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...with the tendons and muscles, provides a natural brace to help protect the spine from injury. ...:https://www.coloradospineinstitute.com/education/anatomy/ligaments-tendons-muscles/ (last accessed 11.5.2020)</ref>.

[[File:Piron-guillaume-y5hQCIn1c6o-unsplash.jpg|right|frameless]] Thoracic back pain is more likely to be caused by serious underlying pathology than

...ch provide cushioning between the vertebrae and absorb pressure put on the spine. It is a nearly universal condition in those who reach advanced age, but it ...023, July 12. Available from: https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/249036-overview]</ref>. Although some people experience no symptoms, others may fee

[[File:Sam-burriss-zHSX9o2 B7Y-unsplash.jpg|right|frameless|600x600px]] ...ge P. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19563667?dopt=Abstract Thoracic spine pain in the general population: prevalence, incidence and associated factor

In the [[Cervical Anatomy|cervical]] and thoracic regions it has a uniform width over the bodies and discs, but in the [[Lumb ...a serrated edge<ref>https://radiopaedia.org/articles/posterior-longitudinal-ligament</ref>.

[[File:Sam-burriss-zHSX9o2 B7Y-unsplash.jpg|right|frameless|375x375px]] ...o a compressed nerve root in the [[Thoracic Anatomy|thoracic area]] of the spine. This is the least common location for radiculopathy. The symptoms often fo

...oney V . [https://www.elsevier.com/books/movement-stability-and-lumbopelvic-pain/9780443101786 Movement, Stability & Lumbopelvic Pain 2nd Edition] . Ph ...ligamentum flavum, causing pretension in the neutral position (interspinous-supraspinous thoracolumbar ligamentous complex)<ref name=":0" />

.... It is a test that is simple to administer with excellent inter and intra-rater reliability, validity, and responsiveness. <br> Musculoskeletal conditions of the lumbar-pelvic region eg

...control study.] Brazilian journal of physical therapy. 2019 Jul 1;23(4):346-54. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6630105/#bi * Stiff upper thoracic spine or rounded upper spine causing cervical spine to hyperextend to see ahead.

...nt Biomechanics and Mechanotransduction in Normal, Injury and Degenerative Conditions. J Biomech Eng. 2011 July; 133(7): 71010–NaN.</ref>. ...superior facet of the inferior vertebra is rather flat in the cervical and thoracic regions and more convex in the lumbar region. The opposing inferior facet o

'''Original Editor '''- [https://www.physio-pedia.com/User:Chelsea_Mclene Chelsea Mclene] ...bone. It is a congenital overdevelopment of transverse process of cervical spine vertebra<ref>Fliegel BE, Menezes RG. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NB

<div class="pp-no-course-suggestions pp-no-article-suggestions"></div> ...different types of spinal disorders ranging from low back pain to complex spine trauma and deformity.

<div class="pp-no-course-suggestions pp-no-article-suggestions"></div> ==Disease and Conditions==

...ussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universiteit Brussel's Evidence-based Practice project]] [[File:SPINE ANATOMY.jpg|thumb]]

...rtant to be able to recognise the red flags that could point towards these conditions. ...l causes of back pain. Cleveland Clinic journal of medicine 2007;74(12):905-13.</ref> summarised examples of medical causes of back pain, and the sympto

...linician. Therapeutic advances in musculoskeletal disease. 2012 Apr;4(2):61-76. Available: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3383520/ (access ...ystems-1417/bone-development-1497/bone-tissue-and-the-effects-of-aging-1500-11222/</ref> The reasons for this are multi factorial, including:.

...[https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/tanya-bell-jenje/ Tanya Bell-Jenje]<br> ...lude:<ref name=":0">Bell-Jenje T. Assessment and Treatment of the Thoracic Spine Course. Plus , 2021.</ref>

...on test and position. Journal of Sport Rehabilitation. 2019 Aug 1;28(6):635-9.</ref> ...g position. The examiner palpated the participant’s spine (approximately T9-T10 spinous process) with the thumbs and hands resting over the participant�

...[https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/tanya-bell-jenje/ Tanya Bell-Jenje]<br> [[Category:Thoracic Spine]]

...al of Physiotherapy. He is also the author of two books:<ref name="mulligan-5">Manual therapy NAGS,SNAGS,MWMS,etc by Brian R.Mulligan, 5th edition, 2004 ...of the extremities and SNAGS (sustained natural apophyseal glides) of the spine were first coined by Brian R. Mulligan <ref>Mulligan, BR: Manual Therapy �

...PV. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2953347/ Alternative pop-up for surfers with low back pain.] North American journal of sports physica ...'(4), pp.394-401. Available from: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S1809-29502016000400394&script=sci_arttext&tlng=en#B3 (last accessed 16.9.2019)</r

...nerves Available: https://musculoskeletalkey.com/nerves-innervation-of-the-spine/<nowiki/>(accessed 6.2.2022)</ref> ...inal Nerves Available: https://www.verywellhealth.com/spinal-nerves-anatomy-4682599<nowiki/>(accessed 6.2.2022)</ref>

[[File:WhatsApp Image 2020-04-10 at 3.26.18 PM.jpg|thumb|256x256px|external and internal intercostal muscl ...in their function<ref>https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/intercostal-muscles</ref>.

...ation model whose time has come. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2007;37(11):658-660.</ref> For example, patients who complain of [[Low Back Pain|LBP]] may a ...k pain: a distal link to a proximal problem. J Sport Rehabil. 2009;18(1):24-32.</ref>

...a good rehabilitation program incorporating stretches, strengthening and co-ordination and postural training. ...ion (whilst paddling) increases the demands on the structures of the upper spine and associated soft tissues.

This guide gives a general overview of the anatomy of the thoracic spine. It also includes some facts regarding pathophysiology in this region. The sagittal plane alignment of the Thoracic spine is on average 35% (normal range is 20° to 50°).<ref name=":2" />

...ib-fractures Rib fractures] Available: https://radiopaedia.org/articles/rib-fractures<nowiki/>(accessed 10.3.2022)</ref> Rib fractures can occur at any * 4th-10th ribs are the most common

[[File:Sam-burriss-zHSX9o2 B7Y-unsplash.jpg|right|frameless]] ...ted to the particular orientation, structure, and function of the thoracic spine in the vertebral column.

...n early fetal development and in turn cause structural problems within the spine and spinal cord. These deformities can range from mild to severe and may ca ...tal spinal deformities Available:https://khavkinclinic.com/congential-spine-deformities/ (accessed 10.10.2021)</ref>

...Spinal Manipulation Available: https://www.spine-health.com/glossary/spinal-manipulation (accessed 13.6.2021)</ref>. ...rapy,” Journal of Orthop Sports Physical Therapy 37, no. 6 (June 2007): 290-302.</ref> &nbsp;:

...ort], Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies, Volume 20, Issue 4, P:722-727,</ref> ...Some Basic Science Aspects], Physiotherapy, 1997, Volume 83, Issue 4, P:186-189,</ref>&nbsp;

* Most commonly caused by blunt, anterior chest-wall trauma and deceleration injuries, with a reported incidence of 3% to 6. Sternal fractures are frequently diagnosed using a lateral chest x-ray or CT scan of the chest.

[[File:Chris-benson-yx-iJFybOBQ-unsplash.jpg|right|frameless|400x400px]] ...ture (FHP) is a poor habitual neck posture. It often co-exists with [[Upper-Crossed Syndrome|Upper Crossed Syndrome]]

...]. Journal of Back and Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation. 2019 Jan 1;32(1):179-89. ...ipants ages 18–34]. Physiotherapy theory and practice. 2013 May 1;29(4):328-34.</ref>

...ndrome: an anatomic-clinical study. Bull Hosp Jt Dis. 1993 Spring;53(1):21-4. Level of Evidence 3B</ref>&nbsp;that is still used in clinical practice i ...ct of the scapula, between the superior angle and the root of the scapular spine. Its function is to assist with various neck, arm and shoulder movements su

...lectromyographic study of 115 patients with [[Carpal Tunnel Syndrome|carpal-tunnel syndromes]] or lesions of the [[Ulnar Nerve|ulnar nerve]] at the [[el ...e Journal of Hand Surgery]: British & European Volume. 1985 Jun 1;10(2):202-4.</ref><br>

...and can be described as an exaggerated anterior curvature of the thoracic spine that is associated with aging<ref name="Jang et al." /> * Anterior curvature of the thoracic spine is normal and present due to the shape of the vertebral bodies and interver

...e disease in back pain? Physiotherapy Practice and Research. 2017;38(2): 73-77.</ref> Yet despite the low incidence rates, these conditions should be considered as differential diagnoses when individuals present wit

...''Original Editor '''- [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/mauro-banfi/ Mauro Banfi] '''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributors/{{FULLPA ...pg|thumb|Figure 1. Thoracic kyphosis. ]][[Thoracic Hyperkyphosis|Increased thoracic kyphosis]] (see Figure 1)

...etching (neuropraxia,), tearing (called “avulsion” when the tear is at the spine, and “rupture” when it is not), or scarring (neuroma) of the brachial p The main mechanism of injury is hyper-abduction traction and depending on the intensity, cause signs and symptoms

...rt of a patient specific measure]. Physiotherapy canada. 1995 Oct;47(4):258-63.</ref> ...es in chronic low back pain.] European Spine Journal. 2010 Sep 1;19(9):1484-94.</ref>

...itor '''- [[User:Lorenza Perez|Lorena Perez]] as part of [http://www.physio-pedia.com/ICRC_Cerebral_Palsy_Content_Development_Project#Articles_to_be_dev ...: Dyskinetic and Ataxic. Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3s-n4eFypPc [last accessed 13/08/16]</ref>

...to the first thoracic spinous process".&nbsp;The Bone and Joint Decade 2000-2010 Task Force on Neck Pain and Its Associated Disorders describes Neck pai ...ain.] Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy. 2004 Nov;34(11):686-700.</ref>. It is well known that chronic pain is often associated with ana

...lfunctionalcare.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Anatomy-of-the-quadrilateral-space.pdf The anatomy of the quadrilateral space with reference to quadrilat ...ted, and the syndrome is reported to be most common in active people age 20-40.<ref name=":0" /> QSS can be caused by anything that decreases the area o

...erneck LC. Dropped head syndrome in motor neuron disease. Arquivos de neuro-psiquiatria. 2006 Mar;64(1):118.</ref>. ...ia, and social implications.<ref name=":0">Burakgazi AZ, Richardson PK, Abu-Rub M. Dropped head syndrome due to neuromuscular disorders: Clinical manife

...iginal Editor '''- [[User:Oluwafikunayomi_Wole-Bankole|Oluwafikunayomi_Wole-Bankole]] ...logy, pathomechanism, diagnosis, and treatment. Spine J. 2011 Feb;11(2):153-7. doi: 10.1016/j.spinee.2010.12.010. PMID: 21296300.https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm

...uxation, spinal cord injury without radiological abnormality, and multiple thoracic compression fracture<ref name=":0">Basu S (2012) Spinal injuries in childre ...y. A Review By Organ System. Phy. Med. and Rehab Clinics, 2015; 26(1); 109-132.

...ca [serial on the Internet]. (2010, Oct), [cited April 4, 2012]; 42(5): 214-219. Available from: Academic Search Premier.</ref> ...ong term results of combined radio surgical treatment. Thorax. 1997; 52:284-6</ref>

In your small groups (max 4), which you will have self-selected at the start of the module, you will work collaboratively to develo ...xercise compliance in patients with low back pain – could look at specific conditions, and look at barriers and facilitators <br>14. The relationship between fit

[[File:Afif-kusuma-txzpx9doVWs-unsplash.jpg|right|frameless]] * Patient-completed, condition-specific functional status questionnaire with 10 items including pain, perso

...rs speaks of primary headaches. The primary headaches are migraine, tension-type headache, cluster headache and other trigeminal autonomic cephalgias an ...ther primary headaches are clinically heterogeneous. According to the (ICHD-III) the pathogenesis of other primary headaches is still poorly understood.

...sten Tsuei|Kristen Tsuei]] as part of the [[Texas State University Evidence-based Practice Project]] '''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributors/{{ ...ord or it can damage the spinal cord itself.<ref name="Mayo" />&nbsp;These conditions are referred to as [[Cervical Radiculopathy|radiculopathy]] and [[Cervical

...e has ceased.<ref name=":0" />Its progressive nature is more often seen in conditions of neurologic and systemic involvement.<ref name=":2" /> While it can occur ...sis. Orthopaedics & Traumatology: Surgery & Research. 2013 Feb 1;99(1):S124-39.[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877056812002745]</re

...ased on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/daphne-xuan/ Daphne Xuan]<br> ...1;12(2):e053999.</ref>[[File:C-spine-picture.jpg|thumb|250x250px|Cervical spine]]

...reased flexion of the hips, and a compensatory hyperlordosis in the lumbar spine. There is co-existing over activity and tightness of the&nbsp;thoracolumbar extensors: [[

...e disease in back pain? Physiotherapy Practice and Research. 2017;38(2): 73-77.</ref> ...for potential serious pathologies. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2020; epub: 1-23.</ref>

...ritis: Diagnosis and Treatment; ''Am Fam Physician.'' 2009 Sep 15;80(6):617-620</ref> The thoracic wall consists of the

...Aetiology of rib stress fractures in rowers]. Sports Med 2002; 32 (13): 819-36</ref> ...of ultrasound?. British journal of sports medicine. 2017 Jul 1;51(14):1093-7.</ref>

...based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/donna-fisher/ Donna Fisher]<br>'''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributors/{{F ...nal braces are off-the-shelf, although certain situations call for a custom-made device.<ref name=":0" />

...:52-62.</ref>:'''positive upper limb tension test A''' (ULTTa), '''involved-side cervical''' '''rotation range of motion less than 60 degrees''', '''pos ...ULTTa'''</u>: Any one of the following: A) symptom reproduction; B) side-to-side difference &gt;10 degrees in elbow extension; or C) with regard to invo

...[https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/tanya-bell-jenje/ Tanya Bell-Jenje]<br> ...ll of these conditions must be considered when assessing patients who have thoracic pain.

...fractures: an anatomical approach. Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol 2008;18:189-195 [Level2]</ref> ...known as the axis, is one of three atypical vertebrae. The axis shows a peg-like odontoid process that projects itself superiorly from the body. The odo

...al Breathing are abnormal respiratory patterns specifically related to over-breathing. They range from simple upper chest breathing to, at the extreme e ...page on [[Breathing Pattern Disorders|Breathing Pattern Disorders]] for in-depth knowledge on anatomy, aetiology, classification, etc.

...isten Templin|Kristen Templin]] as part of the [[Temple University Evidence-Based Practice Project|Temple University EBP Project]] [[File:Thoracic grade 2 T6 PA mobilisations.png|right|frameless]]

...man spine: 6 in the [[Cervical Anatomy|cervical]] region (neck), 12 in the thoracic region (middle back), and 5 in the [[Lumbar Anatomy|lumbar region]] (lower ...at deal of strength. They also provide a shock-absorbing effect within the spine and prevent the vertebrae from grinding together. They consist of three maj

...ei=33D_Y-b6G8K1ywTR2b-ACw&scisig=AAGBfm0_NiE12NAJ6fxWp2LhTVd1yZ0_wA Canine Thoracic Costovertebral and Costotransverse Joints:] Three Case Reports of Dysfuncti ...rscapular pain], university of johannesburg, 2015 </ref> Together with the thoracic cage, the costovertebral and costotransverse joints provide stability.<ref

...For example, a nerve root impingement in the [[Cervical Anatomy|cervical]] spine may result in pain and weakness in the forearm. Similarly, an impingement i ...from Rochester, Minnesota, 1976 through 1990. Brain. 1994 Apr 1;117(2):325-35.</ref>....

...een the active ([[Paraspinal Muscles|muscles]]), passive (osteoligamentous spine), and neural components is necessary to prevent [[Lumbar Instability|instab ...l movements result in various forces acting on the [[Lumbar Anatomy|lumbar spine]] and [[sacrum]], that is:

.../books/NBK499966/ (last accessed 20.4.2020)</ref> Image R severe case - pre-operative image of a 22 year old male with Scheuermann's Disease ...[https://search.proquest.com/openview/ff361ff1a9fb8c730bcf25b99dc8ffec/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=40235 Current concepts in Scheuermann's kyphosis]. Ort

...c pathologies. This article discusses the key anatomical structures of the thoracic vertebrae and rib cage, including the bony structures, articulations, ligam ...ere are four types of bursae: adventitious, subcutaneous, synovial, and sub-muscular.

...ow joint. Physiotherapists have a functional knowledge of the complicated 3-joint elbow complex as well as its associated anatomy. They can apply this k ...with the person's symptoms. This assessment will help them develop a multi-modal treatment approach that is individualised to the specific problems and

[[File:Bianca-jordan-IPjWtxPJUQc-unsplash.jpg|right|frameless]] ...n normal subjects. American Journal of Roentgenology. 1980 May 1;134(5):979-83.</ref>

.... The costoclavicular syndrome: a ‘new cause’. Ann Rheum Dis. 1986; 45: 916-920.</ref> The brachial nerve plexus, subclavian artery and subclavian vein ...octtcr's syndrome): review of 320 Cases. Surg Gvnecol Obstet 1949 ; 88 : 89-127</ref><div>

'''Original Editor '''- [[User:Cindy John-Chu|Cindy John-Chu]] ...[Spinal Cord Injury|spinal cord injury (SCI)]], usually resulting from high-impact, direct trauma, the patient with spinal shock typically being found a

[[File:Scoliosis-01.jpg|right|frameless]] ...s an observable deformity. Scoliosis is defined by the [[Cobb's angle]] of spine curvature in the coronal plane and is often accompanied by vertebral rotati

...ussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universiteit Brussel's Evidence-based Practice project]] ...InSeminars in arthritis and rheumatism 2009 Apr 1 (Vol. 38, No. 5, pp. 361-365). WB Saunders. (Level of evidence: 2B)</ref>. Also, peripheral entheses

...nd lower extremity strength exercises with cardiovascular training in a non-weight bearing environment. Swimmers are unfortunately prone to injuries.   ...ntion strategies in competitive swimmers]. Sports health. 2012 May;4(3):246-51. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3435931/ (l

...re of the carotid artery, http://www.webmd.com/heart/picture-of-the-carotid-artery#1 (accessed 31 may 2017)</ref> (10 in image at R) ...mmon carotid artery, https://radiopaedia.org/articles/common-carotid-artery-2 (accessed 30 may 2017)</ref>

...skeletal disorders, pain, and reabilitation. Philadelphia: Elsevier. (p 582-587)</ref><ref name=":0" /> ...ients with costochondritis or Tietze's syndrome, Wiley-Blackwell, 2001, p23-29</ref>.

...acc.co.nz/assets/research/2b0c243f75/acupuncture-musculoskeletal-conditions-review.pdf</ref> However, physiotherapists in particular continue to utilise ...nd travels upwards to the axillary fossa. It then descends down the anterio-medial aspect of the arm to the cubital fossa and continues between [[Palmar

...k factors.] Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 2008 Jun;56(6):1098-105</ref>. ...ention is to prevent pathological to reduce the risk of age-related health conditions and their consequences, to promote active and healthy ageing, and to preven

...l., 2015).]][[Scoliosis]] can be described as an abnormal curvature of the spine. The [[Cobb's angle|Cobb angle]] (fig.2) and Risser sign are measures commo ...n's orthopaedics. 2012 Dec 11;7(1):3-9.</ref>. It develops at the age of 11-18 and takes up 90% of idiopathic scoliosis cases in children. The female to

...based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/shala-cunningham/ Shala Cunningham ]<br> ...s). It also introduces the Proposed Classification System for the Cervical Spine.

...uchbinder R. Non-specific low back pain. Lancet. 2017 Feb 18;389(10070):736-747. </ref> ...at can help to differentiate between mechanical back pain and inflammatory conditions, as well as discussing other [[The Flag System|red flag]] features that sho

The [[Lumbar Anatomy|lumbar spine]] supports much of the upper body's weight. [[Intervertebral disc|Intervert ...ls (Myocyte)|muscle]]. It provides coverage for the organs, generates intra-abdominal pressure, and moves the vertebral column. This article discusses t

...ussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universiteit Brussel's Evidence-based Practice project]]. ..., Kavishwar RA, Shetty AP, Shanmuganathan R. Spondylolysis of the Thoracic Spine with Instability: A Rare Cause for Myelopathy. JBJS Case Connector. 2022 Ja

...ven vertebrae as well as articulations with the occiput and upper thoracic spine, each with different axes of movement which can combine in a multitude of w Movements of the cervical spine are 1) constrained by the [[Anatomy cervical|anatomy]] of motion segments a

...elissa Osti|Melissa Osti]] as part of the [[Texas State University Evidence-based Practice Project]] [[File:T9-T10 change fracture from MVA.png|thumb|348x348px|T9-T10 chance fracture from MVA]]

...LLIF and ALIF, ''3''(1), 2–18. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.3978/j.issn.2414-469X.2015.10.05</nowiki></ref>. ...Bthe%2Bpostsurgical%2Borthopedic%2Bpatient.%26ots%3DSR6thhGWWS%26sig%3Dklqy-qyNuMYlSy0rQ8DGa_bGFtg&hl=en&sa=T&oi=gsb&ct=res&cd=0&d=735113821912823632&ei

...lininger|Chris Slininger]] as part of the [[Texas State University Evidence-based Practice Project]] ...ribes compression of the neurovascular structures as they exit through the thoracic outlet (cervicothoracobrachial region).

[[File:1757-1626-1-377-3.jpg|alt=Cleidocranial dysplasia face and shoulders.jpg|thumb|[https://www. ...may also have other skeletal abnormalities, such as short stature, curved spine, or malformed pelvis.

...ic outlet, leading to a spectrum of symptoms ranging from mild pain to limb-threatening complications. It remains a complex and controversial condition ...oclavicular, and subcoracoid spaces. Anatomical abnormalities and acquired conditions contribute to the compression of these structures, leading to the developme

...hnson]] and [[User:Kasi Lessley|Kasie Lessley]] from the [http://www.physio-pedia.com/Pathophysiology_of_Complex_Patient_Problems Bellarmine University ...Management of Crohn's Disease in Adults. Am J Gastroenterol. 2009; 104: 465-483. doi:10.1038/ajg.208.168</ref>

...emol Yves|Demol Yves]] as part of the [[Vrije Universiteit Brussel Evidence-based Practice Project]] ...so be the result of traumatic (fractures and instability) and inflammatory conditions or caused by herniated discs or tumours.

...r:Krista Dayton|Krista Dayton]] as part of the [[Temple University Evidence-Based Practice Project|Temple University EBP Project]] * Timeline-When are the patients reported symptoms at their worst?

...re dermatomes? Available:https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/what-are-dermatomes (accessed 25.5.2022)</ref> {{#ev:youtube|https://www.youtube.com/ | rowspan="3" |Thoracic

...s warranted to determine the extent and nature of the relationship between thoracic manipulation and shoulder pain. ...or cuff, improving range of motion, decreasing pain, and returning to a pre-morbid level of injury. Manipulations to the cervicothoracic junction were p

[[File:Scoliosis-01.jpg|thumb|scoliosis clinical presentation|alt=scoliosis clinical presenta Scoliosis is an abnormal lateral curvature of the spine. It is most often diagnosed in childhood or early adolescence.

...ased on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/krista-eskay/ Krista Eskay]<br> ...muscle forces. When muscle pull is altered due to genetic or neuromuscular conditions, alignment may be impacted. Atypical alignment can directly affect function

...lasia and cervical laminoplasty Case report. J Neurosurg Spine 2009; 11:417-420. http://thejns.org/doi/pdf/10.3171/2009.4.SPINE09164 (accessed on Apr 20 ...ely 98% of patients with achondroplasia have a mutation resulting from G-to-A substitution in the ''FGFR3'' gene; the majority of cases result from a sp

...tion of International Classification of Headache Disorders (ICHD)] is an in-depth hierarchical classification of headaches containing explicit diagnosti * [[Tension-type headache]]

...s/links/5b2aa631aca27209f379600f/Chapter-32-Physiotherapy-in-critically-ill-patients.pdf Physiotherapy in critically ill patients]. The ESC Textbook of ...ally ventilated patients without pneumonia—a narrative review.] Journal of thoracic disease. 2017;9(1): E44. DOI: 10.21037/jtd.2017.01.32  </ref>  

...ical Therapy. Journal of Orthopadic Sports Physical Therapy. 2007;37(6):290-302.</ref>. In 2012, Low Back Pain Clinical Practice Guidelines were publish ...ican Physical Therapy Association. J Orhtop Sports Phys Ther. 2012;42(4):A1-A57</ref>

[[Image:Ossification Spine.jpg|Flowing Ossification|right|314x314px]] ...nical features and pathogenic mechanisms. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2013;9(12):741-750.</ref><ref name="Bombak" />.

[[File:3d-medical-image-with-female-holding-neck-pain.jpg|right|frameless]] ...also be defined based on its duration (acute, subacute, [https://www.physio-pedia.com/Chronic_Neck_Pain chronic]) or reason for onset.

...Joints|Facet]] arthrosis is a painful [[arthritis]]-like condition of the spine caused by degeneration of the joints between the spinal bones. ...Available from: https://www.verywellhealth.com/facet-arthropathy-treatment-190440</ref> [[File:Facet Joints Anatomy.jpeg|thumb|200x200px]]

...'''- [[User:Kim Jackson|Kim Jackson]] as part of the [http://members.physio-pedia.com Physiopedia Plus] neck pain course. ...Online]. Available: <nowiki>https://data.worldbank.org/country/trinidad-and-tobago?view=chart</nowiki>.</ref> limitations and difficulties of treating n

[[File:Bianca-jordan-IPjWtxPJUQc-unsplash.jpg|thumb|282x282px]] ...dra SL, Fessler RG, Liu JC. Maximizing the potential of minimally invasive spine surgery in complex spinal disorders. Neurosurgical focus. 2008 Aug 1;25(2):

[[File:Brachial-Plexus.png|right|frameless]] ...Radecki J. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2926354/ Parsonage-Turner Syndrome.] Hospital for Special Surgery Journal, 2010; 6(2): 199–20

..."p1">Zdeblick TA. Compression and wedge fractures: treatment and recovery. Spine Univers 2009</ref><ref name="p2">Alexandru, Daniela, and William So. "Evalu Osteoporotic spine fractures can be graded based on vertebral height loss as:

...]] based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/instructor/nick-rainey// Nick Rainey]<br> '''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributors/{{ ...it is beneficial to develop standard practice protocols. Following evidence-based protocols means that you reduce the chance of a poor outcome. You shou

...ert Bardinas|Robert Bardinas]]; as part of the [[Temple University Evidence-Based Practice Project]] ...the [[elbow]] and the [[Wrist and Hand|wrist]]<ref>Jan Michael C. Lleva, Ke-Vin Chang.Ulnar Neuropathy. Available from: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bo

...Pott’s disease in children. Surgical Neurology International. 2011; 2(1). 1-5.</ref> ...increasing trend in the occurrence of [[Antimicrobial Resistance|multidrug-resistant bacterial strains]] of tuberculosis in the developing nations over

...es of low back pain]] have been ruled out, individuals are said to have non-specific (or simple or mechanical) back pain. ...he source of low back pain.] European Spine Journal. 2007 Oct 1;16(10):1539-50.</ref>

...Courtney Smith|Courtney Smith]] as part of the [[Temple University Evidence-Based Practice Project|Temple University EBP Project]] ...ive and nerve tissue dysfunction and if possible rule in or out particular conditions.

...tion, and treatment strategies. J Am Osteopath Assoc. 2000;100(9 Suppl): S7-14.</ref> However, the upper [[trapezius]] has a clear pain referral pattern ...valuation and treatment strategies. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2001; 5(4): 361-8.</ref>

...particularly with reduced total lung capacity (TLC).<ref name=":0">Martinez-Pitre PJ, Sabbula BR, Cascella M. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560 [[File:3D Medical Animation Bronchial Airways terminating ends-ar.jpeg|right|frameless|399x399px]]

...nal Editor '''- [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/ansi-van-der-walt/ Ansi van der Walt] '''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributors/{{F ...lack+of+knowledge+about+the+functional+aspects+of+the+equine+thoracolumbar+spine+and+pathogenesis+of+back+problems.&source=bl&ots=cAVFEBX9CU&sig=ACfU3U2mopm

...] based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/ian-horsley/ Ian Horsley]<br>'''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributors/{{F ===== '''Serious conditions''' =====

[[File:Indian-yogi-yogi-madhav-P SxnJhID1s-unsplash (1).jpg|right|frameless]] ...ostures on head/neck posture and muscle activity. Manual Therapy, 15(1), 54-60</ref>

<div class="editorbox">'''Original Editor''' - [https://www.physio-pedia.com/User:Priya_Gulla Priya Gulla]. '''Top Contributors''' - {{Special: ...ers for Physiotherapists.] 4th edition. Philadelphia:Lippincott, 1987. p343-45

...It describes hands-on techniques used in rehabilitation to treat various conditions, such as: ...w. Journal of back and musculoskeletal rehabilitation. 2022 Jan 1;35(3):463-77.</ref>.

...ussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universiteit Brussel's Evidence-based Practice project]] <br> ...ournal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. 2004 Jan 1;12(1):49-54.

...based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/rina-pandya/ Rina Pandya]<br>'''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributors/{{FU ...lumbar spinal stability. This task is accomplished through increased intra-abdominal pressure (IAP), minimising displacement of the abdominal contents

...lishing. Available from:https://www.health.harvard.edu/pain/7-faces-of-neck-pain [accessed 4/3/2023]</ref> ...ce workers: a 1-year longitudinal study.] Eur Spine J. 2009 Oct;18(10):1532-40.</ref>

...tps://www.smn.scot.nhs.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Vertebral-fractures-in-children.pdf [Accessed 11/3/2023].  </ref> === Cervical spine ===

...icobrachalgia) is a term that describes pain and stiffness of the cervical spine with symptoms in the shoulder girdle and upper extremity<ref>DeStefano LA. ...eth H. "The Cervicobrachial Syndrome." Annuals of Surgery 111 5 (1940): 727-742.</ref>.

...nsiveness of the numeric pain rating scale in patients with low back pain. Spine 2005;30:1331–4.</ref><ref name="p0">Jensen MP, McFarland CA. Increasing t Although various iterations exist, the most commonly used is the 11-item NPRS.<ref>Williamson A. Pain: a review of three commonly used pain rati

...lobal Burden of Disease Study 2016. The Lancet. 2017 Sep 16;390(10100):1211-59.</ref> ...an interpret pain and desensitize the response It can be sensitized or over-reactive by our emotions, events that occur in our lives that may increase f

...rapy]. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy. 2018 Aug;48(8):637-48.</ref> # Self-report measures

...based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/sasha-chelin/ Sasha Chelin] ...sment for the Equine Athlete. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract. 2016;32(1):31-47.</ref> Rather, they approach the assessment from a functional perspective

...files: overview and current state of art. Acta Biomed. 2017 Apr 28;88(1):11-16. doi: 10.23750/abm.v88i1.5309. PMID: 28467328; PMCID: PMC6166197.]</ref>. ...of injury due to compressive loading. J Athl Train. 2005 Jul-Sep;40(3):155-61. PMID: 16284634; PMCID: PMC1250253.]</ref>.

...p://www.csp.org.uk/director/public/whatphysiotherapy.cfm. Retrieved 2010-07-10</ref>. .... Physiotherapy's Identity. Manual Therapy, Volume 18, Issue 6 , Pages 447-448, December 2013</ref><br>

...medical condition presenting as common,&nbsp;non-serious, musculoskeletal conditions, are commonly&nbsp;described as red flags.<ref name=":1">Finucane L. An Int ...of Systematic Reviews. 2013(2).</ref>. They often highlight non-mechanical conditions or pathologies of visceral origin'''&nbsp;'''and&nbsp;can be contraindicati

...drome: pictorial essay]. Radiol Bras. 2019;52(4):262-267. doi: 10.1590/0100-3984.2017.0226. </ref> maybe necessary. [[Scapula|See physiopedia page on th ...scapular winging can be due to a lesion of the [[Long Thoracic Nerve|long thoracic nerve]] which affects the [[Serratus Anterior|serratus anterior]], causes [

...both the [[posture]] and gait pattern of pregnant women different from non-pregnant subjects.<ref name=":3">Forczek W;Staszkiewicz R. [http://www.actab ...cco ICN. [https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.2217/whe.12.59?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori:rid:crossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub%20%200pubmed Static and Dyna

...Shoulder Joint Stability, in The Athlete’s Shoulder. 2009, Elsevier. p. 655-669.</ref> Dynamic restraints result from neuromuscular control over the sho ...restraints.] Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research®. 1996 Sep 1;330:54-65.</ref>, which are very important for homogeneous shoulder movements while

...97-306.</ref> Dysfunction in one can lead to a dysfunction in the other (co-dependency). ...s or abdominals due to adapted contraction patterns based on muscles’ force-length curve. Thus, it could be suggested that inspiration and expiration st

...ry investigation. International Journal of Osteopathic Medicine. 2018;27:14-22. </ref>. WMSDs are: ...ps://www.cdc.gov/workplacehealthpromotion/health-strategies/musculoskeletal-disorders/index.html</nowiki></ref>.

...niversity Evidence-based Practice Project|Texas State University's Evidence-based Practice project]] ...ication of acute thoracolumbar spinal injuries]. spine. 1983 Nov 1;8(8):817-31.</ref>

...ervous systems in rotator cuff disease. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. Vol 24. 1322-1335. 2015.</ref> ...view image - © Kenhub https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/the-rotator-cuff</ref>

...therapists with an [[Evidence Based Practice(EBP) in Physiotherapy|evidence-based]] tool to assist in patient management when determining a particular d ...idea is to stick with the [[Ethics, the ICF and EBP|principles of evidence-based practice]], and to incorporate the best available evidence (including

...plications in cancer patients. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 46: 303-320. doi:10.3322/canjclin.46.5.303 Available at https://acsjournals.onlineli ...ncer: Novel Risk Factors and Management. ''Clin Chest Med''. 2017;38(2):263-277. doi:10.1016/j.ccm.2016.12.005. Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.go

...Contributors''' - Arno De Winne, Margaux Reynders,&nbsp;[http://www.physio-pedia.com/User:Julie_Lhost Julie Lhost],&nbsp;{{Special:Contributors/{{FULLP ...back pain: a case–control study”, European Spine Journal, 2009, 18.7: 1066-1073. (level of evidence: 3B)</ref>

...ith report of cases.] The American Journal of Surgery. 1941 Oct 1;54(1):326-38.</ref> * Slipping-rib-cartilage syndrome

.../1868602 Failed back surgery syndrome. Pain medicine]. 2011 Apr 1;12(4):577-606.</ref> ...yndrome]. Journal of clinical pharmacy and therapeutics. 2011 Aug;36(4):525-8.</ref>.

...s: an interdisciplinary challenge.] Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2013 Apr;110(16):278-84 (Level of evidence 2A)</ref><br>A difference exists between subjective an ...rospective randomized controlled study. J Psychosom Res. 2010 Sep;69(3):299-304 (Level of evidence 1B)</ref>

...Brussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universiteit Brussel Evidence-Based Practice Project]] ...ct and when to refer. Cleveland clinic journal of medicine 2007; 74(7): 473-482. (level of evidence 4)</ref>&nbsp;An acromioclavicular dislocation is a

[[File:Chris-benson-yx-iJFybOBQ-unsplash.jpg|right|frameless]] ...my T4-T5 segment]. Janda noted that these focal areas of stress within the spine correspond to transitional zones in which neighboring vertebrae change in m

...portant for human temperature regulation. Despite this, there are many body-balancing functions of sweat. Similar to the kidneys, sweat glands have an i ...sweating and sweat composition in human health. Temperature. 2019:6(3):211-259.</ref>

...h lower Quality of Life (QoL), depression and extremely high annual medical-care costs. * Higher body-mass-index (BMI)

[[Image:Pregnant cross-section.jpg|right|505x505px]] ...atment of pelvic girdle pain]. European Spine Journal Jun 2008; 17(6) : 794-819.</ref> “''Pelvic girdle pain (PGP) generally arises in relation to pre

[[File:Thoracic manip.JPG|right|frameless]] ...] on the thoracic spine may improve patient’s symptoms when suffering from thoracic and/or referred pain.

[[File:Shoulder-annotated-x-rays-2.jpeg|center|thumb|426x426px|1. anatomical neck of humerus 2. greater tuber ...en mobility and stability.] Journal of biomechanics. 2007 Jan 1;40(10):2119-29.</ref>

...lated pain:<ref name=":0">Van der Walt A. Managing Disorders of the Canine Spine Course. Plus , 2021.</ref> * Severe cervical pain is one of the few conditions that will cause “screaming or crying” pain in the dog

The Brief Pain Inventory - Short Form (BPI-sf) is a 9 item self-administered questionnaire used to evaluate the severity of a patient's The BPI-sf is a modification of the Brief Pain Inventory - Long Form, which includes

[[File:Sagittal section of the lumbar spine Primal.png|thumb|258x258px]] ...JI, Ingebrigtsen T. [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/1471-2474-14-206 Accuracy of physical examination for chronic lumbar radiculopathy]. BMC

...ation ensures that key aspects of the condition are elicited and important conditions are not missed. Information gathered in this process can help guide decisio ...for patient with shoulder pain]. Archives of physiotherapy. 2018 Dec;8(1):1-1. Available: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5975572/<nowiki/>

...departments (2006–2016). Emergency Medicine Journal. 2020 Nov 1;37(11):696-9.</ref> ...um image]]The sternum is a flat bone located in the centre of the anterior thoracic wall.

...essive degenerative changes that affect all the components of the cervical spine (i.e., intervertebral discs, facet joints, joints of Luschka, ligamenta fla In the cervical spine this chronic degenerative process affects the intervertebral discs and face

Once any signs of [[Red Flags in Spinal Conditions|potentially serious disease]] are excluded, the physiotherapist can confide ...l of exercise and spinal manipulation for patients with chronic neck pain. Spine. 2001;26:788–797. discussion 798–799</ref>. The identification of a h

...arises from the [[Atlanto-occipital joint|atlanto-occipital]] and [[Atlanto-axial joint|upper cervical joints]] and perceived in one or more regions of The [http://www.ihs-headache.org/ International Headache Society] (IHS) has validated cervicogen

...J, Joss B, Bhabra G, Ackland T, Wang A. Exercise rehabilitation in the non-operative management of rotator cuff tears: a review of the literature. Inte ...s possible. Advice can be effectively supported by offering simple evidence-based educational materials.

...emic review]. Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research. 2017;3(7):141-148. Accessed 18 July 2019.</ref> ...2022]. Available from: <nowiki>https://www.text-neck.com/definition-of-text-neck.html</nowiki> [Last accessed: 7/12/2022]</ref>

[[File:Compressive myeolopathy C6C7.png|thumb|Cervical myelopathy C6-C7]] ...(Eds). Spinal disorders: Fundamentals of Diagnosis and Treatment. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. 2008.</ref>

...niversity Evidence-based Practice Project|Texas State University's Evidence-based Practice project]] ...e neck<ref name="Crowner">Crowner BE. [https://academic.oup.com/ptj/article-lookup/doi/10.2522/ptj.20060272 Cervical dystonia: disease profile and clini

...sensus and tomorrow's perspectives. Med Biol Eng Comput. 2009 May;47(5):463-6. </ref> Movements at the shoulder enable us to move and position our arm a ...the anatomical features of the shoulder when assessing and treating these conditions. This article discusses the key anatomical structures of the shoulder compl

...ed into [[PPIVMs of the Cervical Spine - Assessment|PPIVMs of the Cervical Spine - Assessment]] (PPIVMs) and Passive Accessory Intervertebral Movements (PAI ...w and meta-analysis. ''Journal of Manual & Manipulative Therapy, 21''(1), 7-17.</ref>  In order to specifically target one’s treatment, it is necessa

...emple University Evidence-Based Practice Project|Temple University Evidence-Based Practice Project]] ...ation.] Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy. 2017 Jul;47(7):A1-83.</ref>.

...''Original Editor '''- [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/mauro-banfi/ Mauro Banfi] '''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributors/{{FULLPA ...ral dysfunctions such as increased tension of their anterior muscular peri-laryngeal chain.<ref name=":1" /> These postural dysfunctions can, however,

...hocks, burning, tingling, etc. Lumbar radiculopathy affects approximately 3-5% of the population. Males are more likely to experience lumbar radiculopat ...therapy, exercise) and pharmacological management (e.g. non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and oral steroids). Often, a combination of inte

...n: Where is it coming from? In Clinical Sports Medicine. Rev 3rd Ed. McGraw-Hill Australia. North Ryde. * [[Thoracic Outlet Syndrome (TOS)|Thoracic outlet syndrome]] (TOS) (particularly the lower trunk)

...nd [[User:Joseph So|Joseph So]] as part of the [[Temple University Evidence-Based Practice Project|Temple University EBP Project]] The intra-articular ligament provides joint stability and prevents medial displacement

...function injury. It is a transient nerve injury which occurs following over-stretching of the upper trunk of the brachial plexus or compression of the C ...thletes <ref>Dimberg, E.L. and Burns, T.M. Management of common neurologic conditions in sports. Clin Sports Med. 2005; 24: 637–662</ref><ref>Krivickas, L.S. a

'''Original Editor '''- [https://www.physio-pedia.com/User:Jess_Bell Jess Bell] '''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Cont ...thological findings in horses. Equine Veterinary Education. 2020;32(12):664-72.</ref>

...so comes with a slight downside, namely an elevated vulnerability to sports-related injuries. ...e 8 bones are arranged in two pairs and 4 single bones, forming a container-like structure that encases the [[Brain Anatomy|brain]]. The specific bones

'''Original Editor '''- [http://www.physio-pedia.com/User:Kudzanayi_Ronald_Muzenda Kudzanayi Ronald Muzenda] and [[User ...gical classification of spinal cord injury. J Spinal Cord Med 2011; 34: 535-546</ref>{{#ev:vimeo|65471467|300}}

About 90% of all patients with low back pain will have non-specific low back pain, which, in essence, is a diagnosis based on exclusion *[https://www.physio-pedia.com/Spondylolisthesis Spondylolisthesis]

Axial spondyloarthritis is a seronegative [[spondyloarthritis]] of the spine and pelvis. The term axial spondyloarthritis has only been used since 2009 ...673616315914 Axial spondyloarthritis]. The Lancet. 2017 Jul 1;390(10089):73-84.</ref>

...udo, A., Gómez-Lozano, S., de Baranda, P.S., Vargas-Macías, A. and Santonja-Medina, F. (2021) Sagittal Integral Morphotype of Female Classical Ballet Da ...de la and Guillén, P. (2015) Overuse Injuries in Professional Ballet Injury-Based Differences Among Ballet Disciplines. ''The Orthopaedic Journal of Spo

Crohn disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) are both conditions commonly referred to as [[Irritable Bowel Syndrome|inflammatory bowel disea ...://crohnsandcolitis.org.au/about-crohns-colitis/crohns-disease/about-crohns-disease/ (accessed 1.10.2022)</ref>[[File:Crohn.png|thumb|531x531px|The 3 mo

...based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/rina-pandya/ Rina Pandya]<br> '''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributors/{{F ...rasound Imaging in Neuromuscular Disorders.] J Neuromuscul Dis. 2018;5(1):1-10</ref>

...e=":5">Czaprowski D, Stoliński Ł, Tyrakowski M, Kozinoga M, Kotwicki T. Non-structural misalignments of body posture in the sagittal plane. Scoliosis an ...rcise programs on kyphosis and lordosis angle: A systematic review and meta-analysis.] PloS one. 2019 Apr 29;14(4):e0216180. Available from: https://www

*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aCW-cB5jr7w Archery][[Image:Archery.jpg|thumb|right|Archery]] *[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pdhsFBgMjSY Cross-country Skiing]

...of Evidence: 2B.''' </ref> These types of fractures are [https://www.physio-pedia.com/Insufficiency_Fracture insufficiency fractures], caused by normal ...jbmr.5650060302 Classification of vertebral fractures.] JBMR 1991; 6(3):207-15.</ref> <ref name=":2">Alexandru D, So W. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pm

...review their effectiveness on commonly affected joints such as the lumbar spine and the [[Sacroiliac Joint|sacroiliac joint]] that are prone to causing [[L ...a-analysis of randomized clinical trials.] J Man Manip Ther. 2009;17(4):237-46. </ref> This "high velocity - low amplitude of movement" technique differ

...Original Editor '''- [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/deborah-riczo/ Deborah Riczo], [[User:Wanda van Niekerk|Wanda van Niekerk]]<br> .../bmcpregnancychildbirth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12884-022-04426-3 "This is hard to cope with": the lived experience and coping strategies ad

...thumb|<ref>http://www.medicalmediaimages.com/color-cervical-spine-anatomy-x-ray/791</ref>]]Mechanical neck pain includes pain that may come from any mus ...eelchair Services. Available: <nowiki>https://www.england.nhs.uk/wheelchair-services/</nowiki>. Last accessed 22nd May 2019.​</ref>

...eview. International Journal of Health Sciences and Research. 2019;9(1):280-6.</ref>. [[File:Pilates-hundred-sata.jpg|none|thumb]]

...rehabilitation providers have a comprehensive understanding of the lumbar spine evaluation. This page provides an overview of this evaluation and includes ...otential pathoanatomical cause of pain:<ref name=":2">Cunningham S. Lumbar Spine Evaluation Course. Plus, 2024.</ref>

...llow us to create individual, patient-centred goals and ultimately a tailor-made treatment plan based on the client's needs. *Results of Specific Investigations ([[X-Rays|X-ray]]<nowiki/>s, [[CT Scans]], [[Blood Tests]].....etc

...y needling.] Journal of Manual & Manipulative Therapy. 2006 Oct 1;14(4):70E-87E.</ref> Trigger point dry needling can be performed at either superficial ...ofascial pain syndrome]. Current pain and headache reports. 2009 Oct;13:365-9.</ref>.

...ocephalic syndrome (CCS) includes pain and stiffness of the upper cervical spine with associated [[Cervicogenic Headache|headache]]. The syndrome frequentl ...-occipital]](jointC0-C1), the [[Atlanto-axial joint|atlanto-axial]] (1joint-C2) and the superior aspect of C2.

...ant Osteoarthritis Pain (ICOAP). *Arthritis Care & Research, 63*(S11), S240-S252.</ref> ...idity. *Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics, 14*(7), 409-415.</ref>

..., Shaw GM. Spina bifida. Nature reviews Disease primers. 2015 Apr 30;1(1):1-8.</ref> ...acid food fortification in Canada]. The Lancet. 2002 Dec 21;360(9350):2047-8.</ref>.<br>{{#ev:youtube|jlDZA2PNW2o}}<ref>YouTube.Osmosis Spina bifida (m

...systematic review]. Musculoskeletal Science and Practice. 2017 Jun 1;29:43-51.</ref><br>TM is not a medical disorder or disease but rather a symptom of ...r view image - © Kenhub https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/trapezius-muscle</ref>

...n older women wih age-related hyperkyphosis. J. Phys. Ther. Sci. , 27, 1161-1164.</ref> [[File:Bianca-jordan-IPjWtxPJUQc-unsplash.jpg|right|frameless]]

...pathophysiologic mechanisms (SISTIM). BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2011; 12:1-12. </ref><ref name=":6">Cools AM, Michener LA. Shoulder Pain: Can One Labe ...shoulder: shoulder impingement syndrome. Open Orthop J Sept 2013, 6(7): 347-51</ref>

...den Hurst, Lee Janasek, Michael Porter and Jordan Thomas [http://www.physio-pedia.com/Pathophysiology_of_Complex_Patient_Problems from the Bellarmine Un ...Morange I, Brue T. Cushing’s Disease. Orphanet J of Rare Diseases. 2012; 1-9.</ref> The most common cause of Cushing’s syndrome is the use of oral co

...mitations, and harms of clinical guidelines. BMJ. 1999 Feb 20;318(7182):527-30.</ref> ...of research literature and clinical evidence - the main source for evidence-based care. <ref name="Open Clinical" />

...s definitions. ''Open Access Journal of Sports Medicine'', Volume 7, pp.187-194.</ref> This article will describe the mechanism and prevalence of these * Provide an in-depth evidence-based, Exercise Therapy Rehabilitation programme for cricketers

...="Micheli and Wood 1995">El-Sayed A, Cervoni-Rosario B, Harrast MA. Lumbar spine. In: Krabak BJ, Brooks A, editors. The Youth Athlete. Elsevier; 2023. p. 35 * Spine tumors.

...]] (SI joint). It is usually caused by abnormal motion (i.e. hyper- or hypo-mobile) or malalignment of the sacroiliac joint. Sacroiliac joint syndrome i ...ac Joint Syndrome. Pain Physician. Vol. 4, N° 2, p 143-152, 2001. ISSN 1533-3159</ref>

...ditorbox"> '''Original Editor '''- [[User:Tania Clifton-Smith|Tania Clifton-Smith]] '''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributors/{{FULLPAGENAME}}}}</ ...ide. It is essential in the metabolisation of energy.<ref name=":1">Clifton-Smith T. How We Breathe Course. Plus. 2020. </ref>

...and endocrine and exocrine functions of the pancreas.<ref name=":0">Mohy-ud-din N, Morrissey S. [https://www.statpearls.com/articlelibrary/viewarticle/2 * [[Genetic Conditions and Inheritance|inherited disorders]] of metabolism

...:Harrison Chipchase|Harrison Chipchase]] as part of the [https://www.physio-pedia.com/Nottingham_University_Spinal_Rehabilitation_Project| Nottingham Un ...inflammatory, sero-negative arthritic condition that typically affects the spine and the sacroilliac (SI) joints. Common clinical presentations of this dise

...Braun J., Sieper J., Spondyloarthritides., Z Rheumatol. 2010 Jul; 69(5):425-32 :4: 2C</ref><ref name="p3" /> It is a diverse group of inflammatory arthr The brief video outlines these conditions

...based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/mauro-banfi/ Mauro Banfi]<br> ...MC5636236/ Effect of posture on swallowing]. Afr Health Sci. 2017;17(1):133-7.</ref> When working with patients who have dysfunction in these areas, it

...University Evidence-based Practice Project|Texas State University Evidence-based Practice Project]] ...habilitation guidelines. British Journal of Sports Medicine, (2008) 42, 165-171</ref><br>

...based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/ziya-altug/ Ziya Altug]<br>'''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributors/{{FULL ...Associated risk factors with low back pain in white-collar workers—A cross-sectional study]. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2022 Feb 25;11(5):1275.</ref

...wska]] based on course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/instructor/rina-pandya/ Rina Pandya]<br> ...derstanding spine–hip interaction]. EFORT Open Reviews. 2020 Sep 7;5(9):522-33.</ref> The timing and activation of dynamic stabilisers are the most impo

...s">Saunders HD. Lumbar traction*. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 1979; 1(1): 36-45. (LEVEL 1A)</ref> ...dy. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders, 2007; 8: 118.  doi:  10.1186/1471-2474-8-118</ref> and recent guidelines published by NICE in the UK<ref>National Ins

[[File:Osteoprosis of Spine.jpg|right|frameless]] ...1994 Nov. 4(6):368-81.</ref> Osteoporosis, in which low bone mass and micro-structural deterioration of bone tissue lead to increased bone fragility, it

The pelvic floor is a dome-shaped structure that extends from the pubic bone to the tailbone. See [[Pel ...n the female athlete.] Current sports medicine reports. 2019 Feb 1;18(2):49-52.</ref>

...based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/rina-pandya/ Rina Pandya]<br>'''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributors/{{FU ...pmc/articles/PMC6554361/pdf/40792_2019_Article_650.pdf Traumatic right hemi-diaphragmatic injury: delayed diagnosis.] Surg Case Rep. 2019 Jun 6;5(1):92.

...nt/uploads/2021/09/LumbarSpondylolysis_CCR_Jul2021.pdf Lumbar spondylolysis-Current concepts review]. Journal of Clinical Orthopaedics and Trauma. 2021 ...& Tajima, N. A biomechanical study of lumbar spondylolysis based on a three-dimensional finite element method. Journal of Orthopaedic Research. 2004; 22

[[File:Cx-Radiculopathy-Final-Version-.png|right|frameless|499x499px]] ...of Neck Pain and Radicular Symptoms. Am Fam Physician. 2010 Jan 1;81(1):33-40.</ref>

...d on course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/melanie-skeen-harding/ Melanie Harding] ...venting secondary complications associated with mobility loss. State-of-the-art technology provides mechanical assistance for patients to relearn walkin

...nts with non-specific chronic low back pain. Manual Therapy. 2010;15(3):240-247.</ref>.'''<u></u>''' ...f back pain used</span><ref name="Jones and Macfarlane" /><span style="line-height: 1.5em;">.</span>

[[File:Cervical spine.png|thumb]] .... [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6356370/ Materials for the spine: anatomy, problems, and solutions.] Materials. 2019 Jan 14;12(2):253.</ref>

...displaced intra-articular calcaneal fractures. Surgeon. 2021 Oct;19(5):e222-e229. </ref> [[shock]], fat embolism, [[Compartment Syndrome|compartment syn ...brainkart.com/article/Fracture-Healing-and-Complications--Early-and-Delayed-_32596/ (accessed 27.10.2021)</ref>

...ased on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/pierre-roscher/ Pierre Roscher]<br> ...and men's health special interest groups.''[[File:Biopsychosocial-model-of-health.PNG|thumb|400x400px|Biopsychosocial Model]]

...Staged Approach for Rehabilitation Classification: Shoulder Disorders (STAR-Shoulder). ''Physical Therapy'', ''95''(5), 791–800. <nowiki>http://doi.or ...anatomical model''' of diagnosis towards '''the treatment or rehabilitation-oriented''' classification that will inform patient management.<ref name=":0

...broadcasting. <ref name=":0">Giakoni-Ramírez F, Merellano-Navarro E, Duclos-Bastías D. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8872150/ Professio ...-022-00748-w usiness & Information Systems Engineering]. 2022 Jun;64(3):393-9.</ref> With the advancement of technology, allowing for faster and easier

[https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/damien-howell/ Damien Howell]<br> ...usumeci G. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8316840/pdf/WJO-12-467.pdf Technological advancements in the analysis of human motion and postu

...The term ‘dysfunction’ implies that at a certain level (mostly L4-L5 or L5-S1) these 3 components do not function normally. ...omised clinical trial, J Bone Joint Surg Br August 1989 vol. 71-B no. 4 681-684.</ref>

...e Burdeaux|Katherine Burdeaux]] as part of the [[Temple University Evidence-Based Practice Project]] ...tion. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy. 2002 Oct;32(10):497-509.</ref>

...ref name=":2">Kuchera W, Kuchera ML. Diagnosis and manipulative treatment: Thoracic region.</ref>. ...ep24]. Available from: <nowiki>https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/90993-overview</nowiki> </ref>.

...al Anatomy|cervical]] spine and rarely, except for trauma, in the thoracic spine.<ref name=":1" /> ...olisthesis and retrolisthesis.] Clinical Spine Surgery. 2002 Apr 1;15(2):93-9.</ref>

...essment in oncology rehabilitation]. Physical Therapy. 2009 Mar 1;89(3):286-306.</ref> was published before to guide rehabilitation therapists who provi |Self-care

...ussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universiteit Brussel's Evidence-based Practice project]] A herniated disc in the spine is a condition during which a nucleus pulposus is displaced from interverte

...based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/tracy-prowse/ Tracy Prowse]<br> ...es and Burnout|burnout]].<ref name=":0" /> Children are not, however, “mini-adults” - they tend to present with different injuries to those typically

...Flexion Syndrome. Physical Therapy 35(4) pp. 336-351</ref><span style="line-height: 1.5em;">.</span> ...lysis of selected systems. Phys Ther. 78 pp. 708-737</ref><span style="line-height: 1.5em;">.</span>

...settled in Norway: a cross-sectional study. BMC psychology. 2015 Dec;3(1):1-2.</ref> due to its multifactorial nature. Clinicians must understand the di *** while it is possible to schedule long-term regular follow-ups in some settings, other settings may only allow for a brief intervention

...BP) or [http://www.physio-pedia.com/Pregnancy_Related_Pelvic_Pain pregnancy-related pelvic girdle pain (PPGP)]. The last two patterns can occur separate ...cy-related low back pain]. Journal of nurse-midwifery. 1998 Sep 1;43(5):331-40.</ref><br>

...sides of the rectus [[Abdominal Muscles|abdominis muscle]] (increased inter-recti distance). ...Diastasis Recti] Available from: https://radiopaedia.org/articles/diastasis-recti (accessed 4.4.2021)</ref>

[[Red Flags in Spinal Conditions|Red flags]] are clinical findings that are identified from a patient's medi ...anding of red flags for back pain.] Musculoskeletal care. 2015 Mar;13(1):42-50.</ref>

...ropean guidelines for prevention in low back pain: November 2004. European Spine Journal. 2006 Mar;15(Suppl 2):s136.</ref> # Sub-acute is anything persisting between 6-12 weeks.

...of the practice of medicine for the diagnostic or therapeutic treatment of conditions or disease processes. ...racture|fractures]], or otherwise altered by any mechanical, thermal, light-based, electromagnetic, or chemical means.

...erapy intervention in sports-related concussion among young individuals age-group–A narrative review]. Saudi Journal of Sports Medicine. 2020 May 1;20 ...rs remains the structured clinical interview with a neuropsychologist. Self-report measures can play an important role in screening patients in the phys

...ated Disorders: redefining" whiplash" and its management. Spine. 1995;20:1S-73S.</ref><ref name=":19" /> The prognosis of WAD is unknown and unpredicta ...jury. A comparative study. » J Bone Joint Surg Br., vol. 86, nr. 7, p. 1032-4, 2004.</ref>. Causes of pain can be any of these tissues, with the strain

...ofile of the attitudes of nurses and physicians in Saudi Arabia. Annals of thoracic medicine. 2016 Oct;11(4):243.Available: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/ar ...PECTS OF CHEST PHYSIOTHERAPY.] British Journal of Anaesthesia 1990; 64: 621-631 </ref>

...ndrome in asymptomatic individuals. ''J Med Pharm Allied Sci'', 10(6), 3894-3898.</ref>. ...Crossed Syndrome''. Physiopedia, [online]. Available at https://www.physio-pedia.com/index.php?title=Lower_Crossed_Syndrome&oldid=323323 [Accessed: 18

...lar Facilitation Concept in Parkinson Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.] Journal of Chiropractic Medicine [Internet]. 2020 Sep;19(3):181� ...riers (e.g. high floor residence without lifts or narrow spaces, stressful conditions, etc.) and personal factors (e.g. age, fitness level, etc.). Then, the ther

...based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/instructor/brianna-durand/ Brianna Durand] ...nursing LGBTQ health summit. Nurs Outlook. 2022 Apr 13:S0029-6554(22)00013-6.</ref> They not only experience poorer health, but also worse healthcare e

...rrently due to her ongoing medical conditions. She reported taking over-the-counter medication for pain but they are not helping her much. She had bilat ...3N's are absent. She consumes 1 or 2 units of alcohol a month. She is a non-smoker.

[[File:Sagittal section of the lumbar spine Primal.png|thumb|Lumbar Spine]] ...Effects on Quality of Life]. Pain Management Nursing. 2020 Dec 1;21(6):579-86.</ref>

...Individuals with poor posture (Lewitt, 1980), scapular dyskinesis (Clifton-Smith & Rowley, 2011), low back pain (LBP) and neck pain have also been show ...pathology and non-specific breathing pattern disorders. Furthermore, a case-control study (Roussel et al, 2009) observing patients with chronic LBP foun

...oses of education, a fictitious case study has been created involving an 18-year old university student Breydon King, who was diagnosed with DMD at the ...dystrophin gene.<ref name=":1">https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(09)70271-6</ref> The mutation causes a defect in the synthesis of the protein dystrop

* It has a male-to-female ratio of 3 to 2 and is more common among African-Americans<ref name=":0" />. ...in height, spinal cord compression, [[Radiculopathy|radicular]] pain or [[Thoracic Hyperkyphosis|kyphosis]].