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** The fantastic design that allows this gas exchange within the thoracic cavity has been highlighted by comparing this engineering feat to that of f The [[Thoracic Anatomy|Thorax]] houses the bronchial tree, lungs, [[Anatomy of the Human H

...uman respiratory system is located in the [[Thoracic Anatomy|thorax]]. The thoracic wall consists of skeletal and muscular components, extending between the [[ * loss of thoracic mobility

Postural drainage, vibration, percussion, huffing and coughing, and thoracic squeezing are conventional techniques that aim to facilitate mucociliary cl ===== Thoracic squeezing: =====

...Myelopathy cervical] spine but it can also occur in the [[Thoracic Anatomy|thoracic]] and [[Lumbar|lumbar spine]].<ref name=":0">Seidenwurm, D. J., & Expert Pa ...to the sacrum and pelvis. The cervical region consists of 7 vertebrae, the thoracic region of 12 vertebrae and the lumbar region of 5 vertebrae.

*Thoracic and cervical spine including kyphosis and forward head ...p;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Posterior-anterior glide assessment on cervical/thoracic spine for distal symptoms reproduction as well.<br>

[[Category:Thoracic Spine - Outcome Measures]]

Clinicians should use limitation of motion in the cervical and upper thoracic regions, presence of cervical pain-related [[headache]], history of trauma, * Restricted cervical and thoracic segmental mobility

...ortant to ask if they have pain or symptoms in other regions such as their thoracic spine or shoulder. ...g cervical active range of motion, the flexion rotation test, cervical and thoracic segmental mobility tests, and

* Preoperative evaluation for patient that will undergo thoracic and abdominal [[Surgery and General Anaesthetic|surgery]] * Recent thoracic and abdominal surgeries

...r vertebrae may also have fewer thoracic vertebrae (e.g. 11 rather than 12 thoracic vertebrae). The lumbar vertebrae are located between the 12th (or last) thoracic vertebra and the sacrum bone. They are the largest vertebrae of the human b

The nerve supply to the muscle is from ventral part of [[Thoracic Spinal Nerves|nerve T12]] although this has been reported as being quite va

The diaphragm is a double-domed musculoskeletal partition separating the thoracic and abdominal cavities.It is crucial for respiration and maintenance of int ...result in herniation and strangulation of intra-abdominal viscera into the thoracic cavity .<ref name=":6">Petrone P, Leppäniemi A, Inaba K, Søreide K, Asens

...s warranted to determine the extent and nature of the relationship between thoracic manipulation and shoulder pain. Review your [[Shoulder Mobilisation|Manual ...of thoracic manipulations on shoulder pain: A Case Report|Effectiveness of Thoracic Manipulations on Shoulder Pain]]

* Compromised cardiopulmonary function (secondary to mechanical effects on thoracic volume and compliance). ...rformed in cases where surgery is considered and the patient presents with thoracic hyperkyphosis or lordosis. This is important to assess how the lungs are af

=== Thoracic Lesions === Thoracic Extensors

The spine's normal curves occur at the cervical, thoracic and lumbar regions in the so-called “sagittal” plane. These natural cur * 12 [[Thoracic Anatomy|thoracic]] vertebrae

...S. ''Movement System Impairment Syndromes of theExtremities, Cervical and Thoracic Spines''. Elsevier Health Sci-ences; 2010.2. </ref> <ref>Musckuloskeletal k * Thoracic flexion

...d JA, Childs Maj JD, McRae M, Palmer JA, Stowell T. Immediate effects of a thoracic manipulation in patients with neck pain: A randomized clinical trial. Manua | Thoracic manipulation + adjunct treatment

The forelimb (also known as the thoracic limb) in the horse is adapted for extension and ground covering. This limb ...youtube|UU2-fJzB8Zk|250}}<ref>Alex Ridgeway Farrier. The Equine Skeleton - Thoracic (Fore) Limb with Paul Conroy Bsc (Hons). Available from: https://www.youtub

...rib syndrome: case report of an iatrogenic result following video-assisted thoracic surgery and chest tube placement.] Pain Management. 2021 May;11(5):555-9.</ ...terior rib hypermobility is also likely to cause problems in the posterior thoracic area, because it’s a closed system <ref name=":5" />.

...d is responsive. A multicenter observational study. Annals of the American Thoracic Society. 2016 Jun;13(6):887-93.

...'''Image 3''': A pronounced C-shaped scoliosis is present, centred in the thoracic spine. *** excessive [[Thoracic Hyperkyphosis|kyphosis]]

...nathan VK, Kavishwar RA, Shetty AP, Shanmuganathan R. Spondylolysis of the Thoracic Spine with Instability: A Rare Cause for Myelopathy. JBJS Case Connector. 2 Follow this link for more on [[Thoracic Spondylolysis]]<br>

...neutral spine. The first step is to have the patient slump forward at the thoracic and [[Lumbar Anatomy|lumbar]] spine. If this position does not cause pain,

...man spine: 6 in the [[Cervical Anatomy|cervical]] region (neck), 12 in the thoracic region (middle back), and 5 in the [[Lumbar Anatomy|lumbar region]] (lower ...et al., Internal displacement distribution from in vitro loading of human thoracic and lumbar spinal motion segments: experimental results and theoretical pre

...l action of the posterior superior/posterior inferior reduces extension of thoracic vertebrae.

* Bony causes include thoracic kyphosis or [[clavicula fracture]]. * Neurological causes include [[Cervical Radiculopathy]], long thoracic or spinal accessory nerve palsy.

...c spine is measured with the arms at the sides. The reference point on the thoracic spine is defined as the nearest spinous process. A difference of more than

* The transverse processes of the [[Thoracic Vertebrae|thoracic vertebrae]].<ref>Study,com Multifidus Available:https://study.com/academy/l

[[File:Thoracic manip.JPG|right|frameless]] ...] on the thoracic spine may improve patient’s symptoms when suffering from thoracic and/or referred pain.

*[[Thoracic Outlet Syndrome (TOS)|Thoracic Outlet Syndrome]]

...proven cause. If a patient can be proven to have cervical radiculopathy or thoracic outlet syndrome, then the specific and objectively documented diagnosis sho ...me can also be the result of neurogenic and/or vascular compression in the thoracic outlet. In this case, the brachial plexus, subclavian artery or subclavian

...br>The spinal column is divided into four regions: Cervical (7 vertebrae), thoracic (12 vertebrae), lumbar (5 vertebrae), and sacral (5 vertebrae). <ref name=" * Lower [[Thoracic Examination|thoracic]] lesions can cause paraplegia [[Traumatic Paraplegia|(Traumatic Paraplegi

...7 vertebrae in the cervical region which is your neck; 12 vertebrae in the thoracic region which is your upper back; 5 vertebrae in the lumbar spine; and 5 sac ...ne curves outward. The cervical portion of the spine is in a lordosis, the thoracic portion is in a kyphosis, and the lumbar spine is in a lordosis. The curves

...s and alterations in the mobility of thoracic articulations. These include thoracic mobilisations, stretches, muscle energy techniques (MET), positional relea ...iety/stress/depressive disorders with increased sympathetic arousal, upper thoracic tension and sighing respirations. The present with:

...ref name="p6">Gertzbein SD, Khoury D, Bullington A, St John TA, Larson AI. Thoracic and lumbar fractures associated with skiing and snowboarding injuries accor ...cur at the thoracolumbar junction. This is a transition zone (T12-L2): the thoracic vertebrae are more rigid in compare to the mobile lumbar region which means

...rvical spine]] has 7 vertebrae extending from the base of the skull to the thoracic spine at the level of the shoulders. The top 2 cervical vertebrae, the atla Besides stretching, strengthening exercises of the neck, shoulders and thoracic muscles are also important to improve posture, circulation and endurance. S

* Innervates interneurons in the cervical and upper thoracic spine.&nbsp;<ref name="Gjelsvik">Gjelsvik BEB. The Bobath Concept in Adult

The cervical spine is much more mobile than the thoracic or lumbar regions of the spine. Unlike the other parts of the spine, the ce **The anterior portion is the homologue of the rib in the thoracic region, and is therefore named the costal process or costal element. It ari

The '''lumbar plexus''' is a complex neural network formed by the lower thoracic and lumbar ventral nerve roots. They are formed where T12 to L5 exit the [

[[Thoracic Outlet Syndrome (TOS)|Thoracic outlet syndrome]]

*upper thoracic spine mobility stretch ** increased [[Thoracic Hyperkyphosis|thoracic kyphosis]]

...g (12.7kPa) at age 30 to 75mmHg (10kPa) at age 60.[[Osteoporosis]] affects thoracic vertebrae and rib cage increasing rigidity of the chest wall. There is redu

...oth [[Lumbar Anatomy|lumbar]] lordosis and [[Thoracic Anatomy|thoracic]] [[Thoracic Hyperkyphosis|kyphosis,]] or a flattening of the thoracolumbar spinal curve ...t of the breasts may result in posterior displacement of the shoulders and thoracic spine, increase anterior pelvic tilting, and increase of the cervical lordo

...sitioning, control and coordination of the shoulder as well as the scapula-thoracic complex.<ref name=":2">Wilk KE, Yenchak AJ, Arrigo CA, Andrews JR. The adva ...supply of serratus anterior</u>'': upper part of the lateral and superior thoracic artery, the lower part of the thoracodorsal artery

|Increasing strength and endurance of the cervical and thoracic extensor muscles to lift and hold up head * Improved ability to lift their head and extend their thoracic spine

...te Respiratory events In COPD. InC40. DYSPNEA: CLINICAL STUDIES]. American Thoracic Society. 2017 May A5455-A5455 </ref>

It has been confirmed several times in literature that the thoracic spondylolysis is not as common as cervical or lumbar spondylolysis. The vas ...lysis are: the thoracic vertebrae (T1-T12), the intervertebral disc of the thoracic vertebrae (These act like shock absorbers for the spine as it moves.), 12 p

* Thoracic and cervical bracing to promote appropriate positioning and posture * Thoracic and cervical bracing to promote appropriate posture

...he Patient for Lung Volume Reduction Surgery | Proceedings of the American Thoracic Society. Atsjournals.org. Available from: https://www.atsjournals.org/doi/f

...lower extremity symptoms reproduced with provocation of the involved lower thoracic, lumbar, or sacroiliac segments.<ref name=":1" /> * Thoracic vertebral column

...elements are a plastic pelvic girdle, aluminium uprights, leather L-shaped thoracic pads and metal bars in the front and in the back.<ref name="Agnes Chow">Mil The brace consists of a pelvic corset, thoracic pad, neck ring, and rib pressure pad.

...rface (SS) for brief periods of time. This is accomplished by the neck and thoracic extensor muscle activity. ...one, and initiates rolling to supine by lifting his head and extending the thoracic spine. These movements are associated with a more extended position of the

* Treat restrictions of thoracic, UEs, and LEs that can lead to more strain on the lumbar spine<ref name=":0 ...sting motions.'' The PT can use manual mobilization techniques to increase thoracic spine mobility

...r pelvic asymmetry modifications in head positioning, cervical lordosis or thoracic kyphosis.<ref>Iunes DH, Cecílio MB, Dozza MA, Almeida PR. [https://www.sci

...e of respiration. It is a local stabiliser. It separates the abdominal and thoracic cavities and increases intra-abdominal pressure. ...lymph vessels, leads to an upward movement of the lymph. The valves in the thoracic duct prevent the lymph from flowing back down.<ref name=":0" />

*[[Thoracic Hyperkyphosis|Hyper kyphosis]] of the upper [[Thoracic Anatomy|thoracic]] spine. ...lm.nih.gov/15182983/ Gait coordination in pregnancy: transverse pelvic and thoracic rotations and their relative phase.] Clinical Biomechanics [Internet]. 2004

...and it can be difficult to fit their saddles as they tend to ”run out” of thoracic spine. ...M. However, reflexes and baited stretches can be used to test cervical and thoracic movements.<ref name=":3" />

* Surgery type - Abdominal aortic aneurysm repair, thoracic, upper abdominal, neck, neurosurgery and major vascular surgery are found t

...2006 Jan 1;47(4):369-76.</ref>. It has the added benefit of addressing [[Thoracic Hyperkyphosis|kyphotic deformity]] as well as pain<ref name=":6">Papanastas ...formed as they are inexpensive. A lateral X-ray of the [[Thoracic Anatomy|thoracic]] or [[Lumbar Anatomy|lumbar spine]] can often identify a fracture and reve

...ed in the diagnosis of CR. Patients were treated using postural education, thoracic thrust joint manipulation, exercise, and cervical traction. Patients were t

The vertebral foramen is triangular in shape and is larger than in the thoracic vertebrae but smaller than in the cervical vertebrae. ...rovide increased proprioceptive feedback about postural alignment, improve thoracic extension, reduce pain and facilitate postural muscle activity and balance.

=== Thoracic manipulation === ...d JA, Childs Maj JD, McRae M, Palmer JA, Stowell T. Immediate effects of a thoracic manipulation in patients with neck pain: A randomized clinical trial. Manua

...mmune System. Mechanisms and Therapeutic Targets. ''Annals of the American Thoracic Society'', ''13''(Suppl 5), S422. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1513/AnnalsATS ...n|postural]] changes that occur as a person advances his age. The angle of thoracic kyphosis increases with age and it results in a hyperkyphotic curve. In com

...ilitation Implementation in Intensive Care Units: A Survey Study]. Turkish thoracic journal. 2019;20(2):114. DOI:10.5152/TurkThoracJ.2018.18107   </ref><ref n ...physiotherapists need to know. A narrative review]. The Korean journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery. 2018;51(5):293. DOI:10.5090/kjtcs.2018.51.5.293

...s. Death is usually caused by respiratory infections or complications with thoracic insufficiency syndrome.<ref name="IFOP" /> Most individuals with FOP are co *Respiratoy problems caused by thoracic insufficiencies (i.e. decreased chest wall expansion)<ref name="Kap" />

...rly: oesophagus, descending thoracic aorta, azygos, hemiazygos veins,  and thoracic duct

...ains, also referred to as chest tubes, under water sealed drainage (UWSD), thoracic catheter, tube thoracostomy, or intercostal drain. They provide a method of ...ating in the pleural cavity due to either disruption or obstruction of the thoracic duct.

...deficiencies, severe vertebro-basilar insufficiency, ischemic cervical and thoracic myelopathy must be considered and ruled out where possible.

...name="Bombak" />.&nbsp;DISH is found to affect the axial skeleton with the thoracic spine (T7-T11), being the most common levels affected<ref name="Terzi" /><r # Anterolateral ossifications of at least 4 contiguous thoracic segments.

...RS Status, Secretions, Pattern of breathing, Chest wall/[[Thoracic Anatomy|Thoracic spine]] deformity

...head extension, elevation of the sternum and clavicle and expansion of the thoracic cavity.<ref>Physiopedia. [[Functional Anatomy of the Cervical Spine]].</ref * Increased thoracic kyphosis

...arbell deadlift to lower activation of the hamstrings. Individuals lacking thoracic extension may opt for an elevated starting position to decrease the depth t ...of motion is needed within the ankles, knees, and hips. Additionally, more thoracic extension is needed to get into proper positions. The deficit deadlift can

# Thoracic Outlet Syndrome ** Medial Antebrachial Cutaneous Nerve - to rule in / out Thoracic Outlet Syndrome

...physiotherapists need to know]. A narrative review. The Korean Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery. 2018 Oct;51(5):293. DOI:10.5090/kjtcs.2018.51.5 * Thoracic expansion exercises (TEE) and

* [[Thoracic Outlet Syndrome (TOS)|Thoracic outlet syndrome]] (TOS) (particularly the lower trunk)

...of spinal column. Therefore, increased thoracic spine curvature leading to thoracic kyphosis commonly seen in elder individuals due to loss of height of spinal

...[Coccyx Fractures|coccyx]] and includes the [[Cervical Anatomy|cervical]], thoracic, lumbar, and sacral regions. The lumbar spine consists of 5 moveable verteb ...vertebrae have several features distinct from those typical of cervical or thoracic vertebrae.<ref name=":0" />

...of bodywork and movement therapies. 2017 Jul 1;21(3):743-6.</ref>Including thoracic spine mobilisations can help address compensatory patterns that affect the ...placed on the coccyx.<ref name=":14" /> By increasing thoracic extension, thoracic mobilisations may also help to reduce the load on the coccyx.<ref name=":14

...t amount on the '''mid-to-lower spinal column''' (lower [[Thoracic Anatomy|thoracic]] and [[lumbar]] regions) ...t amounts at the '''spinal column of the upper back''' ([[Thoracic Anatomy|thoracic region]])

* Thoracic Rotation L/R: 20/18 ...igating narrow spaces and hesitates with turning, has reduced cervical and thoracic rotation, ROM in the; shoulder, elbow, hip, and knee along with mild postur

...performed under fluoroscopic, or [[CT Scans|CT]] image guidance (cervical, thoracic or most commonly lumbosacral facet joints can be injected) ..., 2004. Prevalence of Facet Joint Pain in Chronic Spinal Pain of Cervical, Thoracic, and Lumbar Regions, [online] Available at:http://www.biomedcentral.com/con

...gree of maximal elevation in patients with spinal cord injury decreases as thoracic kyphosis increases. As a result, all tasks that require above-shoulder heig ...priate wheelchair seating and positioning to prevent or reduce a patient's thoracic kyphosis

*Thoracic No Abnormality Detected

# Thoracic outlet syndrome

...s of 24 vertebrae: seven [[Cervical Vertebrae|cervical vertebrae]], twelve thoracic vertebrae and five [[Lumbar Vertebrae|lumbar vertebrae]]. The vertebrae are ...and a loss of normal lordosis with accompanying increased kyphosis of the thoracic spine, painful limitations of cervical joint motion, and loss of spine flex

...ic, neuropsychological, and skeletal muscle systems<ref name=":0">American Thoracic Society; American College of Chest Physicians. ATS/ACCP Statement on cardio

...ific direction more readily than other joints, such as the knees, hips, or thoracic spine."<ref>Cholewicki J, Breen A, Popovich Jr JM, Reeves NP, Sahrmann SA, # Stiff counter-rotation between the thoracic spine and the lumbar spine<ref name=":1" />

**Visual inspection of the shoulder / cervical and thoracic spine ...rom places other than the shoulder, such as the neck (referred cervical or thoracic pain) or elbow, and also pains from other structures at the shoulder, throu

...l of the axilla. Over time, they progressively gain control over first the thoracic spine and then lumbar spine extension.<ref name=":3">Saavedra SL, van Donke ...een when infants are supported in sitting at different levels: the axilla, thoracic spine and pelvis.

...d head posture]], increased cervical lordosis and [[Thoracic Hyperkyphosis|thoracic kyphosis]], elevated and protracted shoulders, and rotation or abduction an ...ten associated with forward head, round shoulder, protracted scapulae, and thoracic kyphosis<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" />. These muscle imbalances and mov

...s its central tendon down. This increases the negative pressure inside the thoracic cavity, which draws air in. At the same time, the external intercostal musc ...humans require more air in larger volumes. Thus, we adopt an apical and a thoracic lateral breathing pattern, and our accessory respiratory muscles become inv

Cervico-thoracic mobility tests demonstrated reduced C7/T1 extension, left T1-2 hypomobile i ...used by a stiff SC joint, and several areas of hypomobility in his cervico-thoracic spine, causing impairments of pain and reduced ROM in the shoulder and neck

[[Category:Thoracic Spine - Outcome Measures]]

...en BD, et al. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32112152/ Prevalence of the thoracic scoliosis in children and adolescents candidates for strabismus surgery: re ...functional scoliosis. The scoliotic curve could be thoracolumbar, lumbar, thoracic or double major curve.<ref>Nasr, A.S. ''et al.'' (2024) ''The effect of lim

...lood supply to the SC joint is from the articular branches of the internal thoracic and suprascapular arteries. ...cur and if left untreated and can be associated with complications such as thoracic outlet syndrome and vascular compromise<ref name="Groh">Groh GI, Wirth MA.

...d is a common painful area in physiotherapy. It is situated in between the thoracic and the sacral part of the spine and is characterised by lordosis. ...tebral injuries are lumbar, one-third are thoracolumbar, and one-third are thoracic in origin. Additionally, 75% of women older than 65 years who have scoliosi

...winging]] may occur as a result of exposing the [[Long Thoracic Nerve|long thoracic nerve]] during axillary surgeries<ref>Plaza Meza MP, Marín Fermín T, Maff

...sses is considered significant.<ref>Sinding MF, Berg LC. Distances between thoracic spinous processes in Warmblood foals: a radiographic study. Equine Vet J. 2 Almost all movement in the equine thoracic spine occurs between T7 and T18 as is summarised in the following table.

[[File:Latissimus+Dorsi+Origin+Spinous+processes+of+inferior+6+thoracic+vertebrae,+thoracolumbar+fascia,+iliac+crest,+and+inferior+3+or+4+ribs..jpg

* '''Cardiovascular dysfunction''': SCI (particularly cervical and high thoracic injuries) can result in parasympathetic dominance and reduced sympathetic i ...'Thermoregulatory dysfunction''': commonly occurs in individuals with high thoracic and cervical SCI, primarily because of sympathetic dysfunction or blunting.

...um image]]The sternum is a flat bone located in the centre of the anterior thoracic wall. .../> The manubrium is quadrangular and lies at the level of the 3rd and 4th thoracic vertebrae. The jugular (suprasternal) notch is the thickest part of the man

...ncreatitis may seek physical therapy treatment with a chief complaint of [[Thoracic Back Pain|back pain]]. ...titis may present to physical therapy with complaints of pain in the upper thoracic spine or at the thoracolumbar junction, while those with alcohol-related ch

...tness, altered muscle activation, strength imbalances, muscle fatigue, and thoracic posture, which can result in abnormal scapular kinematics, dysfunction of t ...se Classes, Containing Shoulder Exercises Or A Combination Of Shoulder And Thoracic Exercises, For The Treatment Of Nonspecific Shoulder Pain: A Case Series. J

The movement of the scapula along the thoracic cage also directly influences the biomechanics of the shoulder complex as a ===Thoracic Spine Movement ===

...ich is part of the [[Functional Anatomy of the Thoracic Spine and Rib Cage|thoracic spine complex]]). The clavicle is a sigmoid-shaped long bone which lies hor ...d the sternum and their relationship to chest wall structure and function. Thoracic surgery clinics. 2007 Nov 1;17(4):473-89.</ref> It consists of three parts:

...ngside the sound. For example, airflow, change of lung volume and/or intra-thoracic pressure and oxygen saturation.

During respiration, there is a need for stabilized cervical and thoracic spine in order for other muscles to act, moving the ribs up or down. In cas The thoracic spine and the interconnected muscles are responsible for normal inspiration

Dorsal rami of cervical and thoracic spinal nerves (C6 to T4).<ref name="ae">http://www.anatomyexpert.com/struct

...uscular or musculoskeletal cause (e.g., dysfunction of the cervical spine, thoracic spine, or temporomandibular joints; muscle tension, poor posture, nerve imp

[[Category:Thoracic Spine - Interventions]]

*[[Cervical Examination|Cervico-thoracic spine]] ==== '''Thoracic Provocation Test''' ====

Among the manual techniques, we can also include percussion, thoracic vibrations and postural drainage, but due to its possible adverse effects,

...cated anterior to the T12 vertebral body between the crura. The [[aorta]], thoracic duct, and azygos vein pass through this hiatus.<ref name=":0" /> * Bilateral phrenic arteries, which are the branches of the thoracic aorta

* [[Thoracic Back Pain|Thoracic pain]]

...dominal walls, the abdomen being the portion of the trunk connecting the [[Thoracic Anatomy|thorax]] and [[pelvis]]. An abdominal wall is formed of [[skin]], [ ...e RA and external obliques of the other side work eccentrically to control thoracic extension and rotation created by the extension of the shoulder.

.... [https://doi.org/10.1007/s11832-007-0033-5 Development and evaluation of thoracic kyphosis and lumbar lordosis during growth.] J Child Orthop. 2007 Sep 1;1(3 ...983-3 The growing spine: how spinal deformities influence normal spine and thoracic cage growth]. Eur Spine J. 2012 Jan;21(1):64-70.</ref>]]

*Thoracic pain *[[Thoracic Hyperkyphosis|Kyphosis]] (thoracic)

...er C, Hill K, Holland AE, Lareau SC, Man WD, Pitta F. An official American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society statement: key concepts and advances i ...official American Thoracic Society workshop report. Annals of the American Thoracic Society. 2021 May;18(5):e12-29.</ref>should be available to all appropriate

...of the autonomic nervous system (ANS), especially in individuals with high thoracic and cervical SCI that can lead to hypo-tension, bradycardia, and autonomic

...ree to four [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.3109/09593989709036458 thoracic expansion] during chest percussion ...st wall tends to vibrate and ring as a resonant cavity partially damped by thoracic contents.<ref name=":2">Yernault JC, Bohadana AB. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.

...left common carotid artery can be thought of as having two distinct parts: thoracic and cervical while the right common carotid artery has only a cervical port

== Cervico-Thoracic Junction Manipulation == {{#ev:youtube|v=U92PqoIRQz8}}Cervico-Thoracic Junction manipulation in prone <ref>CT junction manipulation. Available fro

...s supporting, such as cervical orthosis, head cervical orthosis or cervico-thoracic orthosis for example. ...es in flexion and extension: a comparison of cervical collars and cervical thoracic orthoses. Journal of rehabilitation research and development. 2003; 40(6):

...be due to pathologies outside of the spine, such as brain tumours and mid-thoracic pathology ...portant to ensure that the dog has good stability and motor control of the thoracic sling

...wide-open sutures, patent fontanels, cone-shaped thorax with narrow upper thoracic diameter, hand deformities, abnormal dentition. Molecular genetic testing o

*Thoracic deformities may cause restrictive lung disease<ref>Stokes DC, Phillips JA, ...oplasia include achondrogenesis; chondroectodermal dysplasia; asphyxiating thoracic dystrophy; osteogenesis imperfecta; congenital hypophosphatasia; metatrophi

...spinal column is comprised of 33 Vertebra; 7 [[Cervical Vertebrae]], 12 [[Thoracic Vertebrae]], 5 [[Lumbar Vertebrae]], 5 Fused Sacral Vertebrae and 4 Fused C ...of motor, sensory or autonomic function in areas of the body served by the thoracic, lumbar or sacral segments of the spinal cord. Depending on the level of th

...[[Carpal Tunnel Syndrome]], [[Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome]], Acroparesthesia, [[Thoracic Outlet Syndrome (TOS)]] ...tations, neck lateral flexions, wrist circles, side flexions of the spine, thoracic rotations in sitting.<ref name="p7" />(Level of Evidence: 2A) Closed chain

[[Category:Thoracic Spine - Outcome Measures]]

* The patient bends forward, starting with flexing the neck, then the upper thoracic spine to the lumbar spine, and as far as possible while keeping the knees e

*[https://www.physio-pedia.com/Thoracic_Outlet_Syndrome Thoracic outlet syndrome]&nbsp;<ref name="p2" /> [[Category:Thoracic Spine]]

...Intensive Care Unit Survivors. A Narrative Review.] Annals of the American Thoracic Society [Internet]. 2019 Aug 1;16(8):947–56. Available from: <nowiki>http

...eck pain, the [[Cervical Examination|cervical]] and [[Thoracic Examination|thoracic]] spines and the [[radial nerve]] should all be examined<ref name=":0" />.

The kidneys are paired retroperitoneal organs that lie at the level of the [[Thoracic Vertebrae|T12]] to [[Lumbar Vertebrae|L3]] vertebral bodies, well protected

# Decreased cervical and upper thoracic ranges of motion ...MC8268398/ Zappalá M, Lightbourne S, Heneghan NR. The relationship between thoracic kyphosis and age, and normative values across age groups: a systematic revi

...edictor of respiratory complications. Individuals with cervical and higher thoracic spinal cord injuries are more likely to develop respiratory complications, # Posteriorly: [[Thoracic Anatomy|thoracic spine]] and posterior ribs

...arls Publishing, 2021.</ref> on either side, typically in the cervical and thoracic spinal cord region. This lesion leads to interruption of normal function of

...of the sacral part of the parasympathetic nervous system. Individuals with thoracic, lumbar or sacral lesions lose varying amounts of supraspinal control of th

...Prediction Rule to Identify Patients with Neck Pain Likely to Benefit from Thoracic Spine Thrust Manipulation and a General Cervical Range of Motion Exercise: | {{#ev:youtube|Rj4Y5JGNPZs|300}}<ref>ReligiosoPT. Supine Thoracic Thrust. Available from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rj4Y5JGNPZs[last acc

...dy of facial -, tongue -, sternocleidomastoid -, trapezius -, cervical and thoracic spinal muscles.

...investigated the effect of PEP breathing after an open upper abdominal or thoracic surgery. Questionable quality standards, different protocols and PEP device

*Recent thoracic or abdominal surgical procedures

...ely 50% of all musculoskeletal tuberculosis, and usually affects the lower thoracic and upper lumbar levels of the spine.<ref name=":0" /> ...TB, the spinal column progressively develops a kyphosis, especially in the thoracic and thoracolumbar spine.

...plex - seven vertebrae as well as articulations with the occiput and upper thoracic spine, each with different axes of movement which can combine in a multitud ...ted to the rest of the body. Movement of the head includes movement of the thoracic as well as the cervical spine. The video below shows a fluoroscopy of cervi

...nction is now recognised as a major problem for COPD patients<ref>American Thoracic Society European Respiratory Society. Skeletal muscle dysfunction in chroni ...hange in lung function.<ref>Hill, N.S. (2006). Proceedings of the American Thoracic Society. Pulmonary Rehabilitation; 3:66-74.</ref>

...egorized by the vertebra which house them. There are 8 cervical nerves, 12 thoracic nerves, 5 [[lumbar]] nerves, 5 sacral nerves,1 coccygeal nerve. 16 of these

Breydon was diagnosed with scoliosis (left thoracic curve) 11 years ago, and was surgically treated to stabilize the spine. He ...racic kyphosis]]. He leans towards his right side - likely due to his left thoracic scoliosis and right hand dominance. His right wrist and fingers are flexed

...lemniscus pathway], carrying afferent sensory information from the middle thoracic and lower limbs. The cuneate fasciculi transmit sensory information from th ...sly mentioned, spinal cord diameter decreases over time, especially in the thoracic region<ref name=":1" />. Eventually, patients with FA will develop hypertro

...results in scapular dyskinesia usually after a [[Long Thoracic Nerve|long thoracic]] or [[Accessory Nerve Cranial Nerve 11|spinal accessory nerve]] injury. <r ''3. Posture-related:'' Excessive thoracic kyphosis and cervical lordosis, which are the changes that athletes are mor

* Aortic [[atherosclerosis]]: Including thoracic and [[Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm|abdominal aneurysm]]<nowiki/>s<ref name=":2

* Other surgical groups such as colorectal, thoracic, post-cancer resection, vascular and urological. ...fields, including cardiac surgery, orthopedic surgery, abdominal surgery, thoracic surgery, vascular surgery and urologic surgery<ref name=":5">[null Pouwels,

...her to ensure optimal respiration, as well as to maintain / modulate intra-thoracic and intra-abdominal pressure.<ref name=":0" /> ==== Intra-abdominal and Intra-thoracic Pressure ====

...vic tilt and hip flexion occur<br>Phase 3(c)&nbsp;:Lumbar flexion and some thoracic flexion finish the action<br>(d): Faulty lumbar-pelvic rhythm often shows u ...y in both anterior and posterior directions, making sure the shoulders and thoracic spine remain inactive.<br>Start with small ranges of movement.<br>Gradually

* Thoracic, nasal, pharyngeotracheal, trauma or surgery, hospitalisation for pulmonary * American Thoracic Society (ATS)

...rpal tunnel syndrome (CTS)]], tendonitis, [[Thoracic Outlet Syndrome (TOS)|thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS)]], and [[Prevention and Management of Occupational Re

# Surgical procedure such as thoracic or abdominal surgeries.<ref>Chuter TA, Weissman C, Mathews DM, Starker PM.

Used for facial paralysis, jaw pain, elbow, shoulder and thoracic injuries and local soft tissue injuries of the wrist.<ref name=":0" />

...re ventilators provide ventilatory support using a device that encases the thoracic cage, such as the iron lung. Although not seen as much in today's society ...ory-management-of-acute-hypercapnic-respiratory-failure-in-adults/ British Thoracic Society guidelines on non-invasive ventilation].

...thin configuration, it’s possible for the scapula to glide smoothly on the thoracic wall and provides a large surface area for muscle attachments, both distall *'''Flexibility tests''' for the shoulder, thoracic, and cervical spine

[[Category:Thoracic Spine - Outcome Measures]]

...ervical]] spine (neck) starts at the base of skull and extends down to the thoracic spine. The neck joins head with trunk and limbs and it works as a major con

...capular''': which means the medial border of the scapula moves towards the thoracic spine and chest wall. As your humerus laterally rotates, the scapular follo ...he scapular''': the movement of the inferior angle of the scapula from the thoracic spine.

...uperior portion of the vertebral column, lying between the cranium and the thoracic vertebrae. ...process, known as the vertebra prominens, which is similar to those in the thoracic vertebrae.<ref name=":0" />

...ately 50% of patients with acromegaly, and there is a similar incidence of thoracic and lumbar pain in acromegalic patients.<ref name="Goodman" />

...Michale Costello, Treatment of a Patient with Cervical Radiculopathy Using Thoracic Spine Thrust Manipulation, Soft Tissue Mobilization, and Exercise, the Jour '''Thrust manipulation''' of the thoracic spine could include techniques in a prone, supine, or sitting position base

In areas other than the thoracic, the ventral rami intermingle with each other to form networks called nerve ...c]]: Preganglionic neurons found in lateral horn of spinal cord from upper thoracic to mid-lumbar cord (T1-L3). Postganglionic cell bodies found in vertebral a

...leading to [[Posture|postural changes]]: rounded shoulders, forward head, thoracic kyphosis ...omplications related to removal or augmentation of chest tissue, including thoracic spine mobility, upper extremity mobility, scar tissue, pain

...ior nuchal line, an imaginary transverse line through the tip of the first thoracic spinous process, and laterally by sagittal planes peripheral to the lateral ...cervical spine, or depression of the shoulder. Contributing factor can be thoracic outlet syndrome. The clinical presentation is variable; there may be pain o

...ovide a framework for understanding the mechanisms of dyspnea<ref>American Thoracic Society. [https://www.atsjournals.org/doi/abs/10.1164/ajrccm.159.1.ats898 D ...alverley PM, Gift AG, Harver A, Lareau SC, Mahler DA. An official American Thoracic Society [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22336677/ statement: update on the

...ree scales of dyspnea in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]. Annals of thoracic medicine. 2009 Jul;4(3):128.</ref>

* [[The Effectiveness of Manual Therapies on the Thoracic Spine​]]

...ion of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles to increase the volume of the thoracic cavity. This increase in volume leads to the intrapulmonary pressure being

AROM was limited in the axial and upper thoracic regions while hip and knee extension was -20º. Mr. Johnson lacked shoulder ...l. The therapist examined his rib cage compliance, chest wall mobility and thoracic expansion during this test<ref name="O’Sullivan" />. Other options includ

...uperior portion of the vertebral column, lying between the cranium and the thoracic vertebrae.<ref name=":11">Frost BA, Camarero-Espinosa S, Foster EJ. [https: * Flattening of [[Thoracic Hyperkyphosis|thoracic kyphosis]]

|Increased positive pressure in thoracic cavity compromises venous return – reduces cardiac output

[[Category:Thoracic Spine - Outcome Measures]]

[[Category:Thoracic Spine - Outcome Measures]]

...the [[scapula]] should be able to move freely, relative from the dorsal [[Thoracic Anatomy|thorax]] wall. [[Category:Thoracic Spine - Assessment and Examination]]

|Cervical and thoracic extension;

...he curvature with a [[Cobb Angle|Cobb angle]] of more than 40 degrees in [[Thoracic Hyperkyphosis|hyperkyphosis]]. <ref name=":0">Chau C, Chu EC, Huang KH, Tam

...lm.nih.gov/pubmed/26852024 Dunning et al. (2016). Upper cervical and upper thoracic manipulation versus mobilization and exercise in patients with cervicogenic

* [[Thoracic Back Pain|thoracic pain]]

...bsp;Aneurysms are most common in the aorta, particularly the abdominal and thoracic regions, but may also affect any part of the vascular system, including les ...neurysm may occur in any artery, they are most common in the abdominal and thoracic regions.<ref name="Merck" /> The abdominal aorta begins at the aortic hiatu

[[Trapezius]] is a large fan-shaped muscle that extends from the cervical to thoracic region on the posterior aspect of the neck and trunk and attaches onto the * [[Thoracic Outlet Syndrome (TOS)|Thoracic Outlet Syndrome]]

...ody. It divides into four major regions, the ascending aorta, aortic arch, thoracic aorta, and abdominal aorta.

...er adults and can be described as an exaggerated anterior curvature of the thoracic spine that is associated with aging.<ref>Jang et al., H. (2015). Effect of

...ottis is also closed to help in holding the breath against pressure in the thoracic cavity, when straining to lift a heavy weight or to defecate<ref name=":1"

...the ribs form the sides and the tops, the diaphragm forms the floor of the thoracic cage. The muscles connecting the twelve pairs of ribs are called the interc The British Thoracic Society has guidelines for physical therapy management of patients with med

[[Category:Thoracic Spine - Outcome Measures]]

* Kyphoscoliosis- can be a result of metastatic lesions to the thoracic spine or osteoporosis from treatment of the primary malignancy

[[Category:Thoracic Spine - Outcome Measures]]

* Restricted cervical and thoracic segmental mobility * May be limited cervical / thoracic segmental mobility

# Thoracic outlet syndrome

...l curvature is to be maintained. In side-lying positions, the cervical and thoracic portions of the spine should align with each other so that there is no musc

...a, [[pneumothorax]], infection and reduced venous return due to high intra thoracic pressures as noticed in patients with high RV who require surgery and [[Ve

...activate the posterior chain musculature (i.e. the infant is pushing into thoracic extension)

...until osteoporosis is quite advanced. At that point, loss of height and [[Thoracic Hyperkyphosis|kyphosis]] is evident from [[Osteoporotic Vertebral Fractures *[[Low Back Pain|Back pain]]: Episodic, acute low thoracic/high lumbar pain

...countries, in the early 1950s.<ref>McKenzie, R A (1998). The cervical and thoracic spine: mechanical diagnosis and therapy. New Zealand: Spinal Publications L

...He uses this to describe a case of rapidly progressive paraparesis with a thoracic sensory level, occurring as a post-infectious complication of pneumonia.

'''1. Breathing Retraining Techniques''' <ref>Bott J, British Thoracic Society Physiotherapy Guideline Development Group. Guidelines for the physi ...ng (Diaphragmatic breathing through the use of abdominal muscles and lower thoracic chest movement)

==== Cervical traction and manipulation of the thoracic spine ==== ...rg/doi/pdf/10.2519/jospt.2004.34.11.701 Intermittent cervical traction and thoracic manipulation for management of mild cervical compressive myelopathy attribu

...pain to 7/8 on VAS scale. Pain is a dull ache and is usually in the lower thoracic spine but can often spread into legs when not managed. Occasional sleep dis Sitting more 45 minutes at work. Thoracic rotation· Lifting and carrying any weight.  Sudden movements

...d J.A. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26852024/ Upper cervical and upper thoracic manipulation versus mobilization and exercise in patients with cervicogenic

| rowspan="2" |Ventral branches of thoracic and lumbar nerves and femoral nerves

...Tunnel Syndrome|carpal tunnel syndrome]], [[Thoracic Outlet Syndrome (TOS)|thoracic outlet syndrome]], [[Radiculopathy|nerve root compression]] |Postsurgical pain(thoracic/breast surgery)

Official Executive Summary of an American Thoracic Society/American College of Chest Physicians Clinical Practice Guideline: L

...iculopathy). It is less commonly found in the middle portion of the spine (thoracic radiculopathy).<ref name="1, LOE 1B">Iversen T, Solberg TK, Romner B, Wilsg *[[Thoracic Disc Syndrome|Thoracic disc injuries]]

...in in the pelvis: an emphasis on the coordination of transverse pelvic and thoracic rotations. Clinical biomechanics. 2002 Nov 1;17(9-10):678-86.</ref>

...ofile of the attitudes of nurses and physicians in Saudi Arabia. Annals of thoracic medicine. 2016 Oct;11(4):243.Available: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/ar ...ve lung function. It has a series of three main phases: Breathing control, Thoracic expansion, and Forced expiratory technique.

...oucher TR. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20140155/ The effectiveness of thoracic spine manipulation for the management of musculoskeletal conditions: a syst ....jospt.org/doi/10.2519/jospt.2017.7348 Neuroendocrine Response Following a Thoracic Spinal Manipulation in Healthy Men.] JOSPT 2017 August 31; 47(9): 617-27. <

Left Duct (or thoracic duct) collects most of the lymph in the body other than from the right thor * Upper right section of the trunk, (right thoracic cavity, via the right bronchomediastinal trunk),

...of median sternotomy: a comprehensive review]. European journal of cardio-thoracic surgery. 2002 May 1;21(5):831-9</ref> This makes proper healing of the ster

...and non-productive. The cough/huff was performed with VC. Pectoral stretch/thoracic cage mobilizations performed in seated position. Pt. given towel roll place

...insidious onset has been identified as one of the more common complaints. Thoracic pain, in particular T6-T10 has been identified as a referral pain site.

#WLDI: Low back - lumbar &amp; thoracic (acute &amp; chronic). 2003 (revised 2011 Mar 14). NGC:008517 Work Loss Dat

* hip flexion to be done with knee flexion – avoid lumbar or lower thoracic movement if lesion low.

* Loss of the right hemidiaphragm outline posteriorly and denser lower thoracic vertebrae can be observed on the lateral view. * Loss of the Left hemidiaphragm outline posteriorly and denser lower thoracic vertebrae can be observed on the lateral view.

## the thoracic [[Erector Spinae|erector spinae]] in the trunk (along with intermittent act

#Thoracic Pain - The thoracic region is the most common region for metastases. &nbsp;&nbsp; [[Category:Thoracic Spine - Assessment and Examination]]

...physiotherapists need to know. A narrative review]. The Korean Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery. 2018 Oct;51(5):293. DOI:10.5090/kjtcs.2018.51.5 ...e care unit. Systematic review with meta-analysis]. Annals of the American Thoracic Society. 2017 May;14(5):766-77. DOI:10.1513/AnnalsATS.201611-843SR </ref> B

===Thoracic manipulation=== ...d JA, Childs Maj JD, McRae M, Palmer JA, Stowell T. Immediate effects of a thoracic manipulation in patients with neck pain: A randomized clinical trial. Manua

...ilitation Implementation in Intensive Care Units: A Survey Study.] Turkish thoracic journal. 2019 Apr;20(2):114.</ref>suggests positive outcomes with physiothe

*Pain radiating from the centre of his spine up to mid thoracic spine VAS 6-7/10 constantly

...the actively cooperating patient, postural drainage can be complemented by thoracic expansion exercises and by breathing control.<ref name=":0" />

* Spinal manipulation therapy (SMT)- The cervical and thoracic spine restricted segments and stretching exercises of the pectoralis minor.

[[File:Thoracic.jpg|alt=|thumb|Thoracic extension]]

...atory muscle training improves respiratory muscle strength, lung function, thoracic mobility and functional capacity.<ref>Montero Ferro A, P. Basso‐Vanelli R ...and manage encroaching weakness of respiratory muscles and rigidity of the thoracic cage.

...fects of injury level and spasticity on gait, it was found that those with thoracic injures demonstrated reduced cadence, forward velocity, and knee angular ve ...kle and/or knee control bracing is often necessary. Patients with complete thoracic lesions will require Knee-Ankle-Foot Orthoses (KAFOs) such as :-

* Chronic stage - Credible clinical evidence supports the use of cervical and thoracic mobilization/manipulation into the treatment of LET for improved pain, incr

The test must be completed without the use of any thoracic brace or leg orthoses. Therapist asks the patient to complete activities li

*Cervical and thoracic spine, the shoulder girdle and all joints proximal to amputation level in b **In walking arm swing can be reduced and accompanied by thoracic side flexion to the amputated side

...a systematic process with an additional screening of both the cervical and thoracic spinal regions to determine their influence on symptoms, if any. In the fir

* Thoracic kyphosis ...function most efficiently, and the optimum positions are afforded for the thoracic and abdominal organs.”<ref name=":2">Czaprowski D, Stoliński Ł, Tyrakow

Morbid obesity and thoracic kyphosis can interfere with a correct achievement of screw trajectory.<ref

* The definitive diagnosis and management of lung cancer is done by the thoracic surgeon with collaboration with the radiologist and pathologist.

...gmatic breathing to aid oxygenation and prevent respiratory distress. Full thoracic expansion must be emphasized which will aid oxygenation. The patient should

...gov/21875517/ Examination of motor and hypoalgesic effects of cervical vs. thoracic spine manipulation in patients with lateral epicondylalgia: A clinical tria Credible clinical evidence supports the use of cervical and thoracic mobilization/manipulation into the treatment of LET for improved pain, incr

...seen with finger-to-nose task. AROM testing showed decreased cervical and thoracic spine extension, limited shoulder abduction and flexion bilaterally, limite * Head forward posture and increased kyphosis of thoracic spine

...ral body known as “Schmorl’s nodes”, usually seen in the thoracolumbar and thoracic spines and have a low incidence below the level of L2.

...ctivity, and other associated respiratory problems) may unmask paradoxical thoracic movement. Hoover's sign is thus a valuable clinical sign for identifying DP

...nterlaced behind the head, followed by segmental flexion with cervical and thoracic spine.

...s and Cervicogenic Pain Syndromes. In Physical Therapy of the Cervical and Thoracic Spine, ed. R. Grand. New York: Churchill Livingstone.</ref>

*Lung tumors may limit thoracic cavity expansion, compress the airways or reduce the surface area of the lu

** patients with an AIS A spinal cord injury at the ''thoracic or lumbar levels'' (T12-L3) who regain some walking abilities will need the ** walking recovery is more likely in patients with ''low thoracic or lumbar lesions''

...ess, obesity, low back pain, signs of fatigue, and generalized decrease in thoracic and lumbar ROM. Aerobic exercise will be implemented to address weight loss

...ma by the national emphysema treatment trial research group. The Annals of Thoracic Surgery 2006; 82 (2): 421-443.</ref>. To measure patients’ quality of lif

...ucociliary function, cephalad movement of the diaphragm and an increase in thoracic blood volume. This results in atelectasis and blockage of the bronchioles d *'''deep breathing exercises'''&nbsp;- include thoracic expansion exercises, diaphragmatic breathing &amp; maximal inspiration<ref

Screen [[Cervical Anatomy|cervical spine]] and [[Thoracic Anatomy|thoracic spine]] '''Scapular/Thoracic Motion'''<ref name="Guerrero" />

...sion criteria. Aims of the study were to determine the prevalence of neck, thoracic and low back pain and to recognise the factors linked with pain among perma * 54% = prevalence of thoracic pain