iii9-15.</ref> . Th ...thylphenidate on walking and postural stability under single- and dualtask conditions in older adults—a double-blind randomized control trial. J Gerontol A Bio

...ernment examination in this profession. In addition, the following minimal conditions must be fulfilled:<ref>http://www.health.gov.il/English/Services/MedicalAnd ...all deaths are caused by communicable, maternal, perinatal and nutritional conditions.

...9 August 2021).</ref></blockquote>Developmental disabilities (DD) includes conditions such as:<ref name=":0">Prowse T. The Social, Cognitive and Emotional Develo * Lower motor neuron disease (neurological, metabolic and genetic causes)

...s in balance to less obvious changes such as sleep disturbances. Clinical, neurological, behavioural, physical, and/or cognitive symptoms may present. '''It is imp ...be a reliable and valid tool for objectively assessing the motor domain of neurological&nbsp;functioning<ref name="McCrory et al" />.

Advocating for Chronic Conditions, Entitlements and Social Services (ACCESS) http://www.accredo.com/home.html National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) http://www.ninds.nih.gov/index.htm<br>

Tinnitus is multifaceted with a variety of causes: otological, neurological, metabolic, pharmacological, vascular, musculoskeletal and psychological.<r [[Category:Vrije_Universiteit_Brussel_Project]] [[Category:Conditions]]

...egies. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26810546<nowiki/>Journal of the neurological sciences. 2016 Feb 15;361:213-9.</ref></sup> ...itions/multiple-sclerosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20350269<nowiki/>Disease and Conditions Multiple Sclerosis</ref>. An increase in symptoms can occur with an increas

* Ambient conditions ** lighting, air temperature and weather conditions

...ww.sralab.org/rehabilitation-measures/assessment-life-habits#neuromuscular-conditions Assessment of Life Habits] 3.1 short-form questionnaire which was sent to h '''Neurological:'''

...6px|right|frameless]]Migraine with an aura: an aura refers to a sensory or neurological symptom that occurs before the migraine starts. It is usually visual - typi * Concussion does not generally cause severe neurological deficit. However, when there is a loss of consciousness associated with con

...nd anxiety symptoms post-injury in the absence of pre-injury mental health conditions. Anxiety is often triggered by a vestibular event, though maybe maintained ...use, learning disabilities, attention deficit hyperactive disorders, major neurological disorders, and history of previous concussion).

...uals with a history of cognitive, depressive, cardiovascular or orthopedic conditions.<br> [[Category:Neurological - Conditions]]

* [[Neurological Disorders|Neurological dysfunction]]<ref name=":0" /> ...e endolymph travels in both the vestibular apparatus and the cochlear, any conditions that cause increased endolymphatic pressure in the vestibular apparatus (e.

...ow outcome measures and special tests can be used to differentiate between conditions and retest an hypothesis and the efficacy of treatment. Based on the findings of the assessment and to differentiate between conditions that can present the same symptoms for example spinal tumour, [https://www.

'''Neurological Systems:''' Other conditions that can cause symptoms that may be confused with multiple myeloma that sho

...tral<ref name=":1">Eskay K. Paediatric Physiotherapy Programme. Paediatric Conditions of the Foot Course. Plus. 2023.</ref> to slightly valgus hindfoot<ref name= * Neurological screen<ref name=":1" />

* Rupture is often associated with pre-existing systemic conditions or drug treatments, including the local or systemic of steroids or systemat * Intramuscular tear<ref name="Black" />,Weakness due to the neurological radial nerve problems and Triceps tendinitis but it is an uncommon condi

...falls. <ref name="bryce" /> Specifically in regards to patients with heart conditions, being strapped into these machines can also be dangerous because, in the n [[Category:Neurological - Conditions]]

...re telehealth into traditional rehabilitation for individuals with chronic conditions therapists should be able to manage higher caseloads and manage more patien ...iving longer with a better quality of life.<ref name="who 2006">WHO. 2006. Neurological disorders: public health challenge. Available from: http://www.who.int/men

...d inactivity.<ref name=":5" /> Contracture restricts movement, impairs the conditions for force development, and can cause pain. Contracture is abnormal position ...movement space.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":7" /><ref>Carr J, Shepherd R. Neurological rehabilitation. Bath: The Bath Press; 1998</ref> There are no studies that

...nce/article/pii/S2468266721002358 Safeguarding people living in vulnerable conditions in the COVID-19 era through universal health coverage and social protection ...gned to reduce disability and optimize function in individuals with health conditions in interaction with their environment".<ref name=":12">World Health Organiz

...es and approaches from different philisophical backgrounds are utilised in Neurological Rehabilitation. Research to support the different approaches varies hugely, ...nd is a popular treatment for patients with neurologic and musculoskeletal conditions and is defined by the[[Hydrotherapy|&nbsp;Hydrotherapy]] Association of Cha

...echnique.<ref>Progressive Supranuclear Palsy (PSP) | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke [Internet]. www.ninds.nih.gov. Available from: <nowiki '''Neurological testing:'''

...easurement techniques which give slightly different results under the same conditions. ...essionals are using smartphones to assess gait of individuals with various conditions in clinical practice.<ref>Finkbiner MJ, Gaina KM, McRandall MC, Wolf MM, Pa

...ical and developmental assessment:  Children with disabilities and chronic conditions. New York, NY, US: Guilford Press; 2001. p. 317–56.</ref> Planning, novel

...temperatures affect maize crops around the world, and create more suitable conditions for [[Communicable Diseases|infectious disease]]<nowiki/>s. Extreme weather ...prove practice for the benefit of patient health across musculoskeletal, [[Neurological Disorders|neurologic]], paediatric, and [[Cardiovascular Disease|cardio-pul

...ak of cervicobrachial syndrome when the patient complains about pain and a neurological disorder like tingling, sensory disturbance or even a loss of motor skills ...and valid measurement tool.; Gifford et al. Acute low cervical nerve root conditions: symptom presentations and pathobiological reasoning. Manual Therapy (2001)

* Children with neurological conditions, cerebral palsy, intellectual disability, and congenital syndromes,<ref>Row * Monitoring and promoting physical activity for children with different conditions, for e.g. haemophilia

...localised and are manifested as "pseudoradicular" lumbar pain (without any neurological deficits) that inscrease in the morning after a prolonged period of inactiv [[Category:Lumbar Spine - Conditions]]

...ons including new spinal cord injury, post abdominal surgery, and shoulder conditions. ...mmes, for children and adults with severe motor disorders and neurological conditions.<ref>Humphries, G., King, T. & Jex, J. Clinical Practice Considerations for

...ss the continuum of care, at all stages of life, and for a range of health conditions) is expected to result in improved coordination with medical and other heal ...ays necessary, it has been shown to be effective in the management of many conditions, especially those that are chronic, complex or severe <ref>Kamper SJ, Apeld

...lder]] and [[Wrist & Hand|wrist]] is also important, as well as a complete neurological assessment, specifically the ulnar nerve. [[Category:Conditions]]

...d fusion (ACDF) is one of the most common surgical procedures performed by neurological and spinal orthopedic surgeons. Most common cause for this operation is a r • Degenerative conditions, including disc herniation’s and spinal stenosis8

==== Associated conditions ==== Evaluation should begin with an examination of the neurological and vascular status of the affected extremity. Evaluate the entire limb for

...physical therapists conduct a full neurological examination to detect any neurological damage.

...ral Sclerosis (ALS), also known as Lou Gehrig's disease, is a progressive neurological disorder that affects voluntary muscle movement<ref name=":4">Kiernan MC, V ...of gathering information to support the ALS diagnosis and ruling out other conditions<ref name=":0" />. This process of obtaining a confirmed diagnosis often tak

* There are no neurological symptoms (e.g numbness and paraesthesia) seen since referred pain is not ca [[Category:Conditions]]

...sessments, neuroimaging, and neurophysiological tests9. Of these three the neurological and neuromotor assessments are the most cost effective, and their accuracy ...of these movements can be observed in young infants in order to assess for neurological damage.

...ral Palsy (CP). The purpose is to identify out-patient musculoskeletal and neurological rehabilitation in adults living with CP. Blake was born premature and diagn ...oi: 10.1002/jbmr.3694]</ref><ref name=":1" />. CP can lead to a variety of neurological and neuromuscular alterations which prevent optimal motor function capacity

...attack on axolemma]. Annals of Neurology: Official Journal of the American Neurological Association and the Child Neurology Society. 1996 Oct;40(4):635-44. </ref> ...has been 12 weeks since her discharge from the hospital. No other medical conditions or comorbidities have developed, and her medical status has remained stable

...17;51(22):1576-7.</ref> because pain in this area can be caused by several conditions, including those of bony or soft tissue origins:<ref name=":0">Alshami AM, Plantar heel pain is one of the most common lower limb musculoskeletal conditions that affects both sedentary and physically active people.<ref>Thomas MJ, Wh

...not have AIDS but can develop chronic infections as well as noninfectious conditions. Diseases such as chronic candidiasis of the mouth or recurrent vaginal can * Neurological complications (AIDS [[dementia]] complex)

...22-03088-8 Kinematics of the Cervical Spine Under Healthy and Degenerative Conditions: A Systematic Review]. Annals of Biomedical Engineering. 2022 Dec 10:1-29.< * Atlanto-axial instability (AAI) can have serious neurological consequences:

...ition, nystagmus, and balance deficits, with no cochlear symptoms or other neurological symptoms<ref>Imai T, Takeda N, Ikezono T, Shigeno K, Asai M, Watanabe Y, et ...lable from: https://www.mercy.com/health-care-services/ear-nose-throat-ent/conditions/benign-paroxysmal-positional-vertigo (accessed May 112022).</ref>.

...to have a detailed understanding of this history as there are a number of conditions that can [[Clinical Reasoning and Pathologies of the Thoracic Spine|masquer * Neurological

* rib conditions, * Neurological signs and symptoms 

...ns and/or surgical planning or to rule out the presence of serious medical conditions.<ref>American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, Committee on Obst * neurological symptoms/signs,

...ng brain, often accompanied by associated impairments and secondary health conditions. CP is not a single pathological entity and encompasses disorders in variou ...4(2):173-80.</ref>&nbsp; Stretch may be applied in a number of ways during neurological rehabilitation to achieve different effects. The types of [[Stretching as a

Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder (NMO) is a rare neurological disease commonly mis-diagnosed as Multiple Sclerosis (MS).¹ Pati ...that a multidisciplinary rehabilitation program may lead to functional and neurological improvements in NMO patients.^7-9

...on fibular nerve, injuries in this area up to 30% of the time present with neurological symptoms such as numbness, weakness, and paresthesias. Many patients with k [[Category:Conditions]]

...e the biggest occupational health problem in the UK, after musculoskeletal conditions such as back pain. Since 1995 the number of days lost to stress has more th ...www.kingsfund.org.uk/sites/files/kf/field/field_publication_file/long-term-conditions-mental-health-cost-comorbidities-naylor-feb12.pdf (accessed 20 December 201

...& Neurological Disorders-Drug Targets (Formerly Current Drug Targets-CNS & Neurological Disorders). 2014 Aug 1;13(6):1002-14.</ref> ...s joints from the stress of exercise that in turn relieves joint pain from conditions like arthritis.

* neurological/psychological/gastro-intestinal and musculoskeletal changes can occur ...thing pattern disorders and low back pain may be present with more serious conditions including cardiac, respiratory, abdominal organ pain referral patterns whic

...tromyogram|electromyography]], functional assessments, musculoskeletal and neurological examinations, as well as imaging studies. * Prescribes pain-relieving medications to treat nonmalignant conditions arising from cancer treatments.

...of the Hip (DDH). Available from: https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases--conditions/developmental-dislocation-dysplasia-of-the-hip-ddh (accessed 08/08/2020).</ * Deteriorating neurological signs following closed reduction (especially [[Sciatic Nerve|sciatic nerve]

...asting Conditions. http://www.musculardystrophyuk.org/about-muscle-wasting-conditions/?gclid=CjwKEAjwpYeqBRDOwq2DrLCB-UcSJAASIYLjj2w3LQ3hI43XFhdWOw7wXT-6OFurebTS ...Types [online]. [viewed 3 October 2014]. Available from: http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Muscular-dystrophy/Pages/Symptoms.aspx</ref><ref name="AH8">Suominen, T., B

...ne]. [cited 2015 april. Available from: http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/golfers-elbow/basics/symptoms/con-20027964</ref> ...er MD et al. Presentation, Imaging and Treatment of Common Musculoskeletal Conditions: MRI-ARTHROSCOPY CORRELATION chapter 35, p144-p145; 2012. (level of evidenc

Plantar heel pain (PHP) is one of the most common musculoskeletal conditions affecting the lower limb,<ref name=":5" /> with an estimated prevalence of # '''Paraesthesiae and neurological changes''' such as numbness, sensory changes, pins and needles around the m

It is very important to do thorough and repeated evaluation of the neurological and vascular status for signs of injury to the common peroneal nerve, popli [[Category:Conditions]] [[Category:Knee - Conditions]]

...neurorehabilitation can enhance brain and neuromuscular adaptation. PT for neurological patients is a comprehensive process that intends to teach, guide, and promo ...iques have produced better functional outcomes in age-related neurological conditions. With more of the world’s population surviving longer, individuals often

...med/21704783 Aerobic exercise to improve cognitive function in adults with neurological disorders: a systematic review.] Archives of physical medicine and rehabili ...iagnosis of EOAD, the patient is at an increased risk of various secondary conditions such as osteoporosis and falls.

...osis Scoliosis] Available from:https://www.aans.org/Patients/Neurosurgical-Conditions-and-Treatments/Scoliosis Last accessed 18.4.2020</ref> * Encompasses scoliosis that is secondary to neurological or muscular diseases.

...nson’s have a bigger impact on daily life, often mixing with other medical conditions. Physiotherapy assessment focuses on '''decisions about how to cope with th [[Category:Conditions]]

* Neurological symptoms/signs ** Neurological screening that indicates the presence of lower motor neuron or upper motor

...nson’s disease: meta-analysis and systematic review in 1031 participants.] Neurological Sciences. 2019 Dec 6:1-8.</ref> [[Category:Conditions]]

...the same side of the head.&nbsp;CH is described as one of the most painful conditions known to man and female patients say the pain is worse than giving birth.<r *Hypoxic conditions&nbsp;

...nd Conditions. Available from: <nowiki>https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/primary-lateral-sclerosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20353968</nowiki> [last acces ...ng PLS as it is not only similar to ALS but to a lot of other neurological conditions as well <ref name=":1" />.

...or inferior) can present similarly to or concomitantly with the following conditions: <ref name="Perlmutter et al" /><ref name="Kazemi" /><ref name="Vitanzo et ...ercises, [[proprioception]], and joint mobility, while maintaining optimal conditions for tissue healing

...f one limb, one side of the body, the lower half of the body). Examples of conditions included in this category are spinal cord injury, peripheral nerve injury, ...airment) typically will be excluded as ‘eligible impairments’. Examples of conditions included in this category are arthrogryposis, osteogenesis imperfecta, and

...l and cardiovascular changes are discussed on this page, as well as common conditions during pregnancy and the importance of exercise during pregnancy. * Neurological symptoms

...conditions. These include: cardiovascular, pulmonary, musculoskeletal, or neurological dysfunction, the presence of diabetes, hypertension, heart block requiring VO_{2 Peak} Test Testing conditions for individuals with spinal cord injury:

*# Systemic ([[Diabetes|diabetes mellitus]] and other metabolic conditions); ...bolic Syndrome|Metabolic syndrome]]:''' Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of conditions occurring together that increase the risk of, amongst other things, type tw

...10):885-910.</ref>. Knowledge of cerebral palsy and experience of managing neurological is necessary to ensure that treatable causes are identified. The team usua ...Their clinical relevance for measuring spasticity in adult and paediatric neurological populations. Physical Therapy Reviews. 2002 Mar 1;7(1):53-62.</ref>

* Genetic conditions ...diagnosed with subarachnoid hemorrhage with intervention beginning in the neurological Intensive Care Unit (ICU) and continuing for 30 days or hospital discharge<

* Neurological disorders (eg [[Myasthenia Gravis|myasthenia gravi]]<nowiki/>s)<ref name=": * <span style="line-height: 1.5em;">Genetics and abnormalities or conditions of the craniofacial morphology also increase the likelihood of OSA. Individ

* Look out for underlying medical conditions and clear [[The Flag System|red flags]] * [[Neurological Assessment|Neurological examination]]

...s of Neck Pain. Spine-Health. Available from: https://www.spine-health.com/conditions/neck-pain/types-neck-pain [accessed 5/3/2023] ...ation: B). Physical assessments can also be useful in the ruling in/out of conditions/causes of NP. Algometric assessment of pressure pain threshold should be us

During normal conditions of depolarization Calcium channels on the presynaptic membrane open and tri ...Myasthenic crisis: guidelines for prevention and treatment. Journal of the neurological sciences. 2007 Oct 15;261(1-2):127-33.</ref> Rapid induction therapies such

PD is a progressive neurological disorder that can cause deficits in all areas of life, including physical, ...wever hip flexion and extension were weaker on the left than on the right. Neurological testing was within normal limits.

...commonly misdiagnosed due to the similarity of symptoms compared to other conditions such as dyspnoea and a potential lack of awareness and understanding of the ...hing dysfunction signs and symptoms are associated with other more serious conditions that may require further medical treatment  and may include:

...ncomplete locked-in syndrome after traumatic brain injury. Case Reports in Neurological Medicine. 2017 Jun 14;2017.</ref>. ...A, Leis S, Trinka E. Locked-in syndrome revisited. Therapeutic Advances in Neurological Disorders. 2023 Mar;16:17562864231160873.</ref>. Additionally, depression i

|Neurological disorder ...ng those associated with avascular necrosis, kidney involvement, and&nbsp; neurological involvement.<ref name="Goodman et al" />&nbsp;

# [https://members.physio-pedia.com/neurological-screening-course/ Neurological Screen] ...According to a recent report, 2.41 billion individuals worldwide live with conditions that would benefit from rehabilitation services, with approximately 1 in 3

...psy could either be a primary disorder or be triggered by other pathologic conditions, the most common example at the time being neurosyphilis<ref name=":0">Over ...comorbidities. Symptom overlap with these comorbid medical and psychiatric conditions can result in misdiagnosis<ref>Peacock J, Benca RM. [https://scholar.google

*Neurological examination (including [http://alteredhaemodynamics.blogspot.co.uk/2013/10/ ...es referral for appropriate medical assessment (usually with a vascular or neurological physician).

* Pain, weight of the limb, fatigue or neurological impairment will impact limb mobility. [[Category:Conditions]]

...VU, Zapf A, Dressler D. Conventional versus neutral positioning in central neurological disease: a multicenter randomized controlled trial. Deutsches Ärzteblatt I ...are contraindicated for specific conditions or situations, most typically conditions seen within hospital settings, particularly in intensive care units or on p

It is important to carry out thorough spinal and neurological examinations in patients with WAD to screen for delayed onset of the cervic ==== Neurological Examination ====

Children with [[Cerebral Palsy and Associated Conditions|Cerebral Palsy]] who are affected in any of these areas may have difficulty Some conditions associated with cerebral palsy may hinder sleep, such as:

...Pain. 2001 May;92(1-2):147–57.</ref>, and second the physical examination (neurological examination, assessment of active movements, neural tissue provocation test ...in patients with [[Neuropathic Pain|neuropathic pain,]]<nowiki/>including conditions that are known to involve central sensitisation. However, some of these tre

*Neurological changes from [[Spinal cord anatomy|spinal cord]] compression ...“The respective 5-year and 10-year survival for those without any comorbid conditions were 88% and 75%; men with moderate-severe COPD were 50% and 12%; diabetes

...cephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) has been classified as a neurological disease by the World Health Organization since 1969 .<ref>Maes M, Anderson ...e disability is equivalent to that of some well-known, very severe medical conditions.<ref>Wichita clinical study [Internet]. Me-pedia.org. [cited 2020m Oct 24].

[[Category:Neurological - Conditions]]

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a [[Neurological Disorders|neurological disorder]] that affects both the skeletal and heart muscle, leading to musc '''Neurological Exam'''

...e causes of limping are numerous, ranging from trivial to life-threatening conditions. The limping child is often a diagnostic enigma. The challenge is to make a ...-8.</ref> a limping gait can be a sign of certain life-threatening medical conditions.<ref name=":3">Sawyer JR, Kapoor M. [https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2

...ing in primary care is reducing healthcare costs. It is estimated that MSK conditions make up 30% of a GPs appointments, yet 85% of those do not need to see a GP ...p.org.uk/frontline/article/vanguard-primary-care-treatment-musculoskeletal-conditions</ref>&nbsp;describes the need for physiotherapy as a profession to adapt an

...S, Ramdharry G, Verheyden G, editors. Physical Management for Neurological Conditions E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2018.</ref><ref name=":0">Shukla D, Devi

* It is generally considered that a [[Genetic Conditions and Inheritance|genetic]] predisposition (e.g. HLA-DR B1 which is the most ...nd cervical vertebrae most commonly) This instability can lead to pain and neurological symptoms, eg headache and tingling in the fingers. <ref name="KNGF" />

...sis (ALS) Fact Sheet [Internet]. Bethesda, MD 20892: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke; [cited 2021May11]. Available from: https://www.ninds. ...neurologist. Despite having been diagnosed with ALS, Jared has no comorbid conditions<ref name=":4">Norman K, Stobäus N, Gonzalez MC, Schulzke JD, Pirlich M. Ha

...ve pulmonary disease]], cardiogenic pulmonary oedema and other respiratory conditions without complications such as respiratory muscle weakness, upper airway tra ...load delivered to vulnerable areas of skin due to sedation, medication, or neurological disease or injury. Furthermore, the patient may be too weak to reposition t

* neurological changes with resistance training occur predominantly in the early phases of * fibre hyperplasia may only occur in certain individuals under certain conditions

...on of Women With Vaginismus. ''Dusunen Adam: The Journal of Psychiatry and Neurological Sciences''. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.5350/DAJPN2012250402</nowiki></ref>) The conditions which can be differentially diagnosed from vaginismus are;

...re interlinked. They proposed that a mechanical force initiates a chain of neurological responses, which would then produce the outcomes associated with manual the *Neurological:

The deterioration of neurological function is due to brain cell death, primarily caused by plaques that block ...e effect on cognitive function and could contribute to delaying decline in neurological function<ref name=":5">Barnes JN. [https://journals.physiology.org/doi/pdf/

...attributes these predicted patterns to a large extent, due to the immobile conditions and repetitive tasks<ref name=":4">Moore MK. Upper crossed syndrome and its In contrast, the functional (neurological) approach to musculoskeletal problems is based on the interaction of the ce

...e sclerosis), or weak respiratory muscles as a consequence of neurological conditions (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis).

...ustaining a spinal cord injury can be a challenge. Common secondary health conditions like pressure sores, spasms, [[Chronic Pain and the Brain|chronic pain]], ...ously, it should be noted that these are two distinctly different clinical conditions and should be treated as such. <ref name=":6">Biering-Sørensen F, Biering

Screening for [[Red Flags in Spinal Conditions|red flags]] is crucial when assessing patients who have a cervical injury f * New focal neurological deficit, cognitive impairment, and/or altered consciousness, personality ch

...l baclofen bolus in multiple sclerosis patient treated with oxcarbazepine. Neurological Science 2011;32:293-95.</ref> Seizures are another complication to be consi ...R735</ref>&nbsp;While skeletal muscle relaxants can be beneficial for some conditions, they can produce negative side effects especially in the elderly populatio

*Absence of neurological deficit/nerve root tension signs ...al term dysfunction, a term that serves as a collective term for different conditions. The differential diagnosis should include:

* Neurological assessment should be normal unless an additional pathology is present - sci [[Category:Lumbar Spine - Conditions]]

...t I): Toward practice informed by epidemiology and the crisis of lifestyle conditions. Physiother Theory Prac 2009;25(5-6):330-353.</ref><ref name="Europa2012">E ...ic health agenda towards the prevention or management of chronic lifestyle conditions, including NCDs, obesity, osteoarthritis and depression<ref name="GHO2">Glo

...ssified as probable. The purpose of this case study is to outline what the neurological disease MSA-P is, including its natural disease course, progressive nature, Multiple Systems Atrophy (MSA) is a very rare, progressive and degenerative neurological disorder that specifically affects autonomic functions (I.e., blood pressur

...186/s12891-020-03270-w The effects of shockwave therapy on musculoskeletal conditions based on changes in imaging: a systematic review and meta-analysis with met * '''Neurological''' - abductor digiti quinti nerve entrapment, lumbar spine disorders, probl

* Neurological damage caused by opportunistic infections ...ntion in order to address the HIV epidemic<ref name=":1" />. Mental health conditions can vary from mild to severe, and therefore policies should not only be foc

...d that can be trusted in clinical settings to assess patients with various conditions.<ref>Kidd D, Stewart G, Baldry J, Johnson J, Rossiter D, Petruckevitch A, e ...LC, Sullivan JE. A Core Set of Outcome Measures for Adults With Neurologic Conditions Undergoing Rehabilitation: A CLINICAL PRACTICE GUIDELINE. Journal of neurol

* Other conditions with similar presentations as hamstring strains are strained [[Popliteus Te ...-related neuromuscular muscle disorder Increased muscle tone due to neurological disorder

...oclavicular, and subcoracoid spaces. Anatomical abnormalities and acquired conditions contribute to the compression of these structures, leading to the developme Surgical decompression should be considered for those with true neurological signs or symptoms. These include weakness, wasting of the hand intrinsic mu

...s://academic.oup.com/brain/article/122/11/2171/377380 Clinical patterns of neurological involvement in Behçet's disease: evaluation of 200 patients] [[Category:Conditions]]

...ve Disc Disease Health Center. Available from: http://www.spine-health.com/conditions/degenerative-disc-disease (Accessed 18 May 2023)</ref> ...d 06 02, 2009, from Degenerative Disc Disease: http://www.spine-health.com/conditions/degenerative-disc-disease/lumbar-degenerative-disc-disease</ref> The pain i

Recurrent disorder manifesting in attacks of reversible focal neurological symptoms that usually develop gradually over 5-20 minutes and last for less ...ary, gastrointestinal, endocrine, hepatic, hematologic, genitourinary, and neurological systems. &nbsp;It is recommended that these patients are monitored by their

...popular treatment modality for those with musculoskeletal and neurological conditions due to the unique properties of water which confer benefits. <ref name=":2 ...se of aquatic therapy is popular amongst patients with musculoskeletal and neurological disorders. <ref name=":27">Castro-Sánchez AM, Matarán-Peñarrocha GA, Lar

several other conditions can display similar symptomology, some common differential diagnoses includ ...ues are unlikely to resolve completely without surgery and certain medical conditions will need to be considered prior to treatment and acted on accordingly by t

*Minor neurological changes (unless complicated by myelopathy or radiculopathy) ...www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3261239/ Cervical spine: degenerative conditions.] Current reviews in musculoskeletal medicine. 2011 Dec 1;4(4):168.</ref>

...Rhythmic auditory cueing to improve walking in patients with neurological conditions other than Parkinson’s disease–what is the evidence?]. Disability and r

...rve injuries''' that are initially undetected due to heterogeneity and the conditions on the field may require referral to a specialist ** to perform a neurological examination

The medical management of these conditions are discussed more in the linked pages, but [https://physio-pedia.com/Bell' [http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Bells-palsy/Pages/Introduction.aspx NHS information on Bell's Palsy]

*Neurological: Tingling or burning in the lower arm and hand or localised numbness of th ...sists further movement. To differentiate apprehension from other potential conditions, the relocation test is used. Start position is the same as that for the ap

# [[Neurological Assessment|Sensory testing]]: In leprosy, sensory loss can include all of t # Improvement in socio-economic conditions

...include space-occupying lesions, post-surgical fibrosis, and rheumatologic conditions as well as other skeletal diseases such as [[Ankylosing Spondylitis|ankylos ...diagnosis of spinal stenosis is broad and differentiation between several conditions may be complicated because of their frequent coexistence, certainly in the

...octors in operating rooms, helping children with autism and rehabilitating neurological patients.<ref name="Zhang2012" /> A team at Southampton have taken this tec ...mand. The ability of the Kinect to capture 3D data independent of lighting conditions strengthens the value of the console in rehabilitation settings.<ref name="

As a result of better living conditions, increased access to health care including better vaccines, advent of [[ant ...Mayo">Mayo Clinic. Infectious Diseases. http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/infectious-diseases/symptoms-causes/dxc-20168651 (accessed 19 Dec 2016).</r

...ep. 2011;5:114.</ref>&nbsp;She has not hospitalized for any other relevant conditions. Her goals are to return to work and to be able to perform household duties *Cardiovascular and Neurological: Unremarkable<ref name="p6" />

...splant recipients, congenital immunodeficiencies, AIDS); Living in crowded conditions; Exposures: Travel to endemic areas (Southwestern U.S. for cocci; Northeast ...uidelines. Meningitis may present with similar symptoms to brain injuries, neurological complications, immunological deficiency, vascular compromise, and additiona

...se of the following case study serves as a documentation of the effects of neurological physical therapy treatment interventions during rehabilitation on the patie BB’s physician called to inquire if a physiotherapist at the outpatient neurological rehabilitation clinic could accept B.B.’s case. B.B. presented to her pri

...ng-term effects of COVID, and chronic COVID."<ref>Long COVID or Post-COVID Conditions. Updated Dec. 16, 2022. Centres for Disease Control and Prevention. Availab ...roductive, genitourinary, endocrine, renal, dermatologic, musculoskeletal, neurological, neuropsychiatric, immunological, ophthalmic, and audiological.<ref name=":

...me cases, can occur following surgery.<ref name=":0">National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. Guillain-Barré Syndrome Fact Sheet. Available from: '''[[Strength Training in Neurological Rehabilitation|Strengthening]]'''

...3" /><ref>Stack E, Stokes M, editors. Physical Management for Neurological Conditions. Elsevier Churchill Livingstone; 2012.</ref><ref>Harvey L. Management of Sp ...fficacy, community integration and prevention and management of secondary conditions. <ref>Sherman JE, DeVinney DJ & Sperling KB. Social Support and Adjustment

...ponents. This case demonstrates the importance of physiotherapy in chronic conditions such as cerebral palsy, and the changes that exercise-based interventions c ...ety of movement, mobility, and postural challenges as well as occasionally neurological changes. Despite CP being a lifelong condition, the majority of research i

...objective examination as it provides valuable information on strength and neurological deficits. ...be impaired following injury, infection, major surgery or in many medical conditions including but not limited to [[stroke]], [[Cerebral Palsy Aetiology and Pat

In terms of these areas, there are skeletal, muscular and neurological considerations when describing biomechanics.<ref name=":1" /><div class="ro |Swimming<ref>Johnston T.R., Abrams G.D. Shoulder Injuries and Conditions in Swimmers. In: Miller T. (eds) Endurance Sports Medicine. Springer, Cham.

...g or beating, positional torture, burns, electric shocks, sexual violence, conditions of detention such as solitary confinement, deprivation of sleep, water, foo ...ions, amputation of digits, peripheral nerve lesions, pelvic floor trauma, neurological damage, hearing loss, visual problems, pain, scars and headaches are just a

...prescribed carbidopa-levodopa for his symptoms. John has no other comorbid conditions. He has had two recent falls and has noticed a worsening resting tremor, di [[Category:Neurological - Assessment and Examination]]

...ated pelvic girdle pain (PPGP), as the management and prognosis of the two conditions may differ. Useful methods of differentiation include the site of pain, its * Neurological symptoms

* medication: including amount, duration and if conditions are controlled or uncontrolled by medication **neurological status

...conditions. Patients reports no family history of ataxia or any cognitive conditions. '''Neurological Exam:'''

...ntion of increasing our knowledge of Huntington's Disease and neurological conditions as part of our PT858: Neuromotor Function II. ...LC, Sullivan JE. A Core Set of Outcome Measures for Adults With Neurologic Conditions Undergoing Rehabilitation. Journal of Neurologic Physical Therapy [Internet

...ode with the patient having severe exacerbation of pre-existing back pain, neurological deficits, hamstrings spasm and a crouched gait.<ref name=":5">Mataliotakis [[Category:Conditions]]

...ystem begins to disrupt surrounding nerves. These pinched nerves can cause neurological issues, including shooting pain in the neck and other parts of the body. ...ms such as radiating pain or numbness. These fall into Red Flags in Spinal Conditions where a clinician would rule out spinal infection, Cauda equina, fracture a

...otion.<ref name=":0" /> In terms of this, there are skeletal, muscular and neurological considerations we need to consider when describing biomechanics.<ref name=" |Swimming<ref>Johnston T.R., Abrams G.D. Shoulder Injuries and Conditions in Swimmers. In: Miller T. (eds) Endurance Sports Medicine. Springer, Cham.

...n relief as well as promotes healing. Sitz baths are used to treat various conditions such as haemorrhoids as well as post-surgery treatment for the vulva/vagina ...he treatment may be used on patients with neurological and musculoskeletal conditions. <ref>Becker B. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19769921/ Aquatic therapy:

* Getting in and out of bed (see [https://www.allinahealth.org/health-conditions-and-treatments/health-library/patient-education/total-hip-replacement/prepa ...ing on and off a chair with arms (see [https://www.allinahealth.org/health-conditions-and-treatments/health-library/patient-education/total-hip-replacement/prepa

Although uncommon, non musculoskeletal conditions may present as LBP in approximately 5% of patients presenting to primary ca ...red for symptoms to ease following activity may indicate a vascular versus neurological claudication. In a previous study, Katz, J. et al.<ref name="p4" /> reporte

...s|facet joint]]. There are two facet joints in each spinal motion segment. Conditions associated with the facet joint are [[Facet Joint Syndrome|facet joint synd * Neurological disease other than nerve root involvement at the spinal level

...Straight_Leg_Raise_Test Straight leg – raise test]<br>While performing the neurological examination by using the straight leg raise test, patients doesn’t feel p [[Category:Lumbar Spine - Conditions]]

...umatic [[Trigeminal Neuralgia|Trigeminal neuropathy]], chronic neuropathic conditions characterized by unilateral or bilateral facial or burning oral pain of the ...rapists in palliative oncology are ambulation and musculoskeletal therapy, neurological therapy, respiratory therapy, electrophysical agents, mechanical therapy, d

...eness of thoracic spine manipulation for the management of musculoskeletal conditions: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.] J Ma • However, cases of serious adverse events, including serious spinal or neurological problems as well as strokes affecting arteries in the neck, have been repor

The different respiratory and neurological complications that patients experience in various stages of COVID-19, highl * Underlying medical conditions

...hough it is reasonable to suspect that traction therapies may affect these conditions differently, there is insufficient evidence to support this hypothesis. ...ce of non-involvement of manual work, low level fear-avoidance beliefs, no neurological deficit and age above 30 years increase the probability of response to mech

...ot be directly and objectively evaluated, even though it has an undeniably neurological basis. Even if we were able to observe the activity of pain-transmission ne Patients with disorders such as [[collagen]] diseases, vasospastic conditions, unconsciousness or semiconsciousness should not receive cryotherapy.

...14; cited 2021 May 9]. Available from: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/huntingtons-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20356117 </ref>. Typical onset occu * Neurological testing and screening

...ntiate herniated disc (space occupying) which refers into the leg vs other conditions (inflammation reaction, spasms, strains, facet syndrome) which are more loc ...f annulus and nucleus are outside the disc proper
(can lead to pressure on neurological tissues and cause an inflammatory response)

...th a globally aging population, more individuals are living with long-term conditions and require rehabilitation<ref name=":4" />. The World Health Organization ...n is also an adjustment compared to the UK. For example, in Nepal the road conditions are especially poor due to the 2015 earthquakes, buses are often overcrowde

...tary lifestyle has been shown to predispose individuals to pain, disabling conditions, and musculoskeletal complaints. In the workplace, this may lead to injury, ...activity guidelines can assist physiotherapists in their treatment of NCD conditions related to physical inactivity through education and promotion of physical

...neurologically responsive to verbal stimulation, meet specific respiratory conditions (FIO2 &lt;0.7, Positive end-expiratory pressure &lt;11cm H2O), and meet cir ...ticipants (N=104) were patients who were vented &gt;4 days, did not have a neurological disease that prevented activity (e.g. stroke), were not readmitted to the R

...-causes/syc-20352061 (Last Accessed 24/03/2019)</ref>, which manifest with neurological deficits distal to the level of the lesion. In disaster and conflict situat ...nerve injury, early diagnosis and management are key to minimizing further neurological damage and development of [[Complications with Peripheral Nerve Injury|seco

The primary conditions affected by CP are motor impairments, such as: ...'' [online]. [viewed 21 October 2014]. Available from: http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/Cerebral-palsy/Pages/Introduction.aspx</ref><ref name="schenker">SCHENKER,

Pain education is consistently recommended as an intervention for MSK conditions as it can be used for both prevention and treatment. <ref name=":7" /><ref> ...inferior gluteal folds typically, accompanied with or without pain and or neurological symptoms in one or both lower limbs". <ref name=":4">Ho EK-Y, Chen L, Simic

...five years. Common conditions highlighted were low back pain, neurological conditions, and hearing loss. This forum highlighted just how important the role of re ...ed health care strategy by which treatment caters to the underlying health conditions, as well as to the goals and preferences of the user.<ref>Mauk, K. L. (2012

...neurosis, the accessory collateral ligament, bony structures, tendons, and neurological tissues.<ref name="“Anderson”" /> The injuries all present with pincer [[Category:Hand - Conditions]]

* Diet and [[nutrition]] are key elements in many of the conditions managed by physiotherapists ...ine. 2015;21(1):8-14.</ref> A similar method is the '''[https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/alexander-technique/ Alexander technique].''' This technique puts more focu

* Cardiopulmonary and neurological type symptoms e.g. hyperventilation, shortness of breath, palpitations, num These conditions are usually the result of unprotected sex and rape. Pelvic inflammation occ

...R, Allen K, Castles J, Kucharik J, Roeder M. Review of secondary physical conditions associated with lower-limb amputation and long-term prosthesis use. Journal ...; &nbsp; &nbsp; Figure 6: Low Back Acupuncture&nbsp;<ref>http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/Acupuncture/Pages/Introduction.aspx</ref>

...otor neuron impairments including people with [[Cerebral Palsy Association Conditions|Cerebral Palsy]], [[Parkinson's|Parkinson’s]] Disease, [[Multiple Scleros .../ref>'''<ref name="Sujith">Sujith OK. Functional electrical stimulation in neurological disorders European Journal of Neurology 2008 15(5): 437–444. http://onlin

...s management of secondary clubfoot especially those relating to underlying neurological issues. Use of a less monotonous voice on the videos. For those of us compl ...ent of the ankle and foot. Recognition of heel varus and how to correct in conditions not relating to clubfoot.