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...&nbsp;resulting in degenerative joint changes and forming the uncovertbral joints. == <span style="line-height: 1.5em;">Motions Available</span> ==

...ch provide cushioning between the vertebrae and absorb pressure put on the spine. It is a nearly universal condition in those who reach advanced age, but it ...023, July 12. Available from: https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/249036-overview]</ref>. Although some people experience no symptoms, others may fee

...t Classification|pivot]]''' [[Joint Classification|joint]] and the lateral joints are '''[[Joint Classification|plane]]''' [[Joint Classification|articulatio ...are two '''lateral atlanto-axial joints''' which are concave in an anterior-posterior direction, this allows rotation.

...trachea)<ref name=":0">Lang, J., 1993. ''Clinical anatomy of the cervical spine''. Stuttgart; New York: Thieme.</ref> is located at the anterior aspect of ...Lee, S. and Kim, I., 2013. ''Surgical Anatomy and Techniques to the Spine E-Book''. Elsevier Health Sciences.</ref>

...olled trial. Journal of Manual & Manipulative Therapy. 2021 May 4;29(3):147-57.</ref> ...re applied at varying speeds and amplitudes, including small-amplitude/high-velocity therapeutic movements”<ref>American Physical Therapy Association

...tion: historical basis and scientific analyses]. Pain Physician. 2003;6:199-205</ref> ...e management of cervical radiculopathy.] J Ortho Sports PT. 2000;30(12):728-744.</ref>

...nt]] Stress Test for hypermobility of the [https://physio-pedia.com/Atlanto-axial_joint?utm_source=physiopedia&utm_medium=search&utm_campaign=ongoing_in ...: Examination, evaluation, and intervention (2nd ed.). New York: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.</ref>

Vertebra prominens is the name of the seventh cervical vertebra. ...rocess that protrudes posteriorly toward the [[skin]] at the back of the [[Cervical Anatomy|neck]].

...r articular process of the vertebra directly above it. There are two facet joints in each spinal motion segment. The facet joints are situated between the pedicle and lamina of the same vertebra and form t

...<ref name=":0">Drake R, Vogl AW, Mitchell AW. Gray's Anatomy for Students E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2009 Apr 4.</ref> .... Its attachment sites are the thoracic vertebrae (semispinalis thoracis), cervical vertebrae ([[Semispinalis Cervicis|semispinalis cervicis]]) and occipital b

...ght|frameless]]The Kemp test (also known as the quadrant test and extension-rotation test) is a provocative test useful for diagnosing pain related to [ ...e (used for the [[Cervical Anatomy|cervical spine]] or the [[Lumbar|lumbar spine]]).

[[Cervical Anatomy|Cervical]] spine injury (CSI) in children is unique in both the wide anatomic differences an ...c patients]. Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery. 2007 Feb 1;62(2):389-96.</ref>.  

...pital articulations function as bilaterally symmetrical ellipsoid synovial joints between C0 and C1. *[[Posterior atlanto-occipital ligament]]

...he Cervical Flexion-Rotation Test. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2008;31:293-300</ref> ...ve common manual neck pain provocating tests. Scand J Rehab Med 1995;27:131-136</ref> However, these tests involve a high degree of skill on the part of

...tebral joint]: a comprehensive review. Clinical Anatomy. 2014 Apr;27(3):431-40.</ref>. ...able from: <nowiki>https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/uncovertebral-joints</nowiki></ref>.

[[File:Cervical vertebrae lig flavum.png|right|frameless|492x492px]] ...with the tendons and muscles, provides a natural brace to help protect the spine from injury.

== [[Image:532px-Vertebral artery 3D AP.jpg|thumb|right]]Description == ...hough the foramina of the transverse processes of the [[Cervical Vertebrae|cervical vertebrae,]] usually starting at C6 but entering as high as C4<ref name="Ma

.... Below are generally accepted values for a normal ROM for some individual joints as measured in degrees: ...online:https://www.wikem.org/wiki/Range_of_motion_by_joint [accessed 25-10-2021]</ref>

[[File:250px-Longissimus.png|thumb|Longissimus]] ...ilable:https://study.com/academy/lesson/longissimus-muscle-origin-insertion-function.html (accessed 5.2.2022)</ref>:

...control study.] Brazilian journal of physical therapy. 2019 Jul 1;23(4):346-54. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6630105/#bi * Stiff upper thoracic spine or rounded upper spine causing cervical spine to hyperextend to see ahead.

[[File:Osteoarthritic Spine (48605563867).png|right|frameless|alt=|476x476px]] ...and intervertebral disc degeneration: Quite different, quite similar.] JOR spine. 2018 Dec;1(4):e1033.Available:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PM

...sculoskeletal assessment]. Nursing made incredibly easy. 2004 May 1;2(3):46-50.</ref> ...University of Western Ontario. Available from: <nowiki>https://rheum.ca/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/The_Musculoskeletal_Screening_Examination_Booklet.pd

...spine. ''journal of orthopaedic & sports physical therapy'', ''40''(8), 455-463.</ref>. This can cause difficulty in finding accurate data at times. ...verse response. ''Journal of Manual & Manipulative Therapy'', ''29''(1), 51-58.</ref>:

...region (see [[Cranial Nerves|cranial nerves]]) with a few exceptions eg [[Cervical Anatomy|neck muscles]] are supplied by the spinal nerves. ...nerves Available: https://musculoskeletalkey.com/nerves-innervation-of-the-spine/<nowiki/>(accessed 6.2.2022)</ref>

...Contributors''' -{{Special:Contributors/{{FULLPAGENAME}}}}<span style="line-height: 1.5em;">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> ...eophyte-2 Osteophyte] Available:https://radiopaedia.org/articles/osteophyte-2 (accessed 7.9.2022)</ref>

=== Joints and Ligaments of the Skull === Temporo-mandibular joint:<ref name=":1" />

[[File:Muscles of the cervical region multifidus superficial layer Primal.png|right|frameless]] ...ding of this anatomy is essential for assessment and treatment of cervical spine problems.

...sess the integrity of the [[Alar ligaments|alar ligaments]] and thus upper cervical stability.<br> ...anjabi<ref>Dvorak J, Panjabi MM. Functional anatomy of the alar ligaments. Spine. 1987;12:183–189.</ref> to result from tension generated in the alar liga

...oney V . [https://www.elsevier.com/books/movement-stability-and-lumbopelvic-pain/9780443101786 Movement, Stability & Lumbopelvic Pain 2nd Edition] . Ph ...ligamentum flavum, causing pretension in the neutral position (interspinous-supraspinous thoracolumbar ligamentous complex)<ref name=":0" />

...ons]] that are applied Antero- cranially along the treatment planes of the joints selected. ...raded according to the tolerance of the patient. They should always be pain-free for the patients. If these are painful despite applying correctly, then

...ased on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/daphne-xuan/ Daphne Xuan]<br> ...1;12(2):e053999.</ref>[[File:C-spine-picture.jpg|thumb|250x250px|Cervical spine]]

...al of Physiotherapy. He is also the author of two books:<ref name="mulligan-5">Manual therapy NAGS,SNAGS,MWMS,etc by Brian R.Mulligan, 5th edition, 2004 ...of the extremities and SNAGS (sustained natural apophyseal glides) of the spine were first coined by Brian R. Mulligan <ref>Mulligan, BR: Manual Therapy �

[[File:250px-Longissimus.png|thumb|Longissimus]] ...ilable:https://study.com/academy/lesson/longissimus-muscle-origin-insertion-function.html (accessed 5.2.2022)</ref>

...ation of joint range of motion, alleviation of [[Pain Assessment|pain]] in joints and muscles, and restoring strength due to muscle weakness. This case study ...ns in patients with thyroid disease. Clinical Endocrinology. 2003;59(2):162-7</ref>&nbsp;<br>

...capitis posterior major and the dura mater. Spine. 2011 Dec 1;36(25):E1612-4.</ref> Suboccipital nerve or dorsal ramus of cervical spinal nerve (C1).<ref name="AE" />

...153016392695/Effect-of-standing-postural-deviations-on-trunk-and-hip-muscle-activity.pdf?origin=publication_detail (last accessed 10.12.2019)</ref> ...a M, Kotwicki T. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5836359/ Non-structural misalignments of body posture in the sagittal plane]. Scoliosis a

...ysiological Intervertebral movements (PPIVMs) and [[PAIVMs of the Cervical Spine - Assessment|Passive Accessory Intervertebral Movements]] (PAIVMs). Althoug .... Journal of Manual & Manipulative Therapy (Maney Publishing). 2013;21(1):7-17.</ref> In order to specifically target treatment, it is necessary to loca

...a good rehabilitation program incorporating stretches, strengthening and co-ordination and postural training. ...ion (whilst paddling) increases the demands on the structures of the upper spine and associated soft tissues.

[[File:Facet Joints.png|thumb|150x150px]] ...ul [[arthritis]]-like condition of the spine caused by degeneration of the joints between the spinal bones.

The carotid arteries originate posterior to the sternoclavicular joints and in the neck, they are contained within the carotid sheath posterior to ...er of the thyroid cartilage (typically at the level of the fourth or fifth cervical vertebra), the common carotid arteries bifurcate into the ECA and ICA.

...tebrae.png|thumb|right]][[Image:Cervical vertebra.png|thumb|right]][[Image:Cervical Vertebra side view.png|thumb|right]] ...ical Center. http://www.umm.edu/programs/spine/health/guides/cervical-spine-anatomy. Accessed 21 april 2017.</ref><ref name="Gray">Gray H. Gray's Anatom

...ter how healthy an individual is, as they age their [[Joint Classification|joints]] will show some changes in mobility, due in part to changes in the [[Conne == Age-related Changes in Connective Tissue ==

...fractures: an anatomical approach. Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol 2008;18:189-195 [Level2]</ref> ...known as the axis, is one of three atypical vertebrae. The axis shows a peg-like odontoid process that projects itself superiorly from the body. The odo

...1. 1981.</ref>. As stated in Maitland's Article , when assessing extremity joints you should try a compression test to see if this produces pain. To do this ...wn within 15-20 seconds (for smaller joints) and 25-30 seconds (for larger joints).

[[File:Chris-benson-yx-iJFybOBQ-unsplash.jpg|right|frameless|400x400px]] ...ture (FHP) is a poor habitual neck posture. It often co-exists with [[Upper-Crossed Syndrome|Upper Crossed Syndrome]]

...he ULTT's are equivalent to the straight leg raise designed for the lumbar spine. ...e diagnosis of [http://www.physio-pedia.com/CPR_for_Cervical_Radiculopathy cervical radiculopathy] is made, the tests can be done to mobilise the entrapped ner

This guide gives a general overview of the anatomy of the thoracic spine. It also includes some facts regarding pathophysiology in this region. The sagittal plane alignment of the Thoracic spine is on average 35% (normal range is 20° to 50°).<ref name=":2" />

...ussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universiteit Brussel's Evidence-based Practice project]] [[File:SPINE ANATOMY.jpg|thumb]]

...[https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/tanya-bell-jenje/ Tanya Bell-Jenje]<br> [[Category:Thoracic Spine]]

...study. Journal of orthopaedic & sports physical therapy. 2014 Jul;44(7):475-87.</ref> '''Range of Motion ([https://physio-pedia.com/Range_of_Motion ROM]):'''

...rom disorders of the hip or knee joint. Examination of proximal and distal joints in the same region of the reported pain and dysfunction is vital to the con ...k pain: a distal link to a proximal problem. J Sport Rehabil. 2009;18(1):24-32.</ref>

...''Original Editor '''- [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/petra-zikmann/ Petra Zikmann] '''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributors/{{FU ...:e0222822.</ref> However, it is often difficult to distinguish whether the spine or limb is the primary cause of lameness in a horse as spinal problems are

...s injuries of the clavicle and its articulation. JBJS. 1967 Jun 1;49(4):774-84.</ref> ...ers. Orthopaedics & Traumatology: Surgery & Research. 2014 Nov 1;100(7):727-31.</ref>. The first compartment lies between the manubrium and the disc and

..., Published in India by arrangement with Baillier Tindall, london 2005 p 33-37 </ref> !Spine

...' - [[User:Camila Trujillo|Camila Trujillo]] as part of [https://www.physio-pedia.com/Category:The_University_of_Waterloo_Clinical_Biomechanics_Project ...tissue injuries lacking evidence for fractures.<ref>Bragg KJ, Varacallo M. Cervical Sprain. Available from: <nowiki>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK54101

..., Márquez-Vera MA, Vila-Chã C, Méndez-Sánchez R. [https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/20/10704/htm Effects of global postural reeducation versus specific ...eck pain (VAS 8-9/10). He noted a pinching sensation in his lower cervical spine. Because of this pain, he was unable to continue bowling and became a wicke

...sten Tsuei|Kristen Tsuei]] as part of the [[Texas State University Evidence-based Practice Project]] '''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributors/{{ [[File:Cervical vertebra.png|right|frameless]]

...based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/shala-cunningham/ Shala Cunningham ]<br> ...s). It also introduces the Proposed Classification System for the Cervical Spine.

...tion|range of motion]] in assessment. There are multiple types of joint end-feels all of which are different for each individual. ...therapist, as resistance or a barrier to further motion, is called the end-feel<ref name=":0">Susan B.O'Sullivan, Thomas J. Schmitz, George D. Fulk. Ph

...CT]] image guidance (cervical, thoracic or most commonly lumbosacral facet joints can be injected) ...int injections] Available from:https://radiopaedia.org/articles/facet-joint-injection (last accessed 10.9.2020)</ref>.

...class="editorbox"> '''Original Editor '''- [[User:Cindy John-Chu|Cindy John-Chu]] <br> ...Séquard syndrome]. The Indian Journal of Medical Research 2014; 140(4): 572-573.</ref>. It typically presents with paralysis (hemiparaplegia) on the sid

...PV. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2953347/ Alternative pop-up for surfers with low back pain.] North American journal of sports physica ...'(4), pp.394-401. Available from: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S1809-29502016000400394&script=sci_arttext&tlng=en#B3 (last accessed 16.9.2019)</r

...Spinal Manipulation Available: https://www.spine-health.com/glossary/spinal-manipulation (accessed 13.6.2021)</ref>. ...rapy,” Journal of Orthop Sports Physical Therapy 37, no. 6 (June 2007): 290-302.</ref> &nbsp;:

...Brussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universiteit Brussel Evidence-Based Practice Project]] ...: Examination, evaluation, and intervention (2nd ed.). New York: The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc, 2008.</ref>.

...ce soft tissue swelling, inflammation, or restriction”. It describes hands-on techniques used in rehabilitation to treat various conditions, such as: ...w. Journal of back and musculoskeletal rehabilitation. 2022 Jan 1;35(3):463-77.</ref>.

...column. There are 23 discs in the human spine: 6 in the [[Cervical Anatomy|cervical]] region (neck), 12 in the thoracic region (middle back), and 5 in the [[Lu ...at deal of strength. They also provide a shock-absorbing effect within the spine and prevent the vertebrae from grinding together. They consist of three maj

...rs speaks of primary headaches. The primary headaches are migraine, tension-type headache, cluster headache and other trigeminal autonomic cephalgias an ...ther primary headaches are clinically heterogeneous. According to the (ICHD-III) the pathogenesis of other primary headaches is still poorly understood.

...s: an interdisciplinary challenge.] Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2013 Apr;110(16):278-84 (Level of evidence 2A)</ref><br>A difference exists between subjective an ...rospective randomized controlled study. J Psychosom Res. 2010 Sep;69(3):299-304 (Level of evidence 1B)</ref>

...pain and dysfunction of lateral epicondylalgia.] Pain. 1996 Nov 1;68(1):69-74.</ref>Neural mobilization, as a treatment technique, was introduced nearl ...s/261-neural-manipulation.pdf https://www.iahe.com/docs/articles/261-neural-manipulation.pdf.] (Accessed 31 May 2022) </ref>

...the muscles, ligaments, discs, nerves, or joints, but most neck pain is non-specific meaning there is no known cause ...r: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2011;92:824-9.</ref>

...Cervical osteoarthritis can also be referred to as [[Cervical Spondylosis|cervical spondylosis]].<br> ...RI showing degenerative disc disease, osteophytes, and osteoarthritis of C5-C6|thumb]]

...litation settings refers to the measurement of angles in each plane at the joints of the body. #* The short arm goniometer is used for smaller joints like the wrist, elbow, or ankle,

'''Original Editor '''- [https://www.physio-pedia.com/User:Shreya_Pavaskar Shreya Pavaskar] ...spinal decompression, such as open or minimally invasive laminectomy, hemi-laminectomy (half laminetomy), [[laminotomy]] and laminoplasty. Decompressio

[[File:3d-medical-image-with-female-holding-neck-pain.jpg|right|frameless]] ...also be defined based on its duration (acute, subacute, [https://www.physio-pedia.com/Chronic_Neck_Pain chronic]) or reason for onset.

...]]This page outlines some Manual Techniques and Exercises for the Thoracic Spine. ...ater stages of life. Additionally, reduced ROM or strength in the thoracic spine will affect the entire kinetic chain.

...ort], Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies, Volume 20, Issue 4, P:722-727,</ref> ...Some Basic Science Aspects], Physiotherapy, 1997, Volume 83, Issue 4, P:186-189,</ref>&nbsp;

...e amount of force transferred from the ground and lower extremities to the spine and upper extremities.<ref name=":2" /> ...parate bones yet to be fused: ilium, ischium and pubis connected by the tri-radiate cartilage.

...based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/donna-fisher/ Donna Fisher]<br>'''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributors/{{F ...nal braces are off-the-shelf, although certain situations call for a custom-made device.<ref name=":0" />

...files: overview and current state of art. Acta Biomed. 2017 Apr 28;88(1):11-16. doi: 10.23750/abm.v88i1.5309. PMID: 28467328; PMCID: PMC6166197.]</ref>. ...of injury due to compressive loading. J Athl Train. 2005 Jul-Sep;40(3):155-61. PMID: 16284634; PMCID: PMC1250253.]</ref>.

...emple University Evidence-Based Practice Project|Temple University Evidence-Based Practice Project]] ...ation.] Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy. 2017 Jul;47(7):A1-83.</ref>.

...ussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universiteit Brussel's Evidence-based Practice project]] ...plantar fascia, [[Shoulder|shoulders]], olecranon and metacarpophalangeal joints <ref name="p1" /><ref name="p4" /> <ref name="p5" />.

[[File:Cervical Spondylosis.jpg|right|frameless]] ...ific as there is no known pathoanatomical cause.<ref name=":0">Jull, G. Non-specific neck pain: The case for specific treatment (Webinar). IFOMPT. 2019.

...emic review]. Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research. 2017;3(7):141-148. Accessed 18 July 2019.</ref> ...2022]. Available from: <nowiki>https://www.text-neck.com/definition-of-text-neck.html</nowiki> [Last accessed: 7/12/2022]</ref>

...lobal Burden of Disease Study 2016. The Lancet Neurology. 2018; 17(11): 954-76.</ref> ...headache prevalence and disability worldwide. Cephalalgia. 2007; 27(3):193-210.</ref>

...e [[Facet Joints|facet joints]] (also termed zygapophyseal joints) of the spine become a source of [[Pain Behaviours|pain]]. Facet syndrome is an articular disorder related to the facet joints and their innervations, and produces both local and radiating pain.

...omponents of the cervical spine (i.e., intervertebral discs, facet joints, joints of Luschka, ligamenta flava, and laminae). It is a natural process of aging ....nih.gov/pubmed/25674751 Tetraplegia after thyroidectomy in a patient with cervical spondylosis: a case report and literature review.] Medicine (Baltimore) 2

The [[Lumbar Anatomy|lumbar spine]] supports much of the upper body's weight. [[Intervertebral disc|Intervert ...ls (Myocyte)|muscle]]. It provides coverage for the organs, generates intra-abdominal pressure, and moves the vertebral column. This article discusses t

[https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/petra-zikmann/ Petra Zikmann] This page introduces the Anatomy of Equine Spine and Head.

...ebrae in place, and tendons attach the muscles to the spinal column. Thirty-one pairs of nerves are rooted to the [[Spinal cord anatomy|spinal cord]] an ...ral regions. The lumbar spine consists of 5 moveable vertebrae (numbered L1-L5). The lumbar vertebrae, as a group, produce a lordotic curve<ref name=":0

...so comes with a slight downside, namely an elevated vulnerability to sports-related injuries. ...tly affect the musculoskeletal system, which comprises the muscles, bones, joints, and related tissues like ligaments and tendons. Here is a concise explanat

...itor '''- [[User:Lorenza Perez|Lorena Perez]] as part of [http://www.physio-pedia.com/ICRC_Cerebral_Palsy_Content_Development_Project#Articles_to_be_dev ...: Dyskinetic and Ataxic. Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3s-n4eFypPc [last accessed 13/08/16]</ref>

[[File:Sam-burriss-zHSX9o2 B7Y-unsplash.jpg|right|frameless]] ...ted to the particular orientation, structure, and function of the thoracic spine in the vertebral column.

...lishing. Available from:https://www.health.harvard.edu/pain/7-faces-of-neck-pain [accessed 4/3/2023]</ref> ...ce workers: a 1-year longitudinal study.] Eur Spine J. 2009 Oct;18(10):1532-40.</ref>

...etching (neuropraxia,), tearing (called “avulsion” when the tear is at the spine, and “rupture” when it is not), or scarring (neuroma) of the brachial p The main mechanism of injury is hyper-abduction traction and depending on the intensity, cause signs and symptoms

...ed Anatomy of the Lumbar Spine">Ombregt, L. Applied Anatomy of the Lumbar Spine. Chapter 31 In: A System of Orthopaedic Medicine. Elsevier, 2013.</ref> === <span style="line-height: 1.5em;">Vertebral Foramen</span> ===

...ocephalic syndrome (CCS) includes pain and stiffness of the upper cervical spine with associated [[Cervicogenic Headache|headache]]. The syndrome frequentl ...-occipital]](jointC0-C1), the [[Atlanto-axial joint|atlanto-axial]] (1joint-C2) and the superior aspect of C2.

...tion of the Arthritis Research UK Musculoskeletal Health Questionnaire (MSK-HQ) for use across musculoskeletal care pathways. BMJ Open 2016 Aug;6(8):e01 ...ss and meaningful changes for the Musculoskeletal Health Questionnaire (MSK-HQ) for use across musculoskeletal care pathways. BMJ open 2019;9(10):e02535

'''Top Contributors''' -&nbsp;{{Special:Contributors/{{FULLPAGENAME}}}} Laure-Anne Callewaert en Farrie Bakalli</div> ...zed, double-blind, sham-controlled trial. Rheumatol Int. 2006 Feb;26(4):320-4. Epub 2005 Jun 29</ref>.(Level of evidence 5, Level of evidence 1B) <br>

...tic AAI. <ref name=":0" /> Symptomatic AAI occurs as a result of excessive cervical movement causing impingement on the spinal cord, with a risk of severe neur .... Available at: https://courses.lumenlearning.com/ap1/chapter/the-vertebral-column/ [Accessed 18 May 2021]</ref>]]

...cipital joint|atlanto-occipital]] and [[Atlanto-axial joint|upper cervical joints]] and perceived in one or more regions of the head and/or face.<ref name="G ...headache type that is hypothesized to originate due to nociception in the cervical area. <ref name="IHS">Headache Classification Subcommittee of the Internati

...p://www.csp.org.uk/director/public/whatphysiotherapy.cfm. Retrieved 2010-07-10</ref>. .... Physiotherapy's Identity. Manual Therapy, Volume 18, Issue 6 , Pages 447-448, December 2013</ref><br>

...ed into [[PPIVMs of the Cervical Spine - Assessment|PPIVMs of the Cervical Spine - Assessment]] (PPIVMs) and Passive Accessory Intervertebral Movements (PAI ...w and meta-analysis. ''Journal of Manual & Manipulative Therapy, 21''(1), 7-17.</ref>  In order to specifically target one’s treatment, it is necessa

...nd lower extremity strength exercises with cardiovascular training in a non-weight bearing environment. Swimmers are unfortunately prone to injuries.   ...ntion strategies in competitive swimmers]. Sports health. 2012 May;4(3):246-51. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3435931/ (l

...ow joint. Physiotherapists have a functional knowledge of the complicated 3-joint elbow complex as well as its associated anatomy. They can apply this k ...with the person's symptoms. This assessment will help them develop a multi-modal treatment approach that is individualised to the specific problems and

...isten Templin|Kristen Templin]] as part of the [[Temple University Evidence-Based Practice Project|Temple University EBP Project]] The [[Thoracic Anatomy|Thoracic Spine]] has a complex and often overlooked role within the body. It is a key area

<blockquote>"...the use of hands in a curative and healing manner or a hands-on technique with therapeutic intent..."<ref name="Lederman">Lederman E. The ...e to the life and work of G.D.Maitland 1924-2010. Manual Therapy. 2010; 300-301</ref>.

...icobrachalgia) is a term that describes pain and stiffness of the cervical spine with symptoms in the shoulder girdle and upper extremity<ref>DeStefano LA. ...eth H. "The Cervicobrachial Syndrome." Annuals of Surgery 111 5 (1940): 727-742.</ref>.

...tps://www.smn.scot.nhs.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Vertebral-fractures-in-children.pdf [Accessed 11/3/2023].  </ref> === Cervical spine ===

[[File:Compressive myeolopathy C6C7.png|thumb|Cervical myelopathy C6-C7]] ...ssion of the [[Spinal cord anatomy|spinal cord]] at the [[Cervical Anatomy|cervical]] level of the spinal column resulting in [[spasticity]], hyperreflexia, pa

...tion, and treatment strategies. J Am Osteopath Assoc. 2000;100(9 Suppl): S7-14.</ref> However, the upper [[trapezius]] has a clear pain referral pattern ...valuation and treatment strategies. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2001; 5(4): 361-8.</ref>

...Courtney Smith|Courtney Smith]] as part of the [[Temple University Evidence-Based Practice Project|Temple University EBP Project]] ...ontains much of the information needed to rule out red flags and guide the cervical examination.

...ramework. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy. 2023; 53(1) : 1-51 https://doi.org/10.2519/jospt.2022.11147</ref>. == Anatomy of Cervical Spine ==

...Braun J., Sieper J., Spondyloarthritides., Z Rheumatol. 2010 Jul; 69(5):425-32 :4: 2C</ref><ref name="p3" /> It is a diverse group of inflammatory arthr ...articular peripheral arthritis, principally in genetically predisposed (HLA-B27+) individuals.

....</ref> According to research, one-fifth of all people experience thoracic spine pain in their lifetime.<ref name=":0" /> A good understanding of the anatom ...oints are perpendicular to the cardinal planes. Therefore, motion at these joints results in rotations within three planes. Example: supination involves inve

....gov/pmc/articles/PMC8301671/ Limb development in skeletally-immature large-sized dogs: A radiographic study]. Plos one. 2021 Jul 23;16(7):e0254788.</re ...o L, Angileri V, Morabito S, Cassata G, Macrì F. [https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/11/3/813 Four Unusual Cases of Congenital Forelimb Malformations in Dog

...12NAJ6fxWp2LhTVd1yZ0_wA Canine Thoracic Costovertebral and Costotransverse Joints:] Three Case Reports of Dysfunction and Manual Therapy Guidelines for Asses ...f> Together with the thoracic cage, the costovertebral and costotransverse joints provide stability.<ref name=":1" />

...therapists with an [[Evidence Based Practice(EBP) in Physiotherapy|evidence-based]] tool to assist in patient management when determining a particular d ...idea is to stick with the [[Ethics, the ICF and EBP|principles of evidence-based practice]], and to incorporate the best available evidence (including

...ritis: Diagnosis and Treatment; ''Am Fam Physician.'' 2009 Sep 15;80(6):617-620</ref> * Palpation of the affected chondrosternal joints of the chest wall elicits tenderness <ref name=":0" /> and pain is reprodu

...er disorders. European journal of applied physiology. 2015 Feb 1;115(2):225-34.</ref> They should therefore be used in conjunction with a full subjectiv ...dfs.semanticscholar.org/d9d1/e9ca09e63b6d95e7d65dd050efa429b7cf1c.pdf Inter-rater Reliability of the Shoulder Symptom Modification Procedure in People w

...based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/sasha-chelin/ Sasha Chelin] ...sment for the Equine Athlete. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract. 2016;32(1):31-47.</ref> Rather, they approach the assessment from a functional perspective

...as referred for neck and shoulder pain. Manual therapy and neuromuscular re-education were provided in an outpatient setting, along with a custom exerci RS was a 52 y.o. left-hand dominant male referred by his doctor for treatment of left shoulder pai

...lobal Burden of Disease Study 2016. The Lancet. 2017 Sep 16;390(10100):1211-59.</ref> ...an interpret pain and desensitize the response It can be sensitized or over-reactive by our emotions, events that occur in our lives that may increase f

The pelvic floor is a dome-shaped structure that extends from the pubic bone to the tailbone. See [[Pel ...n the female athlete.] Current sports medicine reports. 2019 Feb 1;18(2):49-52.</ref>

...lated pain:<ref name=":0">Van der Walt A. Managing Disorders of the Canine Spine Course. Plus , 2021.</ref> * Severe cervical pain is one of the few conditions that will cause “screaming or crying”

*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aCW-cB5jr7w Archery][[Image:Archery.jpg|thumb|right|Archery]] *[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pdhsFBgMjSY Cross-country Skiing]

...t techniques can be utilized with these patients to address musculoskeletal-related dysfunction while also having a positive effect on psychosocial issu ...n following the accident. The doctor recommended routine labs and had had x-rays done showing no fractures. The lab values (CBC, CMP, erythrocyte sedime

...[https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/tanya-bell-jenje/ Tanya Bell-Jenje]<br> ...distal and proximal conditions.<ref name=":13" /> Moreover, a number of non-mechanical pathologies can [[Spinal Masqueraders|masquerade]] as musculoskel

...ritis of the elbow.] Annals of the rheumatic diseases. 1989 Sep 1;48(9):743-7.</ref> ...e humerus and proximal ends of the radius and ulna. Similar to other hinge joints articular surfaces are reciprocally shaped, there are strong collateral lig

...ia R.K. et al., Spondyloarthropathies. Am Fam Physician, 2004, 69 (12):2853-2860 Level of Evidence 5</ref>&nbsp;Level 5 ...lus fibrosis of the intervertebral discs, and the apophyseal joints of the spine.<ref name="p1" />

...based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/instructor/damien-howell/ Damien Howell]<br> ...bate]. journal of orthopaedic & sports physical therapy. 2019 Jun;49(6):425-36.</ref> </blockquote>

...on the concepts of Autogenic Inhibition and Reciprocal Inhibition. If a sub-maximal contraction of the muscle is followed by stretching of the same musc ...ndles. These two musculotendinous proprioceptors located in and around the joints and muscles respond to changes in muscle tension and length, which helps ma

...hts the main challenges experienced by the patient, the short-term and long-term goals, the physiotherapy interventions, and the outcomes.   ...nge of motion, the [[Community Balance and Mobility Scale]], and the [[Post-Concussion Symptoms Scale]]. 

[[File:Indian-yogi-yogi-madhav-P SxnJhID1s-unsplash (1).jpg|right|frameless]] ...ostures on head/neck posture and muscle activity. Manual Therapy, 15(1), 54-60</ref>

...ant to note that the capsule and joint cavity are continuous for all three joints <ref>Magee, D.J. Chapter 6: Elbow. In Orthopaedic Physical Assessment. 5th ...joint (flexion and extension) and the radiohumeral and superior radioulnar joints allow for rotation.

...pectancy in severe cerebral palsy. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 91:254-258</ref>. ...majority of individuals with CP will have a similar life expectancy to non-CP people.&nbsp;

[[File:Cervical spine.png|thumb]] .... [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6356370/ Materials for the spine: anatomy, problems, and solutions.] Materials. 2019 Jan 14;12(2):253.</ref>

...The term ‘dysfunction’ implies that at a certain level (mostly L4-L5 or L5-S1) these 3 components do not function normally. ...omised clinical trial, J Bone Joint Surg Br August 1989 vol. 71-B no. 4 681-684.</ref>

...ovements, and the many lesions that may occur either inside or outside the joints, the shoulder complex is difficult to assess. Having a systematic and struc ...for patient with shoulder pain]. Archives of physiotherapy. 2018 Dec;8(1):1-1. Available: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5975572/<nowiki/>

<div class="pp-no-course-suggestions pp-no-article-suggestions"></div> ...muscle fibre to whole muscle mechanics]. Pflugers Arch. 2023 Apr;475(4):421-435. </ref> so rehabilitation professionals need to consider muscle length w

...pain. Spine, 22(18), 2128-2156. https://doi.org/10.1097/00007632-199709150-00012</ref>. The main reasons for IDD therapy advocacy are; ...ority of patients prefer to avoid the risks of surgery or suffer from spine-related musculoskeletal conditions contraindicated to surgical intervention,

[[File:Scoliosis-01.jpg|thumb|scoliosis clinical presentation|alt=scoliosis clinical presenta Scoliosis is an abnormal lateral curvature of the spine. It is most often diagnosed in childhood or early adolescence.

...mysmithmd.com/cervicogenic-headache-orthopaedic-spine-surgeon-orange-irvine-ca.html</nowiki> ...approach to clinical management]. Int J Sports Phys Ther. 2011 Sep;6(3):254-66. </ref>  

...] based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/ian-gatt/ Ian Gatt]<br> ...terature review. British journal of sports medicine. 2018 Oct 1;52(19):1253-60.</ref> and these injuries often involve several of the structures associa

[[Image:Ossification Spine.jpg|Flowing Ossification|right|314x314px]] ...nical features and pathogenic mechanisms. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2013;9(12):741-750.</ref><ref name="Bombak" />.

...g]] based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/instructor/pam-versfeld/ Pam Versfeld]<br> ...ts of wakeful tummy time.<ref>Sampaio SS, Moura JR, de Medeiros CE, de Lima-Alvarez CD, Simão CR, Azevedo IG, Pereira SA. [https://www.hindawi.com/jour

...ated Disorders: redefining" whiplash" and its management. Spine. 1995;20:1S-73S.</ref><ref name=":19" /> The prognosis of WAD is unknown and unpredicta ...utube|https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jgMdL7vEga8|width}}<ref>3D4Medical - Cervical Whiplash | Trauma. Available from:https://youtu.be/jgMdL7vEga8 (last acce

...ed on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/victoria-reboredo/ Victoria Reboredo]<br> ...gement of the temporomandibular joint]. Kaohsiung J Med Sci. 2018;34(4):223-30. </ref>

...are unable to assess patients in-person (eg in [[Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19)|COVID 19]] lock down), they must first determine if telehealth is a viab ...d by national and regional guidelines, particularly in the context of COVID-19. The discussions below are centred on ensuring that telehealth consultati

...oints are perpendicular to the cardinal planes. Therefore, motion at these joints results in rotations within three planes. Example: supination involves inve ...ere are four types of bursae: adventitious, subcutaneous, synovial, and sub-muscular.

...ussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universiteit Brussel's Evidence-based Practice project]] A herniated disc in the spine is a condition during which a nucleus pulposus is displaced from interverte

...ssification of Headache Disorders, 3rd edition. Cephalalgia. 2018; 38(1): 1-211. </ref> ...GC, Stovner LJ. Epidemiology of headache. ''Handb Clin Neurol''. 2010;97:3-22. </ref>

Axial spondyloarthritis is a seronegative [[spondyloarthritis]] of the spine and pelvis. The term axial spondyloarthritis has only been used since 2009 ...673616315914 Axial spondyloarthritis]. The Lancet. 2017 Jul 1;390(10089):73-84.</ref>

...ic outlet, leading to a spectrum of symptoms ranging from mild pain to limb-threatening complications. It remains a complex and controversial condition ...engthening, and postural re-education, plays a crucial role in managing TOS-related symptoms.

[[File:Lower-back-pain.jpg|thumb|260x260px|Lower-back-pain]] ...tematic review of the literature, 2013, Journal of Hand Therapy Vol 26, 297-311</ref> and their surrounding tissues.

...Shoulder Joint Stability, in The Athlete’s Shoulder. 2009, Elsevier. p. 655-669.</ref> Dynamic restraints result from neuromuscular control over the sho ...restraints.] Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research®. 1996 Sep 1;330:54-65.</ref>, which are very important for homogeneous shoulder movements while

...s">Saunders HD. Lumbar traction*. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 1979; 1(1): 36-45. (LEVEL 1A)</ref> ...dy. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders, 2007; 8: 118.  doi:  10.1186/1471-2474-8-118</ref> and recent guidelines published by NICE in the UK<ref>National Ins

...ed on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/victoria-reboredo/ Victoria Reboredo]<br> ...e innovations in diagnostics and therapeutics]. J Dent Educ. 2008;72(8):930-47. </ref> The translation motion generates more movement.<ref name=":1" />

...''Original Editor '''- [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/mauro-banfi/ Mauro Banfi] '''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributors/{{FULLPA ...ral dysfunctions such as increased tension of their anterior muscular peri-laryngeal chain.<ref name=":1" /> These postural dysfunctions can, however,

...] based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/instructor/wendy-oelofse/ Wendy Oelofse] ...neuron]]). This article will discuss upper limb function with lower-level cervical spinal cord injury and its impact on an individual's functional abilities.

...in project page]] for further information, or to return to [[Neck Pain Tool-kit: Step 1|Step 1]] to identify your patient. Otherwise, proceed to Step 4 = 4.1 Neck pain alone (non-specific) =

...sensus and tomorrow's perspectives. Med Biol Eng Comput. 2009 May;47(5):463-6. </ref> Movements at the shoulder enable us to move and position our arm a ...isorders and occupation]. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2015 Jun;29(3):405-23.</ref> It is essential to understand the anatomical features of the shoul

...o the skin and breasts. The full gestation period is 39-40 weeks, and a pre-term birth is classed as delivery before 37 weeks gestation, although there .... In WB Saunders Women's Health: a textbook for Physiotherapists. 2004 pp56-72.</ref>.

...both the [[posture]] and gait pattern of pregnant women different from non-pregnant subjects.<ref name=":3">Forczek W;Staszkiewicz R. [http://www.actab ...cco ICN. [https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.2217/whe.12.59?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori:rid:crossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub%20%200pubmed Static and Dyna

...the individual clinician. The ability of the clinician to thoughtfully self-reflect and merge the presented data with published literature strengthens t ...ternal clinical evidence from systematic research.<ref>Sackett DL. Evidence-based medicine: how to practice and teach EBM. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingst

'''Original Editor '''- [http://www.physio-pedia.com/User:Kudzanayi_Ronald_Muzenda Kudzanayi Ronald Muzenda] and [[User ...gical classification of spinal cord injury. J Spinal Cord Med 2011; 34: 535-546</ref>{{#ev:vimeo|65471467|300}}

Meralgia Paraesthetica (MP), also known as Bernhardt-Roth or LFCN (lateral femoral cutaneus nervus) neuralgia, comes from the gre ...It travels through the pelvis heading towards the anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) and exits the lesser pelvis below the inguinal ligament (IL), anteri

...d on course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/melanie-skeen-harding/ Melanie Harding] ...venting secondary complications associated with mobility loss. State-of-the-art technology provides mechanical assistance for patients to relearn walkin

...tps://oarsi.org/sites/oarsi/files/images/2020/oarsi-20-final-oa-infographic-_revised_copyright.pdf (last accessed 13 May 2024).</ref> General rehabilita ...arzi-Puttini P, Zis P, Rinonapoli G, Varrassi G. [https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/11/20/6013 Osteoarthritis: new insight on its pathophysiology]. J Clin

...] based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/instructor/wendy-oelofse/ Wendy Oelofse] ...and prognosis following spinal cord injury. Handb Clin Neurol. 2012;109:47-62.</ref> During the acute spinal cord injury phase, the focus is on:<ref na

...l and financial hardships, and greatly affecting quality of life ([[Quality-Adjusted Life Year|QOL]]). This page outlines the main issues arising from B ...nications among the ventral rami (roots) of the lower 4 cervical nerves (C5-C8) and the first thoracic nerve (T1).<br>The brachial plexus is responsible

...based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/mauro-banfi/ Mauro Banfi]<br> ...-related alterations in swallowing biomechanics]. Exp Gerontol. 2019;118:45-50. </ref>

...ionary of Neurological Signs; Springer Science &amp; Business Media, 12-Nov-2010; page 369</ref> .... The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British volume. 1975 Aug;57(3):380-3.</ref> ==

...] based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/ian-horsley/ Ian Horsley]<br> ...thcare providers’ experiences]. Disability and Rehabilitation. 2021 Mar 2:1-3.</ref> This page discusses the subjective examination of the shoulder, but

...nal Editor '''- Africa Clubfoot Training Team as part of [http://www.physio-pedia.com/Clubfoot_Content_Development_Project ICRC and GCI Clubfoot Content * Cervical spine, head and face for signs of [[Congenital torticollis|torticollis]] or facia

...th surgical correlation.] American Journal of Roentgenology 2003;181(1):219-21.</ref> Wrist extension is preserved due to the action of the extensor car ...Frohse in cadavers]. Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy. 2005 Aug 1;27(3):171-5.</ref> The posterior interosseous nerve continues in the radial tunnel thr

...al Anatomy|cervical]] spine and rarely, except for trauma, in the thoracic spine.<ref name=":1" /> ...olisthesis and retrolisthesis.] Clinical Spine Surgery. 2002 Apr 1;15(2):93-9.</ref>

...niversity Evidence-based Practice Project|Texas State University's Evidence-based Practice project]] ...ication of acute thoracolumbar spinal injuries]. spine. 1983 Nov 1;8(8):817-31.</ref>

...mitations, and harms of clinical guidelines. BMJ. 1999 Feb 20;318(7182):527-30.</ref> ...of research literature and clinical evidence - the main source for evidence-based care. <ref name="Open Clinical" />

...ure in one of the bony bridges that connect the upper with the lower facet joints of the vertebra. ...ing the second most likely to be affected. The higher levels of the lumbar spine are rarely affected. (15 LOE: 4)

...Brussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universiteit Brussel Evidence-Based Practice Project]] ...ct and when to refer. Cleveland clinic journal of medicine 2007; 74(7): 473-482. (level of evidence 4)</ref>&nbsp;An acromioclavicular dislocation is a

...cipation sports evaluation. American family physician. 2015 Sep 1;92(5):371-6. ...examination. Primary Care: Clinics in Office Practice. 1998 Mar 1;25(1):225-36.

...ussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universiteit Brussel's Evidence-based Practice project]] ...PMC1307540/ Cervical spondylosis]. An update. West J Med 1996; 165(1-2): 43-51 </ref>

...rticle_5290.pdf Randomised controlled trial for evaluation of an ultrasound-guided palpation intervention for palpation skill training.] Sci Rep. 2022 J ...oints are perpendicular to the cardinal planes. Therefore, motion at these joints results in rotations within three planes. Example: supination involves inve

...nd [[User:Joseph So|Joseph So]] as part of the [[Temple University Evidence-Based Practice Project|Temple University EBP Project]] ...le and the manubrium is a dense fibrocartilaginous disc that separates the joints into two distinct synovial compartments.

...ommonly occur in the lumbar regions but they can occur in all parts of the spine.<ref name=":0" /> ...ome for Children and Youth With Spina Bifida. PEDIATRICS. 2011;128(6):e1645-e1657.</ref>

...] based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/ian-horsley/ Ian Horsley]<br>'''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributors/{{F ===== '''Non-specific pathoanatomic''' =====

...review their effectiveness on commonly affected joints such as the lumbar spine and the [[Sacroiliac Joint|sacroiliac joint]] that are prone to causing [[L ...a-analysis of randomized clinical trials.] J Man Manip Ther. 2009;17(4):237-46. </ref> This "high velocity - low amplitude of movement" technique differ

...departments (2006–2016). Emergency Medicine Journal. 2020 Nov 1;37(11):696-9.</ref> [[Image:Manubrium-animation.gif|border|right|frameless|alt=manubrium image]]The sternum is a f

...hnique and should only be performed after demonstrating competency after in-person mentorship.'' [[File:Spinal-cord-injury-symptoms.png|thumb|518x518px]]

..., Shaw GM. Spina bifida. Nature reviews Disease primers. 2015 Apr 30;1(1):1-8.</ref> ...acid food fortification in Canada]. The Lancet. 2002 Dec 21;360(9350):2047-8.</ref>.<br>{{#ev:youtube|jlDZA2PNW2o}}<ref>YouTube.Osmosis Spina bifida (m

...inal cord injury: a retrospective analysis. Spinal cord. 2017 Jun;55(6):559-65.</ref> ...to develop respiratory complications, primarily due to [https://www.physio-pedia.com/Muscles_of_Respiration diaphragm] impairment. <ref name=":0" />

...h Ehlers-Danlos syndrome.|thumb|aHyper-elastic skin in a person with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome.]] ...ng (sitting with knees bent and the legs splayed on either side), a "double-jointed" little finger, and the ability to touch the thumb to the wrist of t

...apy. Available from:https://www.americanhippotherapyassociation.org/what-is-hippotherapy (accessed 19/11/2021)</ref> ...Association. What is Hippotherapy? Available from: https://youtu.be/RzcUTg-VKsM [last accessed 22/22/2021]</ref>

...ividual experience them in a given month. If individual experiences tension-type headaches 14 or lesser than 14 days out of a month, then it is consider ..."Mcdermaid et. al" /><ref>3.Crystal SC, Robbins MS. Epidemiology of tension-type headache. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2010;14:449–54</ref>&nbsp;In D

...:Harrison Chipchase|Harrison Chipchase]] as part of the [https://www.physio-pedia.com/Nottingham_University_Spinal_Rehabilitation_Project| Nottingham Un ...hritic condition that typically affects the spine and the sacroilliac (SI) joints. Common clinical presentations of this disease can include: <ref name=":0">

...dex (BASDAI), and the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Patient Global Score (BAS-G). All indices produce a score out of 10, giving a clear numerical outcome ...tis Functional Index (BASFI). Journal of Rheumatology. 1994;Vol 21:2281-5</ref>.

...oints are perpendicular to the cardinal planes. Therefore, motion at these joints results in rotations within three planes. Example: supination involves inve ...f bursae: adventitious, subcutaneous, [[Synovial Joints|synovial]], and sub-muscular.

...e Burdeaux|Katherine Burdeaux]] as part of the [[Temple University Evidence-Based Practice Project]] ...tion. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy. 2002 Oct;32(10):497-509.</ref>

...on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/rosanne-le-jeune/ Rosanne Lejeune Rosanne Lejeune] Examine joints for:

...ing the effectiveness of [[Manual Therapy|manual therapy]] on the thoracic spine may improve patient’s symptoms when suffering from thoracic and/or referr There are various common disorders in the thoracic spine, the most common;

...in project page]] for further information, or to return to [[Neck Pain Tool-kit: Step 1|Step 1]] to identify your patient. Otherwise, proceed to Step 3 *[[Neck Pain Tool-kit: Step 3#3.1_Neck_pain_alone|3.1 Neck pain alone]]

...sed on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/richard-jackson/ Richard Jackson]<br> ...xercise. Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise and Health. 2018;10(4):400-11. </ref></blockquote>Rehabilitation professionals must be able to assess,

...stemic autoimmune disease characterized by inflammatory arthritis and extra-articular involvement. RA with symptom duration of fewer than six months i ...umatic drugs<ref name=":6">Krati Chauhan; Jagmohan S. Jandu; Mohammed A. Al-Dhahir. Oct 2019 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441999/ RA] Availabl

...erico, et al. "Non-specific low back pain." The Lancet 379.9814 (2012): 482-491. Level of evidence 1A</ref> ...d subchronic low back trouble. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1995 Mar 15;20(6):722-8.Level of evidence 3C</ref>

...ears: definition and treatment. International orthopaedics. 2015; 39(12): 1-12. (2C)</ref> * Type A: [http://www.physio-pedia.com/Supraspinatus_tear supraspinatus] &amp; superior [[subscapularis]]

...ndrome in asymptomatic individuals. ''J Med Pharm Allied Sci'', 10(6), 3894-3898.</ref>. ...Crossed Syndrome''. Physiopedia, [online]. Available at https://www.physio-pedia.com/index.php?title=Lower_Crossed_Syndrome&oldid=323323 [Accessed: 18

[[File:Scapulohumeral rhythm-1-.png|thumb|274x274px| ...rdle involved in those of the arm on the trunk. J Anat Physiol 1884; 18:209-218.</ref>

...] based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/instructor/wendy-oelofse/ Wendy Oelofse] ...r Limb Function in Tetraplegic Patients]. Asian Spine J. 2021 Aug;15(4):498-503. </ref>

[[File:LSS1.jpg|right|<ref>Bhave A. Modern Techniques in Spine Surgery. JP Medical Ltd; 2014 Nov 30.</ref>]] ...ve lumbar spinal stenosis (update). The Spine Journal. 2013 Jul 1;13(7):734-43.</ref>

...racture|fractures]], or otherwise altered by any mechanical, thermal, light-based, electromagnetic, or chemical means. ...www.facs.org/-/media/files/advocacy/state/definition-of-surgery-legislative-toolkit.ashx<nowiki/>(accessed 18.2.2021)</ref>

[[File:Armin-lotfi-2WO8-ClYO9E-unsplash (1).jpg|right|frameless|200x200px]] ...ts/pdf_file/0013/3046/What-is-pain-part-II-philosophy-behaviours-ANZCA-Blue-Book.pdf (last accessed 20.5.2020)</ref>.

...wska]] based on course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/instructor/rina-pandya/ Rina Pandya]<br> ...derstanding spine–hip interaction]. EFORT Open Reviews. 2020 Sep 7;5(9):522-33.</ref> The timing and activation of dynamic stabilisers are the most impo

...uis, MO (USA): Elsevier Mosby; 2011:p.439-482</ref> [[Weight bearing|Weight-bearing]] is a primary function of the foot and ankle - each structure has a * assisting with push-off during the [[Gait Cycle|gait cycle]]

'''Original Editor '''- [[User:Mary-Jane Cole|Mary-Jane Cole]] and [[User:Joy Rendell|Joy Rendell]] as part of the [[World Phys ...ilitation phases from assessment pre-amputation and post amputation, to pre-prosthetic rehabilitation and the management of problems associated with UL

...>Brukner P. Brukner and Khan's Clinical Sports Medicine. North Ryde: McGraw-Hill; 2012.</ref> ...name="Basic Biomechanics">Hall SJ. Basic Biomechanics. Boston, MA:: McGraw-Hill; 2007.</ref>&nbsp;''<u>Example</u>'' - Muscles create a torque to rotat

...Individuals with poor posture (Lewitt, 1980), scapular dyskinesis (Clifton-Smith & Rowley, 2011), low back pain (LBP) and neck pain have also been show ...pathology and non-specific breathing pattern disorders. Furthermore, a case-control study (Roussel et al, 2009) observing patients with chronic LBP foun

...="Micheli and Wood 1995">El-Sayed A, Cervoni-Rosario B, Harrast MA. Lumbar spine. In: Krabak BJ, Brooks A, editors. The Youth Athlete. Elsevier; 2023. p. 35 * Spine tumors.

....12599 </ref>. Individuals with MG have decreased acetylcholine and voltage-gated sodium channels due to damage of their postsynaptic membranes<ref name ...</ref><ref name=":3">Zhi-Feng Mao, Long-Xiu Yang, Xue-An Mo, Chao Qin, Yong-Rong Lai, NingYu He, Tong Li & Maree L. Hackett. Frequency of Autoimmune Dis

...Page P. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2971639/pdf/najspt-05-189.pdf A new exercise for tennis elbow that works!] N Am J Sports Phys Ther ...erapy for tennis elbow/lateral epicondylitis.] Br J Sports Med 2004; 38:675-677 </ref>

...ts in electrotherapy.http://www.electrotherapy.org/modality/key-concepts-in-electrotherapy.(Accessed 19 March 2016)</ref> ...mal agents are the most used in physiotherapy pain management. However, non-thermal agents, such as pulsed ultrasound, have been reported as having an a

...and occasionally in the fingers.<ref>MARKSCHICKENDANTZ M. 28 Medial: Flexor-Pronator Tendon Injury. Shoulder and Elbow Injuries in Athletes: Prevention, *flexion of the metacarpophalangeal joints

...University Evidence-based Practice Project|Texas State University Evidence-based Practice Project]] ...habilitation guidelines. British Journal of Sports Medicine, (2008) 42, 165-171</ref><br>

...Brussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universiteit Brussel Evidence-Based Practice Project]] ...Instability. Available from: https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1262004-overview (accessed 29 August 2020).</ref> It is an injury to the [[Glenohume

...//hopes.stanford.edu/the-basic-neurobiology-of-huntingtons-disease-text-and-audio/</nowiki></ref>]] ...Neuropathology of Huntington's Disease. Curr Top Behav Neurosci. 2015;22:33-80. doi: 10.1007/7854_2014_354.</ref>. This leads to an excessive amount of

'''Original Editor '''- [https://www.physio-pedia.com/User:Jess_Bell Jess Bell] '''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Cont ...thological findings in horses. Equine Veterinary Education. 2020;32(12):664-72.</ref>

...on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/instructor/melanie-skeen-harding/ Melanie Harding] ...le with spinal cord injuries]. Journal of physiotherapy. 2016 Jan 1;62(1):4-11.</ref> This course aims to introduce basic treatment ideas during various

*[[Lateral_Epicondyle_Tendinopathy_Toolkit:_Appendix_A_-_Details_of_the_Articles|''Appendix A: Details of the Articles'']] {| style="text-align: left; width: 100%;" border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1"

...Rehabilitation, Second Edition. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2018. p294-332.</ref> This page discusses some of the more common types of forelimb lam ...sical Therapy. Clinical Techniques in Small Animal Practice. 2007;22(4):171-82.</ref>

...ussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universiteit Brussel's Evidence-based Practice project]] ...her, rarer nerve compression syndromes. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2015;112(1-2):14-25; quiz 26.</ref>

...illiams|Christy Williams]] as part of the [[Texas State University Evidence-based Practice Project]] ...enohumeral]] (GH) joint range of motion with spontaneous complete or nearly-complete recovery over a varied period of time.

...Chapter V. http://apps.who.int/classifications/apps/icd/icd10online2004/fr-icd.htm?gf70.htm+ (accessed 2 Jan 2017).</ref> However, this definition is o ...g disability has been changing since the 1970s, from people with mental sub-normality to mental handicap to eventually learning disability in the 1990s.

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