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*BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders *Journal of Spinal Disorders and Techniques

...The dysfunctional states or disorders discussed in this course may include nutritional, infectious, gastrointestinal, hepatic, endocrine, metabolic, renal, genito ==== Biopsychosocial Disorders ====

...how these modifiable factors relate to health status. Women have distinct nutritional needs based on physiological and hormonal changes at several times during t * Assessing the quality of the total diet appears to be a better approach to nutritional epidemiology, with early measures of diet quality focusing on malnutrition

..., ‘[[Myopathies|myopathy]]', ‘neuromuscular conditions' and ‘neuromuscular disorders' all describe a group of conditions which affect either the muscles, those It is worth noting that neuromuscular disorders can be inherited or caused by a spontaneous gene mutation. There is also a

..., [[Ligament|ligaments]], [[cartilage]], [[bone]], and [[Connective Tissue Disorders|connective tissue.]] Depending upon the degree of mineralization, collage == Collagen-Related Disorders ==

...ning, it rarely impairs social functioning, often associated with comorbid disorders. The things consumed may be harmless, or can even cause death at times. Pic ...s://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36125216/ Worldwide prevalence of DSM-5 eating disorders among young people]. ''Curr Opin Psychiatry''. 2022;35(6):362-371. doi:10.1

** Nutritional deficiencies e.g. folate, [[Vitamin B12 Deficiency|vitamin B12]] or vitamin ** Inherited or acquired disorders that affect haemoglobin synthesis, red blood cell production or red blood c

* People who have [[Eating Disorders|eating disorders]], people with a poor appetite, and people with medical conditions such as ...y]]. [[Vitamin B12 Deficiency|Vitamin B12]] deficiency can cause [[blood]] disorders, affect the nervous system and also cause the intestine to function imprope

...herapeutic Exercise|exercise]], and [[Muscle Injuries|injury]] or [[Muscle Disorders|disease]].<ref name=":0">Frontera WR, Ochala J. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.ni ...[[Diabetes Mellitus Type 2|diabetes]], and other [[Metabolic and Endocrine Disorders|metabolic diseases.]]<ref>Feraco A, Gorini S, Armani A, Camajani E, Rizzo M

* Gastrointestinal disorders * Endocrine and metabolic disorders

Hashimoto thyroiditis is an [[Autoimmune Disorders|autoimmune disorder]]. In this condition the [[Thyroid Gland|thyroid]] cell ...aries worldwide and there can be problems with absorption in patients with disorders of the gastric mucosa.<ref name=":0" />

...https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK584479/ Myositis.] InSelected Immune Disorders and Disability 2022 May 24. National Academies Press (US).Available:https:/ ...g autoimmune myositis is rare and likely associated with connective tissue disorders, cancer, and drugs, for example, statins. Distinguished by acute or subacut

...s that may occur in athletic girls and women eating. The triad consists of disorders/disordered eating behavior, amenorrhea/oligomenorrhea, and decreased bone m == Eating Disorders and Estrogen ==

...ersus 40% for communicable diseases, maternal and perinatal conditions and nutritional deficiencies, and&nbsp;1% for injuries).<ref name="GBD">Bloom, D.E., Cafier ...nguished from Group I diseases&nbsp;(communicable, maternal, perinatal and nutritional conditions) and Group III diseases (unintentional and intentional injuries)

...tes]] and [[Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)|HIV]]; through [[Autoimmune Disorders|autoimmune diseases]]; and through certain [[Medication and Older People|me ...as [[Stress and Health|stress]] and lack of [[Sleep Deprivation and Sleep Disorders|sleep]] can also weaken the immune system<ref>Healthy Women [https://www.he

...r Neurone Disease MND|MND]]) and [[Cardiovascular Disease|cardiovascular]] disorders, as well as [[Ageing Effects on Motor Control|ageing]] and [[Introduction t ...tamine and caffeine), natural products (eg ginseng and rhodiola rosea) and nutritional supplements (eg vitamins and minerals and creatine), have been used clinica

...iac-disease-1 (28.1.2023)</ref> The incidence among people with autoimmune disorders for example type 1 diabetes is higher. The risk is much greater also in peo ...-the-counter supplements may be prescribed in order to meet personal daily nutritional needs. Hematinics may also be prescribed to stimulate red blood cell volume

Vitamin B12 deficiency is one of the most prevalent nutritional deficiencies. It causes a range of symptoms, eg fatigue, forgetfulness, and * Autoimmune: Pernicious [[Anaemia|anemia]] is an [[Autoimmune Disorders|autoimmune condition]] in which [[Immunoglobulins (Ig)|antibodies]] to intr

...ty, and older individuals are particularly susceptible to gastrointestinal disorders.<ref>Soenen S, Rayner CK, Jones KL, Horowitz M. The ageing gastrointestinal * Gastrointestinal problems may lead to an altered [[Nutrition|nutritional]] status, so you will need to be aware of how much energy your treatment is

...i/10.1111/nyas.13330 Nutrition in adolescents: physiology, metabolism, and nutritional needs]. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2017 Apr;1393(1):21-33. ...<ref>Alotaibi MF. Physiology of puberty in boys and girls and pathological disorders affecting its onset. Journal of adolescence. 2019 Feb 1;71:63-71.</ref>.

* Manifest as multisystem disorders with predominant involvement of muscles and nerves. ...1">NINDS Mitochondrial myopathies Available from:https://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/patient-caregiver-education/fact-sheets/mitochondrial-myopathy-fact-sheet (

...t cells in the brain. They are star-shaped cells that provide physical and nutritional support for neurons. Functions include: clean up brain "debris"; transport ...[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31392677/ Microglia in neurodegenerative disorders]. Microglia. 2019:57-67. Available:https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31392677

...detail/what https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/what-are-neurological-disorders#] (accessed 22 September, 2020).</ref>. These are conditions affecting the == Global Burden of Neurological Disorders ==

...Laud RB. Caregiver stress and outcomes of children with pediatric feeding disorders treated in an intensive interdisciplinary program. J Pediatr Psychol. 2008 == Feeding and Swallowing Disorders ==

...JA, Monani UR, De Vivo DC. Spinal muscular atrophies (2015) Neuromuscular Disorders of Infancy. Childhood, and Adolescence: A Clinician’s Approach.:117-45.</ ...uscle Atrophy. Available from https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/spinal-muscular-atrophy (accessed 4/26/2023).</ref>

...triatal circuits (habitual behaviors). Patients have co-morbid psychiatric disorders such as major depressive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder.<ref nam The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of mental disorders (DSM-5) recognises the following criteria for the diagnosis of anorexia ner

...ation of the crystalline compound form of Silica can lead to [[Respiratory Disorders|pulmonary disease.]] As silica deposits in the airways, contact with the [[ * Nutritional counseling

...taxia]]. Continuum: Lifelong Learning in Neurology. 2016 Aug;22(4 Movement Disorders):1208. </ref><ref name=":0">Zhang Q, Zhou X, Li Y, Yang X, Abbasi QH. [http ...s|neuropathy]] (especially [[Diabetic Neuropathy|Diabetic]], Alcoholic and Nutritional), Peripheral neuritis.

..., chemotherapy, metabolic diseases such as nephrotic syndrome, nutritional disorders, and environmental conditions such as ionizing radiation.<ref>Pimenta FM, P ...r an undesirable response in people with [[Autoimmune Disorders|autoimmune disorders]].<ref name=":1" />

....05.2019</ref> An individual’s risk of suicide as well as mood and anxiety disorders might be increased due to a combination of symptoms and neuropsychiatric fa === Nutritional Deficits ===

...o preventive interventions.] InEnvironmental contaminants and neurological disorders 2021 (pp. 69-87). Springer, Cham.Available: https://link.springer.com/chapt ...facilities to detect HM toxicity, and individual factors like [[Nutrition|nutritional]] status, and genetics.

...atic brain injury]], that can affect a person's [[Cognition and Perceptual Disorders|cognitive and perceptual]] functions Rehabilitation can help to: ...es/PMC4157926/pdf/jer-10-4-205.pdf Psychiatric rehabilitation of emotional disorders]. Journal of exercise rehabilitation. 2014 Aug;10(4):205.</ref>

It is also essential to establish what level of [[Disorders of Consciousness|consciousness]] the individual has before commencing asses [[Cognition and Perceptual Disorders|Cognition]] is the mental action or process of acquiring knowledge and unde

...body's use of nutrients during athletic competition; the need, if any, for nutritional supplements among athletes; and the role of proper nutrition and dietary su ...dimension of sports nutrition is concerned with [[Eating Disorders|eating disorders]] and other psychiatric conditions related to nutrition among athletes.<ref

...macy|polypharmacotherapy]], social isolation, and [[COVID-19 and Nutrition|nutritional deficits]] often present in the residents of long-term care facilities.<ref ...une system's effectiveness can be influenced by several factors, including nutritional deficits in the elderly. This can lead to severe inflammatory disease affec

...ecessary with a multidisciplinary team approach (this can include medical, nutritional and mental health support)<ref name=":7">Torres-McGehee TM, Emerson DM, Pri ...rgy expenditure. Management may be easier in that athlete education on the nutritional demands of their training load may be sufficient to address the LEA.<ref na

...ine in psychological function, and a dependency on supplements to maintain nutritional health.<ref>Zimmerman, J. and Fisher, M., 2017. [https://www.sciencedirect. ...childhood: a general population study]. ''International journal of eating disorders'', ''48''(6), pp.570-579.</ref> although one found the peak age to be at 6

...evel of function, including transfers/mobility, [[Cognition and Perceptual Disorders|cognition]]  and activities of daily living, and provide therapy to help t * Assess communication and swallowing disorders.<ref name=":3" />

...esults in much better outcomes in comparison to a protein-rich diet. Other nutritional agents that were helpful for some patients but could not yield convincing o <ref name="p9">Quinlivan R, Martinuzzi A, Schoser B. Pharmacological and nutritional treatment for McArdle disease (Glycogen Storage Disease type V). 2017.</ref

Neuropathies refer to a collection of disorders stemming from damage to the peripheral [[Neurone|nerves]], the vast communi ...de separating peripheral neuropathies as [[Axons|axonal]], [[Demyelinating Disorders|demyelinating]], or mixed, which is essential for treatment and management

...ia M. [https://academic.oup.com/ajcn/article/95/6/1385/4568385?login=false Nutritional support in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review and m === [[Neurological Disorders|Neurological Conditions]] ===

* Associated [[Metabolic and Endocrine Disorders|glands]] ...cal significance include diseases of hair loss, excess, alterations due to nutritional deficiencies, infectious causes, and effects of drug reactions<ref>Hoover E

* Nutrition, which can delay healing if inadequate protein and nutritional intake. ...e also associated with pain, [[spasticity]], [[Sleep Deprivation and Sleep Disorders|sleep disturbances]], and [[skin]] breakdown. Most often contractures affec

...l 8]. Available from: <nowiki>https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/lesch-nyhan-syndrome#</nowiki></ref> Lesch-Nyhan syndrome was first describ ==== Nutritional management ====

...Ataxia.] CONTINUUM: Lifelong Learning in Neurology. 2016 Aug;22(4 Movement Disorders):1208. Available from:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5567218/ ...d tremor of the body or head may occur, especially with cerebellar midline disorders.<ref name=":1">Brunberg JA. [http://www.ajnr.org/content/29/7/1420 Ataxia].

* Stromal Proteins: [[Connective Tissue Disorders|Connective tissue]] is composed of a watery substance into which is dispers ...iods of reduced physical activity educate clients that they should include nutritional support such as targeted protein or amino acid supplementation and integrat

...ian axis.<ref name=":0">Kulshrestha S, Durrani AM. Prevalence of menstrual disorders and their association with physical activity in adolescent girls of aligarh There are many menstrual disorders such as Dysmenorrhoea, Amenorrhea, Hypomenorrhea, Polymenorrhea, Oligomenor

...well-being of the workers corroborated by the rise of many musculoskeletal disorders in the lower back. ...nd facet orientation in degenerative spondylolisthesis]. Journal of spinal disorders. 1999; 12(1):68-73.</ref><ref>Dunlop RB, Adams MA, Hutton WC. [https://doi.

...7.</ref><ref name=":1">Correia, M. I. T. D., & De Almeida, C. T. (2005). ''Nutritional Support for the Critically Ill Patient: A Guide to Practice (2 ed.)'': CRC ...disability and mental health: An epidemiology of psychiatric and substance disorders. ''Rehabilitation Psychology, 51''(3), 214-223.</ref>

...ient's risk of [[Genetic Conditions and Inheritance|chromosomal or genetic disorders]] based on family history, ethnic background, and age; offer [[Cystic Fibro ...other carrier screening as indicated; discuss management of known genetic disorders (e.g., phenylketonuria, thrombophilia) before and during pregnancy

...lude [[Infectious Disease|infections]], toxic substances, and [[Autoimmune Disorders|autoimmune diseases]].<ref name=":1">WHO [https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a ...cting antiviral drug will be prescribed at first with regular checkups and nutritional advices. The doctor will also advice on preventing the spread of infection.

...sease|neurodegenerative]], neoplastic vascular, idiopathic and nutritional disorders that result in myelopathy. These causes are much less common than discogeni ...inal cord infarct and epidural hematoma)<ref name=":0" /><br>• Nutritional disorders<ref name=":0" />

...causes are metabolic disorders, [[Hematological Disorders|hematological]] disorders, and [[Infectious Disease|infective]] diseases. ...s, socioeconomic complications and [[Neurological Disorders|neurological]] disorders. 

...t cases are related to prematurity alone, rarely patients may have genetic disorders of surfactant production and can present in a similar clinical and radiolog # Supportive care, including thermoregulation, nutritional support, fluid and electrolyte management, antibiotic therapy, etc<ref name

...ion decline and mortality.<ref>Schols AM, Ferreira IM, Franssen FM, et al. Nutritional assessment and therapy in COPD: a European Respiratory Society statement. E ...cer, diabetes, dyslipidemia, hypertension, osteoporosis, and psychological disorders inhibits many patients from taking part in PA.<ref>. Briggs DD Jr. Chronic

* Dietician involvement is recommended and nutritional supplementation are highly recommended before and during the treatment of C [[Category:Autoimmune Disorders]]

...t data suggests a strong interaction between malnutrition, [[Neuromuscular Disorders|neuromuscular]] diseases and [[Cognitive Impairments|cognitive deficit]], l ...subsequent developmental delays. Thus, a combination of physiotherapy and nutritional rehabilitation may be beneficial.

* Bony disorders like [[Paget's Disease|Paget's disease]] ...published strict criteria<ref>The International Classification of Headache Disorders: 2nd edition. Cephalalgia. 2004;24 Suppl 1:9-160</ref> for TN:

...</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":10">Butrick CW. Pelvic floor hypertonic disorders: identification and management. Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics. 2009 Sep ...n. <ref>Tu FF, As-Sanie S, Steege JF. Prevalence of pelvic musculoskeletal disorders in a female chronic pelvic pain clinic. The Journal of reproductive medicin

...ng 10,000 adults from the general working population.] BMC musculoskeletal disorders. 2019 Dec;20(1):1-8.</ref><ref>Wasser JG, Vasilopoulos T, Zdziarski LA, Vin * ''Nutritional'': Whole-food and plant-based diet, dietary supplements, probiotics

...rehabilitation professionals may not be specifically involved in providing nutritional advice, they should understand the importance of nutrition and recognise wh ...MUAC) in order to be able to identify those who require further specialist nutritional support.<ref name=":0" />

...ease<ref>Darras BT, Jones Jr HR, Ryan MM, Darryl C, editors. Neuromuscular disorders of infancy, childhood, and adolescence: a clinician's approach. Elsevier; 2 Dysphagia and nutrition - Nutritional supplementation or enteral feeding (gastrostomy tube).

...[[Sleep Deprivation and Sleep Disorders|sleeping problems]], [[Respiratory Disorders|respiratory]] and digestive [[Infectious Disease|infections]], among others ...ersus 40% for communicable diseases, maternal and perinatal conditions and nutritional deficiencies, and&nbsp;1% for injuries<ref name="GBD">Bloom, D.E., Cafiero,

...or guidelines for the diagnosis, treatment, or prevention of mental health disorders following stroke.<ref>Zhang S, Xu M, Liu ZJ, Feng J, Ma Y. [https://www.ncb ...s following stroke, discusses assessment steps and tools for mental health disorders, and gives a basic overview of interventions from a multidisciplinary team

...iopathic pulmonary fibrosis, which is a progressive fibrotic [[Respiratory Disorders|lung disease]].<ref name=":0" /> * Connective tissue disorders

...ins REDS, and is the instance in which there is a chronic mismatch between nutritional intake and energy expenditure, thus leaving insufficient energy available f ...r to manage, and it may be sufficient to simply educate the patient on the nutritional demands of their training load

...s C, Similowski T, Laveneziana P. Oropharyngeal dysphagia: when swallowing disorders meet respiratory diseases. The European Respiratory Journal. 2017 Apr 12;49 ...ysphagia: A complex association. Perspectives on Swallowing and Swallowing Disorders (Dysphagia). 2005 Dec;14(4):2-7.</ref>:

...re, for certain conditions such as [[Pain Medications|pain]], [[Autoimmune Disorders|autoimmune diseases]], [[Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)]] and [[Cancer ...Habil M. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4411899/ Burden and nutritional deficiencies in opiate addiction- systematic review article]. Iran J Public

...chives-pmr.org/article/S0003-9993(05)01487-5/fulltext Upper-extremity pain disorders in breast cancer.] Physical Medicine and Rehabiliation. 2006. 87; 3: 96-99< ...eatments contributed for the perception of lower number of musculoskeletal disorders.<ref>Rangel J, Tomás MT, Fernandes B. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/303

See [[Breathing Pattern Disorders|breathing pattern disorders]] and [[Epidemiology of Neck Pain|neck pain]] ...''<ref name=":3">Clifton Smith, T., & Rowley, J. (2011). Breathing pattern disorders and physiotherapy: inspiration for our profession. Physical Therapy Reviews

...clinicmeded.com/medicalpubs/diseasemanagement/psychiatry-psychology/eating-disorders/</ref>:''' ...(2011). Mortality rates in patients with anorexia nervosa and other eating disorders: a meta-analysis of 36 studies. Archives of General Psychiatry, 68(7), 724-

...Neurone Disease MND|motor neurone diseases]]. This spectrum includes other disorders such as progressive muscular atrophy, which involves only lower motor neuro 5 diagnostic categories of PLS-spectrum disorders have also been suggested<ref name="gordon et al." /><ref name="singer et al

...mmatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP) is an acquired [[Demyelinating Disorders|demyelinating disease]] involving peripheral [[Neurone|nerves]], and is gen CIDP is an [[Autoimmune Disorders|autoimmune disorder]].

...is present in the highest concentrations in serum in response to [[Muscle Disorders|muscle injur]]<nowiki/>y, is the most sensitive indicator of muscle injury, * Some metallic elements have no nutritional value, but several trace elements function as cofactors in biochemical reac

...As increased risk of BSIs can also be present in athletes with [[Nutrition|nutritional]] imbalances, hormonal influences, and decreased [[Bone Density|bone minera ...ive effect on bone health. Bone health can also be affected by [[Endocrine Disorders|endocrine abnormalities]]. Kidney disease, [[Chronic Kidney Disease|chronic

...muscular dystrophy and mutations of the sarcoglycan complex. Neuromuscular Disorders. 1996; 6:475–482.</ref> ...Continuum (Minneap Minn). 2016 Dec;22(6, Muscle and Neuromuscular Junction Disorders):1829-1851</ref>.

# Disorders of the peripheral nervous system: Respiratory muscle and chest wall weaknes * Nutritional: malnutrition and complications relating to parenteral or enteral nutrition

...therapy in Argentina is involved with evaluating, diagnosing, and treating disorders of the musculoskeletal system. ...000 population by cause (2004):&nbsp;Communicable, maternal, perinatal and nutritional conditions - 103.5 (Infectious and parasitic diseases - 39.7,&nbsp;Respirat

* '''Immune Deficiencies:''' Some immune-related disorders or conditions that compromise the immune system's function may elevate the ...the child's symptoms, general health, family history of cancer or genetic disorders, and any relevant past medical treatments.

* Energy imbalance with or without an [[Eating Disorders|eating disorder]] ...t-Borgen J. Nutrient intake of female elite athletes suffering from eating disorders. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism. 1993 Dec

...ing. Modulation of the gut microbiota is showing promising results in some disorders<ref name=":0" />. ...cal activity]] has a detrimental role in muscle quality, and inappropriate nutritional habits hasten the process of immunosenescence and inflammaging.

...ndritis dissecans of the elbow: state of the art. Journal of ISAKOS: Joint Disorders & Orthopaedic Sports Medicine. 2017 Jan 1;2(1):47-57.

...r shift from [[Communicable Diseases|communicable diseases]], maternal and nutritional causes, towards [[Non-Communicable Diseases|noncommunicable diseases]] like ...ll disease]], vasculitis (inflammation of the blood vessels), and bleeding disorders

...ef>It is a common cause of neonate mortality and developmental psychomotor disorders in the pediatric population worldwide.<ref name=":0">Kleuskens DG, Goncalve * Fluids, electrolyte and Nutritional support.

...postulated as a possible antigen, but not proven) lead to an [[Autoimmune Disorders|autoimmune]] response that is directed against [[Synovial Fluid Analysis|sy ...and upper limb exercise intervention-ISRCTN89936343]. BMC musculoskeletal disorders. 2012 Dec;13(1):1-0.</ref>

...anguage therapy enables people with communication disorders and swallowing disorders to achieve their maximum potential. They provide assessment, diagnosis, tre ...ir food and nutrition choices. They assess, diagnose and treat dietary and nutritional problems with their overall aim to promote good health and prevent disease

...l Neuropathy. Available from: https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/peripheral-neuropathy#toc-what-is-peripheral-neuropathy- (accessed 3/August * Nutritional deficiencies (e.g., B1, B6, B12, and vitamin E)<ref name=":2" /><ref name="

...autonomic neuropathy in type 2 diabetes.] Journal of Diabetes & Metabolic Disorders. 2019 Dec;18(2):419-28.</ref>. * Weight management, nutritional and diet counselling combined with [[Physical Activity in Diabetes|physical

...gested that creatine might worsen kidney dysfunction in people with kidney disorders, creatine doesn't appear to affect kidney function in healthy people<ref>Ma ...ntions_and_resistance_exercise_on_aging_muscle_mass_and_strength Effect of nutritional interventions and resistance exercise on aging muscle mass and strength]. B

** Low energy availability and/or [[Eating Disorders|eating disorder]] ** Systemic medical conditions that affect metabolic and/or [[Nutrition|nutritional]] status, such as [[Thyroid Gland|thyroid]] dysfunction

...osa (EB) consists of a rare group of genetically determined skin fragility disorders, categorized by blistering skin and mucosa in response to little or no appa ...trimental to these patients, as this disease requires an elevated need for nutritional supplements due to blood loss and chronic inflammation. Other gastrointesti

...disease can result in major long-term disability. As with all neurological disorders, there are three key stages through which an MS patient will pass. These ar *Speech and swallowing disorders

...s and Stroke; [cited 2021May11]. Available from: https://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/patient-caregiver-education/fact-sheets/amyotrophic-lateral-sclerosis-als-f ...chulzke JD, Pirlich M. Hand grip strength: outcome predictor and marker of nutritional status. Clin Nutr [Internet]. 2011 Apr 1 [cited 2021 May 9];30(2):135-42. d

# Maternal nutritional deficiencies: ...Spina Bifida. Available from: https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/spina-bifida (last accessed 15 May 2023).</ref>

...sitive, and historically, preparation (boiling or cooking) has removed the nutritional value. ...iagnosis and treatment of osteopenia. Reviews in endocrine &amp; metabolic disorders. 2010;11(4):237-51.</ref>&nbsp;

...2.00996.x The association between body mass index and musculoskeletal foot disorders: a systematic review]. Obesity reviews. 2012 Jul;13(7):630-42.</ref>. There ...d lifestyle factors, and frequency of healthcare use]. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders [Internet]. 2019 Jul 20;20(1).</ref> <ref name=":7">Morrissey D, Cotchett M

Cerebral palsy is an umbrella term that refers to a group of disorders affecting a person’s ability to move. It is due to damage to the developi ...spiration of food to the lungs or it is not possible to cover the caloric, nutritional and water requirements of the child, girl or young, it is recommended to us

...iated with the prevalence of other chronic conditions, such as depression, nutritional status, socio-economic background and level of education<ref name=":7" /> ...ardiovascular Disease|cardiovascular]], musculoskeletal and [[Neurological Disorders|neurological]]).<ref name=":0" />

* Disorders of Consciousness ...y/prolonged-disorders-consciousness-national-clinical-guidelines Prolonged Disorders of Consciousness: National Clinical Guidelines (2015)] ====

...rbances, including insomnia, [[Sleep Apnea|sleep apnea]], circadian rhythm disorders, or disruptions caused by lifestyle factors, environmental influences, or u ...reatments]]<ref>Perlis M, Aloia M, Kuhn B. Behavioral Treatments for Sleep Disorders. A Comprehensive Primer of Behavioral Sleep Medicine Interventions. London,

...eathes - expansion of the thorax, effort of breathing, [[Breathing Pattern Disorders|breathing pattern]] and the symmetry of breathing.<ref name=":3" /> The nex * Gastro-intestinal system to ensure adequate nutritional support for optimal energy and prevention of muscle wasting (protein supple

...ref>Ratanachu-Ek S, Pongdara A. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22043766/ Nutritional status of pediatric patients with congenital heart disease: pre-and post ca [[Category:Genetic Disorders]]

''Cerebral Palsy is a group of permanent, but not unchanging, disorders of movement and/or posture and of motor function, which are due to a non-pr This definition specifically excludes progressive disorders of motor function, defined as loss of previously acquired skills in the fir

...is, and neuromuscular, rehabilitation, endocrine, and gastrointestinal and nutritional management. The Lancet Neurology. 2018 Mar 1;17(3):251-67.</ref>can slow di ...r neuromuscular diseases. Construction and validation study. Neuromuscular Disorders. 2005;15(7):463-70.</ref> The MFM contains 32 items divided into 3 domains.

...t is responsible for providing mechanical (including shock absorption) and nutritional support for cartilage (the subchondral bone containing vessels that directl * [[Endocrine Disorders|Endocrine]] factors<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":0" />

...g Tendo Achilles contracture in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Neuromuscular Disorders. , vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 257-263.</ref> For children with DMD, contractures o ...sop J, Messina S, Pane M, Muntoni F. Muscle MRI in inherited neuromuscular disorders: Past, present, and future. J Magn Reson Imaging 2007;25:433-40.</ref>

** Nutritional ** neurological disorders

...eatment for swallowing, motor speech, voice, and cognitive - communication disorders that result from a spinal cord injury and/or co-occurring injuries. They a ...and counselling, and dietary treatment and management. Clinical dieticians nutritional management goals 
are achieved through the following services: <ref name

During sleep, several [[Metabolic and Endocrine Disorders|endocrine glands]] secrete and regulate hormones such as: ...to a lack of energy and initiative and may be improved by rest and proper nutritional intake for example.<ref name=":1" />

...e that measures quality of life in 17 domains for adults with neurological disorders, such as ALS. This outcome measure was used for the following domains: ...fatigue and its effect on quality of life in individuals with neurological disorders.

...randomised controlled trial and concluded that play therapy combined with nutritional advice can lead to a decrease in body fat in overweight / obese children ag ...helm K. Expressive writing and positive writing for participants with mood disorders: an online randomized controlled trial. J Affect Disord. 2012;136(3):310-9.

...nilla DA. [https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/18/9724 Sarcopenia: Etiology, nutritional approaches, and miRNAs]. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021 * Rheumatological and [[Connective Tissue Disorders|connective tissue diseases]]

...innervated anulus and concomitant end-plate separation that may impair the nutritional supply and waste clearance of the disk. These rips may combine to form radi ...evaluation of sitting load and back muscle activity]. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders, 2009. (level of evidence 5)

...12]. Available from: <nowiki>https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/amyotrophic-lateral-sclerosis-als</nowiki>.</ref>. In order to reach an ALS ...ntions on Spatiotemporal Gait Parameters in Older Adults with Neurological Disorders: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Inter

...[osteoporosis]]. The decrease in estrogen levels, hormonal imbalances, and nutritional deficiencies can cause a low bone mass, putting females at risk of the bone ...female triad can be linked to [[depression]], low self-esteem, and anxiety disorders, so further referrals may be needed for mental health<ref name="p1" />.

...activity Disorder (ADHD)]] is one of the most prevalent neurodevelopmental disorders in childhood. The prevalence of ADHD among preschool children is around 8%< ...and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.] Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders. 2017; 39: 20-32</ref>.

* Dementia describes a collection of symptoms that are caused by disorders affecting the brain. It is not one specific disease. Dementia affects '''t ...ity and neuroinflammation but also affects the brain directly by promoting nutritional deficiency.<ref>Day, Ed, et al. "Thiamine for Wernicke‐Korsakoff Syndrome

...e triad] (amenorrhea,[https://www.physio-pedia.com/Eating_Disorders eating disorders], and osteoporosis) and male endurance athletes who have unusually low leve

...B, Reardon CL. Recreational and ergogenic substance use and substance use disorders in elite athletes: a narrative review. British journal of sports medicine. ...essionable athletes may feel coerced to take part in unhealthy training or nutritional practices because their idols recommend these, and there is no policing of

...cally ventilated, guarded against fluid overload with diuretics, and given nutritional support until evidence of improvement is observed. [[Category:Acute Respiratory Disorders - Conditions]]

* Nutritional counselling [[Category:Autoimmune Disorders]]

...nosis should include the possibility of a wide range of common respiratory disorders such as: ...radiologic findings, appropriate fluid therapy, hemodynamic support, early nutritional therapy, and physiotherapy; however, other therapeutics such as corticoster

...Sullivan, P. (2005). Diagnosis and classification of chronic low back pain disorders: maladaptive movement and motor control impairments as underlying mechanism *[[Lipids|Lipid disorders]]

...onths of life, and it continues to provide up to half or more of a child’s nutritional needs during the second half of the first year, and up to one third during ...positioning can cause [[Musculoskeletal Injury Prevention|musculoskeletal disorders]] for mothers, particularly affecting the neck, upper back and lower back.<

*[[Metabolic and Endocrine Disorders|Metabolic syndrome]] ...for Sarcopenia, Cachexia, and Wasting convened an expert panel to develop nutritional recommendations for sarcopenia prevention and management.This panel conclud

...hypothesised to be related to: inherited arrhythmic disorders; ion channel disorders; familial catecholamenergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia. <br>Incide ...ists and physical/recreational therapists. These parties focus on the best nutritional regime while incorporating the most appropriate exercise schedule to ensure

...tps://doi.org/10.1016/bs.pmbts.2018.01.006 DNA methylation and psychiatric disorders]. Progress in molecular biology and translational science. 2018 Jan 1;157:1

* [[Connective Tissue Disorders|Connective tissue]]: Connective tissue in and around the muscle provides su ...Alderson NL &amp; Welsh RS. Serotonin and central nervous system fatigue: Nutritional considerations. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2000;72(2 Suppl):57

* The timing and composition of nutritional intake may also modulate the training response<ref name=":4" /> * Neuromusculoskeletal disorders<ref name=":6" />

...ime constraints as barriers (Johnson et al, 1990)<br>• Lack of access  to nutritional education or weight loss programs (French et al, 1998)<br> ...an established method of communication used with a range of substance use disorders (Motivational Interviewing 2011).

...20bone%20stress%20injury&f=false Primer on the Metabolic Bone Diseases and Disorders of Mineral Metabolism]. 2018 Sep 25:450.</ref> ...i KL. [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1934148210003400 Nutritional factors that influence change in bone density and stress fracture risk amon

Women have a higher risk of morbidities due to their reproductive roles, nutritional inequality and their lower status in society.<ref name=":5">Crespí-Llorén ...to disadvantageous outcomes for females and a high risk of musculoskeletal disorders for women

* encourage optimising [[Nutrition|nutritional]] intake through the introduction of protein-rich whole-foods, isolated pro ...erholm T. Treatment of protein-energy malnutrition in chronic nonmalignant disorders. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2001; 74(1): 6-24.</ref>. Ultim

...onally, growing research has shown that getting patients with neurological disorders to stand more often is beneficial for ROM, spasticity, and psychological we ...havan A, Carnaby-Mann G, Crary M. Dysphagia in the elderly: management and nutritional considerations. Clin Interv Aging. 2012;7:287-298 <nowiki>https://doi.org/1

* '''Sleep disorders''' may occur and decreased self esteem +/- depression. * Nutritional support

* [[Breathing Pattern Disorders]] e.g. Hypoventilation ...ion, hypercortisolism, alterations in gonadal function and other endocrine disorders. <ref name=":10" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":21">Craven C, Lynch CL, Eng

...ng their activity would lead to improved exercise capacity, lung function, nutritional status, and quality of life. Their outcome measures included the Modified S ...n through the GI tract. Can be associated with Fontan procedure, lymphatic disorders, or mucosal erosion.

...rebral Palsy has been defined as a group of permanent, but not unchanging, disorders of movement and/or posture, causing activity limitations which are due to a ...individual post amputation is impacted by age, physical and mental health, nutritional status, tissue perfusion, complications post amputation (e.g. poor wound he