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It is aimed to make a rapid assessment on neck and upper limb loading in mainly sedentary tasks. Positions of individual body segments will be observed and the more there is deviation from the neutral posture the higher will be the

...://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25091336/ Examination of the wrist: Ulnar-sided wrist pain due to ligamentous injury.] J Hand Surg Am. 2014;39(9):1859–62. </re The starting position of the patient for the test is sitting position and then the examiner supports the metacarpal shafts with one hand. With the ot

...&ei=UBnJZMrPD-yEywSA_4GIAg&scisig=ABFrs3yFaik86B2nm493E2RNeh10 Ulnar-sided wrist pain in athletes.] Clin SportsMed (Level of evidence: D)</ref> ...2PpsoGRm9_VigrIf35E Triangular fibrocartilage complex of the wrist: anatomy and function.] J Hand Surgery (Level of evidence: D)</ref><br>

....<br> It is a basic test that can help narrow down the focus of a regional examination. </gallery>Patient should be awake and cooperative when performing the wringing test.

...cal perspective.] Plastic and reconstructive surgery. 2004 Aug 1;114(2):494-9.</ref> ...ontent/uploads/2020/07/Tinel-1915-The-22tingling22-sign-in-peripheral-nerve-lesions.pdf The “tingling” sign in peripheral nerve lesions.] Injuries t

The purpose of Cozen's test (also known as the "resisted wrist extension test" or "resistive tennis elbow test") is to check for [[Lateral ...ith the elbow extended forearm maximal pronation, wrist radially abducted, and hand in a fist.

...her. As its name suggests it is a wrist extensor and can be palpated infero-posteriorly to the elbow. ...:0">Palastanga N, Field D, Soames R. Anatomy and human movement: structure and function. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2006.</ref>

...nar fovea sign is a clinical test used to specify the cause of ulnar-sided wrist pain. ...nar Fovea Sign” for Defining Ulnar Wrist Pain:] An Analysis of Sensitivity and Specificity, American Society of the Hand, 2007</ref>

...or pollicis brevis] (EPB) tendons in the first extensor compartment of the wrist<ref>Satteson E, Tannan SC. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK442005/ D ...off’s Test in the Investigation of de Quervain’s Disease.] Journal of Hand and Microsurgery [Internet]. 2018 Aug 1;10(2):116–8. Available from: <nowiki>

...ichter]], [[User:Meghan Barclayas|Meghan Barclayas]] and [http://www.physio-pedia.com/User:Shannon_Petersen Shannon Petersen] part of the [[Des Moines U ...benefit from treatment directed at the cervical or thoracic spines, and/or wrist.

...that the entry of the muscle bellies of the extensor pollicis brevis (EPB) and abductor pollicis longus (APL) tendons into the first extensor compartment *Radial abduction of wrist (0-25°)

...ty <ref>Hough, A. 1996. Physiotherapy in Respiratory Care. 2nd ed. Chapman and Hall, London</ref>. <br> ...stal interphalangeal joint. This is best performed by a quick flick of the wrist to achieve a solid strike on the finger <ref name="Hough" />. <br>

...d with the [[Extensor Carpi Ulnaris|extensor carpi ulnaris]] to adduct the wrist. This muscle is the only muscle in the anterior compartment that is fully It has a long linear origin from olecranon and posterior border of the [[ulna]]. In addition to that, FCU also has a humer

'''Original Editors '''- [[User:Beth Reuschel|Beth Reuschel]] and [[User:Elizabeth Dallas|Elizabeth Dallas]] *C6 innervates --&gt;lateral side forearm --&gt;wrist extensors

...s direct pressure over the carpal tunnel (median nerve) between the thenar and hypothenar eminence for 30 seconds. <div class="col-md-6"> {{#ev:youtube|5vC-r1FaZZE|250}} <div class="text-right"><ref>Carpal Compression Test.

...tis|medial epicondylalgia]] or "golfer[https://medisavvy.com/reverse-cozens-test/ ’]s elbow". ...-55.<ref name=":0">Dutton M, Dutton's Orthopaedic Examination, Evaluation, and Intervention. 5th ed. New York: McGraw Hill; c2020.</ref>

...Tests for Thumb Basal Joint Osteoarthritis. Hand (N Y). 2016 Mar;11(1):108-12.</ref>. ...|367x367px|https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4920516/figure/fig1-1558944715616951/]]

...n 5 degree intervals with an obvious drop indicating large or massive tear and a smaller lag revealing a partial tear. ...g back' '''or '<nowiki/>'''lag test'''' in addtion to the "'''modified lift-off test'''".

...r to the lateral epicondyle the nerve splits into its terminal superficial and deep branches.<ref name="pala" /> ...f the arm arises before the radial nerve, pierces the intermuscular septum and becomes cuntaneous below the [[deltoid]].<ref name="pala" />

...using a tape measure on the wrist and hand is an easy way to measure edema and can capture the accumulation in the dorsal hand that circumferential tape m This method is preferred to measure with the tension-controlled measuring tape than standard tape.

...tional practice patterns. The Journal of hand surgery. 2016 Jun 1;41(6):665-72</ref> 2. Wrist ratio &gt;.67

...rpal Tunnel Syndrome#share|carpal tunnel syndrome]] and [https://www.physio-pedia.com/Cubital_Tunnel_Syndrome?utm_source=physiopedia&utm_medium=search&u <div class="col-md-4"> {{#ev:youtube|xadO8ie7mXg|250}} <div class="text-right"><ref>Utility of Scratch Collapse Test in a Case of Failed Carpal Tunn

...ties: Mechanical diagnosis and therapy. Wellington: Spinal publications New-Zealand, 2000.</ref> ...emity problems - Systematic review. Musculoskelet Sci Pract. 2017 Feb;27:78-84. doi: 10.1016/j.msksp.2016.12.016. Epub 2017 Jan 5. PMID: 28637606.</ref>

...king]], [[obesity]], use of [[Corticosteroid Medication|corticosteroids]], and [[Overuse Injuries - an Individualised Approach|overuse]]. ...d 2.55 per 100,000 patient-years. Most patients (more than 95%) are males, and injury events usually happen during middle age (35 years to 54 years). Rupt

...of the dorsum of the hand. It is located at the level of the carpal bones and best seen when the thumb is abducted. ...fbox’.<ref name=":0">http://teachmeanatomy.info/upper-limb/areas/anatomical-snuffbox/</ref>

...ristian Filer|Christian Filer]] as part of the [[Temple University Evidence-Based Practice Project|Temple University EBP Project]] ...is for treatment. Diagnosing hand and wrist conditions is often difficult and for this reason, bilateral comparison can be useful<ref name=":0" />

...of the [[Ulnar Nerve|ulnar nerve]] which results in reduced functionality and muscle weakness of the pinch grip. ...[[adductor pollicis]] of the thumb, which is innervated by the ulnar nerve and is weakened in [[Ulnar Nerve Entrapment|ulnar nerve palsy]].

...treat?]. Journal of Clinical Orthopaedics and Trauma. 2020 Jul 1;11(4):570-9.</ref> [[File:Wrist posterior view.jpg|alt=|center|frameless|500x500px]]

... ''Clinique médicale de l'Hôtel-Dieu de Paris.'' Paris, 1861. Volume 2: 112-114.</ref> ...would for measuring blood pressure. Slowly inflate the cuff up to 20 mmHg and wait for 2 - 3 minutes. Observe the hand for any posturing.<ref name=":0">P

...Brussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universiteit Brussel Evidence-Based Practice Project]] ..., P. Three-Digit Allen's Test. Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 2007; 84 (2):686-687. </ref>

...ion. <ref name=":0">Hattam P, Smeatham A. Special Tests in Musculoskeletal Examination. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 2010.</ref> ...t is considered positive if the pain is reproduced in the bicipital groove and a biceps or a SLAP lesion is suspected. If a "clicking" sensation familiar

...t]]. <ref name=":0">Hattam P, Smeatham A. Special Tests in Musculoskeletal Examination. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 2010.</ref><br> ...tive test is indicated by a familiar sensation of instability apprehension and pain by the patient, a posterior semiluxation may occur before sensation is

...in Conflicts and Disasters.] London, UK: Handicap International. 2020. p110-112</ref> ...habilitation-in-conflicts-and-disasters/ Early Rehabilitation in Conflicts and Disasters].

...nent of the nervous system that is being tested and are divided into upper and lower limb tests. ...ation of the nervous system, Melbourne, 1991, Churchill Livingstone.</ref> and a further modification in position of each joint is done as "sensitiser". T

...988; Examination of the scaphoid; Journal of Hand Surgery, volume: 13A, 657-60. evidence level: F ...oid Shift in the Uninjured Wrist; Journal of Hand Surgery, volume: 19A, 604-606 evidence level: C</ref><br>

...ome testing is an essential part of [[Neurological Assessment|neurological examination]] when suspecting [[radiculopathy]]. Myotomes are much more complex to test ...ome|center|900x900px|Differentiation of somites into dermatome, sclerotome and myotome|thumb]]

...ub.com/en/library/anatomy/opponens-digiti-minimi-muscle</ref> [[File:1024px-1121 Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand Superficial sin.png|thumb|Intrinsic muscl Hook of hamate and [[flexor retinaculum]]

== Objective and Intended Population == ...related to wrist and hand function, residual deformities, range of motion and nerve complications.

'''Edited April 2022''' - by [[User:Adrianna Simmons|Adrianna Simmons]] and [[User:Jeannine Escobar|Jeannine Escobar]] as part of the [[Arkansas Colleg ...he vertebral column, 2nd ed. Edinburgh, 1994, Churchill Livingstone.</ref> and hence also known as Elvey test but most commonly called ULTT. The ULTT's ar

'''Original Editor '''- [https://www.physio-pedia.com/User:Ashmita_Patrao Ashmitha Patrao] ...physio-pedia.com/Gerbers_Test Lift off test:]''' Arm is internally rotated and extended , with the hand on the lumbar region. From this position the patie

...com/Cubital_Tunnel_Syndrome#share cubital tunnel syndrome] ([https://physio-pedia.com/Ulnar_Nerve#share ulnar nerve] ). ...elbow flexion with wrist extension and 90 degree shoulder gridle abduction and depression.

...lift-off test. Journal of shoulder and elbow surgery. 2003 Sep 1;12(5):427-30.</ref> ...compensates the movement through started wrist flexion, shoulder adduction and shoulder extension. This unconscious compensatory movement would result in

...Special Tests.] Home Health Care Management & Practice. 2011 Jun;23(3):218-20.</ref>. ...Burns B. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK526046/ Anatomy, Shoulder and Upper Limb, Hand Flexor Digitorum Profundus Muscle.] InStatPearls [Internet

...resulting from epicondylitis. Journal of Chiropractic Medicine. 2002;1:117-121.</ref>. '''Wrist extensor group'''

...the assessment was accompanied by hand therapists and hand clinic patients and has been reviewed in multiple studies over the course of the last two decad ...ients suffering from [[Hand Rheumatoid Arthritis|arthritis]] or [[Hand and Wrist Sports Injuries|trauma]] to the upper extremity. <ref name=":2" />[[File:Do

...r:Krista Dayton|Krista Dayton]] as part of the [[Temple University Evidence-Based Practice Project|Temple University EBP Project]] Pain and symptoms localized in or around elbow. May present with neurological sympto

...acallo M. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK539723/ Anatomy, Shoulder and Upper Limb, Hand Flexor Digitorum Superficialis Muscle.] [Last updated: Mar ...or carpi radialis]], [[Flexor Carpi Ulnaris Muscle|flexor carpi ulnaris]], and [[Pronator Teres|pronator teres]].<ref name=":0" />

[[File:Flexor-digitorum-profundus.png|thumb|401x401px|Flexor Digitorum Profundus]] ...Burns B. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK526046/ Anatomy, Shoulder and Upper Limb, Hand Flexor Digitorum Profundus Muscle.] InStatPearls [Internet

...thletes are affected by wrist pain from overuse injuries<ref name=":1" />, and 15% of which involves the growth plate<ref name=":2" />. {{#ev:youtube|v=ywfE4gGgSKk&t=1s}}<ref>www.youtube.com. (n.d.). ''Gymnast Wrist 4''. [online] Available at: <nowiki>https://youtu.be/ywfE4gGgSKk</nowiki> [

...epicondylitis]. Journal of shoulder and elbow surgery. 2002 Mar 1;11(2):156-7.</ref> | 35-55

...ed with an artificial joint- a prosthesis. It aims to create a stable, pain-free joint with a functional range of movement when conservative treatments ...of 90-100% at five years are mostly reported using newer second generation and third generation implants, but declines from five to eight years.<ref>Boeck

...chronic inflammatory disease affecting the [[Wrist and Hand|hand joints]] and leading to impairment in [[Hand Function|hand function]]<nowiki/>s. ...ands: proximal interphalangeal (PIP), metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joints and wrist.

[[File:Spasticity-in-the-hand.webp|thumb|Example of upper limb spasticity ]] ...ications for clinical practice.] Top Stroke Rehabil. 2009 May-Jun;16(3):177-88.</ref>

...Annular Ligament. The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 2005];33(1):114-118.</ref> ...slipping over and subluxation of the radial head into the supinator muscle and annular ligament.

...n the radial border of the palm. FPB is one of the muscle of the [[Thenar and Hypothenar Muscles Of The Hand|thenar]] eminence of the hand. ...edicine Insights: Arthritis and Musculoskeletal Disorders. 2012 Jan;5:CMAMD-S8443.</ref>

...king, there is ample opportunity for injury. In fact, injuries to the hand and wrists are some of the most common ailments facing athletes. * Approximately 25% of all sports-related injuries involve the hand or wrist.

...S. Newman, G. P. Konin, and G. Ross, Epicondylitis: Pathogenesis, Imaging, and Treatment, RadioGraphics, January 1, 2010; 30(1): 167 - 184.</ref> ...d, stressing the [[Extensor Digitorum Communis|extensor digitorum]] muscle and tendon, while palpating the patient’s lateral epicondyle. A positive test

...s dearth of literature in this area. This page will give us an overview of assessment of ageing with spinal cord injury to bridge some of the existing gap in the ...her details([https://www.physio-pedia.com/Assessment_of_Spinal_Cord_Injury assessment of spinal cord injury]).

...M. Ulnar tunnel syndrome. The Journal of hand surgery. 2014 Mar 1;39(3):571-9.</ref><ref name=":3" /> The ulnar nerve is one of the major nerves of the hand and travels down the neck through the medial epicondyle, than passes under the

...nvLOvDZxoN2q9qAMIR8_X0_wow Clinical Orthopaedic Rehabilitation: An Evidence-based Approach.] 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Health Sciences, 2011</ref>< ...n DG, Wiesel SW, Boden SD. Low Back and Neck Pain: Comprehensive Diagnosis and Management. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Health Sciences, 2004.</ref>

The major function of the human [[Wrist and Hand|hand]] is to manipulate objects to accomplish a goal. ...ise amount of pressure necessary to hold an object is due to: the mobility and stability supplied by the skeleton: the power of the muscle; the remarkable

...sor carpi ulnaris pathology: a review of functional anatomy, sports injury and management. Br J Sports Med. 2013;47(17):1105–11.</ref>. ...ation or good wrist stability for hold equipment. The overall incidence of wrist injury can be up to 8.9% of all reported sports injuries but data documenti

...s, the ligaments are always taut. This contributes to the stability in the wrist joint. ...://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/12/2/188 Anatomy, Biomechanics, and Loads of the Wrist Joint]. Life. 2022 Jan 27;12(2):188.</ref> Hand function has four important

...bolic Disorders and Results Available: https://scopeheal.com/arterial-blood-gas/ (accessed 9.5.2022)</ref> To perform this test, blood is collected from a specific artery, usually the wrist's radial artery. This blood sample allows an accurate determination of the

...tion|range of motion]] in assessment. There are multiple types of joint end-feels all of which are different for each individual. ...therapist, as resistance or a barrier to further motion, is called the end-feel<ref name=":0">Susan B.O'Sullivan, Thomas J. Schmitz, George D. Fulk. Ph

...Angela Fearon, Diana Hughes, Carol Kennedy, Dr. Alex Scott, Michael Yates and Alison Hoens ...ying causes/risk factors of lateral epicondyle tendinopathy and functional examination.

...ing tool for the measurement of upper body strength and overall [[Strength and Conditioning|strength]]. It is most useful when multiple measurements are t ...rength can be used in numerous situations to evaluate and track many health-related conditions, as further discussed below.

...rtilage 2000; 8: S25– 8.</ref>. It has been translated into French, Dutch, and Argentinian versions. It is targeted at the functional capacity of hands in None. Questionnaire-based.

...." ''Bulletin of the Institute of the History of Medicine 1937;'' 5(7): 684-86.</ref> ...B. Clinical Sign Revisited: Hoffman’s sign. Indian J Med Spec 2010; 1(1):44-45</ref> should be followed while performing this test:

...al carpal rows. Palmar midcarpal instability is more prevalent, but dorsal and extrinsic variants also exist.<ref name=":0">Lichtman DM, Wroten ES. Unders ...The distal row consists of the [[trapezium]], [[trapezoid]], [[capitate]], and [[hamate]]. Ligaments connect these bones, stabilising the joint.

<div class="editorbox"> '''Original Editor '''- [https://www.physio-pedia.com/User:Shreya_Pavaskar Shreya Pavaskar]<br> The Tardieu Scale and the Modified Tardieu Scale are used clinically to measure [[spasticity]] in

...particular the ERLS is designed to test the integrity of the supraspinatus and infraspinatus tendons. ...tator cuff: a preliminary investigation. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2008;89:1162-8.</ref>. The magnitude of the lag is recorded in degrees to the nearest 5°

...ical theories of motor control. She tried various trial and error on motor and verbal reactions to each procedure or from observations of patients. There Brunnstrom made assumptions regarding the motor control and reactions of stroke patients to form a basis for the principles of movement

...with notes on thumb movements and tool use.] ''J Hum Evol''. 2012;63(1):64-78. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2012.04.001</ref>. Although the muscles of the huma This page outlines the thenar and hypothenar muscles of the hand.

== Introduction and Epidemiology == ...-8.</ref>, and about 1-3% of the general population), often seen between 35-45 years of age in the dominant arm<ref name=":1" />.

...he distribution of the palmar cutaneous branch of the median nerve (PCBMN) and the absence of common CTS test findings. The PCBMN branches off of the medi ...ndex and middle fingers, [[Flexor Pollicis Longus|flexor pollicis longus]] and pronator quadratus.<br>

<div class="noeditbox"> This article or area is currently under construction and may only be partially complete. Please come back soon to see the finished w ...linking injury and disease. Nature Reviews Neuroscience. 2014 Jun;15(6):394-409.</ref>

...d Management of Scaphoid Fractures,] Am Fam Physician. 2004 Sep 1;70(5):879-884. </ref>&nbsp; ...of the radiocarpal joint]]. Timely diagnosis, appropriate immobilization, and referral to surgical opinion when indicated can decrease the likelihood of

...ussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universiteit Brussel's Evidence-based Practice project]]. ...chroeder HP, Botte MJ. Definitions and terminology of compartment syndrome and Volkmann's ischemic contracture of the upper extremity. Hand clinics. 1998

...u J Exp Med. 2001 Mar;193(3):251-4.</ref> with only sensory manifestations and no motor deficits.&nbsp;''' ...le finger to be abducted may constitute an early (in some cases the first) and also a late sign of ulnar palsy".&nbsp;

...ased on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/krista-eskay/ Krista Eskay]<br> ...&f=false BRACHIAL PLEXUS BIRTH PALSY]. Rockwood and Matsen's The Shoulder E-Book. 2021 Jun 12:39.</ref> The overall incidence of NBPP is decreasing.<ref

...ert Bardinas|Robert Bardinas]]; as part of the [[Temple University Evidence-Based Practice Project]] ...the [[elbow]] and the [[Wrist and Hand|wrist]]<ref>Jan Michael C. Lleva, Ke-Vin Chang.Ulnar Neuropathy. Available from: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bo

...nd is usually present in extrapyramidal disorders. It affects the agonists and the antagonists equally. * Niemann-Pick Disease - Type A

Radial Tunnel Syndrome is a syndrome resulting from the [https://physio-pedia.com/Posterior_interosseous_nerve_syndrome?utm_source=physiopedia&utm_m ...ONE AND JOINT SURGERY. 2015 Jul; 3(3): 156–162.</ref>{{#ev:youtube|3M6dzH1i-GI}}

...] based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/ian-horsley/ Ian Horsley]<br>'''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributors/{{F ...the differential diagnosis. An accurate diagnosis will enable us to manage and treat our patients more effectively.

...otechnology Information.2018 Apr;48(4):765-785.doi: 10.1007/s40279-018-0862-z.</ref> ...logic disease or muscle imbalance/weakness. It is an important part of the assessment in many client groups including

'''Original Editor '''- [[User:Wendy Walker|Wendy Walker]] and [[User:Daniele Barilla|Daniele Barilla]] ...nd the lacertus fibrosus (bicipital fascia) and is separated from the elbow-joint by the [[brachialis]].

...ll three joints <ref>Magee, D.J. Chapter 6: Elbow. In Orthopaedic Physical Assessment. 5th Ed. Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation Series. Saunders, an imprint of Els ...; notably the trochlear joint (flexion and extension) and the radiohumeral and superior radioulnar joints allow for rotation.

...Fien Selderslaghs, Mirabella Smolders, Liese Magnus, Laura Van Der Perren and [[User:Jessica Worrell|Jessica Worrell]] ...me of treatment of Kienbock's disease stage III by excisional arthroplasty and palmaris longus spacer.</ref>

...ational simulation study. The Journal of hand surgery. 2019 Sep 1;44(9):751-61.</ref> ...t Claw Hand. Available from: <nowiki>https://www.healthline.com/health/claw-hand#treatment</nowiki> (Accessed 09/06/2021)</ref>

...see below) are commonly performed within, but not limited to, Occupational and Physical Therapy settings. With the client seated, elbow flexed to 90 degrees with arm adducted at side, and forearm neutral, proceed as follows:

...on manifests as a subcutaneous limp or nodule. The size can change in time and it can also disappear completely.<ref name=":1">@inproceeding Camasta 2012 [https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/EXCISION-OF-THE-GANGLION-CYST-Camasta/67d2f2944bbe3a87f570fcf41ff1d4e92cc92467 EXCISION OF THE GANGLION CY

...search to determine disease severity, describe motor recovery, and to plan and assess treatment. The FMA was designed to be used for patients with post-stroke hemiplegic patients of all ages.

...r:Yuliya Bugera|Yuliya Bugera]] as part of the [[Temple University Evidence-Based Practice Project|Temple University EBP Project]] '''Top Contributors'' ...nge of motion (ROM), and joint stiffness leading to impaired hand function and difficulty with daily activities.

...achycardia]]) or too slow ([[bradycardia]]), types of [[Heart Arrhythmias: Assessment|Heart Arrhythmias]] ...e blood vessels each time the heart beats. The pulse is often taken at the wrist to estimate the heart rate"<ref name=":0">Medicinenet Definition of heart r

...measure for research in patients after stroke. Stroke. 2001 Jul;32(7):1635-9.</ref>. ...sis. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation. 2006 May 1;87(5):656-60.</ref>.

...es of daily living. The test is highly significant in hand surgery for the assessment of treatments.<br> ...f Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Hand Surgery. 1995 Jan 1;29(2):167-76.</ref>

...eport. journal of orthopaedic & sports physical therapy. 2010 Jun;40(6):361-8.</ref> ...playing the piano, fly fishing, carpentry, or activities by office workers and musicians can lead to chronic overuse injuries.

...s Albaugh|Thomas Albaugh]] as part of the [[Texas State University Evidence-based Practice Project]] ...widened medial-lateral gap between the two carpal bones.<ref name="Wheeless-SI" />

...onal status in carpal tunnel syndrome. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1993; 75: 1585-1592</ref> ...Hand Therapy. Second Edition. Maryland Heights: Mosby Elsevier, 2014. p115-127</ref>

This article is currently under review and may not be up to date. Please come back soon to see the finished work! ({{R ...Carpal Instability: I. Description of the Scheme; J Hand Surg 1995;20A:757-764</ref>

...correlation.] American Journal of Roentgenology 2003;181(1):219-21.</ref> Wrist extension is preserved due to the action of the extensor carpi radialis lon ...rosseous branch. The [[radial nerve]] supplies the majority of the forearm and hand extensors. Damage to this branch of the radial nerve results in poster

...ris PF, Humpherson JR, Whitmore I, Willan PL. ''Human Anatomy: Color Atlas and Textbook''. phot. by A.L. Bentley (5th ed.). Philadelphia: Mosby, 2008.</re ...on the function of the lumbrical muscle. ''J Hand Surg Am''. 2014;39(1):149-155.</ref>

...sica Frederick, Kristin Casagrand, Jarrod Smith from the [http://www.physio-pedia.com/Pathophysiology_of_Complex_Patient_Problems Bellarmine University Born and raised in Oklahoma&nbsp;

...stabilize the MCP joint of the thumb: the ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) and the radial collateral ligament (RCL)<ref name=":0" /> ...AL, Fedorczyk J, Amadio PC, Felder S, Shin EK. Rehabilitation of the hand and upper extremity. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2020 Jan 14.</ref>

...] based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/ian-gatt/ Ian Gatt]<br> ...ter simulations, measurements and mathematical modelling in various sports and exercises.

'''Original Editor '''- [https://www.physio-pedia.com/User:Kristin_Sartore Kristin Sartore] ...carpal tunnel. Normal tissue pressure within the tunnel is approximately 3-7mm Hg. CTS can result in pressure with greater than 30mm Hg. [[File:Carpal

...ing) and walking (5 items)<ref name=":0" />. The 15 items are scored on a 7-point scale (1 through 7, complete dependence to independent, respectively). See also: [[Chedoke Arm and Hand Activity Inventory|Chedoke Arm and Hand Activity Inventory]]

...ow joint. Physiotherapists have a functional knowledge of the complicated 3-joint elbow complex as well as its associated anatomy. They can apply this k ...ividualised to the specific problems and contributing factors found in the assessment.

...ltizer L. Boxer's fracture. Orthop Nurs. 2006 Jul-Aug;25(4):271-3; quiz 274-5.</ref> ...elbow. Metacarpal fractures typically occur in patients aged 10-40 years, and men are more likely to be affected than women.  Young men sustain metacarp

...onal Anatomy of the Elbow|elbow anatomy]] and the subjective and objective assessment of the elbow. == Subjective Assessment ==

...ms and then to offer evidence-based recommendations for disease management and symptom modulation. ...city, coordination problems, and muscles weakness which affect her balance and overall quality of life (QoL).

==Shoulder Examination== ...an help guide decisions about the need for special tests or investigations and ongoing management.

...ty in the patient resulting in the loss of work, which brings psychosocial and economic problems.<ref name=":0">Nas K, Yazmalar L, Şah V, Aydın A, Öne� ...ation of bone density, and to ensure normal functioning of the respiratory and digestive system<ref name=":0" />.

...elerated growth of the medial epicondyle, medial epicondlyar fragmentation and medial [[Medial Epicondylitis|epicondylitis]]. The type of injury pattern d ...juries in the young athlete. Sports Medicine [serial online]. 2003;33(1):75-81. Available from: CINAHL Plus with Full Text, Ipswich, MA. Accessed Novemb

...evention.] Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach. 2010 Mar 1;2(2):135-46.</ref>. * wind-up,

...igate on all these aspects in the history taking and objective examination and consider them when designing a rehabilitation programme. ...eeds, clinician's clinical reasoning and a shared decision between patient and clinician. Since exercises are the best management option available to us a

...le from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/manual-therapy (last accessed 21.9.2019)</ref> [[File:Bas-peperzak-J1trUf0Lj3Q-unsplash.jpg|right|frameless]]

...lysis: Two Cases of Profound Weakness', Air Medical Journal, 32(4), pp. 181-183.</ref>. == '''Patients with hypokalemia may present with signs and symptoms of:''' ==

...vailable from: https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9849-raynauds-phenomenon (Accessed, 16th January 2021).</ref> ...d Phenomenon. Available from: https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/331197-overview (Accessed, 16 January 2021).</ref>

...] based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/ian-gatt/ Ian Gatt] ...onoperative and Operative. Clinics in Sports Medicine. 2020 Jul 1;39(3):687-715.</ref>

...ity seen in contact-sport athletes (For example, boxers, football players) and manual laborers<ref name=":0">Moore A, Varacallo M. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.n * Are categorized as being fractures of the head, neck, shaft, and base (from distal at the metacarpal phalangeal joint to proximal

...|acute care assessment]] will remain the same. However, the unique nature and condition of many of the patients in the critical care setting often warran ...assessment differently than patients in other settings, there are certain assessment components that may need to be completed additionally, or approached in a d

...rapy. His outcomes related to the implemented interventions are identified and discussed. ...ement of cerebellar infarction.] The Lancet Neurology. 2008 Oct 1;7(10):951-64. </ref>. Due to this diverse clinical presentation, cerebellar strokes of

...-sectional study. Bulletin of Faculty of Physical Therapy. 2021 Dec;26(1):1-8.</ref> ...o the palms supported by the thenar and hypothenar eminences to make a club-like structure is exclusive to humans. <ref name=":2" />

...hnique and should only be performed after demonstrating competency after in-person mentorship.'' [[File:Spinal-cord-injury-symptoms.png|thumb|518x518px]]

...enced during sports, especially full-contact sports like rugby, basketball and football. However, progressive, repetitive strain on the joints during dail ...other.<ref name=":0" /> The remaining connective tissue, tendons, nerves, and blood vessels can get impinged by this movement causing excruciating pain.

...improvements in functional mobility, upper arm motor control and strength, and ability to implement appropriate strategies to manage her neglect. ...;96(8):1458-1466. [https://www.archives-pmr.org/article/S0003-9993(15)00293-2/abstract]</ref>.

...y. The case study documents her intake assessment until 12 weeks follow up and a summary of the major outcomes. ...parison.png|thumb|[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331069202_A_Non-Invasive_Medical_Device_for_Parkinson's_Patients_with_Episodes_of_Freezing_o

...ldren. Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. 2011;19:350-358.</ref>&nbsp;These fractures can result from a direct hit or a fall onto ...art" />&nbsp;Additionly, this fracture can occur in newborns due to a birth-related injury.<ref name="Hart" />

...] based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/instructor/loren-szmiga/ Loren Szmiga] ...Activities that involve excessive engagement of wrist flexion or prolonged wrist movements can lead to median nerve injury. <ref name=":10" /> Treatment opt

...bmed/12457420 Little league elbow.] Sports Medicine. 2002 Dec 1;32(15):1005-15.</ref> ...logy. 1st ed. Churchill Livingstone; 1988. </ref> The cartilage is damaged and can form a loose body.<ref name="Moon et al.">Matsuura T, Suzue N, Iwame T,

== Cervico-Thoracic == ...ed Disorders: Clinical Resource Guide]. South Australian Centre for Trauma and Injury Recovery (2008).

...Courtney Smith|Courtney Smith]] as part of the [[Temple University Evidence-Based Practice Project|Temple University EBP Project]] ...ent<ref name=":0" />. To do this there are three essential elements of the examination:

...er:Madison Sanders|Madison Sanders]], [[User:Shelby Morgan|Shelby Morgan]] and [[user:Keri Henderson|Keri Henderson]] as part of the [[Arkansas Colleges o ...ain]] is typically not reproducible with isometric movements. The clicking and popping, as well as pain usually decreases when crossing the arm across the

<div class="pp-no-course-suggestions pp-no-article-suggestions"></div> '''Original Editors ''' - [[User:Naomi O'Reilly|Naomi O'Reilly]] and [[User:Jess Bell|Jess Bell]]

...] based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/ian-gatt/ Ian Gatt]<br> ...5" /> Apart from the clinical history, clinical reasoning and the physical examination are essential to make a diagnosis.

Posterior [[elbow]] dislocation (PED) occurs when the [[radius]] and [[ulna]] are forcefully driven&nbsp;posteriorly to the [[humerus]]. ...egiate football player: A case report.] J Athl Training; Jan 2000;35(1):108-110.</ref></sup>

...oint, where the radius interfaces with the lunate and scaphoid bone of the wrist. A fracture of the distal radius is usually caused by falling on the outstr ...distal radial fractures in adults (Review). The Cochrane Library. 2008;4:1-67.</ref>. The radius is the most commonly broken bone in the arm.<br>

...nd neurological rehabilitation. Lancet Neurol. [Review]. 2011 Sep;10(9):844-52</ref>. The two most commonly used classifications of gait are: ...classification provides valuable insights into understanding gait patterns and guiding management strategies.

...ient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) heel knee shin test, finger to nose test and Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS). ...current knowledge and future outlook]. European neurology. 2014;72(3-4):132-41.</ref>. This injury to the central nervous system causes white matter les

...–a review.] Journal of Human Kinetics. 2015 Nov 22;48:17.</ref> Less than 1-2% of people living with DS who have AAI later develop symptomatic AAI. <ref .... Available at: https://courses.lumenlearning.com/ap1/chapter/the-vertebral-column/ [Accessed 18 May 2021]</ref>]]

...al Editor '''- [[User:User Name|Kim Jackson]] as part of [http://www.physio-pedia.com/ICRC_Cerebral_Palsy_Content_Development_Project#Articles_to_be_Dev ...s, speech therapists, nutritionists, paediatricians, orthopaedic surgeons, and neurologists, each playing a distinct yet collaborative role in managing th

...lishing. Available from:https://www.health.harvard.edu/pain/7-faces-of-neck-pain [accessed 4/3/2023]</ref> ...ce workers: a 1-year longitudinal study.] Eur Spine J. 2009 Oct;18(10):1532-40.</ref>

...te. Marfan syndrome. Available at: http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/marfan-syndrome/DS00540. Accessed February 27, 2011.</ref><br> ...8/Physical-Activity-Guidelines www.marfan.org/marfan/2728/Physical-Activity-Guidelines]]

...chial Artery.jpeg|thumb|Relation of distal end of arm with brachial artery and median nerve.]] ...lar structure includes the lateral capitulum articulating with radial head and the medial trochlea articulates with the ulna.

...hopkinsmedicine.org/health/treatment-tests-and-therapies/amputation Health and Amputation by John Hopkins Medicine]. ...le from: <nowiki>https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/treatment-tests-and-therapies/amputation</nowiki>

...sciplinary team and ensure they are working together towards a common goal and that nothing important is missed. Goals can also be used to evaluate the su ...:306–311.</ref><ref name=":3">Waters RL, Adkins RH, Yakura JS et al: Motor and Sensory Recovery following Incomplete Paraplegia. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 199

...d severity and often difficult to localize. In early disease, the physical examination is often normal which inevitably causes a delay in diagnosis.<ref name=":0" ...vascular necrosis Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w2ZOTDbEe-0 (last accessed 6.10.19)</ref>

...enna Rutledge|Brenna Rutledge]] as part of the [[Temple University Evidence-Based Practice Project|Temple University EBP Project]]<br> '''Top Contributo ...ophalangeal joint. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine. 2010 Mar 1;20(2):106-12.</ref>

...of physiotherapy in light of the progressive pathology and the disability and participation restrictions this can cause. ...hat, and how]. Current neurology and neuroscience reports. 2021 Mar;21(3):1-0.</ref>

...ci]], [[User:Paola Finizio|Paola Finizio]], [[User:Jamie Gray|Jamie Gray]] and [[User:Alex Jones|Alex Jones]] as part of the [[Queen's University Neuromot ...of the physiotherapist in the management of dementia]. 2017 Feb 24 (pp. 240-248). CRC Press.</ref>.

...of presenting a Case Study of a neurological condition that affects adults and causes movement problems. ..., the patient had met all her treatment goals and continued to work on self-management of her MG.

..., including the bony structures, articulations, ligaments, muscles, nerves and vascular supply. ...n three planes. Example: supination involves inversion, internal rotation, and plantarflexion.

...https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases--conditions/scapular-shoulder-blade-disorders#:~:text=The%20scapula%2C%20or%20shoulder%20blade,help%20you%20move ...medicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/scapula-fracture-shoulder-blade-fracture#:~:text=What%20is%20a%20scapula%20fracture,from%20the%20back%20or%2

...6 nerve root, depending on the mechanism of injury. Recurrences are common and can lead to permanent neurologic deficits. Burner’s syndrome tends to be ...juries. Clin Sports Med 1990; 9:311.</ref>. Axonal integrity is preserved, and remyelination follows within three weeks <ref name=":0" />.

...ser:Nick Tainter|Nick Tainter]] as part of the [[Temple University Evidence-Based Practice Project|Temple University EBP Project]] [[File:Biceps-brachii.jpg|right|frameless|339x339px]]

...Page P. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2971639/pdf/najspt-05-189.pdf A new exercise for tennis elbow that works!] N Am J Sports Phys Ther ...end of the humerus there are two epicondyles, one lateral (on the outside) and one medial (on the inside).&nbsp;

'''Original Editor '''- [[User:Rachael Lowe|Rachael Lowe]] and The [[Open Physio]] project. [[File:X-ray of Wrist arthritis.jpeg|right|frameless]]

...se report.] International Journal of Surgery Case Reports. 2016 Jan 1;21:44-7.</ref> ...syndrome arise secondary to transient neuritis, although nerve compression and trauma are known etiologies as well. <ref name=":0" />

'''Original Editors ''' - [[User:Naomi O'Reilly|Naomi O'Reilly]] and [[User:Wanda van Niekerk|Wanda van Niekerk]] ...the objective examination as it provides valuable information on strength and neurological deficits.

...roject|Queen's University Neuromotor Function Project - Physiopedia (physio-pedia.com)]] ...indicating that he may also benefit from appointments with a social worker and continued physical therapy treatment.

...e Case Reports of Dysfunction and Manual Therapy Guidelines for Assessment and Treatment of These Structures. Topics in Compan An Med; 29, 1: 1–5. </re ...annesburg, 2015 </ref> Together with the thoracic cage, the costovertebral and costotransverse joints provide stability.<ref name=":1" />

...posterior cord (C5-C6), and provides motor innervation to the [[deltoid]] and teres minor muscles. ...tomic basis of its iatrogenic and traumatic injury.] Springer. 2010;32:193-201.

...the test measurements, the client can [[How We Breathe|breathe]] normally and quietly. Other tests require forced inhalation or exhalation after a deep b PFTs can be used in a variety of settings, and they are generally ordered to:

'''Education''' regarding weight reduction and exercise; ...of appropriate simple orthoses, aids and appliances to alleviate distress and disability;

...>Brukner P. Brukner and Khan's Clinical Sports Medicine. North Ryde: McGraw-Hill; 2012.</ref> ...of Biomechanics">Knudson D. Fundamentals of Biomechanics. Springer Science and Business Media; 2007 May 28.</ref> The following are some of the areas wher

...h Ehlers-Danlos syndrome.|thumb|aHyper-elastic skin in a person with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome.]] ..."double-jointed" little finger, and the ability to touch the thumb to the wrist of the same hand.]]

...nt. RA with symptom duration of fewer than six months is defined as early, and when the symptoms have been present for more than months, it is defined as ...umatic drugs<ref name=":6">Krati Chauhan; Jagmohan S. Jandu; Mohammed A. Al-Dhahir. Oct 2019 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441999/ RA] Availabl

...rsity student Breydon King, who was diagnosed with DMD at the age of five, and is being referred to physiotherapy to address current problems. ...y will allow him to better himself so that he can focus on his school work and participate in hobbies.

...hus, quantifying hand function objectively is a key concept in older adult assessment, Therefore, this write up will elucidate on elaborating on popular outcome ...r adults hand ability and functions under hand motor control and dexterity and sensory/sensorimotor functions.

...ess|400x400px]]’ Time is Brain’ i.e we should not waste any time at all in assessment. ...ntrasted head [[CT Scans|CT]] or a combination of Head CT, CT Angiography, and perfusion imaging.

...humeral fractures in adults]. Journal of Hand Therapy. 2017 Apr 1;30(2):158-66.</ref> [[File:X-ray of fracture of proximal humerus.jpeg|center|thumb]]

...ty, while also protecting and allowing the passage of the axillary vessels and brachial plexus medially.<ref name="p2">Paladini, P et al. “Treatment of ...fracture. Radiographs confirm the diagnosis and aid in further evaluation and treatment. While most clavicle fractures are treated conservatively, severe

...in chronic conditions such as cerebral palsy, and the changes that exercise-based interventions can have for an adult who is deteriorating due to this c ...11508917 PMID: 11508917] </ref>. This loss is most often seen in adults 20 and 40 years of age<ref name=":0" /> . Loss of mobility will often lead to a de

...ser:Emily Hogan|Emily Hogan]], [[User: Emily Villeneuve|Emily Villeneuve]] and [[User:Tianzi Zhao|Tianzi Zhao]] as part of the [[Queen's University Neurom ...proved from 68 upon rehabilitation to 106 when she was discharged to a home-rehabilitation program.

...alth (ICF)]] framework to address the pathology of the disease in a patient-specific manner. ...6.00063/full A case of acute motor axonal neuropathy mimicking brain death and review of the literature]. Frontiers in Neurology. 2016 Apr 26;7:63.</ref>.

...ussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universiteit Brussel's Evidence-based Practice project]] ...ral joint dislocations.] Orthopedic Clinics of North America 2008;39(4):507-18.</ref>

...t the patient is able to maintain, if not improve, their functional status and quality of life with physical therapy intervention.   ...d 2022May12]. Available from: https://pharnext.com/en/disease/charcot-marie-tooth </ref>|border]]

...ussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universiteit Brussel's Evidence-based Practice project]] ...nopathy|tendinopathy]], [[Muscle Strain|muscle strains]], ligament lesions and scar healing.

...User:Amanda Bowles|Amanda Bowles]], [[User:Katelyn Brooks|Katelyn Brooks]] and [[User:Lisa Casagrande|Lisa Casagrande]] as part of the [[Queen's Universit ...ics, the examination findings, the intervention and rehabilitation program and the outcomes.  

...niversity Evidence-based Practice Project|Texas State University's Evidence-based Practice project space]] ...digit can move freely throughout a full range of motion (ROM) into flexion and extension.

...en|T Nguyen]], [[User:Gavin Sum|Gavin Sum]], [[User:Ben David|Ben David]], and [[User:Michael Coccimiglio|Michael Coccimiglio]] as part of the [[Queen's U ...raged to keep in contact with his family physician, occupational therapist and speech language pathologist as needed.

...//hopes.stanford.edu/the-basic-neurobiology-of-huntingtons-disease-text-and-audio/</nowiki></ref>]] ...nt, known as chorea. HD affects the ability of individuals to move, think, and behave. HD typically first appears at the age of 30 to 40, however symptoms

...based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/rina-pandya/ Rina Pandya]<br> '''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributors/{{F ...vember 2021]. Available from: https://www.painscience.com/tutorials/trigger-points.php</ref>

...outcome measures used included UEFS, FSMC, MSIS-29, six-minute walk test, and the nine hole peg test, which were reassessed 8 weeks later. ...iderably impact patients’ ability to fulfill their occupational, familial, and community roles.

...istopher Siemaszko|Christopher Siemaszko]], [[User:Aaron Hart|Aaron Hart]] and [[User:Justin Achat|Justin Achat]] as part of the [[Queen's University Neu ...it weekly, be referred to an occupational therapist, and enrolled in a post-polio support program. Finally, the patient has been discharged from physiot

...ury being treated, which can often result in a delay in the identification and treatment of the peripheral nerve injury. ...ehabilitation-in-conflicts-and-disasters Early Rehabilitation in Conflicts and Disasters]. Handicap International: London, UK. 2020.</ref>

...[[User:Jeffrey Phaneuf|Jeffrey Phaneuf]], [[User:Jane Emblem|Jane Emblem]] and [[User:Manny Dhillon|Manny Dhillon]] as part of the [[Queen's University Ne ...he reader with the typical presentation of DMD as well as assessment tools and intervention strategies used during this phase.

...is a popular sport with the explosion in climbing gyms, bouldering venues and, bolted sports routes. ...ents, and prevention is important to diagnose, manage, and counsel the rock-climbing athlete.

...ussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universiteit Brussel's Evidence-based Practice project]]. ...Contributors''' -{{Special:Contributors/{{FULLPAGENAME}}}}<span style="line-height: 1.5em;">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>

...rson’s life history may have impacted their development, their behaviours, and their current situation. ...rmed perspective and supporting the health and resilience of both patients and therapists.

...ry and rehabilitation.] Rhode Island Medical Journal. 2017 Nov 1;100(11):17-21.</ref> ...pke Palsies Information Page: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke(NINDS)</ref>

<p><b>Original Editors </b> - [[User:Miguel Gonzalez-Rodriguez|Miguel Gonzalez-Rodriguez]] ...a homogenous entity because of the diverse nature of the factors involved and hence, different treatment interventions are required, which take these spe

...al tasks have progressed to be ready to return to work on modified duties, and enjoy family activities. ...Disorders: Official Journal of the Movement Disorder Society. 1992;7(2):95-109. doi:10.1002/mds.870070202</ref>.

<div class="editorbox"> '''Original Editor '''- [https://www.physio-pedia.com/User:Shreya_Pavaskar Shreya Pavaskar] <br> ...uscular dystrophies. Journal of neuromuscular diseases. 2015 Jan 1;2(s2):S7-19.</ref> Patterns of weakness can be variable - Scapuloperoneal or distal w

[[File:Cx-Radiculopathy-Final-Version-.png|right|frameless|499x499px]] ...of Neck Pain and Radicular Symptoms. Am Fam Physician. 2010 Jan 1;81(1):33-40.</ref>

...ussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universiteit Brussel's Evidence-based Practice project]] ...ke mechanical back pain, herniated disc pain is often burning or stinging, and may radiate into the lower extremity. Furthermore, in more severe cases, th

...ueen's University Neuromotor Function Project]]. This space was created by and for the students at Queen's University. Please do not edit unless you are i ...of motion, balance, endurance, cardiorespiratory function, self-efficacy, and functional independence, with each being objectively measured using appropr

...rimary goals are to increase his participation in golf and leisure walking and to improve his overall balance. ...training, rigidity management, gait training and balance training. The LSVT-BIG intervention was also introduced.

...Angela Fearon, Diana Hughes, Carol Kennedy, Dr. Alex Scott, Michael Yates and Alison Hoens ...h (1) included participants with&nbsp;symptoms that encompassed both acute and chronic stages or (2) did not clarify the duration of symptoms, the results

...watch?v=6q-zz7yVb-U [Last accessed 1/24/2024]</ref> {{#ev:youtube|6q-zz7yVb-U}} ==Clinically Relevant Anatomy and Pathophysiology==

...but not limited to, respiratory therapists, speech language pathologists, and occupational therapists. locked-in syndrome.]]

...lab group 6. The scope of this article is to describe the characteristics and care related to the earliest clinical stage of Huntington's Disease. ...easures of aerobic capacity experienced an initial increase after training and physiotherapy interventions.  

...ser:Darcy Chassé|Darcy Chassé]], [[User:Nicholas Mutton|Nicholas Mutton]], and [[User:Daniel Habashi|Daniel Habashi]] as part of the [[Queen's University ...ide range of signs and symptoms, the various biopsychosocial implications, and finally, work towards achieving patient specific goals.

'''Original Editors ''' - [[User:Naomi O'Reilly|Naomi O'Reilly]] and [[User:Vidya Acharya|Vidya Acharya]] .... Every moving and handling situation has a degree of risk for the patient and the rehabilitation professional.

...ussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universiteit Brussel's Evidence-based Practice project]] ...tient and may, in extreme, cases lead to a loss of function of the [[Wrist and Hand|hand]]. Cubital tunnel syndrome is also often misdiagnosed.<ref name="

...of Evidence: 2B.''' </ref> These types of fractures are [https://www.physio-pedia.com/Insufficiency_Fracture insufficiency fractures], caused by normal ...D, So W. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3523935/ Evaluation and Management of Vertebral Compression Fractures.] Perm J. 2012 Fall; 16(4): 4

...on. Leprosy ( hansen's disease). Available from: https://www.who.int/health-topics/leprosy#tab=tab_1 Lasted accessed: 26th January 2022</ref> Leprosy is curable and treatment in the early stages can prevent [[Physical Activity in Individual

...e Burdeaux|Katherine Burdeaux]] as part of the [[Temple University Evidence-Based Practice Project]] ...lder has the highest [[Range of Motion|range of motion]] of the human body and the most inherently unstable, often developing recurrent instability<ref na

...measures, and walking endurance. However, his balance scores decreased post-intervention, putting him at increased risk of falls. Throughout Mr. Parker' ...ion. J Neurol Sci. 2001 Apr;185(2):95-100. doi: 10.1016/s0022-510x(01)00469-5.

...Talk:Manual Therapy and Exercise Intervention in the Treatment of Shoulder and Neck Pain in a Patient with Mental Health Comorbidities: A Case Report|Open ...DASH and Neck Pain Disability Scale scores, but adherence to appointments and exercise were low. There is no research for adherence to physical therapy i

...ot be appropriate for all individuals diagnosed with MG, and an individual assessment would be necessary to determine the best course of action for other patient ...is dysfunction in the neuromuscular junction results in decreased response and amplitude of the corresponding muscles<ref name=":12" />.{{#ev:youtube|e31z

...[Tinel’s Test|Tinel’s sign]] over the tibial nerve at the ankle, weakness, and atrophy of the small foot muscles or loss of sensation in the foot.<ref nam ...of a case of tarsal tunnel syndrome. J can Chiropr Assoc. 2010; 54(2): 100-106.</ref>:

...elissa Osti|Melissa Osti]] as part of the [[Texas State University Evidence-based Practice Project]] [[File:T9-T10 change fracture from MVA.png|thumb|348x348px|T9-T10 chance fracture from MVA]]

...mously known to be one of the most complex regions of the body to evaluate and rehabilitate. Due to the multiple joints involved during shoulder movement, Clavicle : clavicle is long bone has convex medial two third and concave lateral one third. medial two third give attachment to pectoralis m

...oaches to assessment, outcome planning, and treatment/intervention in an in-patient rehabilitation setting. ...orted by additional investigations such as cerebrospinal fluid examination and nerve conduction studies.<ref name=":0" />

...tion of GBS, in addition to possible assessment methods, outcome measures, and technological uses to treat this disease. ...nce and mortality rates in US hospitals. Neurology. 2008 Apr 29;70(18):1608-13.</ref>.

...ncing pain, current research shows that post-stroke pain is under-reported and poorly understood.<ref name=":5" /> Common post-stroke pain subtypes:

...larmine University's Pathophysiology of Complex Patient Problems project]] and [[User:Yves Hubar|Yves Hubar]] ...nclude [[allodynia]], hyperalgesia, sudomotor and vasomotor abnormalities, and trophic changes.

...Original Editor '''- [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/deborah-riczo/ Deborah Riczo], [[User:Wanda van Niekerk|Wanda van Niekerk]]<br> ...are discussed on this page, as well as common conditions during pregnancy and the importance of exercise during pregnancy.

== Abstract and Purpose == ...ity with the intention of increasing our knowledge of Huntington's Disease and neurological conditions as part of our PT858: Neuromotor Function II.

This article is currently under review and may not be up to date. Please come back soon to see the finished work! ({{R *[[Lateral Epicondyle Tendinopathy (Tennis Elbow) Toolkit|''Introduction and Background'']]

...ted that definitions of sports injury can be discussed in both theoretical and operational terms.<ref name="Verhagen">Verhagen E, Van Mechelen W, editors. ...llustrated+guide+to+the+management+of+injuries+in+physical+activity.+Wiley+and+Sons.2012&ots=GI98_7BR4d&sig=1sJh7uy7tiVSEG6NGnmQydeS1mA The IOC manual of

...), scapular dyskinesis (Clifton-Smith & Rowley, 2011), low back pain (LBP) and neck pain have also been shown to exhibit faulty breathing mechanics. ...pathology and non-specific breathing pattern disorders. Furthermore, a case-control study (Roussel et al, 2009) observing patients with chronic LBP foun

...illian Hubbard|Jill Hubbard]], [[User:Rochelle Ann-Marie McCoy|Rochelle Ann-Marie McCoy]], [[User:Aamira Lokhandwala|Aamira Lokhandwala]] ...se study, the role of physiotherapists and the importance of a strong inter-disciplinary team is highlighted in the management of ALS.

...infection in the United States and among the most frequently diagnosed tick-borne infections worldwide. Lyme disease is divided into three stages<ref na ...at this stage may be flu-like symptoms, malaise, headache, fever, myalgia, and arthralgia.

...erging_Roles_in_Physiotherapy_Practice|Queen Margaret University's Current and Emerging Roles in Physiotherapy Practice Project]] This article is currently under review and may not be up to date. Please come back soon to see the finished work! ({{R

...Learning, Acting, and Building for Rehabilitation in Health Systems (ReLAB-HS) activity would like to thank the following people for their contribution ...-HS). The contents are the sole responsibility of Physiopedia and ReLAB-HS and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID or the United States Governme