#REDIRECT [[Introduction to Traumatic Brain Injury Course]]
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#REDIRECT [[Overview of Traumatic Brain Injury]]
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#REDIRECT [[Traumatic Brain Injury - Case Study Part 1]]
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#REDIRECT [[Case Study: Traumatic Brain Injury in an Elderly Woman]]
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#REDIRECT [[Rehabilitation of Acquired Brain Injury in Disasters and Conflicts]]
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#REDIRECT [[Case Study: Traumatic Brain Injury and Intimate Partner Violence (IPV)]]
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...d neurotransmitters related to volume transmission, in the [[Brain Anatomy|brain]].
...iological need for sleep across all species may therefore reflect that the brain must enter a state of activity that enables elimination of potentially neur
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...of a neurobehavioral functioning inventory for adults with traumatic brain injury. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 1996 Feb 1;77(2):116-24.
...Functioning Inventory as a depression screening tool after traumatic brain injury. The Journal of head trauma rehabilitation. 2005 Nov 1;20(6):512-26.</ref>
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...ing developed by participants of a project to populate the Traumatic Brain Injury Section of Physiopedia.
[[Category: Acquired Brain Injuries]][[Category:TBI Content Project]]
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...ing developed by participants of a project to populate the Traumatic Brain Injury Section of Physiopedia.
[[Category: Acquired Brain Injuries]][[Category:TBI Content Project]]
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[[Traumatic Brain Injury - Case Study Part 1]]
[[Traumatic Brain Injury - Case Study Part 2]]
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...r's dementia, chronic [[Overview of Traumatic Brain Injury|traumatic brain injury]] associated with boxing (CTBI-B), and punch-drunk syndrome. Dementia Pugil
...ner KC, Barth JT, Barnes R (1999). "Neuropsychology of sports-related head injury: Dementia pugilistica to post concussion syndrome". The Clinical Neuropsych
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...y|spinal cord injury]]; [[Brain Tumors|brain tumours]]; and [[Encephalitis|brain infections]].
* Infective - [[Encephalitis]] , [[Meningitis|Meningiti]]<nowiki/>s , Brain abscess.
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=== Acquired Brain Injury ===
...sources/neurology-section-outcome-measures-recommendations/traumatic-brain-injury]
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Traumatic brain injury with intracranial bleed, skull fracture, and diffuse brain oedema.
Sustained a traumatic brain injury following a road traffic accident on his bicycle. His bicycle was hit side
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[[Traumatic Brain Injury - Case Study Part 1]]
[[Traumatic Brain Injury - Case Study Part 2]]
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...ide and form part of the content for the [[Introduction to Traumatic Brain Injury Course|TBI MOOC]] that took place in November 2019.
...atic brain injury and the management of individuals with a traumatic brain injury. In return for your efforts you will receive a certificate of complet
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The thalamus serves as the main relay station for the [[Brain Anatomy|brain]]. Motor pathways, [[Limbic System|limbic]] pathways, and sensory pathways
...us also conducts motor signals and relays information from the [[Brainstem|brain stem]] to the cortex, coordinating shifts in consciousness such as waking u
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...optimal management of [[Overview of Traumatic Brain Injury|traumatic brain injury.]]
...ted during the recovery period. Patients are left at risk for severe brain injury in the event of a traumatic impact to the craniectomy site<ref>Schirmer CM,
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...e brain's primary somatic sensory cortex (see image 2), a region where the brain interprets input from other areas of the body. Research suggests that, the
...ly understood. New studies are consistently making findings about how this brain region works, and it is unlikely that we have identified all of its functio
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...Decompressive Craniectomy (DC)|Decompressive craniectomy]] (DC) to prevent injury to the craniectomy site during the postoperative period.
...st and when being transferred or turned to avoid injury to the unprotected brain.<ref>Pandit AS, Singhal P, Khawari S, Luoma AMV, Ajina S, Toma AK. [https:/
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...lphia: Lea e Febiger, 1825-1861</ref>. Is one of a pair of arteries on the brain that supplies oxygenated blood to most midline portions of the frontal lobe
...<ref name="tre">Trepel, M. Blutversorgung des Gehirns (Blood supply oft he brain). In: Trepel, M. Neuroanatomie (Neuroanatomy), 5. Edition. München: Urban
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...he acute recovery phase following [[Traumatic Brain Injury|traumatic brain injury]].<ref>Kreutzer JS, Caplan B, DeLuca J. Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsych
Patients with Traumatic brain Injury
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...ell being following a [[Overview of Traumatic Brain Injury|traumatic brain injury]]. Discharge planning should involve, from the outset, the patient and thei
...Brain-Injury-Inpatient-Care-Pathway-Neurorehabilitation.pdf Acquired Brain Injury Inpatient Care Pathway: Neurorehabilitation], which incorporates discharge
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== Life Expectancy Following Traumatic Brain Injury ==
Long-Term Survival After Traumatic Brain Injury Part II: Life Expectancy.
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...vel Mobility Assessment Tool.] The Center for Outcome Measurement in Brain Injury. 2006. (accessed August 26, 2019 ).</ref>
...aumatic brain injury. Part 2: Content validity and discriminability, Brain Injury, 2009;19(10):833-843<nowiki/>https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02
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Humans have big [[Brain Anatomy|brain]]<nowiki/>s and our frontal lobes, just behind the forehead, are particular
...le from:https://theconversation.com/frontal-lobe-paradox-where-people-have-brain-damage-but-dont-know-it-100923 (accessed 2.1.2021)</ref>
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Focus on sufficient repetition to stimulate brain reorganization using high levels of practice both in-therapy and out-of-the
Focus on sufficient intensity of training to stimulate brain reorganization, carefully matching the dynamic and changing needs of the pa
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== Brain Injury ==
...4 A 3-Step Process to Diagnose (or Rule Out) Concussion within 48 Hours of Injury: World Rugby Guideline] Raftery M, Kemp S, Patricios J, Makdissi M, Decq P.
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...tions can damage the frontal lobe, including [[stroke]], [[Traumatic Brain Injury|head trauma,]] and [[dementia]]<ref name=":0">Very well health [https://www
...k assessment and the niceties of social interaction; it is the area of the brain that deals with abstract concepts.
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...o be mediated by conditions such as as traumatic brain injury, spinal cord injury, phantom limb pain, and complex regional pain syndrome lead to neuropathic
...://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15322439.</ref><ref>1Moseley GL. Widespread brain activity during an abdominal task markedly reduced after pain physiology ed
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...mptoms made diagnosis difficult, so many theorised about the origin of the injury. Later, the Canadian diplomats and their families stationed in Havana descr
1-[[Brain Anatomy|White matter]]: composed of bundles of [[axons]] that are coated wi
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...akdissi M. Second impact syndrome or cerebral swelling after sporting head injury. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2012;11(1):21-23.</ref> Due to lack of characterizati
...window of vulnerability for approximately 10-15 days after an initial head injury. <ref name="Cantu" /> <ref name="McCrory" /> The rapid increase in intracra
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...do at any time in [https://members.physio-pedia.com/learn/traumatic-brain-injury-programme/ Plus,] it can be started and completed at any time that suits yo
...aypal-donate-btns">[https://members.physio-pedia.com/learn/traumatic-brain-injury-programme/ Go to the updated course on Plus ]</div>
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...hemisphere on either side of a central fissure. As the largest part of the brain, the cerebrum sits in front and on top of the brainstem and behind that sit
...ral lobe(green); [[Occipital Bone|occipital]] lobe(yellow) and [[Brainstem|Brain stem]](black); [[Cerebellum]](sky blue)
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...ptoms Questionnaire: a measure of symptoms commonly experienced after head injury and its reliability]. J Neurol. 1995 Sep;242(9):587-92.</ref>. It contains
...ncussion]] after a head trauma/ [[Overview of Traumatic Brain Injury|brain injury]]<ref name=":0" />.
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* [[Traumatic Brain Injury]] (TBI)
* Brain Tumour
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* This tiny little structure (it only accounts for less than 1% of the brain’s weight) is located just underneath the [[thalamus]], above the [[Pituit
...ps://kids.kiddle.co/Hypothalamus (accessed 29.12.2020)</ref><ref name=":0">Brain made simple [https://brainmadesimple.com/hypothalamus/ Hypothalamus] Availa
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.../pii/S0003999308000750 The Moss Attention Rating Scale for traumatic brain injury: Further explorations of reliability and sensitivity to change.] Archives o
...ii/S0003999306000992 Dimensions of disordered attention in traumatic brain injury: further validation of the Moss Attention Rating Scale.] Archives of physic
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...within our bodies, but instead, the changes in the neural pathways of the brain.
...cessing therapy (PRT) is to break the chronic pain cycle by retraining the brain to react to body signals properly.
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..." /> The costs involved in the care of a child with severe traumatic brain injury, extended over the individual’s lifetime, are significant.<ref name=":1"
...s="text-right"><ref>. Arkansas Children's. Recovering from Traumatic Brain Injury: Ryan's Story. Available from: https://youtu.be/YpdCspyn4co[last accessed 3
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...e recently being identified as a possible option to treat a wide range of brain disorders including [[depression]], [[Post-traumatic Stress Disorder|post-t
...y contexts.<ref>Buckner RL. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24174906/ The brain's default network: origins and implications for the study of psychosis]. Di
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...n order to operate, and the respiratory system needs instructions from the brain in order to operate.
...te respiratory distress syndrome following isolated severe traumatic brain injury. Journal of Intensive Care Medicine. 2022 Jan;37(1):68-74.</ref>. In this s
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...<ref name=":0">Johnson R. How do People get back to work after severe Head Injury? A 10 year Follow-up Study. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation. 1998; 8(1):6
...gnitive status and return to work after moderate to severe traumatic brain injury. ''Rehabilitation Psychology. 2019; 64''(4):435–444
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[[File:Human brain right.jpeg|thumb|Grey and white matter Human brain]]
...in tissue is abundant in the [[cerebellum]], [[cerebrum]], and [[Brainstem|brain stem]]. It also forms a butterfly-shaped portion of the central [[Spinal co
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...of preventive strategies by identifying the main causes of traumatic brain injury, the factors contributing to severity, the most prevalent age groups and ot
...dence and severity, in conjunction with identification of the mechanism of injury, allow us to design appropriate health care services from subacute and emer
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...ith other members of the [[Interdisciplinary Management of Traumatic Brain Injury|multidisciplinary team]] is extremely beneficial, and on occasion, joint as
== Possible Symptoms following Acute Traumatic Brain Injury ==
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...s, and form myelin. Although there are about 86-100 billion neurons in the brain, glial cells are the most abundant cells in the [[Introduction to Neuroanat
...Institute Types of Glia Available:https://qbi.uq.edu.au/brain-basics/brain/brain-physiology/types-glia (accessed 21.1.2023)</ref><ref name=":4">Ludwig PE, D
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...5):311-324. doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2016.03.002</ref>[[File:Traumatic Brain Injury Subtypes.jpg|center|thumb|700x700px|
'''''Traumatic Brain Injury Subtypes.'''''
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...y demands are typically high. This includes skeletal muscle, the heart and brain, though this enzyme is found in a number of other tissues as well. Within t
...y tissues and cells that need substantial amounts of ATP, for instance the brain, skeletal muscles, and the heart, with this much needed ATP. Creatine phosp
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...is removed in order to perform surgery on the [[Brain Anatomy|brain]]<ref>Brain & Spine Foundation. [https://www.brainandspine.org.uk/our-publications/our-
*Brain [[Brain Tumors|tumors]].
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...al amnesia, is a psychiatric disorder with no known underlying damage to a brain structure and commonly results from emotional trauma<ref name=":1" />.
...xposing them to important elements or articles from the past. Areas of the brain damaged in RA are the temporal lobes and prefrontal cortex<ref name=":2">Th
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...r mode of stimulation. The goal of this technique is the activation of the brain, improving the patient’s responsiveness, improving the transmission of th
...stimulation to improve arousal in comatose patients after traumatic brain injury: a systematic review of the literature.] Neurological Sciences. 2020 Sep;41
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== Mechanism of Injury / Pathological Process<br> ==
...bellum's involvement in autonomic, emotional and even cognitive aspects of brain function.<ref>Kebschull JM, Casoni F, Consalez GG, Goldowitz D, Hawkes R, R
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[[File:CT scan brain.jpg|right|frameless|249x249px]]
== Mechanism of Injury / Pathological Process ==
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...the wrong place, in too high of a concentration and for too long can cause brain cell damage or death.
...f the central nervous system and the most abundant neurotransmitter in the brain. It is stored within vesicles in [[Axons|axon]] terminals and released via
5 KB (659 words) - 11:16, 17 February 2023
...r FM. Visual Deficits and Dysfunctions Associated with Traumatic Brain Injury: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Optom Vis Sci. 2019;96(8):542�
...n and accommodative disturbances in vision are common after mild Traumatic brain injuries. Oculomotor deficits in accommodative and binocular vision dysfunc
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...yered unit of membranous connective tissue that covers the [[Brain Anatomy|brain]] and [[Spinal cord anatomy|spinal cord]]. They envelope the central nervou
...stem<ref name=":0">Thought Co Meninges Available:https://www.thoughtco.com/brain-anatomy-meninges-4018883 (accessed 4.5.2022)</ref>.
9 KB (1,254 words) - 23:21, 27 March 2024
...ion in the form of electrical impulses from the eye to the [[Brain Anatomy|brain]]. Damage to an optic nerve can cause loss of vision. The type of vision l
...erve is really an extension of the central nervous system ([[Brain Anatomy|brain]]). It is not surrounded by Schwann cells with the first sensory bipolar ce
10 KB (1,556 words) - 05:07, 30 March 2022
...t al. [https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmech.2021.705653/full Brain Shape Changes Associated With Cerebral Atrophy in Healthy Aging and Alzheim
...the pediatric age group, where it carries forward the small volume of the brain into middle age. It is important to note that some atrophic changes may be
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It supplies 20% of blood to the [[Brain Anatomy|brain]] (mainly hindbrain) along with the [[Internal Carotid Artery|internal caro
...and facet joints where it may be compressed by [[osteophyte]] formation or injury to the [[Facet Joints|facet joint.]]
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[[Injury Patterns in Disasters and Conflicts]]
[[Rehabilitation of Acquired Brain Injury in Disasters and Conflicts]]
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|Traumatic Brain Injury Programme
== Introduction to Traumatic Brain Injury course - October 2019 ==
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...iegas DB, Held K, Wagner P. Cognitive Impairment Following Traumatic Brain Injury. Curr Treat Options Neurol. 2002 Jan;4(1):43–57.</ref> Domains of cogniti
...nd slowness of information processing after severe traumatic brain injury. Brain Inj. 2004 Mar;18(3):257–72.</ref>
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...mb|620x620px|Therapeutic Potential of Neurotrophins for Repair After Brain Injury]]
...of BDNF and exercise intensity in humans with [[Spinal Cord Injury|spinal injury]].
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...omplex process that depends on sensory organs, [[Neurone|nerves]], and the brain<ref name=":0" />.
...tic development and its connections to older, subconscious portions of the brain (olfactory cortex and its' connections to the limbic system, which is impor
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...:Alzheimer's disease brain comparison.jpg|499x499px|alt=|thumb|Alzheimer's brain comparison]]
...h or caused later by environmental factors such as [[Brain Anatomy|brain]] injury, mental illness, and neurological disorders. Not every elderly will have a
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...ion of the blood–brain barrier (BBB), peripheral blood cells infiltration, brain edema, and the discharge of numerous immune mediators including chemotactic
...f secondary injury and their contribution to the severity of the secondary injury might vary.
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...o assist clinicians in making return to play decisions following mild head injury.
...disease]], [[Multiple Sclerosis (MS)|multiple sclerosis]], traumatic brain injury, blast exposure in the military. Blunt trauma to the head can cause persist
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...agic nature in the cerebral white matter of the premature infant. It is an injury which can lead to deficits of physical, cognitive or behavioral deficits an
...'communication exchange''' between different regions of gray matter in the brain. White matter lies beneath the gray matter and superficial to the spinal co
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...lexes beyond the usual ages of integration is suggestive of ischemic brain injury.
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...me=":0">Shukla D, Devi BI, Agrawal A. Outcome measures for traumatic brain injury. Clinical neurology and neurosurgery. 2011;113(6):435-41.</ref>
...effectively reflect the complex range of factors affecting traumatic brain injury outcomes. <ref name=":0" />
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[[Neuroplasticity]] refers to the brain's ability to reorganize itself by forming new neural connections throughout
...m, M., & Van Vleet, T. M. Neuroplasticity and clinical practice: Building brain power for health. Frontiers in Psychology, 2014. 5, 1-15.</ref>
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...vere, catastrophic brain injury are more likely to die due to the level of injury and the limited availability of neurosurgery and ventilatory care, rehabili
...ftercare information to patients with mild brain injury or suspected brain injury, including how to recognise the following signs of deterioration. <ref nam
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...sy Introduction|cerebral palsy]], [[Traumatic Brain Injury|traumatic brain injury]], pediatric hypertonia and central nervous system lesions<br>
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...the ethmoid bone, through its perforations, and reach the [[Brain Anatomy|brain]] where it innervates the olfactory bulb.
* The olfactory cortex are the parts of the brain that receive and process the sensory input.<ref name=":0">Crespo, C., Liber
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...and correlates of the PHQ-2 and PHQ-9 after traumatic brain injury.] Brain injury. 2017 Dec 6;31(13-14):1871-5.</ref>
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...[https://www.physio-pedia.com/Overview_of_Traumatic_Brain_Injury traumatic brain injuries] (TBI), have several methods of classification, breaking them down
Symptoms included: difficulty concentrating or remembering , brain fog, feeling more emotional or slowed down, irritability or sadness or nerv
5 KB (736 words) - 14:21, 21 August 2023
...he [[Brain Anatomy|brain]] for example, after a [[stroke]], head injury or brain tumor. Aphasia leaves a person unable to communicate effectively with other
...on of language and is often caused by diseases and disorders affecting the brain, with cerebrovascular accident being the most common cause<ref name=":1">Le
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[[File:Spinal Cord Injury Centre.jpeg|thumb|SCI centre]]
Spinal [[shock]] is often a sequel of severe [[Spinal Cord Injury|spinal cord injury (SCI)]], usually resulting from high-impact, direct trauma, the patient wit
7 KB (989 words) - 13:38, 8 January 2023
...e is secreted by the pituitary gland (a small structure at the base of the brain), and helps bone, muscle and organs grow. <ref>Bioserum Not all growth fact
...ing for a speedier return to play following muscle and particularly tendon injury. <ref>Creaney L, Hamilton B. Growth factor delivery methods in the manageme
7 KB (897 words) - 11:06, 18 October 2023
...f>Lathia C, Skelton P, Clift Z, Chapter.7 Early Rehabilitation of Acquired Brain Injuries. Lathia C, Skelton P, Clift Z. [https://resources.relabhs.org/reso
...ng with right-sided weakness and loss of sensation due to left-sided brain injury, indicating likely parietal and frontal lobe involvement with rib pain limi
8 KB (1,176 words) - 10:46, 1 June 2022
pupils with acquired brain injuries in a residential
...njury in Paediatrics|TBI (Traumatic Brain Injury]]) or ABI (Acquired Brain Injury)), with consideration for their strengths and limitations relating to parti
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[[File:Brain .png.jpeg|right|frameless|300x300px]]
[[Brain Anatomy|Brain]] function varies normally as people pass from childhood through adulthood
11 KB (1,611 words) - 23:11, 13 November 2023
...ssing the increase in the population of people leaving with acquired brain injury.
...falls (last accessed 03/09/2019) </ref> Falls tie age with traumatic brain injury in a two-way relationship: [[File:Screenshot 2019-10-24 at 12.09.31.png|t
14 KB (2,041 words) - 09:19, 25 February 2022
[[File:Boxing fighter.jpeg|thumb|Boxing injury]]
...trauma. It is characterised by the accumulation of tau protein within the brain, which leads to cognitive, behavioural, and physical impairments over time.
10 KB (1,419 words) - 19:17, 27 June 2023
...njury or trauma, usually have psychological and emotional response to this injury and mental health issues such [[depression]], [https://www.physio-pedia.co
....com/articles/sc2016135 Self-harm and suicide before and after spinal cord injury: a systematic review.] Spinal Cord. 2017 Jan;55(1):2-7. </ref><ref>Khazem L
10 KB (1,519 words) - 17:07, 4 July 2023
...consciousness and coma” following an [[Traumatic Brain Injury|acute brain injury]]<ref>Teasdale G, Jennett B. [https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/art
...Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS)], which evaluates persistent disability after brain damage. <ref>Frej M, Frej J. The Glasgow Structured Approach to Assessment
14 KB (1,972 words) - 06:07, 9 November 2022
Concussion is a complex injury that can have far-reaching consequences for an individual, families, and so
...ead injury and mTBI ( [[Overview of Traumatic Brain Injury|Traumatic Brain Injury]]) are used interchangeably in the literature with varying definitions. Her
15 KB (2,231 words) - 12:58, 24 January 2023
...refore, teamwork is one of the most fundamental factors in traumatic brain injury rehabilitation and an essential element of comprehensive patient care and i
...ry intensive outpatient program in treating combat-related traumatic brain injury and psychological health conditions]. Frontiers in neurology. 2021 Jan 18;1
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== Mechanism of Injury / Pathological Process ==
...e properly. This leads to an increased amount of K+ in the [[Brain Anatomy|brain.]]
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[[File:PET scan brain.png|right|frameless|409x409px]]
Image 1: PET scan brain
9 KB (1,361 words) - 07:05, 8 April 2021
...connecting the [[Spinal cord anatomy|spinal cord]] and the [[Brain Anatomy|brain]].<ref>Faraguna U, Ferrucci M, Giorgi FS, Fornai F. The functional anatomy
...eurons]] that serve as a major integration and relay center for many vital brain systems to coordinate functions necessary for survival.
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[[Traumatic Brain Injury - Case Study Part 1]]
=== 2 Months Post Injury ===
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...and Mobility Scale-a balance measure for individuals with traumatic brain injury. Clinical Rehabilitation. 2006 Oct;20(10):885-95.</ref>.
...dividuals older adults and for persons with [[Traumatic Brain Injury|brain injury]], [[Cerebral Palsy Introduction|cerebral palsy]] or [[stroke]] (including
8 KB (1,098 words) - 02:11, 7 November 2022
...ion (the archaic core of those pathways connecting the spinal cord and the brain)<ref>Faraguna U, Ferrucci M, Giorgi FS, Fornai F. The functional anatomy of
...thing pattern, extension pattern in upper - and lower limbs)<ref name=":0">Brain made simple Rubrospinal tract Available:https://brainmadesimple.com/rubrosp
6 KB (908 words) - 02:40, 26 April 2022
...nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/501342 A practical scale to assess cognition after head injury.] Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 1979 Nov.</ref> The GOAT is design
...alveston Orientation and Amnesia Test is primarily used on traumatic brain injury patients with closed head injuries. <ref name=":1" /> Modified versions of
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# Most commonly by a disturbance of the brain or spinal cord (the central nervous system, or CNS), or
# Seldom by an injury to the peripheral nerves.
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Infantile or congenital [[hemiplegia]] refers to brain injuries that occur before or at birth and lead to hemiplegia. Juvenile hem
...legia is the physical manifestation of an injury to a specific area of the brain that controls motor function. Hemiplegia may develop suddenly, or evolve ov
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* If unable to stand for 5 seconds or less client at greater risk of injury from [[Falls Risk Assessment Tool (FRAT): An Overview to Assist Understandi
* [[Traumatic Brain Injury|Traumatic brain injury]]
5 KB (621 words) - 20:56, 7 April 2023
...le disorder; it has many causes that share the hallmark of a seizure, when brain function is disrupted, often dramatically.
* When seizures remain isolated in just one part of the [[Brain Anatomy|brain]], they can be very small and can even pass by unnoticed.
11 KB (1,546 words) - 13:16, 6 January 2022
...cipital Bone|occipital]] cortex of both hemispheres of the [[Brain Anatomy|brain]].<ref name=":2">Kozlovskiy SA, Nikonova EY, Pyasik MM, Velichkovsky BM. Th
...pre-determined mode network of the brain. In other words, a system in the brain that stays active even when you aren’t paying attention to external stimu
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...oma: Types, Causes, Treatments, Prognosis Available: https://www.webmd.com/brain/coma-types-causes-treatments-prognosis<nowiki/>(accessed 19.5.2022)</ref>
...m a decrease in the supply of glucose or [[oxygen]] to the [[Brain Anatomy|brain]]. A myriad of etiologies may lead to essential substrate disruption with d
11 KB (1,534 words) - 12:14, 29 September 2022
...viduals or those with impairments e.g. traumatic brain injury, spinal cord injury, getting back up off the ground and into a chair is one of the most difficu
3 KB (444 words) - 09:10, 29 July 2021
...are the pathways by which motor signals are sent from the [[Brain Anatomy|brain]] to lower [[Motor Neurone|motor neurone]]<nowiki/>s. The lower motor neuro
...motor neurones. Their cell bodies are found in the cerebral cortex or the brain stem, with their axons remaining within the CNS<ref name=":0">teach me anat
8 KB (1,056 words) - 04:36, 27 April 2022
...ls]], which create cerebral spinal fluid (CSF), line the ventricles of the brain and central canal of the spinal cord
...s it in neutral buoyancy to a net weight of about 25 gm. Hence, the entire brain density is cushioned, protecting it from crushing into the [[Skull|bony cra
9 KB (1,362 words) - 13:45, 15 July 2021
*Neck pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience that the brain uses to protect the neck against a perceived threat
*The perceived threat may be associated with injury to the muscles, ligaments, discs, nerves, or joints, but most neck pain is
7 KB (973 words) - 19:58, 17 October 2020
...tic Brain Injury|acquired brain injury]], [[Spinal Cord Injury|spinal cord injury]], [[stroke]], [[Motor Neurone Disease MND|motor neurone disease]], normal
...ex.php/Hip hip] joints, problems with proprioception, [[Frontal Lobe Brain Injury|frontal lobe dysfunction]] or even vascular [[claudication]].
7 KB (1,093 words) - 12:16, 13 September 2023
...o retain water. The human body is made up of around 60-70% water, with the brain needing around 70-80% water. The blood requires around 50% water in the cir
...y discusses hydration and blood osmolarity and the triggers that alert the brain of the need for production of ADH.
12 KB (1,699 words) - 15:44, 20 June 2023
...pithelial neoplasms, ~10% of all paediatric brain tumours and up to 33% of brain tumours occurring in those less than 3 years of age<ref name=":6">Radiopedi
...er treatment<ref>Web Md Ependymoma Available: https://www.webmd.com/cancer/brain-cancer/what-is-ependymoma (accessed 11.5.2022)</ref>.
9 KB (1,191 words) - 03:06, 11 May 2022
...rosis (MS)|Multiple Sclerosis]], [[Spinal Cord Injury]], [[Traumatic Brain Injury]], and more.
3 KB (432 words) - 18:30, 21 February 2024
...]], to the [[Cerebral Cortex|brain]]. If the central nervous system or the brain deteriorate, as a result of [[Older People - An Introduction|age]] or illne
* As we age the level of stimulation required to make the brain aware of a [[sensation]] also rises (effectively reducing the sensitivity o
10 KB (1,424 words) - 15:21, 10 November 2022
...71/journal.pone.0253206 A meta-analysis of cohort studies: Traumatic brain injury and risk of Alzheimer’s Disease]. PLoS one. 2021 Jun 22;16(6):e0253206.</
...matic brain injury derived from an external source and non-traumatic brain injury derived from either an internal or external source.
24 KB (3,524 words) - 05:52, 23 June 2023
...mplications for Alzheimer’s Disease. Role of the Mediterranean Diet in the Brain and Neurodegenerative Diseases]. 2018 Jan 1:223-38.Available: https://www.s
...n Anatomy|brain]] as it controls the amount of glucose that is sent to the brain. Proper insulin levels are needed to enhance [[memory]] and learning.<ref n
7 KB (1,015 words) - 13:16, 6 January 2022
...f a single small perforating artery supplying the subcortical areas of the brain.
...for different pathological processes that affect the small vessels of the brain. cSVD has a crucial role in lacunar cerebral infarction and deep or cortica
10 KB (1,392 words) - 23:23, 9 January 2020
...ng information on all aspects of management of individual with spinal cord injury. Much of the structure of the content for this new section is guided by the
...on spinal cord injuries and the management of individuals with spinal cord injury. In return for your efforts you will receive a certificate of complet
12 KB (1,795 words) - 17:53, 21 June 2023
...brain injury (whether caused by stroke, cerebral palsy, or acquired brain injury) a person with hemiplegia experiences a marked change in postural tone and
5 KB (737 words) - 19:41, 4 July 2023
...eurological assessments of sensorimotor, [[proprioception]], and cognitive brain function. It consists of a wheelchair and upper extremity exoskeleton that
...tests can give researchers insight into the cognitive, motor, and sensory brain function of normal and impaired subjects.
8 KB (1,143 words) - 19:35, 4 July 2023
...n of damage to the nerve pathway in the [[midbrain]], which is between the brain and [[Spinal cord anatomy|spinal cord]]. The midbrain controls motor moveme
...osturing usually means there has been severe damage to the [[Brain Anatomy|brain]]<ref>M S Hershey Medical centre. [http://pennstatehershey.adam.com/content
5 KB (700 words) - 17:17, 28 October 2023
...tem as well. These tracts travel both to the brain (afferent) and from the brain (efferent) such as the [[Somatosensation|somatosensory]] pathways and the [
...y complex and important.[[File:4 week embryo brain.jpg|thumb|4 week embryo brain|241x241px]]
11 KB (1,512 words) - 22:07, 24 March 2024
* [[Overview of Traumatic Brain Injury|Traumatic Brain Injury]] or [[Assessment and Management of Concussion|Concussion]]
5 KB (642 words) - 18:39, 31 January 2024
...ncement of pain transmission, and changes that occur as a result of tissue injury.
...bition]]: Define and describe the the differences between them in terms of brain sites and neurotransmitters that play a role in this process. And how these
7 KB (916 words) - 09:04, 28 July 2023
[[File:Wheelchair 4.jpg|thumb|Psychosocial considerations in spinal cord injury]]
...th problems.<ref name=":7">Chevalier Z, Kennedy P, Sherlock O. Spinal cord injury, coping and psychological adjustment: a literature review. Spinal Cord 2009
15 KB (2,088 words) - 17:56, 16 March 2022
...mage to independence and physical function and many complications from the injury eg. Neurogenic bladder and bowel, urinary tract infections, [[Pressure Ulce
[[Image:Spinal-cord-injury-symptoms.png|center|420x455px]]
10 KB (1,547 words) - 07:47, 4 November 2022
...athways for carrying movement-related information from the [[Brain Anatomy|brain]] to the spinal cord and has approximately 1 million nerve fibres (average
...n in humans and is most directly in control of fine, digital movements<ref>Brain made simple [https://brainmadesimple.com/corticospinal-tract/ CST] Availabl
14 KB (1,962 words) - 21:14, 26 June 2023
.... His pupils were equal and reactive to light. He showed no other signs of injury but paramedics were concerned as John may have inhaled some water during th
*Cervical Spine: Unstable C6 Compression Fracture or Axial Loading Injury (Burst Fracture)
5 KB (710 words) - 03:55, 14 June 2022
...privation of oxygen supply to the brain''', also termed an '''anoxic brain injury'''. <ref name=":1">Greco P, Nencini G, Piva I, Scioscia M, Volta CA, Spadar
Attributing neonatal encephalopathy to perinatal hypoxic–ischemic injury requires combinations of parameters indicative of metabolic acidosis in the
12 KB (1,713 words) - 20:51, 28 August 2023
...nity reintegration as well as employment potential after a traumatic brain injury. Therefore, it is important to recognise the potential risks of those patho
...everal complications can occur immediately or soon after a traumatic brain injury, but others might not be recognised until the rehabilitation stage. Severe
23 KB (3,192 words) - 12:57, 15 March 2022
...ction during acute or long-term injury. This includes soft-tissue and bony injury, as well as changes as a result of [[Spasticity|neurological changes]]. The
* Does the injury need to be protected from particular movements?
10 KB (1,435 words) - 19:54, 5 January 2023
...spinal cord]], in which pain signals can be sent up to the [[Brain Anatomy|brain]] to be processed to accentuate the possible perceived pain, or attenuate i
* If the gate is open, pain signals can pass through and will be sent to the brain to perceive the pain. <ref name=":0" />
12 KB (1,810 words) - 02:24, 30 April 2022
...[[Overview of Traumatic Brain Injury|brain damage]] or death<ref name=":1">Brain foundation [https://brainfoundation.org.au/disorders/encephalitis/ Encephal
...equine virus, dengue virus, and [[rabies]] virus. The transmission to the brain is via hematogeneous spread.<ref name=":2" /> <ref>Fisher DL, Defres S, Sol
10 KB (1,309 words) - 06:28, 30 September 2022
...Injury|traumatic brain injury (TBI)]], or [[Spinal Cord Injury|spinal cord injury (SCI)]]. Some examples of how VR simulations can be used in neurological re
...-based interventions.<ref>Rose FD, Brooks BM, Rizzo AA. Virtual reality in brain damage rehabilitation: Review. Cyberpsychol Behav. 2005;8(3):241-262. doi:1
11 KB (1,497 words) - 12:42, 21 September 2023
[[File:Brain and spinal cord tracts.jpeg|thumb|400x400px|Brain and Spinal cord tracts]]
...one|nerves]], streamlines sensory and motor signals to the [[Brain Anatomy|brain]] and the body. Information detected by sensory receptors in the periphery
9 KB (1,300 words) - 01:27, 30 April 2022
=== Epidemiology of Traumatic Brain Injuries in LMICs ===
...Carretta A, Nicolosi F, Morselli C. Epidemiology of severe traumatic brain injury. ''Journal of neurosurgical sciences. 2018;62''(5):535-541
19 KB (2,674 words) - 01:02, 24 August 2022
...tion of the perforating cerebral arterioles, [[capillaries]], venules, and brain parenchyma, detected on magnetic resonance imaging ([[MRI Scans|MRI]]) as [
...rect.com/science/article/pii/S2666602223000290 Small-vessel disease in the brain]. American Heart Journal Plus: Cardiology Research and Practice. 2023 Mar 1
9 KB (1,092 words) - 14:19, 19 March 2024
*Acquired Brain Injury
*[[Overview of spinal cord injuries|Spinal Cord Injury]]
15 KB (2,049 words) - 11:24, 24 November 2023
...atients with [[stroke]]<ref name=":0" />, [[Spinal Cord Injury|spinal cord injury]] and [[Cerebral Palsy Introduction|cerebral palsy]]<ref name=":1">Stroke E
Note the presence of [[Contracture Management in Spinal Cord Injury|contractures]] and/or a clasp-knife response before examination<ref name=":
5 KB (646 words) - 15:59, 21 August 2022
...bers that carry information from the higher centers of the [[Brain Anatomy|brain]] to the peripheral parts of the body.
...number of [[Reflexes|reflex]] actions performed by the body<ref name=":0">Brain made simple Vestibulospinal tracts Available: https://brainmadesimple.com/v
6 KB (827 words) - 06:01, 27 April 2022
** Vestibular rehabilitation can be introduced as a tool to retrain the brain to improve movement and stability<ref name=":1">Nielsen G, Stone J, Matthew
* [[Overview of Traumatic Brain Injury|Traumatic Brain Injury]] or [[Assessment and Management of Concussion|Concussion]]
7 KB (922 words) - 12:37, 14 May 2024
...ury for the Plus course: Bladder and Bowel Considerations with Spinal Cord Injury.
== Bladder Dysfunction in Spinal Cord Injury ==
14 KB (1,929 words) - 12:10, 14 May 2024
...oach to neurological rehabilitation and physiotherapy post-traumatic brain injury should observe [[neuroplasticity]], [[Motor Control and Learning|motor lear
...an integral part of the [[Interdisciplinary Management of Traumatic Brain Injury|MDT/IDT neurological rehabilitation team]] and neurological physiotherapy i
24 KB (3,148 words) - 15:11, 16 December 2022
...contractures. It is a debilitating problem for patients with a spinal cord injury. Contractures result from a loss in the extensibility of the soft tissue st
...rticles/sc201225 Incidence and predictors of contracture after spinal cord injury—a prospective cohort study.] Spinal cord. 2012 Aug;50(8):579-84.</ref>
12 KB (1,695 words) - 13:00, 7 April 2023
The [[hypothalamus]] (see gif R), which sits at the base of the brain, acts as the body's thermostat. It is triggered by pyrogens, which flow fro
== Head Injury Fever ==
14 KB (1,966 words) - 10:18, 5 January 2022
...te or Severe Traumatic Brain Injury Compared With Children With Orthopedic Injury. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation. 2019; 34(2): 122-131</ref>
9 KB (1,224 words) - 13:36, 31 March 2024
...s termed a cranial nerve as it was originally believed to originate in the brain. It has both a cranial and a spinal part, though debate still rages regardi
Injury to the SAN causes varying degrees of disfunction to the Trapezius muscle an
8 KB (1,056 words) - 08:13, 27 March 2019
...nagement of bladder dysfunction and satisfaction of life after spinal cord injury in Norway. The journal of spinal cord medicine. 2014 May 1;37(3):310-6.</re
...ame=":0">Sezer N, Akkuş S, Uğurlu FG. Chronic complications of spinal cord injury. World journal of orthopedics. 2015 Jan 18;6(1):24.</ref>
11 KB (1,458 words) - 09:10, 29 July 2021
Memory is the capability of the brain to encode, store, and retrieve information or data when they are needed. Wi
Image 2: The identified areas of the human brain are involved in memory formation. See [[Hippocampus]]; [[Cingulate Gyrus|Ci
9 KB (1,270 words) - 14:33, 5 October 2023
...infancy or early childhood resulting from damage to the brain". The brain injury is permanent, although interventions, particularly physiotherapy, in infanc
...imulation for Rehabilitation of Paediatric Motor Disorders Following Brain Injury: Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials.] Archives of physical m
9 KB (1,275 words) - 10:28, 2 November 2023
...sts across the UK offering treatment in dedicated physiotherapy and sports injury clinics as well as many who will treat people in their own homes.
...re are specialist inpatient units all over the UK for strokes or traumatic brain injuries which will have different equipment and clinically specialised phy
10 KB (1,494 words) - 09:37, 31 March 2021
*Head injury
*Musculoskeletal disorders including sports injury, rehabilitation following fractures
5 KB (640 words) - 12:32, 14 October 2021
...l between the soma and axon terminals. Each neuron in your [[Brain Anatomy|brain]] has an axon that snakes away from the main part of the cell. Several time
...t a millimetre or so, but the longest ones, such as those that go from the brain down the [[Spinal cord anatomy|spinal cord]], can extend for more than a me
11 KB (1,518 words) - 06:19, 7 July 2022
...standing the expected timeline of wound healing and the body's response to injury is vital in patient education and differentiating normal wound healing from
....2020)</ref> and is often considered an inevitable consequence of physical injury in disaster and conflict setting. However, pain management is often neglect
26 KB (3,595 words) - 11:15, 17 February 2023
...], spinal cord injury, multiple sclerosis, cerebral palsy, traumatic brain injury, pediatric hypertonia and central nervous system lesions<ref name=":1">Morr
...Scale and the Modified Ashworth Scale in adult patients with severe brain injury: a comparison study. Clinical rehabilitation. 2005 Nov;19(7):751-9.</ref>
7 KB (984 words) - 11:43, 13 April 2021
...s]. Kirsten Hart MSc, Clinical Specialist Physiotherapist, National Spinal Injury Centre, Stoke Mandeville Hospital, Buckinghamshire Healthcare NHS Trust. (2
...023/60023.pdf Spasticity in Children and Young People with Non-Progressive Brain Disorders: Management of Spasticity and Co-Existing Motor Disorders and the
6 KB (677 words) - 14:33, 14 December 2022
...rosis (MS)|Multiple sclerosis]], [[Traumatic Brain Injury|traumatic brain injury]] can impair an individual's cognition, which can lead to the requirement o
...n of external aid should be a standard practice in treating acquired brain injury. Another review<ref>Johnson KL, Bamer AM, Yorkston KM, Amtmann D. Use of co
7 KB (962 words) - 11:15, 12 March 2024
...]] and transfers. It was developed in 1991 to be used after stroke or head injury<ref name=":0">Collen FM, Wade DT, Robb GF, Bradshaw CM. [https://pubmed.ncb
...agnosis of [[Stroke]], [[Overview of Traumatic Brain Injury|Acquired Brain Injury]], Lower Limb [[Amputations|Amputation]] or [[Multiple Sclerosis (MS)|Multi
9 KB (1,311 words) - 15:04, 23 June 2022
...ich in a multistep process is converted to serotonin in other parts of the brain. Some serotonin made makes its way to the pineal gland and is converted to
...ntiation of night from day, to the internal ‘master’ clock (located in the brain’s suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)).
9 KB (1,184 words) - 08:08, 20 January 2023
...spinal cord injury]], [[Overview of Traumatic Brain Injury|traumatic brain injury]]<ref name=":2">Shirley Ryan Ability lab.Rehabilitation measures database.A
9 KB (1,195 words) - 12:29, 20 November 2023
...romuscular and Genetic Disorders|congenital]] brain defects, [[Spinal Cord Injury|spinal cord trauma]] and [[Infectious Disease|infection]].
* Syringomyelia due to spinal cord injury: Fewer than 10% of syringomyelia cases are of this type.
8 KB (1,104 words) - 03:02, 8 May 2022
...for people with disability, particularly for those with a traumatic brain injury. <ref name="WHO">World Health Organisation. Physical Activity. Available at
==Physical Activity and Traumatic Brain Injury==
30 KB (4,176 words) - 18:20, 28 February 2022
...the entire body. With such an important role, decreased function caused by injury or maladaptive change can induce symptoms of the disease
...ience syncopal episodes due to a lack of blood flow to the [[Brain Anatomy|brain]], or their [[Kidney|kidneys]] might start to release [[Renin-Angiotensin D
6 KB (880 words) - 11:45, 3 August 2022
...definite diagnosis will only come if the family requests a [[Brain Anatomy|brain]] autopsy at time of death<ref name=":0" />.
# [[Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy]]: repeated head injury can often present with parkinsonian features.
6 KB (737 words) - 06:48, 24 January 2024
...l Cortex|Cerebrum (Cortex)]], [[Basal Ganglia]], Diencephalon, [[Brainstem|Brain stem]] ([[Midbrain]], Pons and Medulla Oblongata), [[Cerebellum]]. In addit
...ation of certain proteins- beta-amyloid plaques and tau tangles within the brain<ref name=":1" />. The role of physiotherapy in providing regular exercise t
15 KB (2,089 words) - 13:41, 18 February 2024
Despite the increasing rates of sport and exercise participation, injury rates are also increasing. According to the US Consumer Product Safety Comm
...indicates that one out of every five athletes is prone to experiencing an injury<ref>Joshua D.R., Stuart J.C., Rod W., Morgan D. W., Ryan G. T., David A. O.
23 KB (3,617 words) - 19:02, 8 March 2024
...pplication of a low voltage constant or alternating currents to the human brain via scalp electrodes.<ref>Bestmann S, Walsh V. [https://www.sciencedirect.c
...lized transcranial direct current stimulation protocols.] InThe stimulated brain 2014 Jan 1 (pp. 85-115). Academic Press.Available: https://www.sciencedirec
13 KB (1,830 words) - 20:10, 3 March 2024
...space between the arachnoid membrane and the pia mater that surrounds the brain.[[File:Stroke hemorrhagic.jpg|right|frameless|400x400px]]
...the cranial meninges specifically referring to the section that covers the brain. From superficial to deep, the three layers are<ref>Ghannam JY, Al Kharazi
16 KB (2,294 words) - 13:29, 11 July 2020
...'' and everyone learns the use of this word through experiences related to injury in early life.<br>
...t ways.<br> <br>{{#ev:youtube|I7wfDenj6CQ}} <br><ref>TED-Ed. How does your brain respond to pain? - Karen D. Davis Available from
19 KB (2,765 words) - 11:20, 18 August 2022
...ive disorders]] characterised by focal atrophy of the [[Frontal Lobe Brain Injury|frontal]] and/or [[Temporal Lobe|temporal]] cortices. Theis results in a se
...dgenerative diseases associated with the aggregation of tau protein in the brain.
10 KB (1,356 words) - 17:50, 10 October 2023
...nt will present with shallow short breathing pattern due to pain. It is an injury affect the muscles between two or more ribs<ref name=":0">Morrison W. [http
== Mechanism of Injury ==
9 KB (1,391 words) - 16:28, 16 March 2023
Group of complex disorders of the brain. Varying degrees of characteristics including: difficulties in social inter
...r posture that is caused by injury or abnormal development in the immature brain.<ref name="Mayo">Mayo Clinic. Cerebral Palsy. Available from:http://www.may
16 KB (2,180 words) - 12:21, 1 April 2020
...Springer, Dordrecht.</ref>. In addition, the nervous tissue in the human brain is allocated with a tremendous capacity of plasticity<ref name=":1" />.
...rsin.org/articles/10.3389/fncel.2019.00066/full The impact of the study of brain plasticity.] Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience. 2019;13:66. Available from
24 KB (3,430 words) - 16:29, 7 December 2023
...owsy and with low respiratory rate as a result of the increased CO2 in the brain. <ref name=":0" />
...n-barré syndrome]] or [[Overview of Traumatic Brain Injury|traumatic brain injury]] can lead to a reduced respiratory drive
11 KB (1,483 words) - 20:22, 22 October 2020
Moyamoya Disease [MMD] is a disorder of some of the blood vessels in the brain: the internal carotid arteries, and the arteries which branch from them, th
...r “moyamoya” disease. Disease showing abnormal net-like vessels in base of brain. Arch. Neurol. 1969;20(3):288–299.</ref> becuse the appearance on angiogr
7 KB (979 words) - 14:49, 2 May 2024
...of treatment and therapy used in [[Traumatic Brain Injury|traumatic brain injury]] neurorehabilitation. Prevention of medical and neurological complications
...with disorders of consciousness demonstrate damage in various areas of the brain eg [[Cerebral Cortex|cortico]]-[[Thalamus|thalamic]] [[Neural Circuit|netwo
25 KB (3,446 words) - 12:13, 29 September 2022
...They are progressive, fatal, and untreatable degenerative [[Brain Anatomy|brain]] disorders and they exist in both animals and humans<ref name=":0">MSD man
* Prion diseases result from misfolding of a normal cell-surface brain [[Proteins|protein]] called cellular prion protein (PrPC), whose exact func
14 KB (1,959 words) - 07:09, 6 January 2022
...brain tissue itself — a life-threatening type of stroke that deprives the brain of oxygen and blood supply<ref>Tadi P, Lui F. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.go
...apter_27.html#chpt_27_ICH (last accessed 31.12.2019)</ref> For more see [[Brain Anatomy]]
11 KB (1,536 words) - 21:38, 13 November 2023
*[[Functional Electrical Stimulation Cycling for Spinal Cord Injury]]
...in an elderly woman - Page title changed to [[Case Study: Traumatic Brain Injury in an Elderly Woman]]
9 KB (1,291 words) - 14:03, 21 July 2023
...c demyelination syndrome (ODS)], characterized by damage to regions of the brain (most commonly pontine white matter tracts) after rapid correction of metab
=== Mechanism of Injury / Pathological Process ===
8 KB (1,107 words) - 17:45, 3 January 2022
...ew E, Wren SM. Counting the costs of trauma: the need for a new paediatric injury severity score. Lancet child and adolescent health, The. 2021;5(6):391-2.</
...common in urban (42.2%) and semi-urban (26.7%) areas. Other mechanisms of injury included blunt trauma (4.1%), assault (3.9%), unspecified penetrating traum
16 KB (2,272 words) - 19:19, 23 November 2022
!PERINATAL BRAIN INJURY
!BRAIN INJURY
15 KB (2,047 words) - 15:55, 28 July 2022
*PD,MS,Stroke,Brain injury,Guillan Barre, Sepsis
6 KB (762 words) - 22:50, 28 March 2020
...s to help with healing by initiating behaviours that would prevent further injury (eg. guarding). The mechanisms that sensitise the nociceptive system operat
|Occurs in healthy skin next to or further away from the injury site
10 KB (1,282 words) - 12:56, 7 September 2023
Opioids can regulate pain on a number of levels, both within the spinal cord, brain stem, and cortex. Within the spinal cord, both dynorphins and enkephalins c
Opioid receptors are located in the: [[Brain Anatomy|brain]] (highest densities found in the [[thalamus]], the PAG, and the RVM); spin
9 KB (1,308 words) - 05:51, 18 April 2022
*Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)
*[[Spinal Cord Injury|Spinal Cord Injury (SCI)]]
13 KB (1,920 words) - 21:32, 9 January 2024
...Amatya Minimum technical standards and recommendations for traumatic brain injury rehabilitation teams in sudden-onset disasters]. The Journal of the Interna
Key recommendations from a rehabilitation perspective for traumatic brain injury survivors in disaster settings included patient/carer education, general ph
35 KB (4,790 words) - 01:10, 24 August 2022
...ic Brain Injury|traumatic brain injury]], [[Spinal Cord Injury|spinal cord injury]] (SCI) and [[stroke]] etc. Studies reviewed that AAT contributes to posit
10 KB (1,293 words) - 10:42, 31 December 2023
...f persons following a [[Overview of Traumatic Brain Injury|traumatic brain injury]] (TBI).
...perties of a cognitive functioning scale for patients with traumatic brain injury. Western journal of nursing research. 1993 Aug;15(4):465-82.
17 KB (2,400 words) - 03:05, 18 September 2023
...nous substances such as damaged cells, and eliminates the initial cause of injury, clears the necrotic cells, and aids in tissue repair.<ref>Netea MG, Balkw
=== Mechanism of Injury ===
14 KB (1,994 words) - 11:21, 20 November 2023
...ematic Review with Metanalysis Involving New Rehabilitative Technologies]. Brain Sciences. 2023 Apr 22;13(5):703.</ref> Some of these technologies and their
...Mazzoli D. Gait robot-assisted rehabilitation in persons with spinal cord injury: A scoping review. NeuroRehabilitation. 2022 Jan 1(Preprint):1-39.</ref>
10 KB (1,370 words) - 00:25, 3 April 2024
...[Https://www.healthline.com/symptom/hearing-loss hearing loss], and a head injury can lead to a receptive language disorder.
...such abnormal brain development, certain neurological conditions, a brain injury, or stroke.
12 KB (1,691 words) - 13:53, 25 November 2022
...g our movements, all the while minimizing the possibility of sustaining an injury.
...ref>Romo R, Hernández A, Salinas E, et al. From sensation to action. Behav Brain Res 2002;135:105–118.</ref>. These various sensations contribute to the
13 KB (1,909 words) - 15:02, 27 June 2023
...or damage to a spinal nerve root from infection, compression, or traumatic injury can trigger symptoms in the corresponding dermatome. <ref name=":1">Medical
...an Spinal Cord Injury Association Impairment Scale [[American Spinal Cord Injury Association (ASIA) Impairment Scale|(ASIA Scale)]]. In recent years there h
10 KB (1,421 words) - 16:31, 23 June 2023
...elayed Recall and Decision. At the end of the assessment form, there is an injury advice which could be provided to the injured child and parents/caregivers.
[[Category:Acquired Brain Injuries]]
3 KB (463 words) - 19:19, 4 July 2023
* Reduced consciousness (eg acute stroke, [[Traumatic Brain Injury|traumatic brain injur]]<nowiki/>y, seizures and the effect of some agents that can induce i
6 KB (746 words) - 02:24, 13 November 2023
...the [[Brainstem|brain stem]] and importance in stabilization, fracture or injury at this level can be catastrophic. Common trauma and pathologies include (b
4 KB (537 words) - 17:48, 2 January 2021
...delays, delays in speech and language skills, seizures, and problems with brain-spinal cord communication. Individuals with clefts in only one hemisphere a
...will typically be more severe. Hydrocephalus or increased pressure in the brain due to the accumulation of fluid may be present. Microcephaly or the presen
12 KB (1,812 words) - 19:21, 13 September 2019
Patients with [[Stroke]], [[Traumatic Brain Injury|Brain Injury]], [[Parkinson's]], [[Multiple Sclerosis (MS)|Multiple Sclerosis]] or other
[[Category:Acquired Brain Injuries]]
8 KB (1,109 words) - 15:55, 21 August 2022
...med.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16829198/ What primary microcephaly can tell us about brain growth]. Trends in molecular medicine. 2006 Aug 1;12(8):358-66.</ref>.
...neurology.] 2013 Jan 1;111:129-41.</ref>. It often occurs because a baby’s brain has not developed properly during pregnancy or has stopped growing after bi
15 KB (2,045 words) - 06:43, 21 April 2023
*Immediate nerve injury discharge.
'''Brain:'''
10 KB (1,407 words) - 09:57, 6 October 2023
...lled sutures. Sutures allow movement of the bones necessary to accommodate brain growth and allow moulding of the head during birth.<ref>University of Roche
== Mechanism of Injury / Pathological Process ==
9 KB (1,227 words) - 08:03, 2 April 2023
...]], joint replacements, and [[Overview of Traumatic Brain Injury|traumatic brain injuries (TBI)]].<ref name=":0">Sun E, Hanyu-Deutmeyer AA. [https://www.ncb
# Neurogenic (Stroke, SCI, TBI, Brain Tumors). The most common sites for neurogenic heterotopic ossification are
15 KB (1,985 words) - 02:02, 9 March 2023
...and posture disorder caused by issues in the developing foetal and infant brain.<ref name=":1">Papavasiliou A, Ben-Pazi H, Mastroyianni S, Ortibus E. [http
...d post-neonatal CP; these injuries are generally caused by traumatic brain injury, meningitis and near-drowning.<ref name=":0" />
15 KB (1,988 words) - 11:16, 17 February 2023
...Injuries|spinal cord injury]]. An individual with this form of spinal cord injury (SCI) will have intact motor function and sensations of pain, light touch,
...posterior aspects of the spinal cord. As a result, the common location of injury in Posterior Cord Syndrome is to the posterior columns and dorsal horns of
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...to the medial rectus subdivision of the oculomotor complex in the monkey. Brain Res 1983;274:144-149</ref> It then emerges from the brainstem at the pontom
...ns has a long intracranial course and is vulnerable to direct and indirect injury.<ref>Joo W, Yoshioka F, Funaki T, Rhoton Jr AL. Microsurgical anatomy of th
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...ghtly however many are left with residual anoxic [[Traumatic Brain Injury|brain damage]] and [[Neurological Disorders|neurological]] deficits<ref name=":0"
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...ponsible for all [[Neurological Assessment|neurological]] functions of the brain<ref name=":1">Ludwig PE, Reddy V, Varacallo M. Neuroanatomy, Central Nervou
...s billions of neurones. There are about 100 billion in the [[Brain Anatomy|brain]] and 13.5 million in the [[Spinal cord anatomy|spinal cord]].
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...er sustaining burn injuries with its peak levels at 6 to 8 hours after the injury<ref name=":0" />. It may extend up to 2 to 3 days and last longer in the el
...mal fluid resuscitation as an under-resuscitation can lead to acute kidney injury, reduced perfusion and death, while an over-resuscitation may result in: ma
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...ocytosis, transported retrogradely, and spread trans-synaptically to other brain regions<ref name=":2">Iadecola C, Anrather J, Kamel H. [https://www.science
...e capillary endothelium leading to the spread of the virus in areas of the brain and brainstem via Virchow-Robin spaces surrounding arterioles and venules<r
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== Mechanism of Injury / Pathological Process ==
...h-flow, low-resistance organs (e.g. [[Kidney|kidneys]] and [[Brain Anatomy|brain]]), and also accelerate aortic stiffening via increased wall stress<ref>Wil
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== Mechanism of Injury / Pathological Process ==
* '''Neoplastic diseases''': central nervous system [[Brain Tumors|tumors]]; cerebral, cerebellar, or brainstem tumors; paraneoplastic
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Generally speaking, the greater the range of movement, the higher the risk of injury because the strength of the joint is reduced
...get through the birth canal at delivery and permits the enlargement of the brain after birth. As the skull enlarges, the fontanelles reduce to a narrow laye
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...he challenges for clinical guidelines in the management of traumatic brain injury include:
...s group, ethical considerations, due to many patients with traumatic brain injury lacking the mental capacity to give fully informed consent confounding the
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[[Introduction to Traumatic Brain Injury Course|Course information]]
...aypal-donate-btns">[https://members.physio-pedia.com/learn/traumatic-brain-injury-programme/ Go to the course!!]</div>
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...ct of the knee. Because the saphenous nerve is purely sensory, an isolated injury to this nerve should not result in weakness.<ref>Medscape Logo, Sunday, Mar
...mple: rotation injury) Direct contact: compression (for example: Dashboard injury) Cut-incision Scar-synovial Resection Stretch PLRI (Posterolateral Rotator
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== Mechanism of Injury / Pathological Process ==
Acoustic Neuroma is a benign, slow growing brain tumour, originating from the Schwann cells in the myelin sheath of the vest
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...of Traumatic Brain Injury|brain injury]], [[Spinal Cord Injury|spinal cord injury]], [[Neuropathies|neuropathy]], [[Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis |amyotrophi
...onist-antagonist interactions in an experimental joint model. Experimental Brain Research.] 2012 Aug 29;222(4):399–414.</ref>
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...ttps://physio-pedia.com/Overview_of_Traumatic_Brain_Injury traumatic brain injury] (mTBI), persist beyond the expected timeframe of recovery, although there
[[Image:Head and brain.jpg|right|300px]]
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...gen supply to the [[Anatomy of the Human Heart|heart]] and [[Brain Anatomy|brain]]. It is a medical emergency and should be referred to the emergency room i
...aining major causes of traumatic rupture. Can present immediately after an injury or may present in a delayed fashion.
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...sense of head-neck position sense. Patients suffering from traumatic neck injury (e.g. whiplash) or chronic neck pain may have disturbances to cervical affe
..., G., & Sterling, M. (2003). Dizziness and unsteadiness following whiplash injury: characteristic features and relationship with cervical joint position erro
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...dies revealed that the pineal gland is the soul of pain, implying that the brain is the moderator of painful experiences. Many recognized elements that cont
...nerve fibers) in the nervous system to target centers in the brain. These brain centers process the signals to produce the experience of pain. Thus, i
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[[File:Brain .png.jpeg|right|frameless]]
...tic and involved in creating new connections in adaptation and response to injury.<ref name=":0">Parker E. Ludwig; [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK44
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...ge, but it can also be caused by traumatic brain injury ([[Traumatic Brain Injury|TBI]]) and other injuries/illnesses<ref name="casanova">Casanova E, Lazzari
== Mechanism of Injury / Pathological Process ==
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...he tendons themselves rather than what is happening at the spinal cord and brain level. However, changes can occur both at a structural level and at a corti
...ructure, the multifaceted nature and magnitude of the tendon’s response to injury, and the difficulty in creating an experimental model that mimics load-rela
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Common and well-known principles of soft tissue injury management include principles such as [[RICE]] and [[POLICE Principle|POLIC
...These two acronyms (PEACE and LOVE) include the full range of soft tissue injury management from immediate care to subsequent management. It highlights the
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...n's|, Parkinson's]], neuro-infections, [[Motor Neurone Disease MND|MND]], brain tumors, traumatic disorders of the nervous system due to head trauma, and n
...n injury of any cause (including stroke), [[Spinal Cord Injury|spinal cord injury]])
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...tor for poor prognosis<ref>Stevens RD, Sutter R. Prognosis in severe brain injury. Crit Care Med. 2013 Apr;41(4):1104–23
...aiss F, O’Hearn E, et al. Why do Purkinje cells die so easily after global brain ischemia? Aldolase C, EAAT4, and the cerebellar contribution to post hypoxi
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# Respiration is a process involving the [[Brain Anatomy|brain]], [[brainstem]], [[Muscles of Respiration|respiratory muscles]], [[Lung An
...crease in intracranial pressure, e.g., in a patient with [[Traumatic Brain Injury|head trauma]] or by pain in a patient with a rib fracture, resulting in an
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...asphyxia during the birthing process, intracranial haemorrhage, infection, brain malformation, and general muscular weakness of any cause, and cerebral pals
* Asymmetrical Moro is said to be caused due to a local injury.
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Stereotactic thalamotomy and thalamic deep brain stimulation have been effective.<ref name=":2" />
Studies have investigated the use of non-invasive brain stimulation. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the primary mo
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...mulation on motor function in chronic, sensorimotor incomplete spinal cord injury]. Journal of clinical medicine. 2020 Nov 2;9(11):3541.</ref>
* Burst Stimulation activates some brain areas such as the dorsal anterior cingulate and the dorsolateral precentral
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...: possible neuropsychological mechanisms. Awareness of deficit after brain injury: Clinical and theoretical issues. 1991 Jan 24:53-62.</ref>They don't realiz
...ter stroke.<ref name=":1" /> They are common among the ones who have right brain damage. <ref>Lincoln N, Majid M, Weyman N. Cognitive rehabilitation for att
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* [[Traumatic Brain Injury|Brain Injury]]
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...ystems for Upper Limb Motor Function Recovery in Patients With Spinal Cord Injury: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. JMIR mHealth and uHealth. 2020;8(12):
People with a spinal cord injury may be unable to perform some motor tasks because they:
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...ntial of the involved cells which is called injury potential or current of injury and as a result, the bioelectrical activity within the injured area is dimi
* [[Chronic Pain and the Brain|Acute and chronic pain]]
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...al pressure, head injury etc.) <ref name=":0" /> As with any injury to the brain CVI may gradually improve due to neural plasticity, especially in the first
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...bular and/or oculomotor dysfunction (VOD) like dizziness, nausea, fatigue, brain fog, headache, gait and neurocognitive impairments which are associated wit
...concussed athletes report visual problems during the first week after the injury.<ref name=":0">Kontos AP, Elbin RJ, Schatz P, et al. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.
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...ignificant difference in the occurrence of PSD within the first year after injury based on patient placement at a hospital, rehabilitation setting, or in the
...ptoms''' develop in parallel with the stroke, possibly due to direct brain injury or acute psychosocial response to the stroke event
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...ese replacements cause patients to have a degree of [[Chronic Pain and the Brain|chronic pain]] or are not satisfied with their [[Surgery and General Anaest
...a minor foot sprain considered normal and nociceptive, signaled by tissue injury (i.e., a normal mechanism). Inflammatory pain from eg arthritis (center) is
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== Mechanism of Injury / Pathological Process ==
...Very preterm children at risk for developmental coordination disorder have brain alterations in motor areas. Acta Paediatrica. 2019 Sep;108(9):1649-60.</ref
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=== Improved Healing Following Musculoskeletal Injury ===
...rest, which will lead to better healing during the initial time after the injury.<br>
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...dentify and evaluate certain forms of [[Overview of Traumatic Brain Injury|brain damage,]] identify neurologically based learning disabilities, and musculos
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...Introduction|Cerebral Palsy]] takes time and is usually not made until the brain is fully developed. The age of a child when diagnosed can vary between the
...nosed, they can provide doctors with an exact picture of the injury to the brain. Seizure activity will also be monitored if present.
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...|parietal]] cortex or [[Corpus Callosum|corpus callosum.]]<ref>Zeidman LA. Brain science under the swastika: ethical violations, resistance, and victimizati
[[File:The brain 2.jpg|thumb]]
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...rmance (coordination, dexterity and functioning) in stroke recovery, brain injury and multiple sclerosis populations. The ARAT was originally described by Ly
...ed for individuals with [[Stroke: Physiotherapy Assessment|stroke]], brain injury, [[Multiple Sclerosis (MS)|multiple sclerosis]], and [[Parkinson's|Parkinso
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== Mechanism of Injury / Pathological Process ==
...ne. 2018 Dec 1;18(6):333-7.</ref>.Analysis of cerebrospinal fluid and MRI (brain) has limited diagnostic value<ref name=":2" />.
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=== Mechanism of Injury / Pathological Process ===
...l need be addressed to ensure correct technique and muscle recruitment The brain, the nervous system, and muscles all work together to produce the desired r
8 KB (1,044 words) - 14:03, 21 May 2020
...ttps://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24234727/ The role of fear of movement/(re) injury in pain disability. Journal of occupational rehabilitation.] 1995 Dec;5(4):
...Van Eek H. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8657437/ Fear of movement/(re) injury in chronic low back pain and its relation to behavioral performance.] Pain.
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...litation after sustaining a traumatic injury from a motorcycle injury. His injury resulted in a below the knee transtibial amputation to his left lower extre
In addition, the patient also presented with a minor traumatic brain injury. No other significant co-morbidities existed. Before coming to outpatient t
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...9714 Physiotherapy secretion removal techniques in people with spinal cord injury: a systematic review.] The journal of spinal cord medicine. 2010 Jan 1;33(4
...tetraplegia; the 'locked-in' syndrome, the persistent vegetative state and brain death. Spinal cord. 1998 Nov;36(11):741-3.</ref><ref>Hamou C, Shah NR, DiPo
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...01072022-8.pdf Assessment of Extremities Muscle Contracture for Critically Brain Injured Patients.] 2022.</ref>. However, reports of incidence vary substant
...shorter at high tension in muscles with contractures in people with brain injury<ref>Kwah LK, Herbert RD, Harvey LA, Diong J, Clarke JL, Martin JH, et al. P
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