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*[[Lumbar Examination|Lumbar Examination]] **Lumbar shear test

...ch provide cushioning between the vertebrae and absorb pressure put on the spine. It is a nearly universal condition in those who reach advanced age, but it ...023, July 12. Available from: https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/249036-overview]</ref>. Although some people experience no symptoms, others may fee

...scopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery. 2022 Apr 1;38(4):1189-92.</ref> ...e.] Current Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Reports. 2019 Sep 15;7:264-74.</ref>

.... It is a test that is simple to administer with excellent inter and intra-rater reliability, validity, and responsiveness. <br> Musculoskeletal conditions of the lumbar-pelvic region eg

...ght|frameless]]The Kemp test (also known as the quadrant test and extension-rotation test) is a provocative test useful for diagnosing pain related to [ ...e (used for the [[Cervical Anatomy|cervical spine]] or the [[Lumbar|lumbar spine]]).

...onnect the spine to the pelvis, facilitating load transfer from the lumbar spine to the lower extremities. The majority of low back pain (LBP) is perceived to arise from the lumbar spine, but another likely source of LBP that is largely overlooked is the SIJ.

...2012, Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins, SPINE vol 37, Number 19, pp E1189-E1196 (level of Evidence: 1B)</ref>. ...fications Revisited-What Are We Actually Measuring? Computerized Tomography-Based Analysis]. J Clin Med. 2022;11(23).</ref>.

...ral shift is often seen with an acute onset of back pain with or without [[Lumbar Radiculopathy|radicular]] symptoms. The shift can occur towards the side of ...enzie method. ''The spine journal : official journal of the North American Spine Society'', ''8''(1), 134–141. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spinee.20

...y combining the anterior rami of the L1 and L2 spinal nerves at the lumbar spine. Descending through the retroperitoneum, it divides into genital and femora [[File:Lumbar Plexus Gray.png|none|thumb]]

...has a uniform width over the bodies and discs, but in the [[Lumbar Anatomy|lumbar]] region the ligament is widest at the levels of the intervertebral discs w ...a serrated edge<ref>https://radiopaedia.org/articles/posterior-longitudinal-ligament</ref>.

...nt Biomechanics and Mechanotransduction in Normal, Injury and Degenerative Conditions. J Biomech Eng. 2011 July; 133(7): 71010–NaN.</ref>. ...is rather flat in the cervical and thoracic regions and more convex in the lumbar region. The opposing inferior facet of the superior vertebra is concave and

[[File:Spine anatomy.jpg|thumb|Lumbosacral spine]] [[File:Annular-bulge-disc-rev.jpg|thumb|Annular IV disc bulge]]

...linician. Therapeutic advances in musculoskeletal disease. 2012 Apr;4(2):61-76. Available: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3383520/ (access ...ystems-1417/bone-development-1497/bone-tissue-and-the-effects-of-aging-1500-11222/</ref> The reasons for this are multi factorial, including:.

...oney V . [https://www.elsevier.com/books/movement-stability-and-lumbopelvic-pain/9780443101786 Movement, Stability & Lumbopelvic Pain 2nd Edition] . Ph ...ligamentum flavum, causing pretension in the neutral position (interspinous-supraspinous thoracolumbar ligamentous complex)<ref name=":0" />

...Contributors''' -{{Special:Contributors/{{FULLPAGENAME}}}}<span style="line-height: 1.5em;">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> ...eophyte-2 Osteophyte] Available:https://radiopaedia.org/articles/osteophyte-2 (accessed 7.9.2022)</ref>

...PV. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2953347/ Alternative pop-up for surfers with low back pain.] North American journal of sports physica ...'(4), pp.394-401. Available from: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S1809-29502016000400394&script=sci_arttext&tlng=en#B3 (last accessed 16.9.2019)</r

..., Published in India by arrangement with Baillier Tindall, london 2005 p 33-37 </ref> !Spine

In your small groups (max 4), which you will have self-selected at the start of the module, you will work collaboratively to develo ...xercise compliance in patients with low back pain – could look at specific conditions, and look at barriers and facilitators <br>14. The relationship between fit

<div class="pp-no-course-suggestions pp-no-article-suggestions"></div> ==Disease and Conditions==

...(osteoligamentous spine), and neural components is necessary to prevent [[Lumbar Instability|instability]]. [[File:Testing lumbar flexion.jpg|thumb|Lumbosacral flexion]]

...rtant to be able to recognise the red flags that could point towards these conditions. ...l causes of back pain. Cleveland Clinic journal of medicine 2007;74(12):905-13.</ref> summarised examples of medical causes of back pain, and the sympto

...nerves Available: https://musculoskeletalkey.com/nerves-innervation-of-the-spine/<nowiki/>(accessed 6.2.2022)</ref> ...inal Nerves Available: https://www.verywellhealth.com/spinal-nerves-anatomy-4682599<nowiki/>(accessed 6.2.2022)</ref>

...acrospinous ligament]]<nowiki/>s. They help stabilise the&nbsp;lumbosacral spine on the [[pelvis]].<ref>A STUDY OF ITS ANATOMY. DEVELOPMENT AND CLINICAL SIG ....<ref>http://www.medic8.com/healthguide/sports-medicine/iliolumbar-ligament-injury.html</ref>[[Image:IMG_9766.jpg|right|300x300px]]

...tematic review and meta-analysis. The Spine Journal. 2018 Dec 1;18(12):2266-77.</ref> ...rapist]] can be accessed in Physiopedia where [[MRI Scans|MRI]], [[X-Rays|X-rays]], [[CT Scans|CT scans]], and bone scans are discussed.

...al of Physiotherapy. He is also the author of two books:<ref name="mulligan-5">Manual therapy NAGS,SNAGS,MWMS,etc by Brian R.Mulligan, 5th edition, 2004 ...of the extremities and SNAGS (sustained natural apophyseal glides) of the spine were first coined by Brian R. Mulligan <ref>Mulligan, BR: Manual Therapy �

...y] based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/instructor/nick-rainey// Nick Rainey]<br> '''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributors/{{ ...ironment).<ref>M.Hancock. Approach to low back pain. RACGP, 2014, 43(3):117-118.</ref>

...fessional Road Cyclists.] The American journal of sports medicine. 38. 2494-501. 10.1177/0363546510376816. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/ # Back posture on the bicycle can strain the lower back (lumbar spine flexed) so a long time in the saddle can take its toll on the back.

...ck pain. Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics. 2014 May 1;25(2):305-17.</ref>. ...m/index.php/Intervertebral_disc intervertebral disc] and [[Biomechanics of Lumbar Intervertebral Disc Herniation]]

[[File:Facet-joints.png|thumb|Facet joints]] ...e world demands a rise in manual labour and brings many threats to the well-being of the workers corroborated by the rise of many musculoskeletal disord

...rt of a patient specific measure]. Physiotherapy canada. 1995 Oct;47(4):258-63.</ref> ...es in chronic low back pain.] European Spine Journal. 2010 Sep 1;19(9):1484-94.</ref>

...Brussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universiteit Brussel Evidence-Based Practice Project]] [[File:Baastrup-disease-1.jpeg|thumb|Baastrup syndrome with active inflammation (e.g. bursitis)|alt=

...ussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universiteit Brussel's Evidence-based Practice project]] [[File:SPINE ANATOMY.jpg|thumb]]

...ation model whose time has come. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2007;37(11):658-660.</ref> For example, patients who complain of [[Low Back Pain|LBP]] may a ...k pain: a distal link to a proximal problem. J Sport Rehabil. 2009;18(1):24-32.</ref>

...ay or may not experience back pain along with radiculopathy, but roughly 12-40% of people with back pain also experience radiculopathy symptoms.<ref nam ...and quality of life versus routine physical therapy alone in patients with lumbar radiculopathy; a randomized controlled trial]. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 20

...Spinal Manipulation Available: https://www.spine-health.com/glossary/spinal-manipulation (accessed 13.6.2021)</ref>. ...rapy,” Journal of Orthop Sports Physical Therapy 37, no. 6 (June 2007): 290-302.</ref> &nbsp;:

...et al 2016). Cricketers mainly sustain non-contact injuries to the lumbar spine (1.1 - 3.4 injuries per squad per season) and the lower limb (0.3 - 5.9 inj # Scientific evaluation (intervention efficacy assessment under "ideal conditions")

...k), 12 in the thoracic region (middle back), and 5 in the [[Lumbar Anatomy|lumbar region]] (lower back).   ...at deal of strength. They also provide a shock-absorbing effect within the spine and prevent the vertebrae from grinding together. They consist of three maj

...tion of the Arthritis Research UK Musculoskeletal Health Questionnaire (MSK-HQ) for use across musculoskeletal care pathways. BMJ Open 2016 Aug;6(8):e01 ...estionnaire that is responsive to change across a range of musculoskeletal conditions over the course of treatment, with patients reporting that the outcome meas

...n early fetal development and in turn cause structural problems within the spine and spinal cord. These deformities can range from mild to severe and may ca ...tal spinal deformities Available:https://khavkinclinic.com/congential-spine-deformities/ (accessed 10.10.2021)</ref>

...control study.] Brazilian journal of physical therapy. 2019 Jul 1;23(4):346-54. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6630105/#bi * Stiff upper thoracic spine or rounded upper spine causing cervical spine to hyperextend to see ahead.

...LLIF and ALIF, ''3''(1), 2–18. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.3978/j.issn.2414-469X.2015.10.05</nowiki></ref>. ...ce after discectomy<ref name=":1" /> and successful union of two or more [[Lumbar Vertebrae|vertebra]]<ref name=":0" />.

...reased flexion of the hips, and a compensatory hyperlordosis in the lumbar spine. There is co-existing over activity and tightness of the&nbsp;thoracolumbar extensors: [[

...ns]] and [[User:Marie Avau|Marie Avau]] Debby Decock, Farrie Bakalli, Laure-Anne Callewaert '''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributors/{{FULLPAGEN [[File:Lumbar spondylosis2.JPG|right|frameless|400x400px]]

...ussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universiteit Brussel's Evidence-based Practice project]]. ..., Kavishwar RA, Shetty AP, Shanmuganathan R. Spondylolysis of the Thoracic Spine with Instability: A Rare Cause for Myelopathy. JBJS Case Connector. 2022 Ja

...Joints|Facet]] arthrosis is a painful [[arthritis]]-like condition of the spine caused by degeneration of the joints between the spinal bones. ...Available from: https://www.verywellhealth.com/facet-arthropathy-treatment-190440</ref> [[File:Facet Joints Anatomy.jpeg|thumb|200x200px]]

...ck Pain Authority. Available from: https://www.cure-back-pain.org/fractured-coccyx.html (last accessed 4.12.2019)</ref> ...7. Available from: https://online.boneandjoint.org.uk/doi/full/10.1302/0301-620X.92B12.25486 (last accessed 4.12.2019)</ref>.

...Binkley et al. (1999) in a group of patients with various musculoskeletal conditions.<ref name="Binkley et al." /> The scale is originally developed in English ...figure/Source-originale-Binkley-JM-Stratford-PW-Lott-SA-Riddle-DL-The-Lower-Extremity_fig1_221874838 (accessed on 29 August 2018)</ref><br>

The [[Lumbar Anatomy|lumbar spine]] supports much of the upper body's weight. [[Intervertebral disc|Intervert ...tebral column. This article discusses the key anatomical structures of the lumbar vertebrae and abdominal wall, including the bony structures, articulations,

Valsalva maneuver VM non-invasive test was described for the first time by Antonio Maria Valsalva an ...: physiology and clinical examples]. Acta physiologica. 2016 Jun;217(2):103-19.</ref>.

...calsportsmedicine.com/the-patient-that-every-other-health-professional-cant-fix The patient who every other health professional can't fix...2012] (last ...0">Brukner P. Khan K. Clinical Sports Medicine. 3rd edition. Sydney: McGraw-Hill 2006.</ref>

...openia. Rev Endocr Metab Disord. 11(4):237-51. doi: 10.1007/s11154-010-9154-0.</ref> {{#ev:youtube|dtdEluROrbI|300}}<ref>FW BSI. Fort Worth Brain and Spine Institute - What is Osteopenia?. Available from: http://www.youtube.com/wat

...ted factors in population-based studies. Br J Anaesth. 2019 Aug;123(2):e273-e283.</ref> Pain Neuroscience Education (PNE) is a strategy that aims to tea ...or worked best?. South African Journal of Physiotherapy. 2019 Jan 1;75(1):1-7. Available: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6739553/<nowiki/>

...practice guidelines included low stress aerobic exercise, general muscle re-conditioning and advice to remain active. The change was evaluated using the ...l Therapy.] Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy, 37 (6), 290-302</ref>

...ical dysfunction, however, 1-2% of cases of low back pain are caused by non-mechanical spinal disorders or visceral diseases such as a [[Abdominal Aorti ...standing he has no lateral shift of his trunk. Asymmetrical mole in central-left low back- site of patients pain, pt unaware of mole, uneven shade of co

...lt in pain and weakness in the forearm. Similarly, an impingement in the [[lumbar]] region can be manifested with symptoms in the foot. ...athy%20is%20one%20of,process%20within%20the%20spinal%20column. A review of lumbar radiculopathy, diagnosis, and treatment]. Cureus. 2019 Oct;11(10).</ref>.

...sten Tsuei|Kristen Tsuei]] as part of the [[Texas State University Evidence-based Practice Project]] '''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributors/{{ ...ord or it can damage the spinal cord itself.<ref name="Mayo" />&nbsp;These conditions are referred to as [[Cervical Radiculopathy|radiculopathy]] and [[Cervical

...se of lumbosacral pain. J. Kor. Neurosurg. Soc. September 2008, 44 (3): 166-169.</ref> * This effect can be shown in a pretzel-model. When we hold a pretzel in two hands and twist it around its long axis

[[File:SPINE ANATOMY.jpg|right|frameless|300x300px]] ...">IC Lumbar Instability Available:https://www.institutoclavel.com/en/lumbar-instability (accessed 16.6.2021)</ref>

...nd lower extremity strength exercises with cardiovascular training in a non-weight bearing environment. Swimmers are unfortunately prone to injuries.   ...ntion strategies in competitive swimmers]. Sports health. 2012 May;4(3):246-51. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3435931/ (l

...approximately 3-5% of the population. Males are more likely to experience lumbar radiculopathy when they are in their 40s, and females are more likely to ex ...neural foramen, bony growth or disc degeneration).<ref name=":6">Rainey N. Lumbar Radiculopathy Treatment Course. Plus, 2024.</ref>

<div class="pp-no-course-suggestions pp-no-article-suggestions"></div> ...s, while focusing on the topic of clinical biomechanics of musculoskeletal conditions.

...e.jpg|right|200px]][[Low Back Pain|Low back pain]] (LBP) is an umbrella of conditions with 80% of adults estimated to experience LBP at some point during their l ...tps://www.spine-health.com/wellness/exercise/exercise-and-fitness-help-your-back (accessed 1.2.2022)</ref>

Sciatica pain often is worsened with flexion of the [[Lumbar Anatomy|lumbar spine]], twisting, bending, or coughing<ref name=":6" />. The causes of sciatica can be categorised into spinal or non-spinal causes or iatrogenic<ref name=":10" />:

...''Original Editor '''- [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/mauro-banfi/ Mauro Banfi] '''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributors/{{FULLPA * Lordosis of the [[Cervical Anatomy|cervical spine]] inhibits laryngeal elevation and affects swallowing<ref>Sato K, Chitose S

...patients with degenerative lumbar conditions. Phys Ther. 2005 Feb;85(2):120-33. Evidence level: 2a grade of recommendation: B</ref> ...=Hip_Anatomy&oldid=172875.</ref>. Thus is designed for stability and weight-bearing – rather than a large range of movement. Motions available at the

...e [[Facet Joints|facet joints]] (also termed zygapophyseal joints) of the spine become a source of [[Pain Behaviours|pain]]. ...t 1: anatomy, biomechanics, and grading. Skeletal Radiol. 2011 Jan;40(1):13-23..</ref>

...eal or buttock pain is complicated due to the overlapping symptoms of many conditions such as <ref name=":0">Carro LP, Hernando MF, Cerezal L, Navarro IS, Fernan ...utm_medium=search&utm_campaign=ongoing_internal Radicular pain from Lumbar spine origin]

...large-scale population-based cohort. The Spine Journal. 2016 Jan 1;16(1):32-41.</ref> Their presence in clients receiving physiotherapy for low back pai ...ress is being made in linking his spinal phenotype with [https://www.physio-pedia.com/Degenerative_Disc_Disease disc degeneration] and LBP. This is sign

...based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/donna-fisher/ Donna Fisher]<br>'''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributors/{{F ...nal braces are off-the-shelf, although certain situations call for a custom-made device.<ref name=":0" />

...the Back or Lower Extremities. Archives of Neurology]. 1961 Dec 1;5(6):673-8.</ref>. ...he Hoover sign. Neurology. [https://oce.ovid.com/article/00006114-200411090-00028/HTML 2004;63(9):1693–7.] </ref> eg. if a person in supine is asked t

...emol Yves|Demol Yves]] as part of the [[Vrije Universiteit Brussel Evidence-based Practice Project]] ...so be the result of traumatic (fractures and instability) and inflammatory conditions or caused by herniated discs or tumours.

...es of low back pain]] have been ruled out, individuals are said to have non-specific (or simple or mechanical) back pain. ...he source of low back pain.] European Spine Journal. 2007 Oct 1;16(10):1539-50.</ref>

.../www.sciencedirect.com/referencework/9780123849533/encyclopedia-of-food-and-health [accessed 12/9/2023]</ref> ...able:https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/bone-density (accessed 6.8.2022)</ref><ref>Medical news today 11 ways to increase

...iginal Editor '''- [[User:Oluwafikunayomi_Wole-Bankole|Oluwafikunayomi_Wole-Bankole]] ...logy, pathomechanism, diagnosis, and treatment. Spine J. 2011 Feb;11(2):153-7. doi: 10.1016/j.spinee.2010.12.010. PMID: 21296300.https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm

This guide gives a general overview of the anatomy of the thoracic spine. It also includes some facts regarding pathophysiology in this region. The sagittal plane alignment of the Thoracic spine is on average 35% (normal range is 20° to 50°).<ref name=":2" />

[[File:Sam-burriss-zHSX9o2 B7Y-unsplash.jpg|right|frameless]] ...ted to the particular orientation, structure, and function of the thoracic spine in the vertebral column.

...[https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/tanya-bell-jenje/ Tanya Bell-Jenje]<br> [[Category:Thoracic Spine]]

...itor '''- [[User:Lorenza Perez|Lorena Perez]] as part of [http://www.physio-pedia.com/ICRC_Cerebral_Palsy_Content_Development_Project#Articles_to_be_dev ...: Dyskinetic and Ataxic. Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3s-n4eFypPc [last accessed 13/08/16]</ref>

...e has ceased.<ref name=":0" />Its progressive nature is more often seen in conditions of neurologic and systemic involvement.<ref name=":2" /> While it can occur ...sis. Orthopaedics & Traumatology: Surgery & Research. 2013 Feb 1;99(1):S124-39.[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877056812002745]</re

...heels enhance perceived sexual attractiveness, leg length and women’s mate-guarding.] Current Psychology. 2022:41:3282–3292.</ref> ...eviews and additional primary studies.] BMC Public Health. 2018 Dec;18(1):1-3.</ref>

...ical Therapy. Journal of Orthopadic Sports Physical Therapy. 2007;37(6):290-302.</ref>. In 2012, Low Back Pain Clinical Practice Guidelines were publish ...ican Physical Therapy Association. J Orhtop Sports Phys Ther. 2012;42(4):A1-A57</ref>

Fractures of [[Lumbar Vertebrae|lumbar vertebrae]] occur in the setting of either severe trauma or pathologic weak * [[Osteoporosis]] is the underlying cause of many lumbar fractures, especially in postmenopausal women.

...pain. Spine, 22(18), 2128-2156. https://doi.org/10.1097/00007632-199709150-00012</ref>. The main reasons for IDD therapy advocacy are; ...to avoid the risks of surgery or suffer from spine-related musculoskeletal conditions contraindicated to surgical intervention,

.... Mechanical low back pain. American family physician. 2018 Oct 1;98(7):421-8.</ref> ...low back pain and does age play a role? Pain medicine. 2011 Feb 1;12(2):224-33.</ref>

...inflammatory bowel disease ([[Irritable Bowel Syndrome|IBD]]), the two best-known types of which are ulcerative colitis and [[Crohn's Disease|Crohn’s ...https://spondylitis.org/about-spondylitis/types-of-spondylitis/enteropathic-arthritis/ (last accessed 3.7.2020)</ref>.

...stiffness and a loss of mobility and dexterity. Long-term Musculoskeletal conditions are associated with pain, disability, poor general health and mortality. Th ...uidance.org/entry/16255/1/Influence-of-Physical-Activity-on-Musculoskeletal-System.html]</ref>

* Physiology of schoolchildren and adolescent spine * Anatomy of paediatric spine

...sexual function]. Annals of internal medicine. 1980 Feb 1;92(2_Part_2):329-31.</ref>. Sexual dysfunction is extremely common among women and men, and e ...function in men and women]. Current psychiatry reports. 2000 Jun 1;2(3):189-95.</ref>.

*Age – The following conditions are not exclusive to these age groups but a higher prevalence is noted in t *Past Medical History (PMH) (Pre-existing medical conditions)

...Pott’s disease in children. Surgical Neurology International. 2011; 2(1). 1-5.</ref> ...increasing trend in the occurrence of [[Antimicrobial Resistance|multidrug-resistant bacterial strains]] of tuberculosis in the developing nations over

[[File:Lumbar Plexus Gray.png|thumb|265x265px]] ...prevention and treatment of chronic inguinodynia. Hernia]. 2015 Aug;19:539-48.</ref>.

...[https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/tanya-bell-jenje/ Tanya Bell-Jenje]<br> ...lude:<ref name=":0">Bell-Jenje T. Assessment and Treatment of the Thoracic Spine Course. Plus , 2021.</ref>

.../1868602 Failed back surgery syndrome. Pain medicine]. 2011 Apr 1;12(4):577-606.</ref> ...yndrome]. Journal of clinical pharmacy and therapeutics. 2011 Aug;36(4):525-8.</ref>.

...]] based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/instructor/nick-rainey// Nick Rainey]<br> '''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributors/{{ ...it is beneficial to develop standard practice protocols. Following evidence-based protocols means that you reduce the chance of a poor outcome. You shou

...role in initiatives to improve public health through screening for certain conditions<ref name=":2">WHO [https://www.who.int/diagnostic_imaging/en/ Diagnostic Im * [[X-Rays|'''X-rays''']] (including plain radiographs, [[DEXA Scan|DEXA]] scans and fluoros

...based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/rina-pandya/ Rina Pandya]<br>'''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributors/{{FU ...lumbar spinal stability. This task is accomplished through increased intra-abdominal pressure (IAP), minimising displacement of the abdominal contents

...e disease in back pain? Physiotherapy Practice and Research. 2017;38(2): 73-77.</ref> ...for potential serious pathologies. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2020; epub: 1-23.</ref>

...uchbinder R. Non-specific low back pain. Lancet. 2017 Feb 18;389(10070):736-747. </ref> ...at can help to differentiate between mechanical back pain and inflammatory conditions, as well as discussing other [[The Flag System|red flag]] features that sho

...n children include occipito-atlantal or atlanto-axial dissociation, atlanto-axial rotary subluxation, spinal cord injury without radiological abnormalit ...y. A Review By Organ System. Phy. Med. and Rehab Clinics, 2015; 26(1); 109-132.

...ack Pain Fact Sheet Available: https://www.ninds.nih.gov/low-back-pain-fact-sheet<nowiki/>(accessed 17.11.2022)</ref> ...pain: systematic review]. Rev Saude Publica. 2015;49:1. doi: 10.1590/S0034-8910.2015049005874. Epub 2015 Oct 20. PMID: 26487293; PMCID: PMC4603263.</re

...acc.co.nz/assets/research/2b0c243f75/acupuncture-musculoskeletal-conditions-review.pdf</ref> However, physiotherapists in particular continue to utilise ...nd travels upwards to the axillary fossa. It then descends down the anterio-medial aspect of the arm to the cubital fossa and continues between [[Palmar

...pinal canal]] causing clinical [[/www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/symptoms|symptoms]] secondary to spinal cord or radicular compromi Briefly, lumbar spinal stenosis is characterised by compression of neural tissue either at

...e disease in back pain? Physiotherapy Practice and Research. 2017;38(2): 73-77.</ref> Yet despite the low incidence rates, these conditions should be considered as differential diagnoses when individuals present wit

[[File:Sagittal section of the lumbar spine Primal.png|thumb|258x258px]] ...icle/10.1186/1471-2474-14-206 Accuracy of physical examination for chronic lumbar radiculopathy]. BMC musculoskeletal disorders. 2013 Dec 1;14(1):206.</ref>

...st weight-bearing joint in the body, after the knee joint. It is a ball-and-socket synovial joint formed between the os coxa (hip bone) and the femur. T ...from: <nowiki>https://radiopaedia.org/articles/investigation-of-hip-injury-summary</nowiki> (accessed 29 August 2018)</ref><br>

...ased on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/daphne-xuan/ Daphne Xuan]<br> ...1;12(2):e053999.</ref>[[File:C-spine-picture.jpg|thumb|250x250px|Cervical spine]]

...(e.g., C3, C4), and many, but not all, intermingle in a plexus (brachial, lumbar, or lumbosacral) to form different peripheral nerves as discussed above. Th ...re dermatomes? Available:https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/what-are-dermatomes (accessed 25.5.2022)</ref> {{#ev:youtube|https://www.youtube.com/

...ussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universiteit Brussel's Evidence-based Practice project]] ...InSeminars in arthritis and rheumatism 2009 Apr 1 (Vol. 38, No. 5, pp. 361-365). WB Saunders. (Level of evidence: 2B)</ref>. Also, peripheral entheses

...ne.] European Journal of Trauma and Emergency Surgery. 2008 Dec 1;34(6):549-53.</ref> ...nt of Paget’s Disease of Bone. American Family Physician. 2002; 65(10):2069-72</ref>. Paget's disease is mostly seen in an autosomal dominant distributi

# Increased lumbar lordosis and ...e=":5">Czaprowski D, Stoliński Ł, Tyrakowski M, Kozinoga M, Kotwicki T. Non-structural misalignments of body posture in the sagittal plane. Scoliosis an

...s">Saunders HD. Lumbar traction*. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 1979; 1(1): 36-45. (LEVEL 1A)</ref> ...dy. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders, 2007; 8: 118.  doi:  10.1186/1471-2474-8-118</ref> and recent guidelines published by NICE in the UK<ref>National Ins

.../books/NBK499966/ (last accessed 20.4.2020)</ref> Image R severe case - pre-operative image of a 22 year old male with Scheuermann's Disease ...[https://search.proquest.com/openview/ff361ff1a9fb8c730bcf25b99dc8ffec/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=40235 Current concepts in Scheuermann's kyphosis]. Ort

...ref name="p2">Fukui S et al. Intradiscal Pulsed Radiofrequency for Chronic Lumbar Discogenic Low Back Pain: A One Year Prospective Outcome Study Using Discob ...ors which result in nerve ingrowth into the disc.<ref name="p4">José García-Cosamalón et al. Intervertebral disc, sensory nerves and neurotrophins: who

...nal Editor '''- [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/ansi-van-der-walt/ Ansi van der Walt] '''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributors/{{F ...lack+of+knowledge+about+the+functional+aspects+of+the+equine+thoracolumbar+spine+and+pathogenesis+of+back+problems.&source=bl&ots=cAVFEBX9CU&sig=ACfU3U2mopm

...V.R. Encyclopedia of the Neurological Sciences (Second Edition). Brain and Spine Institute, Portland, OR, USA. 2014. </ref>. ...Available at: <nowiki>https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/12062-arachnoiditis</nowiki> (accessed 17/2/2023)</ref>.

...a-analysis.] Journal of Manual & Manipulative Therapy. 2022 Jul 4;30(4):207-27.</ref> Several classification / stratification systems have been publishe # Treatment-based Classification (TBC)

...e amount of force transferred from the ground and lower extremities to the spine and upper extremities.<ref name=":2" /> ...parate bones yet to be fused: ilium, ischium and pubis connected by the tri-radiate cartilage.

...Cedraschi C. Non-specific low back pain. Lancet. 2012 Feb 4;379(9814):482-91.</ref>. ...ecific pathology”<ref name="Burton" /><span style="line-height: 1.5em; font-size: 13.28px;">. &nbsp;&nbsp;</span>

Various conditions result in the inflammation of the SI joint, leading to significant pain. [[File:Active-sacroiliitis.png|thumb|Bone scan: Active-sacroiliitis]]Reports on the prevalence of sacroiliac pain vary widely.

...hnson]] and [[User:Kasi Lessley|Kasie Lessley]] from the [http://www.physio-pedia.com/Pathophysiology_of_Complex_Patient_Problems Bellarmine University ...Management of Crohn's Disease in Adults. Am J Gastroenterol. 2009; 104: 465-483. doi:10.1038/ajg.208.168</ref>

...therapists with an [[Evidence Based Practice(EBP) in Physiotherapy|evidence-based]] tool to assist in patient management when determining a particular d ...idea is to stick with the [[Ethics, the ICF and EBP|principles of evidence-based practice]], and to incorporate the best available evidence (including

...da S. Tethered cord syndrome in adults and children. Neurol Res.2004;26:717-718.</ref> ...festations, Diagnosis and Surgical Correction. Childs Brain.] 1976;2(3):145-155. PMID: 786565</ref>.

...ased on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/krista-eskay/ Krista Eskay]<br> ...muscle forces. When muscle pull is altered due to genetic or neuromuscular conditions, alignment may be impacted. Atypical alignment can directly affect function

...ac joint (commonly referred to as SIJ) is the joint connection between the spine and the pelvis. ..., diagnosis, and treatment]. Anesthesia & Analgesia. 2005 Nov 1;101(5):1440-53.</ref> made up of the [[sacrum]] and the two innominates of the [[pelvis]

...lasia and cervical laminoplasty Case report. J Neurosurg Spine 2009; 11:417-420. http://thejns.org/doi/pdf/10.3171/2009.4.SPINE09164 (accessed on Apr 20 ...ely 98% of patients with achondroplasia have a mutation resulting from G-to-A substitution in the ''FGFR3'' gene; the majority of cases result from a sp

...rehabilitation providers have a comprehensive understanding of the lumbar spine evaluation. This page provides an overview of this evaluation and includes ...otential pathoanatomical cause of pain:<ref name=":2">Cunningham S. Lumbar Spine Evaluation Course. Plus, 2024.</ref>

...medical condition presenting as common,&nbsp;non-serious, musculoskeletal conditions, are commonly&nbsp;described as red flags.<ref name=":1">Finucane L. An Int ...of Systematic Reviews. 2013(2).</ref>. They often highlight non-mechanical conditions or pathologies of visceral origin'''&nbsp;'''and&nbsp;can be contraindicati

...nt/uploads/2021/09/LumbarSpondylolysis_CCR_Jul2021.pdf Lumbar spondylolysis-Current concepts review]. Journal of Clinical Orthopaedics and Trauma. 2021 [[File:Lumbar vertebra.png|thumb|300x300px|Anatomy of a lumbar vertebra ]]

...ed into [[PPIVMs of the Cervical Spine - Assessment|PPIVMs of the Cervical Spine - Assessment]] (PPIVMs) and Passive Accessory Intervertebral Movements (PAI ...w and meta-analysis. ''Journal of Manual & Manipulative Therapy, 21''(1), 7-17.</ref>  In order to specifically target one’s treatment, it is necessa

...]] (SI joint). It is usually caused by abnormal motion (i.e. hyper- or hypo-mobile) or malalignment of the sacroiliac joint. Sacroiliac joint syndrome i ...ac Joint Syndrome. Pain Physician. Vol. 4, N° 2, p 143-152, 2001. ISSN 1533-3159</ref>

...tps://www.smn.scot.nhs.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Vertebral-fractures-in-children.pdf [Accessed 11/3/2023].  </ref> === Cervical spine ===

...udo, A., Gómez-Lozano, S., de Baranda, P.S., Vargas-Macías, A. and Santonja-Medina, F. (2021) Sagittal Integral Morphotype of Female Classical Ballet Da ...de la and Guillén, P. (2015) Overuse Injuries in Professional Ballet Injury-Based Differences Among Ballet Disciplines. ''The Orthopaedic Journal of Spo

[[File:Scoliosis-01.jpg|thumb|scoliosis clinical presentation|alt=scoliosis clinical presenta Scoliosis is an abnormal lateral curvature of the spine. It is most often diagnosed in childhood or early adolescence.

...ussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universiteit Brussel's Evidence-based Practice project]] <br> ...ournal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. 2004 Jan 1;12(1):49-54.

'''Original Editor ''' - [http://www.physio-pedia.com/User:Michael_Kecman Mike Kecman&nbsp;]as part of the [[The Jackson ...lude [[X-Rays|radiographs]], [[Ultrasound Scans|ultrasound]], [[CT Scans|CT-scans]] and [[MRI Scans|MRI scans]].

[https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/deborah-riczo/ Deborah Riczo]<br> ...a systematic review.] Journal of physical therapy science. 2017;29(9):1689-94.</ref>

About 90% of all patients with low back pain will have non-specific low back pain, which, in essence, is a diagnosis based on exclusion *[[Lumbar Spinal Stenosis]]

...s definitions. ''Open Access Journal of Sports Medicine'', Volume 7, pp.187-194.</ref> This article will describe the mechanism and prevalence of these * Provide an in-depth evidence-based, Exercise Therapy Rehabilitation programme for cricketers

...nt/uploads/2021/09/LumbarSpondylolysis_CCR_Jul2021.pdf Lumbar spondylolysis-Current concepts review]. Journal of Clinical Orthopaedics and Trauma. 2021 ...tology. China: Elsevier Limited, 2008.</ref> with it being reported that 50-81% of these cases develop a spondylolisthesis. However, this may also occur

...The term ‘dysfunction’ implies that at a certain level (mostly L4-L5 or L5-S1) these 3 components do not function normally. ...omised clinical trial, J Bone Joint Surg Br August 1989 vol. 71-B no. 4 681-684.</ref>

...niversity Evidence-based Practice Project|Texas State University's Evidence-based Practice project]]. [[Image:Lower-back-pain.jpg|right|200px]]

...n: Where is it coming from? In Clinical Sports Medicine. Rev 3rd Ed. McGraw-Hill Australia. North Ryde. * [https://www.physio-pedia.com/Obturator_Nerve Obtuator nerve] of the groin area

...' - [[User:Camila Trujillo|Camila Trujillo]] as part of [https://www.physio-pedia.com/Category:The_University_of_Waterloo_Clinical_Biomechanics_Project ...whiplash associated disorders (WAD). Open Access Emergency Med. 2011; 3:29-32. </ref> The prognosis of WAD tends to be unknown and unpredictable, ther

...ussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universiteit Brussel's Evidence-based Practice project]] ...PMC1307540/ Cervical spondylosis]. An update. West J Med 1996; 165(1-2): 43-51 </ref>

...from any of the ligaments, muscles, fascia, joints or discs of the Lumbar Spine. Read more information on [[Low Back Pain|low back pain]]. ...rtebral Manipulation. 7th Edition. London. Elsevier.</ref><span style="line-height: 1.5em;">.</span>

...niversity Evidence-based Practice Project|Texas State University's Evidence-based Practice project]] ...ication of acute thoracolumbar spinal injuries]. spine. 1983 Nov 1;8(8):817-31.</ref>

...ort], Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies, Volume 20, Issue 4, P:722-727,</ref> ...Some Basic Science Aspects], Physiotherapy, 1997, Volume 83, Issue 4, P:186-189,</ref>&nbsp;

...acute “Nonspecific” Low Back Pain: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial. Spine. 2006.</ref><ref name="p6" />. ...ideotape in internal medicine training. J Gen Intern Med. 1994 Sep;9(9):517-21.</ref>. In contrast, an uninterrupted patient only needs 150 seconds to f

...review their effectiveness on commonly affected joints such as the lumbar spine and the [[Sacroiliac Joint|sacroiliac joint]] that are prone to causing [[L ...a-analysis of randomized clinical trials.] J Man Manip Ther. 2009;17(4):237-46. </ref> This "high velocity - low amplitude of movement" technique differ

...isten Templin|Kristen Templin]] as part of the [[Temple University Evidence-Based Practice Project|Temple University EBP Project]] The [[Thoracic Anatomy|Thoracic Spine]] has a complex and often overlooked role within the body. It is a key area

== Introduction: Lumbar Stenosis   == '''-Lumbar spinal stenosis''' is a medical condition characterized by the narrowing of

[[File:Bianca-jordan-IPjWtxPJUQc-unsplash.jpg|thumb|282x282px]] ...dra SL, Fessler RG, Liu JC. Maximizing the potential of minimally invasive spine surgery in complex spinal disorders. Neurosurgical focus. 2008 Aug 1;25(2):

...ning vertebrae have a bearing function. The main functions of the cervical spine are to support the head and allow the motility of the head and the most imp • Degenerative conditions, including disc herniation’s and spinal stenosis8

[[File:Indian-yogi-yogi-madhav-P SxnJhID1s-unsplash (1).jpg|right|frameless]] ...ostures on head/neck posture and muscle activity. Manual Therapy, 15(1), 54-60</ref>

[[Image:Pregnant cross-section.jpg|right|505x505px]] ...ting is diminished. The diagnosis of PGP can be reached after exclusion of lumbar causes. The pain or functional disturbances in relation to PGP must be repr

...Contributors''' - Arno De Winne, Margaux Reynders,&nbsp;[http://www.physio-pedia.com/User:Julie_Lhost Julie Lhost],&nbsp;{{Special:Contributors/{{FULLP Muscles used for breathing are connected to the lumbar vertebra. There is evidence suggesting a relationship between respiration a

....</ref> According to research, one-fifth of all people experience thoracic spine pain in their lifetime.<ref name=":0" /> A good understanding of the anatom ...ere are four types of bursae: adventitious, subcutaneous, synovial, and sub-muscular.

...ussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universiteit Brussel's Evidence-based Practice project]] A herniated disc in the spine is a condition during which a nucleus pulposus is displaced from interverte

...and can be described as an exaggerated anterior curvature of the thoracic spine that is associated with aging<ref name="Jang et al." /> * Anterior curvature of the thoracic spine is normal and present due to the shape of the vertebral bodies and interver

...[https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/tanya-bell-jenje/ Tanya Bell-Jenje]<br> ...l Masqueraders|masquerade]] as musculoskeletal thoracic pain. All of these conditions must be considered when assessing patients who have thoracic pain.

...elissa Osti|Melissa Osti]] as part of the [[Texas State University Evidence-based Practice Project]] [[File:T9-T10 change fracture from MVA.png|thumb|348x348px|T9-T10 chance fracture from MVA]]

...tion Of ERGONOMICS. Merriam-webster.com. Available from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ergonomics [last accessed 11/11/2020]</ref>. The stud ...iotherapists and one in which we regularly address due to having a rich, in-depth understanding and knowledge of these factors.

...al Anatomy|cervical]] spine and rarely, except for trauma, in the thoracic spine.<ref name=":1" /> * A fractured pars interarticularis of the [[Lumbar Anatomy|lumbar]] vertebrae, also called the isthmus.

...nonyms that are used frequently for PS are the deep gluteal syndrome, extra-spinal sciatica and wallet neuritis.<ref>Siddiq MA. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.ni ...male ratio of 6:1. Piriformis syndrome is most commonly diagnosed in middle-aged patients.<ref>Hicks BL, Lam JC, Varacallo M. Piriformis syndrome.[https

Axial spondyloarthritis is a seronegative [[spondyloarthritis]] of the spine and pelvis. The term axial spondyloarthritis has only been used since 2009 ...673616315914 Axial spondyloarthritis]. The Lancet. 2017 Jul 1;390(10089):73-84.</ref>

'''Original Editor '''- [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/deborah-riczo/ Deborah Riczo], [[User:Wanda van Niekerk|Wanda van Niekerk]]<br> ...control evaluation of transversus abdominis. Spine. 1996 Nov 15;21(22):2640-50.</ref> showed that the inner core acts in an anticipatory way and that th

...Original Editor '''- [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/deborah-riczo/ Deborah Riczo], [[User:Wanda van Niekerk|Wanda van Niekerk]]<br> .../bmcpregnancychildbirth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12884-022-04426-3 "This is hard to cope with": the lived experience and coping strategies ad

...althcare utilization. Journal of general internal medicine. 2017 Aug;32:877-82.</ref>. The PROMIS Global Health-10 (PROMIS GH-10) is a subset of PROMIS which measures generic health related [[Quality of

...pain and dysfunction of lateral epicondylalgia.] Pain. 1996 Nov 1;68(1):69-74.</ref>Neural mobilization, as a treatment technique, was introduced nearl ...s/261-neural-manipulation.pdf https://www.iahe.com/docs/articles/261-neural-manipulation.pdf.] (Accessed 31 May 2022) </ref>

...7&hl=en&sa=T&oi=gsb&ct=res&cd=0&d=4835174966929252867&ei=33D_Y-b6G8K1ywTR2b-ACw&scisig=AAGBfm0_NiE12NAJ6fxWp2LhTVd1yZ0_wA Canine Thoracic Costovertebral ...ttps://search.proquest.com/openview/595da2c2b3fe6c63ffa1b49f7313fbc6/1%3Fpq-origsite%3Dgscholar%26cbl%3D2026366%26diss%3Dy&hl=en&sa=T&oi=gsb&ct=res&cd=0

...lobal Burden of Disease Study 2016. The Lancet. 2017 Sep 16;390(10100):1211-59.</ref> ...an interpret pain and desensitize the response It can be sensitized or over-reactive by our emotions, events that occur in our lives that may increase f

Meralgia Paraesthetica (MP), also known as Bernhardt-Roth or LFCN (lateral femoral cutaneus nervus) neuralgia, comes from the gre ...QDA&scisig=AAGBfm0Wo3TAlcO35eZFhbKtfEKiGluxUg Anatomical variations of the lumbar plexus: a descriptive anatomy study with proposed clinical implications]. J

...wska]] based on course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/instructor/rina-pandya/ Rina Pandya]<br> ...derstanding spine–hip interaction]. EFORT Open Reviews. 2020 Sep 7;5(9):522-33.</ref> The timing and activation of dynamic stabilisers are the most impo

...Braun J., Sieper J., Spondyloarthritides., Z Rheumatol. 2010 Jul; 69(5):425-32 :4: 2C</ref><ref name="p3" /> It is a diverse group of inflammatory arthr The brief video outlines these conditions

...based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/sasha-chelin/ Sasha Chelin] ...sment for the Equine Athlete. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract. 2016;32(1):31-47.</ref> Rather, they approach the assessment from a functional perspective

The short-form McGill Pain Questionnaire (SF-MPQ) is a shorter version of the original MPQ, and was developed later in 19 ...tional symptoms related to neuropathic pain, for a total of 22 items with 0-10 numerical response options.<ref name="Hawker" />

The deep buttock area has complicated anatomy and hasn't been explored in-depth in the literature<ref>McCrory P, Bell S (1999) Nerve entrapment syndro ...pain in the buttock.] Current Sports Medicine Reports. 2021 Jun 1;20(6):279-85.</ref>

...-18407751/?ppe=1 Sue Greenhalgh], [https://www.linkedin.com/in/chris-mercer-4628b58b/?ppe=1 Chris Mercer], ...wel. The most common cause of CES is a prolapse of a lumbar disc but other conditions such as metastatic spinal cord compression can also cause CES<ref name=":0"

...he effect of LLD on function, and its role in various neuromusculoskeletal conditions<ref name=":0" />.<br> ...om: https://www.podiatrytoday.com/keys-recognizing-and-treating-limb-length-discrepancy Last accessed 12.11.2019)</ref>

...s: an interdisciplinary challenge.] Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2013 Apr;110(16):278-84 (Level of evidence 2A)</ref><br>A difference exists between subjective an ...rospective randomized controlled study. J Psychosom Res. 2010 Sep;69(3):299-304 (Level of evidence 1B)</ref>

.... A year before, the developers had introduced the term [https://www.physio-pedia.com/Kinesiophobia kinesiophobia] at the Ninth Annual Scientific Meetin ...arn more about kinesiophobia and its clinical relevance [https://www.physio-pedia.com/Kinesiophobia here].

...l., 2015).]][[Scoliosis]] can be described as an abnormal curvature of the spine. The [[Cobb's angle|Cobb angle]] (fig.2) and Risser sign are measures commo ...n's orthopaedics. 2012 Dec 11;7(1):3-9.</ref>. It develops at the age of 11-18 and takes up 90% of idiopathic scoliosis cases in children. The female to

...the United States and internationally. The spine journal. 2008 Jan 1;8(1):8-20.</ref>.&nbsp; ...on interventions. Spine. 1997 Sep 15;22(18):2128-56.</ref><span style="line-height: 1.5em;">.</span>

...''Original Editor '''- [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/mauro-banfi/ Mauro Banfi] '''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributors/{{FULLPA ...ral dysfunctions such as increased tension of their anterior muscular peri-laryngeal chain.<ref name=":1" /> These postural dysfunctions can, however,

...Flexion Syndrome. Physical Therapy 35(4) pp. 336-351</ref><span style="line-height: 1.5em;">.</span> ...lysis of selected systems. Phys Ther. 78 pp. 708-737</ref><span style="line-height: 1.5em;">.</span>

...syndrome and related conditions. Movement Disor-ders. 2002 Sep 1;17(5):853-66. DOI: 10.1002/mds.10279</ref> ...y_neurosurgery/centers_clinics/neuroimmunology_and_neurological_infections/conditions/stiff_person_syndrome.html (accessed May 4, 2017).</ref>

...based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/ziya-altug/ Ziya Altug]<br>'''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributors/{{FULL ...Associated risk factors with low back pain in white-collar workers—A cross-sectional study]. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2022 Feb 25;11(5):1275.</ref

The Brief Pain Inventory - Short Form (BPI-sf) is a 9 item self-administered questionnaire used to evaluate the severity of a patient's The BPI-sf is a modification of the Brief Pain Inventory - Long Form, which includes

...den Hurst, Lee Janasek, Michael Porter and Jordan Thomas [http://www.physio-pedia.com/Pathophysiology_of_Complex_Patient_Problems from the Bellarmine Un ...Morange I, Brue T. Cushing’s Disease. Orphanet J of Rare Diseases. 2012; 1-9.</ref> The most common cause of Cushing’s syndrome is the use of oral co

.../learn/?search=&cat=0&sort-order=&accred=&country_state=0&tutor_select=nick-rainey/ Nick Rainey]<br>'''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributors/{{FU ...on a surgery, but they may be able to help the patient through the decision-making process and advise on relevant questions to ask the surgeon.<ref name

...riginal Editor '''- [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/deborah-riczo/ Deborah Riczo], [[User:Wanda van Niekerk|Wanda van Niekerk]]<br> ...e amount of force transferred from the ground and lower extremities to the spine and upper extremities.<ref name=":2" />

...t techniques can be utilized with these patients to address musculoskeletal-related dysfunction while also having a positive effect on psychosocial issu ...n following the accident. The doctor recommended routine labs and had had x-rays done showing no fractures. The lab values (CBC, CMP, erythrocyte sedime

...k therapy]. Gastroenterology Clinics of North America. 2008 Sep 1;37(3):569-86.</ref> ...abilitation]. Journal of neuroengineering and rehabilitation. 2013 Dec;10:1-1.</ref>

...based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/mauro-banfi/ Mauro Banfi]<br> ...MC5636236/ Effect of posture on swallowing]. Afr Health Sci. 2017;17(1):133-7.</ref> When working with patients who have dysfunction in these areas, it

...="Micheli and Wood 1995">El-Sayed A, Cervoni-Rosario B, Harrast MA. Lumbar spine. In: Krabak BJ, Brooks A, editors. The Youth Athlete. Elsevier; 2023. p. 35 * Lumbar muscle strain.

...based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/rina-pandya/ Rina Pandya]<br> '''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributors/{{F ...rasound Imaging in Neuromuscular Disorders.] J Neuromuscul Dis. 2018;5(1):1-10</ref>

...le from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/manual-therapy (last accessed 21.9.2019)</ref> [[File:Bas-peperzak-J1trUf0Lj3Q-unsplash.jpg|right|frameless]]

...13 </ref><ref name=":0">Aslan A. and Fynes M., [https://journals.lww.com/co-obgyn/Abstract/2007/04000/Symphysial_pelvic_dysfunction.7.aspx Symphyseal pe ...been discussed using a multitude of terms in the literature including pubo-sacroiliac arthropathy, pelvic insufficiency, symphysis pain syndrome, pelvi

...both the [[posture]] and gait pattern of pregnant women different from non-pregnant subjects.<ref name=":3">Forczek W;Staszkiewicz R. [http://www.actab ...cco ICN. [https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.2217/whe.12.59?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori:rid:crossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub%20%200pubmed Static and Dyna

...oot drop: where, why and what to do?. ''Pract Neurol''. 2008 Jun. 8 (3):158-69. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].</ref> Ankle and foot dorsiflexors, namely the tibi ...n be challenging because it may be a presentation of a range of pathologic conditions that localize along the full course of upper and lower motor neuron pathway

...population-based survey of physical therapists. Phys Ther 2005;85(11):1168-1180.</ref> Work-related low back pain (WRLBP) is a major cause of work absenteeism and accou

...ommonly occur in the lumbar regions but they can occur in all parts of the spine.<ref name=":0" /> ...ome for Children and Youth With Spina Bifida. PEDIATRICS. 2011;128(6):e1645-e1657.</ref>

[[File:Sagittal section of the lumbar spine Primal.png|thumb|Lumbar Spine]] ...Effects on Quality of Life]. Pain Management Nursing. 2020 Dec 1;21(6):579-86.</ref>

...tress-syndrome-1<nowiki/>(accessed 2.6.2022)</ref>. It presents as exercise-induced pain over the anterior [[tibia]] and is an early stress injury in th ...i=_eU0Y_H8BZCXywTOrbawDQ&scisig=AAGBfm3OdinnrYmQUWLRtFcZkUHgI0G7iA Exercise-induced leg pain in athletes: diagnostic, assessment, and management strateg

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[[Red Flags in Spinal Conditions|Red flags]] are clinical findings that are identified from a patient's medi ...anding of red flags for back pain.] Musculoskeletal care. 2015 Mar;13(1):42-50.</ref>

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...mulation. Available:http://needling.org/medical-needling/percutaneous-nerve-stimulation/ (accessed 1.11.2021)</ref>, see Below. ...ctrical nerve stimulation creates an electrical field that hyperpolarizes c-fibers preventing action potential propagation along the [[Pain Mechanisms|p

...ry investigation. International Journal of Osteopathic Medicine. 2018;27:14-22. </ref>. WMSDs are: ...ps://www.cdc.gov/workplacehealthpromotion/health-strategies/musculoskeletal-disorders/index.html</nowiki></ref>.

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...nts with non-specific chronic low back pain. Manual Therapy. 2010;15(3):240-247.</ref>.'''<u></u>''' ...f back pain used</span><ref name="Jones and Macfarlane" /><span style="line-height: 1.5em;">.</span>

...ropean guidelines for prevention in low back pain: November 2004. European Spine Journal. 2006 Mar;15(Suppl 2):s136.</ref> # Sub-acute is anything persisting between 6-12 weeks.

'''Original Editor '''- [http://www.physio-pedia.com/User:Kudzanayi_Ronald_Muzenda Kudzanayi Ronald Muzenda] and [[User ...gical classification of spinal cord injury. J Spinal Cord Med 2011; 34: 535-546</ref>{{#ev:vimeo|65471467|300}}

...BP) or [http://www.physio-pedia.com/Pregnancy_Related_Pelvic_Pain pregnancy-related pelvic girdle pain (PPGP)]. The last two patterns can occur separate ...cy-related low back pain]. Journal of nurse-midwifery. 1998 Sep 1;43(5):331-40.</ref><br>

...Stress fractures Available:https://radiopaedia.org/articles/stress-fracture-2?lang=us (accessed 12.12.2022)</ref> Stress fractures represent a spectrum This great 6-minute video sums up stress fractures.{{#ev:youtube|https://www.youtube.com/

.../ref><ref>Fett D, Trompeter K, Platen P. Back pain in elite sports: A cross-sectional study on 1114 athletes. PLoS One [Internet]. 2017 Jun 1 [cited 202 ...develop into persistent chronic LBP, degenerative disc disease and/or load-related spondylolytic injuries.<ref name=":1">Wu B, Chen CC, Wang J, Wang XQ

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...rs must be able to recognise these differences. This article explores multi-system characteristics, impairments, and interventions for children, adolesc ...living, and sport: a systematic review. J Occup Rehabil. 2005 Jun;15(2):253-72. </ref> The following questionnaires are recommended:<ref name=":1" />

...n. It is a highly enjoyable activity and is used to great effect as a cross-curricular teaching tool. ...rapy on muscle tone. Unpublished Master Thesis. Leeds Metrop Univ. 2006;4:1-57.</ref> This challenges the body in a multitude of ways for a variety of b

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...rrently due to her ongoing medical conditions. She reported taking over-the-counter medication for pain but they are not helping her much. She had bilat ...3N's are absent. She consumes 1 or 2 units of alcohol a month. She is a non-smoker.

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...on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/instructor/maha-tayseer-mohammad/ Maha Tayseer Mohammad]<br> == Plasticity-Based Approach ==

...Individuals with poor posture (Lewitt, 1980), scapular dyskinesis (Clifton-Smith & Rowley, 2011), low back pain (LBP) and neck pain have also been show ...pathology and non-specific breathing pattern disorders. Furthermore, a case-control study (Roussel et al, 2009) observing patients with chronic LBP foun

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...ased on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/ibukun-afolabi/ Ibukun Afolabi]<br>'''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributors/ ...and awareness of available treatment. OTJR (Thorofare N J). 2021;41(2):108-15. </ref> However, it is important to remember that the pelvic floor plays

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[https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/damien-howell/ Damien Howell]<br> ...ent abnormality.<ref>Rothstein JM, Echternach JL, Riddle DL. The hypothesis-oriented algorithm for Clinicians II (HOAC II): A guide for patient manageme

...ased on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/ibukun-afolabi/ Ibukun Afolabi]<br>'''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributors/ ...ing a healing environment. Perspectives in psychiatric care. 2006;42(4):262-4.</ref> For instance:

...ate physiotherapy practice in Alberta.] Physiotherapy Canada. 1995;47(1):30-4.</ref>: ...://guide.apta.org/subscribe https://guide.apta.org/interventions/categories-interventions] (accessed 11/05/2022)</ref><br />

...erapy intervention in sports-related concussion among young individuals age-group–A narrative review]. Saudi Journal of Sports Medicine. 2020 May 1;20 ...rs remains the structured clinical interview with a neuropsychologist. Self-report measures can play an important role in screening patients in the phys

<div class="editorbox"> '''Original Editor '''- [https://www.physio-pedia.com/User:Shreya_Pavaskar Shreya Pavaskar] <br> ...uscular dystrophies. Journal of neuromuscular diseases. 2015 Jan 1;2(s2):S7-19.</ref> Patterns of weakness can be variable - Scapuloperoneal or distal w

...wska]] based on course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/instructor/rina-pandya/ Rina Pandya]<br> ...apping hip syndrome Available:https://radiopaedia.org/articles/snapping-hip-syndrome?lang=us (accessed 30/10.2022)</ref>

...ussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universiteit Brussel's Evidence-based Practice project]] ...6dW_CMkDSJ7g2Cq9HrJrQijXiv9wOUmQMxXi0VgyT9-VKIc5SsYIxGg The use of platelet-rich plasma in the treatment of greater trochanteric pain syndrome: a system

...sed on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/marissa-fourie/ Marissa Fourie]<br> ...and function. Explanation and planning are the fourth steps in the Calgary-Cambridge model. For many patients, this step is their main reason for a vis

...ia. Available from: https://hipdysplasia.org/developmental-dysplasia-of-the-hip/ (accessed 10/01/2023)</ref>. '''Acetabular dysplasia''' itself refers ...ogy is still elusive. Multifactorial in nature, a combination of [[Genetic Conditions and Inheritance|genetic]], [[An Introduction to Environmental Physiotherapy

[[File:AFO-Swedish-Leaf-Side-Shoe.jpg|right|frameless|204x204px]] ...l orthosis ('TLSO') affects the thoracic, lumbar and sacral regions of the spine. It is also useful to describe the function of the orthosis.<br>Types of or

[[File:Osteoprosis of Spine.jpg|right|frameless]] ...1994 Nov. 4(6):368-81.</ref> Osteoporosis, in which low bone mass and micro-structural deterioration of bone tissue lead to increased bone fragility, it

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...ditorbox"> '''Original Editor '''- [[User:Tania Clifton-Smith|Tania Clifton-Smith]] '''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributors/{{FULLPAGENAME}}}}</ ...ide. It is essential in the metabolisation of energy.<ref name=":1">Clifton-Smith T. How We Breathe Course. Plus. 2020. </ref>

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...and debilitating illness. The most common form of the disease is relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis; however, several other forms exist.<ref name=" Multiple sclerosis (MS) involves an immune-mediated process in which an abnormal response of the body’s immune system

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...on type of cancer in men after skin cancer and is the second leading cancer-related cause of death in men. * It is slow-growing and affects one-third of all males by the age of 50<ref name="goodman">Goodman C, Synder T.

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...alth (ICF)]] framework to address the pathology of the disease in a patient-specific manner. ...sia, Central and South America<ref>Ravikumar S, Poysophon P, Poblete R, Kim-Tenser M. [https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fneur.2016.00063/ful

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...akaoka GB, Reis AC, Lucareli PR. [http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S2358-04292015000400006&script=sci_arttext Gluteus Maximus inhibition in proximal ...f Assessment and Management.] J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2016 Jun;46(6):483-93

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...ayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/peripheral-neuropathy/symptoms-causes/syc-20352061 (Last Accessed 24/03/2019)</ref>, which manifest with neurological ...kelton P, Clift Z. [https://hi.org/en/early-rehabilitation-in-conflicts-and-disasters Early Rehabilitation in Conflicts and Disasters]. Handicap Interna