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[[File:Knee flex.jpeg|thumb|Knee Flexion]] ...le in everyday movements, eg [[Running Biomechanics|running]], [[Walking - Muscles Used|walking]].

...icial muscles of the knee posterior aspect Primal.png|thumb|Muscles of the knee (posterior)]] ...[[Outcome Measures|objective assessment]] and is an important component of the physical exam that can reveal information about neurologic deficits. It is

[[File:Knee extension.gif|thumb|200x200px|Knee extension/flexion]] ...al role in human movement. The one agonist muscle that extends the knee is the massive [[Quadriceps Muscle|quadriceps]].

...n the copyright on these images and request that they are not used outside of Physiopedia without special permission. To use the pictures:

...mainly used to analyse the patient's [[gait]] and assess the condition of the joints and bones. Knee flexion

...rform a maximal provocation on the muscle-tendon mechanism of the extensor muscles ([[Quadriceps Muscle|Quadriceps femoris]]). * Is a [[Muscle Strength Testing|manual muscle test]] for strengths of grade 3 to 5, not applicable for lesser grade.

...[https://europepmc.org/abstract/med/28417049 Morphometric study of tensor of vastus intermedius in South Indian population.] Anatomy & cell biology. 201 ...the upper two-thirds of anterior and lateral surfaces of the [[femur]] and the intermuscular septum<ref name=":0" />.

== Muscles Involved: == ...°, Ideally the foot should be suspended off the floor i.e. sitting on edge of high plinth

...on|achilles]] tendon contracture by evaluating ankle dorsiflexion with the knee extended and then flexed<ref>DiGiovanni CW, Kuo R, Tejwani N, et al: Isolat ...degrees. The test is considered positive when DF at the AJ is greater with knee flexed than extended.

== Muscles Involved: == * Grades 3-5 - Test in standing on test leg, knee extended, patient can hold stable object such as a table or bench for balan

...) is excised and replaced by a endoprosthesis incorporating a hinged total knee replacement.<br> The most common indication is a bone tumour located in the distal femur.

...the thigh/lower extremity closer to the body's central axis. Additionally, the Pectineus muscle, while not a primary hip adductor, assists in this movemen ...clelibrary/viewarticle/24169/ . Anatomy, bony pelvis and lower limb, thigh muscles].Available:https://www.statpearls.com/articlelibrary/viewarticle/24169/ (ac

== Muscles Involved: == * Therapist to kneel beside the patient and stabilise the femur on the test-side

...muscles which predominantly act to flex the knee. Hamstrings consist of 3 muscles; ...thin the muscle belly, facilitate transmission and dissipate forces across the MTJ while muscle contraction and relaxation.<ref name=":0">Linklater JM, Ha

== Muscles Involved: == * Provide stabilization at the pelvis in side lying

[[File:Popliteal_picture.jpg|thumb|Popliteal fossa of R leg|center]] The Popliteal Fossa is a diamond-shaped space behind the [[knee]] joint<ref name=":1">Chummy SS, editor. Last's Anatomy. Twelfth Edition. E

...into the quadriceps femoris tendon, which inserts into the upper border of the [[patella]].<ref name=":0">Anatomy.tv | 3D Human Anatomy | Primal Pictures ...nterior view image - © Kenhub https://www.kenhub.com/en/study/main-muscles-of-lower-limb</ref>

...mainly used to analyse the patient's [[gait]] and assess the condition of the joints and bones.<ref name=":0" /> Client lying [[Cardinal Planes and Axes of Movement|supine]].

...weight bearing]] and stability of [[Gait|gait.]] An essential component of the lower [[Closed Chain Exercise|kinetic chain]]. ...hip]] and [[:Category:Knee - Muscles|knee]] that contribute to [[Walking - Muscles Used|walking]] and other propulsive movements.<ref name="Moore">Moore KL, A

[[File:Muscles of the thigh posterior compartment Primal.png|thumb|Muscles of the thigh posterior compartment]] ...[[Outcome Measures|objective assessment]] and is an important component of the physical exam that can reveal information about strength and or neurologic

== Muscles Involved: == ...°, Ideally the foot should be suspended off the floor i.e. sitting on edge of high plinth

...ll as strength and stability. They provide power for and absorb the impact of daily activities such as walking, running, and jumping. ...nterior view image - © Kenhub https://www.kenhub.com/en/study/main-muscles-of-lower-limb</ref>

The gracilis is a spiral unipennate [[muscle]] in the [[Hip Adductors|medial thigh compartment]]. The gracilis:

...ently under review and may not be up to date. Please come back soon to see the finished work! ({{REVISIONDAY}}/{{REVISIONMONTH}}/{{REVISIONYEAR}}) ...uscles|gluteal]] and [[Abdominal Muscles|abdominal]] muscles to avoid from the pain getting worse. <ref name=":0">Dydyk AM, Sapra A. Williams Back Exercis

...stus medialis and vastus medialis oblique in healthy individuals]. Journal of Applied Physiology. 2018 Jun 1;124(6):1438-46.</ref> ...r-11-AC01.pdf Variation in morphometry of vastus medialis muscle]. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research: JCDR. 2017 Sep;11(9):AC01.</ref>

...extension test to measure hamstring muscle tightness. Scandinavian journal of medicine &amp; science in sports. 1997 Oct 1;7(5):279-82.</ref> ...ive knee extension test in acute hamstring injuries.] The American journal of sports medicine. 2013 Aug;41(8):1757-61.Available:https://journals.sagepub.

...ritical mechanism that play an important role in terminal extension of the knee. * There is an observable rotation of the knee during flexion and extension.

...ble:https://musculoskeletalkey.com/deep-dry-needling-of-the-hip-and-pelvic-muscles/ (accessed 28.12.2021)</ref> The ITB runs along the lateral thigh and serves as an important structure involved in lower extrem

...pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35155104/ Isolated Meniscotibial Ligament Rupture: The Medial Meniscus "Belt Lesion".] Arthrosc Tech. 2022 Jan 13;11(2):e133-e138. The coronary ligaments support rotational stability of the knee and prevent anterior [[Tibia|tibial]] translation<ref>Feger J, Knipe H, Kni

...cation/266321321_Anatomy_of_the_Triceps_Surae_A_Pictorial_Essay Anatomy of the triceps surae: a pictorial essay]. Foot and ankle clinics. 2014 Dec 1;19(4) ...ee|knee joint]], while the soleus plays part in maintaining stability when the body is standing <ref name=":2" />.

...scle a [[Hip Adductors|hip adductor muscle]], in the medial compartment of the thigh. # Immediately deep to the [[Pectineus Muscle|pectineus]] and [[Adductor Longus|adductor longus]].<ref

...een in hip, [[Flexion Deformity of the Knee|knee]] and [[Flexion Deformity of Elbow|elbow]] joint.[[File:Normal Posture Biomechanics.png|thumb|470x470px] ...hip flexion contractures with psoas recession through the middle window of the ilioinguinal approach. JBJS Essential Surgical Techniques. 2017 Sep 9;7(3).

...t a multistory building or apartment. The variation between the two modes of locomotion(level-ground locomotion and stair locomotion) may be significant ...r level-ground [[Walking - Muscles Used|walking]], it does not ensure that the patient will be able to walk up and down stairs.

...tion is used daily eg when we step to the side, get out of bed, get out of the car. We also use it in walking to stop unsupported leg from falling "into s The Hip abductor muscle group are located on the lateral thigh.

...bend. It is one of the three canonical powerlifting exercises, along with the squat and bench press. ...ailable:https://www.melbourneosteopathycentre.com.au/blog/training/what-is-the-posterior-chain/ (accessed 18.2.2022)</ref>

...itt J. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3445210/ Influence of the hip on patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome: a systematic review]. Sp ...ain Syndrome?] A Systematic Review With Meta-analysis. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine. 2021 Jul 28;9(7):23259671211017503.Available:https://journ

...plays a key role in muscle attachment and contributes to the stability of the [[Ankle Joint|ankle]] joint. ...se two bones are connected by the tibiofibular syndesmosis, which includes the interosseous membrane.<ref name=":0">Moore KL, Dalley AF, Agur AMR. Clinial

...ervated by single spinal nerve root. Myotome testing is an essential part of [[Neurological Assessment|neurological examination]] when suspecting [[radi ...es into dermatome, sclerotome and myotome|center|900x900px|Differentiation of somites into dermatome, sclerotome and myotome|thumb]]

...MS, Barja RH. The plantaris tendon graft: an ultrasound study. The Journal of hand surgery. 1991 Jul 1;16(4):708-11.</ref>. ...d of the gastrocnemius muscle and the soleus muscle in the middle third of the leg.

The purpose of this test is to detect the presence of patellofemoral joint disorder ([[Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome|patellofemora ...ly contract the quadriceps muscle. A positive sign on this test is pain in the patellofemoral joint<ref name="Baxter">Baxter R. Pocket Guide to Musculoske

...re muscle activation between a prone bridge and 6-RM back squats.] Journal of human kinetics. 2018 Jun;62:43. Available: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc ...nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4262933/ The back squat: A proposed assessment of functional deficits and technical factors that limit performance]. Strength

[[File:Hip flexors.png|alt=Hip muscles anterior aspect.|thumb|324x324px|Hip muscles anterior aspect.]] ...4.1.2022)</ref>. Every time you take a step, you are using your hip flexor muscles.

...f the thigh. The semitendinosus is so named due to it having a long tendon of insertion. ..., and is inserted into the upper part of the medial surface of the body of the tibia, nearly as far forward as its anterior crest.

...and passive insufficiency are functional states that occur in multi-joint muscles only. ...xtent at both joints, but also preventing the full [[Range of Motion|ROM]] of each joint it crosses.<ref name=":1">NFPT [https://www.nfpt.com/blog/unders

...Therapy and Manipulation of the Neck] from the Musculoskeletal Association of Chartered Physiotherapists (2014). ...tp://www.jospt.org/doi/pdf/10.2519/jospt.2012.0501 Neck Pain: Manipulation of Your Neck and Upper Back Leads to Quicker Recovery] from JOSPT Perspectives

[[File:Anatomy of Articularis genu muscle.png|alt=GOOGLE IMAGES|thumb|[https://en.wikipedia.o ...rmedius muscle and founded that it has an important mechanical role during knee movement.

[[File:Muscles of the thigh posterior compartment Primal.png|thumb|Muscles of the thigh posterior compartment|alt=]] ...direct.com/topics/neuroscience/hip-extensors Essentials of kinesiology for the physical therapist assistant] e-book. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2018 Oct 23

'''Original Editor '''- The [[Open Physio]] project ...plateau, the tibial tuberosity, the soleal line, the medial malleolus, and the fibular notch.

...d the 'long head' (superficial) and the 'short head' (deep). It is part of the [[hamstrings]].<ref name="anatomytv">Primal Pictures. Available from:http:/ *Long head: ischial tuberosity<ref name="Netter">Netter FH. Atlas of Human Anatomy. Philadelphia: Elsevier,2014</ref>

...related to cycling may also increase. But many common cycling injuries of the lower extremity are preventable. ...ttori & Daniel C. Norvell. Non-Traumatic Bicycle Injuries. A Review of the Literature. Sports Medicine volume 36, pages7–18(2006) Published: 27

...J, Scuderi GRVarus and Valgus Deformities. In: Lotke PA, Lonner JH, eds. ''Knee Arthroplasty, Masters Techniques in Orthopaedic Surgery.'' 3rd ed. Philadel The valgus deformity is resulted of anatomical variations : ''bone tissue remodeling'' and ''soft tissue contra

...ciatic Nerve|sciatic nerve]] which is composed of the posterior divisions of L4, 5, S1, 2. ...Longus|fibularis (peroneus) longus]], where it terminates by dividing into the superficial and deep fibular (peroneal) nerves.

[[Category:Muscles]] The Quadriceps femoris is the most voluminous [[muscle]] of the human body.<ref name=":0">Bordoni B, Varacallo M. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih

...s muscle is superficial, can be easily seen and can be touched on the back of your lower leg.<ref>Gastrocnemius Muscle: Anatomy, Function, and Conditions The two heads are located from the medial and lateral condyles of the [[femur]].

...r limb provocation test to evaluate the impact of the piriformis muscle on the sciatic nerve.&nbsp; ...hip joint. The piriformis muscle is innervated by the direct branches from the sacral plexus (L5-S2).&nbsp;

...enic muscle inhibition: a limiting factor in joint rehabilitation. Journal of sport rehabilitation. 2000 May 1;9(2):135-59.</ref> ...he motoneuron pool of joint musculature, thus, the contractions created by the motoneuron pool decrease. <ref name=":0" />

...64/ Biometrics of pyramidalis muscle and its clinical importance.] Journal of clinical and diagnostic research: JCDR. 2017 Feb;11(2):AC05.Available: http ...w.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3531545/ Architecture and fiber type of the pyramidalis muscle]. Anatomical science international. 2008 Dec;83(4):294-7

...t of the thigh and is the only muscle in the quadriceps group that crosses the hip<ref name=":0">Drake, RL, Vogl, W, Mitchell, AW, Gray, H. Gray's anatomy ...[[Vastus Intermedius|vastus intermedius]] muscle and superior-medial part of [[Vastus Lateralis|Vastus lateralis]] and [[Vastus Medialis|Vastus medialis

'''Original Editor '''- [[User:Wanda van Niekerk|Wanda van Niekerk]] based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/instructor/alexandra-kopelovich ...nd there is movement at the joint, whereas during an eccentric contraction the muscle lengthens while producing force.

...opathy|gluteal]] muscle groups, and the [[Hip Examination|hip]] stabilizer muscles<ref name=":0">Top end sports [https://www.topendsports.com/testing/tests/sq ...lm.nih.gov/25111946/ Single leg squat test and its relationship to dynamic knee valgus and injury risk screening.] Pm&r. 2015 Mar 1;7(3):229-35.Available:h

...s their body when standing, sitting or position it in a way appropriate to the movement that is desirable kneeling, lying or for a specific work. ...r. The Principles of Exercise Therapy, fourth edition, revised by teachers of London Hospital, Published in India by arrangement with Baillier Tindall, l

[[Amputations|Bilateral Below Knee Amputation]] due to Diabetic Complications&nbsp; ...tation seven years later. The patient was then fitted with bilateral below knee prosthesis and was given training at a rehab hospital. Upon his discharge,

The bench press exercise has long been utilized as an exercise to increase uppe File:Bench chest.jpg|Touching the chest

...sp;It is considered being a red flag and requires returning the patient to the physician for further investigation<ref name="kesson" /><sup><ref name="cyr == Purpose of Testing<br> ==

...lebells: Powerful, effective exercise and rehabilitation tools. Journal of the American Chiropractic Association. 2011 Nov 1:7-11.</ref>. ...ING%20MOBILITY%20AND%20STRENGTH.pdf Training Mobility and Strength through the Turkish Get-Up].</ref>

...Medial Collateral Ligament of the Knee|Medial Collateral Ligament]] and to the [[Tibia]] . ...itendinosus and semimembranosus together form the upper medial boundary of the popliteal fossa.<ref name=":1" />

...eoarthritis: a case series drawn from a registered clinical trial. Journal of Athletic Training. 2017 Jun;52(6):592-605. Available: https://www.ncbi.nlm. ...enmark for people with [[Hip Osteoarthritis|hip]] or [[Knee Osteoarthritis|knee osteoarthritis]] (OA) symptoms.

'''Original Editor '''- [[User:Merinda Rodseth|Merinda Rodseth]] based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/bhanu-ramaswamy/ B Dr Ramaswamy’s analysis of Maureen’s gait can be seen in the table below.

'''Original Editors ''' - [[User:Melissa Decoen|Melissa Decoen]] as part of the [[Vrije Universiteit Brussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universi ...ral corner of the knee such as [[Lateral Collateral Ligament Injury of the Knee|lateral collateral ligament injury]][[Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) Reco

...e injuries however much of the evidence is contradictory. Taping is one of the adjunct treatments that we as physiotherapists might use with our patients ...l Agents for Lower-Limb Soft Tissue Injuries: A Systematic Review. Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy. 2016 Jun 6(0):1-01.</ref>.<br>

...rea of tenderness to the distal semimembranosus tendon or its insertion on the medial proximal tibia.<ref name=":0" /> ...bursa under the tendon to smooth the movement of the tendons. It is often the bursa that will be ignited by excessive friction.

...uscles group. Multifidusi lies deep to the semispinalis and superficial to the rotatores.  ...tach medially in the spinous process, filling the groove on either side of the spinous process.<ref name=":0">Drake R, Vogl AW, Mitchell AW. Gray's Anatom

...en you walk, loss of range of movement and a feeling of instability in the knee. The content on or accessible through Physiopedia is for [http://www.physio-pedi

...Wood, "[https://www.topendsports.com/testing/tests/girths.htm Measurements of Body Girths]." Topend Sports Website, 2008, [last accessed 05/11/2020]</ref * The calculations can easily be performed.

...y Morrison]] as part of the [[Arkansas Colleges of Health Education School of Physical Therapy Musculoskeletal 1 Project]]</div> ...1">Florence Peterson Kendall, McCreary E, Provance P, Rodgers M, Romani W. Muscles : Testing and Function with Posture and Pain. 5th ed. Baltimore, Md: Lippin

...'''Original Editor '''- [[User:Robin Tacchetti|Robin Tacchetti]] based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/krista-eskay/ Kris ...w. It can adapt to the demands, or lack of demands, that are placed on it. The major load on bone comes from muscle forces. When muscle pull is altered du

...ging exercise (supine) is an exercise which increases muscular strength of the [[Hip Extensors|hip extensors]] and promotes [[Spinal Stabilization|trunk s ...xercise on Different Support Surfaces on the Transverse Abdominis. Journal of Physical Therapy Sciences, 2013; 25:1343–1346.</ref>

...pain: evolution of a classification approach to physical therapy. Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy 2007; 37 (6), 290–302.</ref>. ...y 2007; 12 (2),181–191.</ref><ref name=":1" />.Changes in the alignment of the lumbar spine have been noted in subjects with flexion-related lumbar pain<r

...Feigl G, Koch H, Haas, FM, Justich I, Scharnagl E. The vascular anatomy of the tensor fasciae latae perforator flap. Plastic Reconstructive Surgery: 2009; ...luteus medius,]] and [[Gluteus Minimus|gluteus minimus]] in a wide variety of [[Hip Anatomy|hip]] movements, including flexion, abduction, and internal r

'''Original Editors''' - [[User:Linske Loyez|Linske Loyez]] as part of the [[Vrije Universiteit Brussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universi ...complete tear of the tendon that runs from the patella's inferior pole to the tibial tubercle.<ref name=":1">Hsu H, Siwiec RM. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.

...orphological muscle and joint  parameters for musculoskeletal modelling of the lower extremity. Clin Biomech, 22: 239–247.</ref> ...anterior curve joins with the tendon of the Gracilis and Semitendinosus in the pes anserinus before its final insertion.<ref name=":0" />

'''Original Editor '''- Your name will be added here if you created the original content for this page. == Cyclist's Knee - Relevant Anatomy ==

...f the femoral shaft are uncommon and mostly occur at the proximal third of the femur<ref>Boden BP, Speer KP. [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/articl ...[[Femur]] is the longest bone in the body and extends from the hip to the knee.

...ommonly known as (also Gonalgia Paresthetica ) is a chronic irritation of the saphenous nerve. ...n many cases on the anterior side of the knee or on the medial side of the knee.

...eter is set up or held by the therapist to derive an objective measurement of force. ...n RW. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3340656/ Make tests and break tests of elbow flexor muscle strength.] Phys Ther. 1988 Feb;68(2):193-4. </ref>

...tella]] is a meaningful clinical measure. Such a measure is referred to as the Quadriceps angle or Q angle. ...he [[patella]]) and a line from the center of the patella to the center of the tibial tubercle.

...lity|core muscles]]. This test is important to conduct as poor [[Abdominal Muscles|abdominal muscle]] strength can cause poor [[posture]] leading to [[Low Bac ...ercise in the treatment of chronic low back pain with radiologic diagnosis of spondylolysis or spondylolisthesis. Spine. 1997 Dec 15;22(24):2959-67.</ref

...thritis.’, International Journal of Rheumatic Disease 2011, 145-151 (Level of evidence: 1A)</ref>: *Increase range of motion

...sting/tests/abendur.htm<nowiki/>(accessed 3.1.2022)</ref> Having abdominal muscles with high [[Endurance Exercise|endurance]] helps prevent [[Low Back Pain|lo ...up the hip flexors do most of the work<ref name=":3">AZ central What Does the Curl Ups Test Measure?Available:https://healthyliving.azcentral.com/curl-up

'''Original Editor '''- Africa Clubfoot Training Team as part of [http://www.physio-pedia.com/Clubfoot_Content_Development_Project ICRC and ...nced Clubfoot Treatment Provider Courses] - Participant Manual. University of Oxford: Africa Clubfoot Training Project, 2017.</ref>

...ident on his way to the farm and because of the lack of health facility in the primary health center he was taken to, he decided to visit a traditional bo Trauma, below knee amputation, phantom limb pain, fracture, low resourced setting, fracture

....<ref>Charalambous CP. Interrater reliability of a modified Ashworth scale of muscle spasticity. InClassic papers in orthopaedics 2014 (pp. 415-417). Spr Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS) have been utilized in the following populations: [[stroke]], spinal cord injury, multiple sclerosis,

...xus and provides [[Sensation|sensory]] and motor innervation to the thigh. The obturator nerve : * Provides motor innervation to the medial compartment of the thigh

...x499px|Musculi interossei dorsales pedis <ref name=":1">Gray H. Anatomy of the human body, by Henry Gray, thoroughly rev. and re-edited by Warren H. Lewis ...from the Ligament plantare longum which is situated on the bottom side of the foot.

...as tight calf and is typically associated condition of a primary diagnosis of a bunion( [https://www.physio-pedia.com/Hallux_Valgus?utm_source=physiopedi ...nt may need to lift the leg on the affected side up higher, to “step over” the foot.<ref>[https://www.limblength.org/conditions/equinus-foot-deformity/ Eq

...ment and treatment of muscle imbalance: The Janda approach. The Journal of the Canadian Chiropractic Association. 2012 Jun;56(2):158.</ref> |90° knee extension,

[[File:Iliopsoas.png|thumb|A compound muscle composed of the iliac and psoas muscles]] ...508/ (accessed 15.2.2022)</ref>. Psoas minor is only present in 60% to 65% of individuals<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">Anderson CN. [https://toa.com/st

The three [[Joint Classification|joints]] in the body (Histologically) are fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial. '''Synovial joints are the most common type of joint in the body (see image 1)'''. These joints are termed diarthroses, meaning they ar

[[File:Runners-knee SAG.jpeg|right|frameless]] ...the world. Although the usual population associated with the condition is the [[Older People - An Introduction|elderly]] (who are mostly inactive), [[Ath

...ently under review and may not be up to date. Please come back soon to see the finished work! ({{REVISIONDAY}}/{{REVISIONMONTH}}/{{REVISIONYEAR}}) ...f “Microcontroller based Rehabilitation Stimulator”, International Journal of Computer Applications] 2013</ref>

...e="neumann" /> It is the largest sesamoid bone, developed in the tendon of the [[Quadriceps Muscle|Quadriceps femoris,]] and resembles these bones as it i #its centre of ossification has a knotty or tuberculated outline

...not edit unless you are involved in this project, but please come back in the near future to check out new information!!</blockquote> ...patient goal to restore the strength of the involved hip to equal that of the uninvolved hip. See [[Muscle Strength Testing]]

Mrs L.S:XDR TB Below Knee Patient ...has been receiving physio once a week at the hospital. Patient shows signs of decreased (R) Hip Ext, balance issues and global weakness

...ee, and associated flexion at the elbow, which is an aggravated expression of spastic dystonia. <ref name=":0" /> ...cles to passive [[Stretching|stretch]] or elongation, basically the amount of tension a muscle has at rest.

...uscles are used in walking] Available: https://healthyliving.azcentral.com/muscles-walking-exercise-1837.html<nowiki/>(accessed 21.12.2021)</ref> ...s and the hip adductors. The gluteal and the [[Abdominal Muscles|abdominal muscles]] also play a significant role in forward motion.

...pine in the lower back to the lower pelvis. Some of these fibers extend to the femur bone, or thighbone.<ref>Iliacus Muscle Origin, Function & Anatomy | B ..., lateral aspect of sacrum, ventral sacroiliac ligament, and lower portion of iliolumbar ligament

...tation summarising the 21 day acute in-patient journey of a diabetic below knee amputee through to discharge to a community setting. ...ip of an angiographic catheter through the stenotic region +/- positioning of an intravascular endoluminal stent<br>Marginal improvement therefore transt

...tors ''' - [[User:Jazmin Brown|Jazmin Brown]] as part of [[The University of Waterloo Clinical Biomechanics Project]] ...rospective case-control analysis of 2002 running injuries. British Journal of Sports Medicine. 2002;36(2):95-101.</ref>

...to maximise their enjoyment and performance.<ref>Fit Kit Systems. Glossary of bike fitting terms. Available from: https://fitkitsystems.com/education/tra .... A good bicycle fit goes a long way to prevent overuse injuries and helps muscles and lungs function at best ability, all improving performance and enjoyment

...le stroke, also known as front crawl, is the fastest and most efficient of the swimming strokes used in competition. ...h 90% of the driving force provided primarily by the torque generated from the [[shoulder]]<ref name=":0">Davis DD, Nickerson M, Varacallo M. [https://eur

...res, and promoting independence in preparation for a prosthetic fitting at the specialist.<br> ...ifficult time dealing with recent changes, feels heavy burden to take care of husband - is often afraid he will fall and hurt himself. Patient is very bo

'''Original Editors ''' - [[User:Hardik Bhatt|Hardik Bhatt]] as part of the [[Vrije Universiteit Brussel Evidence-based Practice Project]] ...[[flexor hallucis longus]]) which is mono-articular and does not influence the ankle joint.

== The Running Gait Cycle == ...ferences. Having the ability to walk does not mean that the individual has the ability to run.<ref name="Nor">Norkin C; Levangie P; Joint Structure and Fu

...'''Original Editor '''- [[User:Robin Tacchetti|Robin Tacchetti]] based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/donna-fisher/ Donn ...igned for patients with extensive weakness in the lower limbs. The purpose of these complex orthoses are to:

...6816 Overuse injuries in professional road cyclists]. The American journal of sports medicine. 2010 Dec;38(12):2494-501.</ref> Spring Knee:

== The Gait Cycle == ...aughan">Vaughan CL. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12600342 Theories of bipedal walking: an odyssey]. J Biomech 2001;36(2003):513-523.Available fro

...hindlimb bones varies due to the significant variation in size for breeds of dogs.<ref name=":1" /> [[File:The canine pelvic limb - caudal view.jpeg|center|thumb|alt=|607x607px|The canine pelvic limb]]

...while reducing the incidence of injury. Knowledge of the [[biomechanics]] of cycling benefits recreational, competitive and rehabilitating cyclists and ...aim of ensuring the comfort of the position (posture) and the efficiency (of pedaling).

...s of kinetic chain exercises provide their own benefits. The key advantage of OKC exercises is their capability to isolate a specific muscle. {{#ev:youtube|UylQlk50gjg|300}}<ref> Muscles and Motions. Open and Closed Kinetic chains. Available from: https://www.yo

...l nerve (highlighted in green) - anterior view|267x267px|Muscular Branches of Femoral Nerve |thumb]] ...the L2-L4 ventral rami.  It has a role in motor and sensory processing in the lower limbs<ref>Wong TL, Kikuta S, Iwanaga J, Tubbs RS. A multiply split fe

...ted by congenital or acquired [[Foot Pain|foot]] deformities. If the cause of deformity is not treated, this could lead to impaired body statics. These f ...their foot, causing the shoe to become crooked and bend outwardly. This is the most common foot deformity.<ref name=":3" />

...ons_on_trunk_and_hip_muscle_activity/links/5971672b4585153016392695/Effect-of-standing-postural-deviations-on-trunk-and-hip-muscle-activity.pdf?origin=pu ...v/pmc/articles/PMC5836359/ Non-structural misalignments of body posture in the sagittal plane]. Scoliosis and spinal disorders. 2018 Dec 1;13(1):6. Availa

...Nov 2017)</ref> To read more about the reasons for amputation you can read the Physiopedia article on [[Pathology leading to amputation|Pathology Leading Factors to remember when treating a patient with multiple limb loss in the acute phase:<ref name=":0" />

...t (anterior and posterior views)|right|frameless|600x600px|Overview of the knee joint (anterior and posterior views)]] ...l joint, which mainly allows for flexion and extension (and a small degree of medial and lateral rotation). <ref name=":0">Chaurasia BD. [https://www.pdf

...[Hip Anatomy|hip]] bone, as well as the posterior and inferior boundary of the obturator foramen. The ischium consists of two main parts:

..., and if a submaximal contraction of a muscle is followed by stretching of the opposite muscle then this is known as Reciprocal Inhibition MET <ref name=" ...e two musculotendinous proprioceptors located in and around the joints and muscles respond to changes in muscle tension and length, which helps manage muscula

...Physical Therapy From Art to Evidence, Chapter 19: The Theory and Practice of Neural Dynamics and Mobilisation. Christopher H Wise. ...It is considered as an anterior corollary of SLR and assesses the mobility of upper lumbar nerve segments.

...''Original Editor '''- [[User:Stacy Schiurring|Stacy Schiurring]] based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/instructor/damien-howell/ Damie ...ution this drug may cause serious harm! Why we must report adverse effects of physical activity promotion. ''Br J Sports Med, 49''(1), 1-2.</ref>

'''Original Editor '''- [[User:Abbey Cain|Abby Cain]] as part of the [[World Physiotherapy Network for Amputee Rehabilitation Project]] ...rg/jpo/library/1993_02_039.asp Clinical Assessment of Human Gait]. Journal of prosthetics and Orthotics 1993. 2(39).</ref>.

...<ref name=":0">http://rotationplasty.com/A-Surgeons-Approach--The-Dynamics-of-Rotationplasty</ref> ...an effective alternative to femoral amputation in an adult with a history of osteosarcoma: a case report and review]. Front Surg. 2022 Jan 7;8:820019. <

...otendinous unit.<ref>Sutton G. Hamstrung by hamstring strains: a review of the literature*.J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 1984; 5(4):184-95. ...activities which includes water-snowboarding and bull riding, wherein the knee is forcefully completely prolonged throughout harm.)<ref>Landry M. Brukner

...ox"> '''Original Editor '''- [[User:Jacquie Kieck|Jacquie Kieck]] based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/claire-robertson/ ...psychological characteristics and physical activity levels in people with knee osteoarthritis: a cross-sectional analysis.] BMC musculoskeletal disorders.

...most common swimming injury regions are the shoulder, neck, lower back and knee. ...eo SA. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3435931/ Epidemiology of injuries and prevention strategies in competitive swimmers]. Sports health.

...not edit unless you are involved in this project, but please come back in the near future to check out new information!!</blockquote> ...Ober’s test must not be confounded with [[Noble's test|Noble’s test]] and the [[Renne test|Renne test]], two other tests that are commonly used to detect

!'''Comments on Parkinsonian features of gait''' ...hands; six step for 180° turn (falls risk). Good step length and clearance of feet except on turn.

...good understanding of the anatomy of the [[Neurone|nerves]] and vessels of the foot and ankle. [[Morton's Neuroma|Morton's neuroma]], Baxter neuropathy or ...bial Nerve|Tibial nerve]] originates at L5, S1 and S2 levels together with the common peroneal (fibular ) nerve.

...eplace either the medial part, the lateral part, or the [[patella]] of the knee. ...able from:https://www.healthgrades.com/right-care/knee-replacement/partial-knee-replacement (accessed 17.2.2021)</ref>.

...''Original Editor '''- [[User:Stacy Schiurring|Stacy Schiurring]] based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/instructor/claire-robertson// C ...nt and the subjective interview will provide clues to causative factors of the patient's patellofemoral pain.

...chronic diseases]], including [[Low Back Pain|low back pain]]. Exercise is the best way to increase functional capacity and prevent health-related problem ...hould begin in the primary care setting. Unfortunately, a large percentage of primary care physicians do not recommend exercise to their back pain patien

...compared to PF OA. However, PF OA contributes to a significant proportion of patients symptoms and functional impairments and should be addressed. [[Pat ...no specific diagnostic criteria to diagnose PF OA formally. A combination of clinical signs and symptoms as well as radiographic information from X-rays

...ooks/NBK534842/ Anatomy, bony pelvis and lower limb, thigh adductor magnus muscles.]Available: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534842/<nowiki/>(accessed ...dynamic stabilizer of the [[pelvis]] and femur as well as a prime mover of the femur into adduction.

...<ref name="Osman">Osman MK, Irwin GJ, Huntley JS.Swelling around a child's knee. Clin Anat. 2011 Oct;24(7):914-7.</ref>. ...n also occur in the [[Shoulder Bursitis|shoulder]], [[Prepatellar Bursitis|knee]], [[Iliopsoas Bursitis|hip]], [[Olecranon Bursitis|elbow]] and big toe. <b

...active neuromuscular training for the anterior cruciate ligament-deficient knee: a case report.] J Athl Train. 1999;34(2):194–201.</ref>. ...e by integrating input from vestibular, visual, and somatosensory systems. The brain’s cortical centers control voluntary motor function<ref name=":1" /

...sed 13.12.2019)</ref> The image shows starting from the left demonstrates- the pelvis in neutral followed by a posterior tilt through to an anterior pelvi === Importance of Pelvic Tilt ===

...[[fibula]] of the leg and the [[talus]] of the [[Foot Anatomy|foot]]. See the page for [[Ankle Joint|ankle joint]] for more information. ...of the strongest load-bearing structures known to mankind.<ref>The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. Foot. Available from: https://www.britannica.com/

...hammed Zia|Abdullah Mohammed Zia]]<nowiki/> as part of [[The University of Waterloo Clinical Biomechanics Project]] == '''Introduction to Knee Osteoarthritis''' ==

...hn|Andrew Klaehn]],[[User:Yelena Gesthuizen|Yelena Gesthuizen]] as part of the [[Vrije Universiteit Brussel Evidence-based Practice Project]] ...e &amp; Joint Surgery, December 1978, vol. 60, no. 8, p. 1113-1116. (Level of Evidence 1B)</ref>

'''Original Editor '''- [[User:Abbey Cain|Abby Cain]] as part of the [[World Physiotherapy Network for Amputee Rehabilitation Project]] ...nd how normal gait in the amputee is affected. You can learn about this on the [[Gait in prosthetic rehabilitation|Gait in prosthetic rehabilitation page]

...rough an unrestricted, pain-free range of motion. It involves the capacity of these structures to stretch, lengthen, and contract without limitations, al ...t, including muscles, ligaments, tendons, joint capsules, and skin. A lack of stretching, especially when combined with activity, can lead to fatigue-ind

Interdisciplinary care of an 84-year-old patient, following a trans-femoral amputation. ...ehabilitation, Mr. D returned home having achieved some of his objectives. The care started on September 29th, 2014.

...r patient has been compliant with management and demonstrates a high level of competence. [[Amputations|below knee amputation]], phantom pain,, weakness, 
prosthesis, high level rehabilita

...&nbsp;anterior tibial vessels and deep peroneal nerve in the upper part of the leg. ...ibiofascialis anterior, a small muscle from the lower part of the tibia to the transverse or cruciate crural ligaments or deep fascia.<ref name=":0">Drake

...yndrome, lower extremity kinematics, and dynamic postural control. Journal of Athletic training. 2008 Jan;43(1):21-8.</ref><br> ...ion), as reported by McConnell, nearly all patients require a medial glide of their patellas. <ref name="een" />

...me=":0">Sueki DG, Cleland JA, Wainner RS. A regional interdependence model of musculoskeletal dysfunction: research, mechanisms, and clinical implication == Why Use the Regional Interdependence Model? ==

...capular dyskinesis]] is a change in the normal positioning and movement of the [[scapula]] is linked to glenohumoral joint pathologies. ...border posterior displacement in overhead athletes.] International journal of sports physical therapy. 2011 Dec;6(4):306.</ref>

'''Original Editor '''- Your name will be added here if you created the original content for this page. ...cal therapy clinic upon return from Guatemala with complaints of bilateral knee joint pain and muscle aches. Pt does not have any pertinent past medical hi

...ve. The artery and vein are both contained within the femoral sheath while the nerve is not<ref name=":0">Swift H, Bordoni B. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.go ...n femoral artery is approximately 4 cm in length and lies just anterior to the [[Femur|femoral]] head. Its length and diameter are quite variable dependin

...struction and may only be partially complete. Please come back soon to see the finished work! ...Perret D. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2941578/ Posterior knee pain.] Current reviews in musculoskeletal medicine. 2010 Oct 1;3(1-4):3-10.

...ts Physical Therapy , pp. 218-224. Level of evidence: 2b</ref>&nbsp;(Level of evidence: 2b) First two weeks of the program<br><br>1. The internal rotation hip strengthening exercise

...ntractures. Research and Training Center on Independent Living, University of Kansas. (1996). Contractures. Lawrence, KS. Available from<nowiki/>https:// ...ert RD. [https://www.nature.com/articles/sc201225 Incidence and predictors of contracture after spinal cord injury—a prospective cohort study.] Spinal

...ently under review and may not be up to date. Please come back soon to see the finished work! ({{REVISIONDAY}}/{{REVISIONMONTH}}/{{REVISIONYEAR}}) ...also appropriate subjective and objective markers along with understanding the need for continuous reassessment. <ref name=":1">Stuart Porter, Lynne Gaske

'''Original Editor '''- [[User:Lucy Coughlan|Lucy Coughlan]] as part of the [[World Physiotherapy Network for Amputee Rehabilitation Project]] ...As a surgical measure, it is used to control pain or a disease process in the affected limb such as malignancy, [[Infection Prevention and Control|infect

...lvis]], increased flexion of the hips, and a compensatory hyperlordosis in the lumbar spine. ...ese muscles are inhibited and substituted by activation of the superficial muscles.

...al interventions—a systematic review and meta-analysis.] ''British Journal of Sports Medicine'', ''56''(9), pp.521-530.</ref> ...urface of the [[Femur|femur]], which are the main articulating surfaces of the patellofemoral joint.<ref name="p1">Medscape. Drugs and Diseases. Patellofe

...gs move during functional movements. When we view it this way, we see that the core actually includes: # Muscles that stabilize the [[Hip|hips]].

...ists Overuse Injuries in Professional Road Cyclists.] The American journal of sports medicine. 38. 2494-501. 10.1177/0363546510376816. Available from: ht ...de to get sufficient power at bottom of stroke. Putting stress on low back muscles.

...d and believe it's a normal part of womanhood. For this reason, many cases of UI go undiagnosed. ...on the socioeconomic burden worldwide. UI is associated with lower Quality of Life (QoL), depression and extremely high annual medical-care costs.

...ally, these abovementioned factors have also been found to be an indicator of prosthetic success<ref name="p1">Patrick L1, Knoefel F, Gaskowski P, Rexrot transtibial, pistoning, knee flexion, family, arabic

...es of the gluteal region Primal.png|thumb|250x250px|Superficial muscles of the gluteal region.]] ...nimus|Gluteus minimus]] the deep layer and the smallest one of the gluteal muscles and helps with hip abduction and internal rotation.

'''Original Editor '''- [[User: Merinda Rodseth |Merinda Rodseth]] based on the course by ...anual physical therapy on plantar heel pain: a systematic review]. Journal of Manual & Manipulative Therapy. 2017 Jan 1;25(1):3-10.

...gnment. The Journal of Bone &amp; Joint Surgery. 2000; 82:1639-1639 [Level of Evidence: A1]</ref> ...ce between vastus lateralis and medialis and by the ligamentous support of the medial and lateral retinaculum<ref name="p3" />^.

...nk. Arthritis & rheumatology. 2019 Oct;71(10):1634-41.</ref>The management of OA can be divided in to conservative and conservative<ref name=":1" /> tre Exercise therapy is the core for conservative Treatment,<ref name=":1" />

...osed chain exercises are exercises or movements where the distal aspect of the extremity is fixed to an object that is stationary. ...fect of Open and Closed Kinetic Chain Exercises on Dynamic Balance Ability of Normal Healthy Adults]. J Phys Ther Sci. 2013 Jun;25(6):671–4.</ref>

'''Original Editor '''- The [[Open Physio]] project. ...of Muscular Strength: Training Considerations.PubMed.gov.National Library of Medicine.National Centre for Biotechnology Information.2018 Apr;48(4):765-7

...cuss the anatomy of the knee joint in detail and provide some examples of knee joint pathology. ...ior to superior. The rotation axes of the foot joints are perpendicular to the cardinal planes. Therefore, motion at these joints results in rotations wit

...scles in the front part of the femur) to the [[patella]] or kneecap tears. The quadriceps tendon may be partially or completely torn.<ref name=":4">https: ...driceps tendon rupture limits lower leg extension is based on the severity of tendon damage. Minor tendon tears may have minimal impact on extensor funct

...tes from the subscapular fossa. The term "subscapularis" means under (sub) the scapula (wingbone). ...minor]] muscles. The subscapularis is the largest and strongest muscle of the rotator cuff.<ref name=":1">Aguirre K, Mudreac A, Kiel J. [https://www.ncbi

...tion_site..jpg MRI. Partial rupture of the cranial subscapularis tendon at the insertion site]]] ...vre, which can reliably diagnose or exclude clinically relevant rupture of the [[subscapularis]] tendon.

...of motion]] in assessment. There are multiple types of joint end-feels all of which are different for each individual. * The end of each motion at each joint is limited from further movement by particular an

...reasoning the various differential diagnoses and isolating the exact cause of symptoms. == Brief Anatomy of the [[Knee]] ==

...m.nih.gov/books/NBK482431/#:~:text=The%20sciatic%20nerve%20also%20provides,the%20sensation%20of%20the%20sole. Anatomy, sciatic nerve.][Updated 2020 Apr 23 ...r to third sacral spinal nerves and is a continuation of the upper part of the [[Sacral Plexus|sacral plexus.]]<ref name=":0">Anatomy.tv | 3D Human Anatom

...from high-energy mechanisms such as motor vehicle collisions with sequelae of limb shortening and deformities if not treated correctly. ...with the Winquist and Hansen classification, which is based on the amount of comminution.<ref name=":0" />

...iginal Editors ''' - [[User:Sofie Van Cutsem|Sofie Van Cutsem]] as part of the [[Vrije Universiteit Brussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universi ...e joint]. British journal of sports medicine.1998; ''32''(1): 73-74. Level of evidence: 5</ref>

...'''Original Editor '''- [[User:Robin Tacchetti|Robin Tacchetti]] based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/krista-eskay/Krist ...opment_An_Insight Principles, milestones and interventions for early years of human growth and development: an insight]. Int J Curr Microbiol Appl Sci. 2

...ust be both flexible (to adapt to ground forces) and very rigid (to propel the body forwards). They must also be able to transform quickly between these t ...compartment, the deep posterior compartment, the lateral compartment, and the anterior compartment.

...rbox"> '''Original Editor '''- [[User:Carin Hunter|Carin Hunter]] based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/michelle-green-sme ...a beautiful work of art."<ref name=":3">Green-Smerdon M. Basic Anatomy of the Dancer’s Ankle and Foot course. Plus , 2022.</ref>

...involves a position where they work on their knees for a prolonged period of time such as miners, gardeners, carpet layers and mechanics.<ref name="p5" ...prepatellar bursa) and those that occur elsewhere (pes anserinus bursa and the iliotibial bursa) <ref name="p4">Mcafee J.H. et al.. Olecranon and prepatel

...onnective tissue.<ref>Liang, W. C., et al. (2018). "The natural history of the patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy in Taiwan: A medical center exper ...y appropriate therapy.<ref>Hsu JD, Furumasu J. Gait and posture changes in the Duchenne muscular dystrophy child. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1993; 288(March):1

'''Original Editors ''' - [[User:Nick Libotton|Nick Libotton]] as part of the [[Vrije Universiteit Brussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universi ...Issue 3 - p 249-259. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15912711 [1] Level of Evidence: C</ref> ==

...t forms the calf muscle or triceps surae. It runs from back of the knee to the ankle and is multipennate. ...JA, Day MK, Lee PL, et al. Physiological cross-sectional area of human leg muscles based on magnetic resonance imaging. J Orthop Res. 1992;10(6):928–34.</re

== What is the Core? == ...iders. Therefore discrepancies also exist in how to effectively strengthen the core.

...n consistently advocated in the literature to be practiced routinely after the [[COVID-19|SARS COVID-19]] pandemic outbreak. ...;49(3):717-726. doi: 10.1093/ije/dyaa033.</ref>. This has opened a new era of teleconsultation for medical services, including rehabilitation.

...wall (anterior view)|right|frameless|600x600px|Overview of the muscles of the abdominal wall (anterior view)]] ...n abdominal wall is formed of [[skin]], [[fascia]], and muscle and encases the abdominal cavity and viscera<ref name=":0">Flynn W, Vickerton P. [https://w

...strengthen the lower back and core by engaging (pulling in) the abdominal muscles. Push-ups are a fast and effective exercise for building strength. == Execution of conventional push-up ==

...sistant virus. The protein capsid of the virus can endure to the low pH of the stomach<ref name=":2">Sci-Hub | Poliovirus. Essential Human Virology, 257� ...itions-Glady-Samuel-Raj-pdf</ref>.The virus affects children under 5 years of age<ref name=":0" />

...represents an hourglass or bowtie shape. The ACL is a key structure in the knee joint, as it resists anterior tibial translation and internal rotational lo ...ilage and mineralized fibrocartilage<ref>Wheeless, C,R. Wheeless' Textbook of Orthopaedics. [http://www.wheelessonline.com/ortho/anatomy_of_acl http://ww

...sary wear and tear. That is why it is so important to learn the principles of proper body mechanics<ref name=":0">Colorado spine inst. [https://www.color * Good body mechanics means using the body’s strength to the best mechanical advantage to do a task efficiently and without injury.

...://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560847/ Lateral Collateral Ligament (LCL) Knee Injuries]. StatPearls [Internet]. 2020 Aug 4.</ref> ...www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11046165 Lateral stabilizing structures of the knee: functional anatomy and injuries assessed with MR imaging.] Radiographics.

'''Original Editor '''- [[User:Wanda van Niekerk|Wanda van Niekerk]] based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/lee-herrington/ Le The following points highlight general principles that should be considered wit

.../2/e6.full Propagation of stress fracture of the patella.] British journal of sports medicine 2005;39(2):e6.</ref><ref>Sweetnam R. [https://pmj.bmj.com/c ...with the aim to increase the moment arm of the quadriceps muscle and thus, knee extensive capacity. <ref name=":14" />

== Basic Structure of the Foot and Ankle == ...the lower leg and foot. The osseous components of the ankle joint include the distal [[tibia]], distal [[fibula]], and [[talus]].

...from all over the world to raise awareness about the crucial contribution the profession makes to keeping people well, mobile and independent. ...n as World Physiotherapy designated 8th September as World PT Day. This is the date World Physiotherapy was founded in 1951.

...emoral triangle to the opening in the [[Adductor Magnus|adductor magnus]], the adductor hiatus.<ref name=":0">IMAIOS. Adductor Canal - Canalis Adductorius ...etween the anterior thigh and posterior leg.<ref name=":1">Songo Lolomari. The Adductor Canal. http://teachmeanatomy.info/lower-limb/areas/adductor-canal/

...chronic issues.<ref name=":0">Van der Walt A. Assessment and Management of the Equine Spine Presentation. Plus , 2021.</ref> ...s a concern about his / her own riding, especially when there is a history of trauma or pathology (e.g. back surgery / pelvic fracture)

...t's used to protect, support, or immobilize an injured or inflamed part of the body. ...and splinted as soon as the injury occurs for the best functional outcomes of his rehabilitation. Therefore, positioning and splinting should:

....&nbsp;<ref name="p6">Karandikar N, Vargas OO. Kinetic chains: a review of the concept and its clinical applications. PM and R. 2011 Aug 31;3(8):739-45.</ ...by movement at one joint produced or affected movement at another joint in the kinetic link. <ref name="p9">Ellenbecker TS, Davies GJ. Closed kinetic chai

...yancy, hydrostatic pressure and viscosity)<ref>Aquatic Therapy Association of Chartered Physiotherapists (ATACP). About ATACP. Available from: https://at ==Outcome Measures of ACL Rehabilitation==

...struction and may only be partially complete. Please come back soon to see the finished work! ({{REVISIONDAY}}/{{REVISIONMONTH}}/{{REVISIONYEAR}})</div> ...omyosis) or to enhance activity (hypertendomyosis) in a muscle or group of muscles.

'''Original Editor '''- [[User:Lennert De Henau|Lennert De Henau]] as part of the [[Vrije Universiteit Brussel Evidence-based Practice Project]] ...a disk) meniscus, also called the popping knee syndrome, is a variation on the normal meniscus.

...should be considered when tenderness is found over the posterior aspect of the lateral femoral condyle. ...ee joint from one point to another whereas the fabella redirects forces on the flexor side

...t E. The history of biomechanics in total hip arthroplasty. Indian Journal of Orthopaedics. 2017 Aug;51(4):359-67.</ref> ...ip_Clinical_perspective Evolution of the Koch model of the biomechanics of the hip: a clinical perspective.] J Orthop Sci. 2002;7(6):724-30. </ref>

...ia LR, Banik S, Guria Sr LR. Variable branching pattern of tibial nerve in the tarsal tunnel: a gross anatomical study with clinical implications. Cureus. ...ef> It also has articular and cutaneous branches.<ref name=":2">Wikipedia. The tibial nerve[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibial_nerve .] Available from:

...a comprehensive and systematic physical examination of the moving parts of the body. ...king, there are two patterns of range of motion used in the interpretation of joint motion:

...nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2754351/ The kinaesthetic senses]. The Journal of physiology. 2009 Sep 1;587(17):4139-46.</ref>. ...to an unstable gait, frequent [[falls]] and [[Ataxia|ataxic]] behavior in the affected patients.<ref name=":2">Kröger S, Watkins B. [https://skeletalmus

...struction and may only be partially complete. Please come back soon to see the finished work! ({{REVISIONDAY}}/{{REVISIONMONTH}}/{{REVISIONYEAR}}) ...ls can increase a woman's attractiveness, they can change the biomechanics of walking and can affect gait by reducing stride length, and increasing pelv

...y|Okunoye Mercy]] [[User:Awelewa Oluwatayo|Awelewa Oluwatayo]], as part of the [[Redeemer's University Physioculture Journal Project]] ...ov/19411641/ Ricci WM, Gallagher B, Haidukewych GJ. Intramedullary nailing of femoral shaft fractures: current concepts. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2009 May;

...s://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2941577/ Diagnosis and management of quadriceps strains and contusions]. Current reviews in musculoskeletal medi ...training and competition.<ref name=":2">Kary JM. Diagnosis and management of quadriceps strains and contusions. Current reviews in musculoskeletal medic

...X demonstrated a clear positive response with abolition of resting pain on the visual analogue scale (VAS). ...s the same situation for most of the therapists and patients/households in the outpatient department in question.

...ng and treating patients. This article discusses the general principles of the muscle length assessment. == Structure of Muscles ==

...'''Original Editor '''- [[User:Robin Tacchetti|Robin Tacchetti]] based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/krista-eskay/ Kris ...nform policies aimed at early childhood development]. Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences. 2022 Mar;9(1):57-64.</ref>

...-weighted MR image in plantar flexion showing the “nutcracker-phenomenon”. The os trigonum together with surrounding soft tissues are wedged between talus ...ussell, D.W. Kruse, Y.I. Koutedakis, I. M. Mcewan, M. A. Wyon Pathoanatomy of Posterior Ankle Impingement in Ballet Dancers. Clinical Anatomy 2010; 23:61

...rbox"> '''Original Editor '''- [[User:Carin Hunter|Carin Hunter]] based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/michelle-green-sme ...hese positions and the demands incurred, compensation can occur further up the kinetic chain, resulting in pain and injury.

'''Original Editors '''- [[User:Tania Appelmans|Tania Appelmans]] as part of the [[Vrije Universiteit Brussel Evidence-based Practice Project]] ...s. Clinical orthopaedics and related research. 1981 Jul 1;158:59-69. Level of evidence: 1A</ref>^&nbsp;That process can lead to pain, loose bod

...each variation has a specific inheritance pattern, time of onset and rate of muscle loss.<ref name=":0">LaPelusa A, Kentris M. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih ...by absent or defective glycoproteins in the muscle membrane. In each type of muscular dystrophy, different genes are deleted or mutated. These changes c

...he buttocks. This test assesses the strength of the leg, pelvic, and trunk muscles, as well as dynamic balance. It is used to evaluate an individual's ability ...to 40 minutes using simple equipment and is used to assess various aspects of physical fitness.

...ry:The_University_of_Waterloo_Clinical_Biomechanics_Project The University of Waterloo Clinical Biomechanics Project] ...low are descriptions of the different biomechanical mechanisms examined in the research.

A case study of a diabetic elderly amputee patient in the United Kingdom: Amputee Case Study This a case study of a 73-year old gentleman who has had a right trans-tibial [[Amputations|ampu

...lobal (also known as stabiliser and global movers, see [[Core Muscles|core muscles]]). ...ir length create joint compression, thus producing active stabilisation of the joint.<ref name=":0" />

...arthroscopic and physical findings in posterolateral rotatory instability. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc (2010) 18:123–129</ref> ...n G. Acute and chronic management of posterolateral corner injuries of the knee [corrected] [published erratum appears in ORTHOPEDICS 2008 Jul;31(7):725].

...''Original Editor '''- [[User:Stacy Schiurring|Stacy Schiurring]] based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/instructor/claire-robertson// C ...he VMO in isolation is not entirely without use, it limits the application of any research findings in clinical practice.

...not edit unless you are involved in this project, but please come back in the near future to check out new information!! If you would like to get involve ...be used in patient's with fixed platar flexion deformity to increased base of support and improve balance.

...atomy|hip joint]]. It is the largest muscle at the hip representing 16% of the total cross-sectional area.<ref name=":0">Keith L. , Anne M. R . ....tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.3109/09593985.2011.604981 A literature review of studies evaluating gluteus maximus and gluteus medius activation during reh

...n of the SC joint.<ref>ALLMAN JR FL. Fractures and ligamentous injuries of the clavicle and its articulation. JBJS. 1967 Jun 1;49(4):774-84.</ref> '''The SC joint is formed by the articulation of three bones'''<ref name=":3" />''':'''

== History of Presenting Condition == ...bsp;to his doctor 2 weeks ago who prescribed him a short course of NSAIDs, of which have not helped&nbsp;significantly. He is now starting to develop pai

====Upper Limb <ref name=":3">Harvey L. Management of Spinal Cord Injuries: A Guide for Physiotherapists. Elsevier Health Science ! rowspan="2" |'''Muscles'''

...ademy of Orthopaedic Surgeons clinical practice guideline on the treatment of Achilles tendon rupture]. JBJS. 2010 Oct 20;92(14):2466-8.</ref>. Achilles ...perative_Treatment_of_Acute.1.aspx Operative versus nonoperative treatment of acute Achilles tendon ruptures: a multicenter randomized trial using accele

...3847.2023.2170684</nowiki></ref> collected data on non-contact injuries of the hamstrings in a sports club from Barcelona. ...ar (a total of 17 sports). Thus, this injury represents a potential source of danger in sport physiotherapy.

...nd [[Movement Dysfunction|movement]], this can result in marked alteration of function.</div> ...altered connective tissue biology and a decrease in effective maintenance of tissue homeostasis<ref name=":1" />.

...anda Umeri|Miranda Umeri]] and [[User:Josh Nickel|Josh Nickel]] as part of the [[Queen's University Neuromotor Function Project]] ...Quadriceps Muscle|quadriceps]] following a [[Total Knee Arthroplasty|total knee arthroplasty]].

'''Original Editor '''- Africa Clubfoot Training Team as part of [http://www.physio-pedia.com/Clubfoot_Content_Development_Project ICRC and ...f extensive scarring, residual pain and inadequate correction as seen with the other procedures such as bandages by Hippocrates and plaster casts by Kite

...69(2):183-191.</ref>. In fact, there is evidence to prove that the opinion of running causing osteoarthritis is not correct.<ref name=":0">Plack Leigh-An ...ce symptoms such as joint line tenderness, reduced [[Range of Motion|range of motion]], crepitus with movement, joint effusion, and/or joint space defor

...ion, Adduction, External Rotation test. This is a pain provacation test of the hip for assessing lateral hip pain for [[Gluteal Tendinopathy|gluteal tendi ...sis and Contemporary Diagnoses for Lateral Hip Pain: A Scoping Review.]” ''Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy'', vol. 29, no. 8, 19 Dec. 2020,

...nt; the totality of movement a joint is capable of doing. Range of motion of a [[Joint Classification|joint]] is gauged during passive ROM (assisted) '' ...s Range of Motion? Available:https://www.verywellhealth.com/overview-range-of-motion-2696650<nowiki/>(accessed 20.11.2022)</ref>

The [[Nagi's Disability Model|functional limitations and impairments]] after a ...ation endurance, speed, or security required to perform their [[Activities of Daily Living|daily activities]] independently and safely. [[Falls]] are a

Following the first 6 weeks of [[ACL Rehabilitation: Acute Management after Surgery|acute management after In the acute management phase, there are some considerations to protect the surgical repair and allow healing without compromising ROM.

...Roger Noel ,Ismael El Habouchi ,Faryan Bouzapar and Tom Flachet as part of the [[Vrije Universiteit Brussel Evidence-based Practice Project]] [[Image:Knee Anatomy Side View.png|thumb|right|250px|Knee - Side View]]

...rary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1469-8749.2007.tb12610.x/epdf</ref>. However, the secondary changes associated with muscle mis- and dis-use are progressive. ...einforce the neural connections that control these movements. As a result, the child is likely to practice limited, ineffective, energy-consuming movement

There are two distinct forms of compartment syndromes, acute and chronic types. ...he fascial compartment affected by increased compartment pressures include muscles, [[Neurone|nerves]] and vasculature.

...al ligament.<ref name=":4">Frobell R, Cooper R, Morris H, Arendt, H. Acute knee injuries. In: Brukner P, Bahr R, Blair S, Cook J, Crossley K, McConnell J, ...e patellar tendon, improving the mechanical advantage of the quadriceps in knee extension.<ref name="p1">Egmond DL, Schuitemaker R. De knieregio. In: Mink

'''Original Editor '''- [[User:Abbey Cain|Abby Cain]] as part of the [[World Physiotherapy Network for Amputee Rehabilitation Project]] ...]. CSP Clinical Guideline 03. November 2012</ref>. &nbsp;A crucial element of constructing a rehabilitation programme is sound gait analysis. This will l