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...ular motion. <ref name=":0">Clarkson Hazel M. Musculoskeletal Assessment - Joint Motion and Muscle Testing. 3rd Edition. Philadelphia. Lippincott Williams & The patient's shoulder is stabilized by the weight of their trunk, when supine.

...ty of joint functions:''' functions of the range and ease of movement of a joint. ...zed; impairments such as in hypermobility of joints, frozen joints, frozen shoulder, arthritis

...mination-of-the-Unstable-Shoulder.pdf Clinical examination of the unstable shoulder.] Sports Medicine. 2002 Jun;32:447-57.</ref><br> ...er instability and laxity tests in subjects with and without self-reported shoulder problems.] BMJ open. 2018 Mar 1;8(3):e018472.</ref><ref>Dutton, M. (2008).

...t is used to assess the stability of the [[Glenohumeral Joint|Glenohumeral joint]]. ...head, more movement is considered to be a sign of [[Glenohumeral Joint|GH joint]] laxity.<br>

...sess the integrity of the [[Acromioclavicular Joint|acromioclavicular (AC) joint]]. ...across the patient's body, bringing their elbow towards the contralateral shoulder <ref name=":0">Park HB, Yokota A, Gill HS, El Rassi G, McFarland EG. [https

Shoulder abduction ...nrestricted shoulder girdle range.<ref>Norkin CC, White DJ. Measurement of joint motion: a guide to goniometry. FA Davis; 2016 Nov 18.</ref>

...the shoulder to check for posterior instability of the [[Shoulder|shoulder joint]]. <ref name=":0">Hattam P, Smeatham A. Special Tests in Musculoskeletal Ex The patient lies in a supine position with the shoulder at 90° abduction, with some external rotation, so the arm is horizontal wh

...ell R. Diagnostic values of tests for acromioclavicular joint pain. J Bone Joint Surg. 2004; 86(4):807-812.</ref> *If pain is elicited or increased in the region of the acromioclavicular joint, the test is considered positive

...to test for anterior instability of the [[Glenohumeral Joint|glenohumeral joint]]. ...erior glide of the head of the humerus) for risk of [[Shoulder Dislocation|shoulder dislocation]].

...r. Available from http://at.uwa.edu/special%20tests/specialtests/UpperBody/shoulder%20Main%20Page.htm</ref> ...erior shoulder stability]].It assesses [[Humerus|humeral head]] inferior [[Shoulder Subluxation|subluxation.]]<ref name=":2" />

...y of the [[Glenohumeral Joint|glenohumeral]] joint capsule, or to assess [[Shoulder Instability|glenohumeral instability]] in an anterior direction.<br> ...pist will flex the patient's elbow to 90 degrees and abducts the patient's shoulder to 90 degrees, maintaining neutral rotation.&nbsp; The examiner then slowly

Each joint has a normal [[Range of Motion|ROM]] range of values, while each person has ...name=":1">Wem [https://www.wikem.org/wiki/Range_of_motion_by_joint ROM by joint] Available online:https://www.wikem.org/wiki/Range_of_motion_by_joint [acce

Shoulder internal rotation (IR) Shoulder external rotation (ER)

...Joint Replacement Available: https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/treatment/total-joint-replacement/<nowiki/>(accessed 24.12.2023)</ref> ...oplasty), and various other procedures exist which attempt to realigne the joint (e.g. osteotomies) or resurfacing with tissue.<ref>Radiopedia Arthroplasty

Shoulder horizontal abduction Shoulder is abducted to 90 degrees and elbow is flexed to 90 degrees

The examiner places the patient's arm shoulder in 90 degrees of shoulder flexion with the elbow flexed to 90 degrees and then internally rotates the ...int video - © Kenhub https://www.kenhub.com/en/study/anatomy-glenohumeral-joint</ref>

...he shoulder to understand the arthrokinematic movement within the shoulder joint. ...>Dashottar A, Borstad J. Posterior glenohumeral joint capsule contracture. Shoulder Elbow. 2012 Oct;4(4):230-6.</ref>

...tify a superior anterior and posterior glenoid labral tear of the shoulder joint.<br> # The patient lies in supine position with affected shoulder slightly over the edge of the bed.

...used to assess the function of [[Supraspinatus]] muscle and tendon of the shoulder complex. <br> ...patient's thumb should be pointing up. The therapist should stabilize the shoulder while applying a downward force to the arm whilst the patient tries to resi

...reference to anterior and posterior drawer tests]. The Journal of bone and joint surgery. British volume. 1984 Aug;66(4):551-6. </ref> '''Step2.''' Relax the affected shoulder by holding patients arm ( or placing hand on axilla) with therapist one han

...k Pain: Clinical Practice Guidelines|neck]], [[Lumbar Anatomy|back,]] or [[shoulder]] pain.<ref>Ghan GM, Babu VS. Immediate effect of cervico-thoracic mobiliza ...ck Pain: Clinical Practice Guidelines|neck]], [[Lumbar Anatomy|back]] or [[shoulder]] pain.<ref name=":0">Gauri Milind Ghan & V. Sarath Babu. [https://www.tan

[[File:Internal impingement of the shoulder.jpg|thumb|High stressors in throwing motion]] ...s.<ref name="Wilk1">Wilk et al. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19194026/ Shoulder Injuries in the Overhead Athlete]. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2009;39(2):38

...tor cuff muscles. <ref name=":0">Jeno SH, Munjal A, Schindler GS. Anatomy, shoulder and upper limb, arm supraspinatus muscle. StatPearls Publishing; 2023.</ref ==== Shoulder Stability ====

...e of the 4 muscles which comprise the [[Rotator Cuff|Rotator Cuff]] of the shoulder. ...erior aspect of greater tuberosity of humerus, and the capsule of shoulder joint.<ref name="p2">Wheeles CR. [http://www.wheelessonline.com/ortho/infraspinat

<div class="col-xs-12 col-md-6 col-lg-4">[[Image:Elbow joint Primal.png|200px|center]]<br> Elbow Joint

...al Plexus|brachial plexus]].<ref name="aex">Juneja P, Hubbard JB. Anatomy, shoulder and upper limb, arm Teres minor muscle. StatPearls Publishing; 2023. </ref> ...th [[Infraspinatus]], primarily produces external rotation of the shoulder joint.<ref name="aex" />

...PA: Elsevier.</ref> and can be useful in helping differentiate between AC joint and impingement syndromes.<ref name="Frontera book">Frontera WR, Silver JK, #The patient's shoulder is positioned into 90 flexion and internal rotation, with the placed into 9

...g, there are two patterns of range of motion used in the interpretation of joint motion: ...capsular pattern of restriction is a limitation of pain and movement in a joint specific ratio, which is usually present with [[Osteoarthritis|arthritis]],

[[Image:Grays326.JPEG|thumb|right|Anterior view of the left shoulder and acromioclavicular joints, and proper scapular ligaments.]] ...oint <ref>.Christopher C. Dodson, Frank A. Cordasco, Anterior Glenohumeral Joint Dislocations, Orthopedic Clinics of North America,2008:39(4), 507-518. Avai

This test is used to detect postero-inferior instability of the Glenohumeral joint. ...of Success in Nonoperative Treatment of Posteroinferior Instability of the Shoulder.&amp; Am J Sports Med 2004 32: 1849 </ref>

...erve as a treatment procedure and are commonly administered in cases where joint range of motion is restricted. Specific grades of mobilization are describ ...ion assessment techniques and mobilization techniques for the glenohumeral joint will also be demonstrated and discussed.

...ystematic review of aetiology and treatment of post-stroke hand oedema and shoulder-hand syndrome.] Scandinavian Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine. 2000;32(1) |Shoulder

...disorders. 2014 Dec;15(1):1-10. </ref><ref>Jeno SH, Schindler GS. Anatomy, Shoulder and Upper Limb, Arm Supraspinatus Muscle. StatPearls [Internet]. 2019 Jan 4 {{#ev:youtube| uskZIqThlb0|300}}<ref>Young Lae Moon. Shoulder motion with rotator cuff (supraspinatus). Available from: www.youtube.com/w

...ambert SM, Gerber C. Lag signs in the diagnosis of rotator cuff rupture. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 1996;5:307-13.</ref>. The purpose of this clinical diagnostic te ...tion (to avoid elastic recoil of the joint capsule and the scapulothoracic joint). The patient is then asked to maintain the position actively while the exa

* [[Humerus]] and [[Elbow]] joint ...achialis - flexes and adducts the [[Glenohumeral Joint|glenohumeral]] (GH) joint and acts to stabilise the humeral head in the [[Glenoid Labrum|glenoid]] fo

...rmal positioning and movement of the [[scapula]] is linked to glenohumoral joint pathologies. ...at the hip and knee requires extreme stabilization at the scapula-thoracic joint.<ref name=":0">Hong J, Barnes MJ, Leddon CE, Van Ryssegem G, Alamar B. [htt

Stabilize distal end of humerus to prevent flexion of shoulder joint. ...nge of motion due to large biceps.<ref>Norkin CC, White DJ. Measurement of joint motion: a guide to goniometry. FA Davis; 2016 Nov 18.</ref>

...ar distance from the the line of action of a force to the rotation axis of joint. Torque is also called a moment of force and is expressed as ...s acting on opposite sides of an axis of rotation that cause the object or joint to produce rotatory force but without linear translation. These forces are

...ulder Unit’s specialist shoulder physiotherapist Marcus Bateman <ref>Derby Shoulder Unit. Results of Derby Instability Rehab Programme published [Internet]. 20 ...sell RD, Robertson WJ. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21808996/ Anterior shoulder instability: a review of pathoanatomy,]

Mr A has a history of persistent and debilitating pain in his shoulder with significant sleep disturbance following time in detention in his home ...worse from day to day. He has became more and more disabled because of his shoulder pain.

...scia]] that produce a synchronous motion and stability of the glenohumeral joint, scapulothoracic joints and upper extremities. ...name=":0" />. Assessment of the upper quadrant muscles is essential in the shoulder problems of athletes and the general population<ref>Donatelli RA. Sports-Sp

...istance test on subacromial space during static arm elevation.] Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. 2012 May 1;21(5):631-40.</ref>  ...a dyskinesis]] or abnormal scapular movement has been associated with many shoulder pathologies.<ref name=":1">Rabin A, Irrgang JJ, Fitzgerald GK, Eubanks A. [

...ests for the different degrees of subacromial impingement syndrome. J Bone Joint Surg Am, 87(7), 1446-1455.</ref> <br>See [[Test Diagnostics|test diagnostic [[Category:Shoulder]]

...levation. Infrapinatus muscle is often involved in shoulder pathologies as shoulder impingement and rotator cuff tears.<ref name=":0">Hughes PC, Green RA, Tayl ...n clinical and high resolution ultrasonography examinations of the painful shoulder. Journal of ultrasonography. 2015 Mar;15(60):29.</ref>

...p; Tomlinson JE. Clinical Diagnosis of Tears of the Rotator Cuff. J Bone Joint Surg. May 1991;(74):404-405]</ref><ref name="Cleland">Cleland J. Orthopae [[Category:Shoulder]]

...55582&ei=5lywYu_xEsKN6rQP-9Ca6AM&scisig=AAGBfm1zee7umg5uN42e02OpIHG5FnNW6w Shoulder injuries in overhead athletes: the “dead arm” revisited]. Clinics in sp ...ul serving in tennis, or working with the arm in a strained position above shoulder.<ref name="6a" /><ref name="p0" />The symptoms can exacerbate by the loss o

[[File:Shoulder Joint.png|thumb]] The [[Shoulder|shoulder complex]] is a set of 5 highly mobile and stable mechanically interrelated

...ticle/81/2/799/2829545 Measurement of scapular asymmetry and assessment of shoulder dysfunction using the lateral scapular slide test]: a reliability and valid ...est measures the amount of scapular protraction in 3 positions of shoulder joint abduction, by measuring the distance from the midline to the medial boarder

To test the presence of a shoulder full-thickness rotator cuff tear using the [[Codman's Test|Drop-Arm Sign]], ...ests for the different degrees of subacromial impingement syndrome. J Bone Joint Surg AmfckLR2005 July;87(7):1446-55.</ref> study, the combination of the fo

...20</ref> that makes up the front part of the shoulder. It sits between the shoulder blade and the sternum. There are 2 clavicles in a person, one on the right ...s type of articulation is also known as a ‘double plane joint’ – where two joint cavities are separated by a layer of articular cartilage.

*gradual increase in pain at neck and shoulder, progressing down the arm *Pain in neck and shoulder from holding arms elevated but minimal distress in arm or hand.

...al ([[SLAP Lesion|SLAP Lesion]]) or acromioclavicular lesions as cause for shoulder pain. ...A new and effective test for diagnosing labral tears and acromioclavicular joint abnormality. Am J Sports Med. 1998;26:610-613.</ref> ==

...ion while doing Activities of daily living (ADLs). Shoulder being a mobile joint has a high predisposition for Instability.<ref>Kim SH, Ha KI, Jung MW, et a == Classification<ref name=":0">Jaggi A, Lambert S. Rehabilitation for shoulder instability. British journal of sports medicine. 2010 Apr 1;44(5):333-40.</

...sts for the different degrees of subacromial impingement syndrome. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2005 Jul;87(7):1446-55.</ref> == *Testing:&nbsp; Shoulder is flexed to 90 degrees and then internally rotated with elbow flexed to 90

...s over the [[Glenohumeral Joint|glenohumeral joint]] and which gives the [[shoulder]] its rounded contour. ...//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23784480/ The deltoid, a forgotten muscle of the shoulder.] Skeletal radiology. 2013 Oct;42(10):1361-75.Available:https://pubmed.ncbi

== <ref>Norkin CC, White DJ. Measurement of joint motion: a guide to goniometry. FA Davis; 2016 Nov 18.</ref>Anatomical Movem Patient is seated with the shoulder abducted to 90 degrees, elbow flexed to 90 degrees and wrist over the edge

Patient is seated with the shoulder abducted to 90 degrees, elbow flexed to 90 degrees and wrist over the edge ...d range of motion is 0- 70 degrees<ref>Norkin CC, White DJ. Measurement of joint motion: a guide to goniometry. FA Davis; 2016 Nov 18.</ref>

...s a clinical test used to distinguish cervical nerve root compression from shoulder disease in case of doubtful diagnosis.<ref name=":0" /> [[Compression|Nerve ...al nerve root compression from C5 to T1, not when the pain arises from the shoulder.<ref name=":0" />

....nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8861852/ The Relationship Between Generalised Joint Hypermobility and Autism Spectrum Disorder in Adults: A Large, Cross-Sectio To assess general passive joint hypermobility.

Shoulder flexion ...range of motion is 0- 180 degrees<ref>Norkin CC, White DJ. Measurement of joint motion: a guide to goniometry. FA Davis; 2016 Nov 18.</ref>

...inations performed for general orthopedic diseases. Manual examinations of shoulder labral and rotator cuff injuries are scattered, but are not conclusive enou ...was suggested that throwing the ball puts a lot of stress on the shoulder joint.

...rus with one hand while the other hand performs humeral rotation while the shoulder is being elevated in the scapular plane. The test can be repeated in supine ...dity and accuracy of clinical tests used to detect labral pathology of the shoulder-a systematic review. Manual Therapy 2009; 14(2):119-30.</ref> <br>

...al Posterior Anterior Mobilization (UPA) in the treatment of patients with shoulder impingement syndrome: A randomized clinical trial.</u> === ...rmine whether the application of UPA’s to a comparable (or non-comparable) joint in the lower cervical region improves overall self-report of function and p

...injuries like Rotator cuff tear, Anterior dislocation of the shoulder, AC joint injuries and Clavicle fractures.<ref name=":0">Raiman L, Antbring R, Pyne D ...orced abduction and extension at the first Metacarpophalangeal joint (MCP) joint(outstretched hand) when a fall occurs with a ski pole in hand. There is an

[[Image:Scapulothoracic-joint.jpg|center]] ...acic (ST) “joint” is not a true anatomic joint as it has none of the usual joint characteristics (union by fibrous, cartilaginous, or synovial tissues).

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Thoracic Manipulation for Shoulder Dysfunction}} [[File:Shoulder pain.jpg|thumb]]

...nterior part of the force couples of the [[Glenohumeral Joint|glenohumeral joint]].<ref name=":0">Lin L, Yan H, Xiao J, Ao Y, Cui G. [https://link.springer. The patient places the palm of the affected side on the opposite shoulder, with the fingers extended and the elbow anterior to the body. The patient

# Prone Extension "Y" - Prone with palm facing upwards, shoulder abducted to 110° to the thorax while keeping your shoulders retracted but abduction and rotation. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 76:

[[Image:Grays326.JPEG|thumb|right|Acromioclavicular Joint]] ...of the [[scapula]] and is a gliding, or plane style synovial joint. The AC Joint attaches the scapula to the clavicle and serves as the main articulation th

*[[Shoulder Examination|Shoulder Examination]] *[[Shoulder Instability|Shoulder Instability]]

...of [[Shoulder Instability|shoulder instability]], occurs when the shoulder joint partially dislocates. In this condition the [[Humerus|humeral]] head slips ...:0">Vitoonpong T, Chang KV. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507847/ Shoulder Subluxation]. InStatPearls [Internet] 2020 Aug 29. StatPearls Publishing.Av

Patient is seated with the shoulder adducted by their side, elbow flexed to 90 degrees and forearm in the neutr ...range of motion is 80 - 90 degrees<ref>Norkin CC, White DJ. Measurement of joint motion: a guide to goniometry. FA Davis; 2016 Nov 18.</ref>

Patient is seated with the shoulder adducted by their side, elbow flexed to 90 degrees and forearm in the neutr ...range of motion is 80 - 90 degrees<ref>Norkin CC, White DJ. Measurement of joint motion: a guide to goniometry. FA Davis; 2016 Nov 18.</ref>

At the [[Glenohumeral Joint|glenohumeral joint]], the coracobrachialis Symptoms such as pain in the shoulder and arm going down the posterior part of the hand is most likely be due to

...45/4/357/111154/Tibiofemoral-Joint-Positioning-for-the-Valgus Tibiofemoral joint positioning for the valgus stress test]. Journal of Athletic Training. 2010 ...es an abducting force at the the foot, and a valgus force through the knee joint.

...sequential manner in order to determine abnormalities in alignment of bone/joint/muscle to other. <ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">Thompson J, Walton A. [ht == Peripheral Joint Assessment ==

The Shoulder Pain and Disability Index (SPADI) is a patient completed questionnaire with ...>Roach KE, Budiman‐Mak E, Songsiridej N, Lertratanakul Y. Development of a Shoulder Pain and Disability Index. Arthritis Care Res 1991; 4: 143–9.</ref> w

{{#ev:youtube|I1XEPBTjYVY}}<ref>Kenhub-Learn Human Anatomy. Elbow Joint: Bones, Muscles & Movement-Human Anatomy | Kenhub.Available from:https://ww == HumeroUlnar Joint ==

...on during functional activities, thus allowing for the control of abnormal joint translation during functional activities. These activities are designed to ...fness, coordinated motor patterns, and reflex activity to provide enhanced joint stability<ref name=":0" />. The information gathered is processed at three

...factors including the patient's age, medical history, and condition of the shoulder. ...ulder.<ref name=":0" />This device allows for improved biomechanics of the shoulder when the rotator cuff cannot be repaired.<ref name=":0" /> It reduces subac

...ehabilitation program for patients with an unstable shoulder (glenohumeral joint instability), it's important that the follow key factors should be consider ...ame="Wilk" /><ref name="Cutts">Cutts, S., Prempeh, M., Drew, S., 'Anterior shoulder dislocation', Ann R coll Surg Engl, VOL. 91 (2009), p. 2-7 (Level of eviden

...is experiencing an increase in clinical significance due to its role in [[shoulder]] pain and upper limb weakness.<ref name=":0">Kostretzis L, Theodoroudis I, ...ral Joint|glenohumeral]] and [[Acromioclavicular Joint|acromioclavicular]] joint.<ref>Avery BW, Pilon FM, Barclay JK. Anterior coracoscapular ligament and s

...lied to the knee, but there are versions for other joints such as the hip, shoulder and elbow. ...commended after [https://www.physio-pedia.com/Total_Knee_Arthroplasty knee joint replacement] or knee cartilage repair surgery. Uses of the CPM are also re

...ius depresses the clavicle as well as helps stabilize the sternoclavicular joint. The subclavius is enveloped in the clavipectoral fascia along with the pec ...s to aid in preventing dislocation of the clavicle at the sternoclavicular joint. It also can protect the neurovascular structures beneath it in the event o

.... Wiley Blackwell. 2012. p 1-24. </ref> A sprain is usually caused by the joint being forced suddenly outside its usual range of movement and the inelastic ...just a few fibres) to severe (complete rupture of the ligament, leading to joint instability).

...d assist with blocking [[Shoulder Dislocation|shoulder dislocation]] and [[Shoulder Subluxation|subluxation]] at the maximal ranges of motion.<ref name=":0">Ra ...(e.g. shoulder dislocation) or more commonly by repeated microtrauma, e.g. shoulder subluxation.<ref name=":1">Clavert P. [https://www.sciencedirect.com/scienc

...://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3812837/ A proposed evidence-based shoulder special testing examination algorithm: clinical utility based on a systemat ...xamination tests provide clinicians with the most value when examining the shoulder?] Update of a systematic review with meta-analysis of individual tests. Bri

[[File:Anterior-shoulder-dislocation-1.jpeg|thumb|Anterior-shoulder-dislocation|alt=|331x331px]] ...=":1">Abrams R, Akbarnia H. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459125/ Shoulder dislocations overview.] InStatPearls [Internet] 2021 Aug 13. StatPearls Pub

...le (AC) joint. Any patient presenting with AC joint or superior [[Shoulder|shoulder pain]] should be evaluated for distal clavicular osteolysis.<ref name=":0"> ...er joint.svg.png|center|thumb|150x150px|alt=|Anterior view of the shoulder joint]]

...is the art and science of measuring the joint ranges in each plane of the joint.<ref name=":0" /> The term 'goniometry' is derived from the greek words '< ...a patient has altered [[Range of Motion|range of motion]] in a particular joint, the therapist can use a goniometer to assess what the range of motion is a

...oulder-osteoarthritis-inferior-osteophyte-1.jpeg|thumb|GH OA; narrowing of joint space, subchondral sclerosis, inferior osteophyte ]] Please note this article relates to the glenohumeral joint of the shoulder only.

...the <u>Chronic pain management in the extremities</u>. In this technique, joint compression, muscular contraction or stretch is used as an the pain provoki ...the joint using the other. While maintaining the compression, a series of joint movements is tried to see if they produce pain. The movements can be either

...In the anatomical position the body is upright with the arms by the sides, shoulder in neutral rotation, palms facing forward, elbows and fingers extended and ...nderstandable and accurate way of describing human anatomy, physiology and joint planes and axes. It is also the zero position when measuring range of motio

...ten resulting in a fracture of the clavicle before a dislocation of the SC joint.<ref>ALLMAN JR FL. Fractures and ligamentous injuries of the clavicle and i [[Image:SC Joint.jpg|center|750px]]

[[File:Synovial Joint.png|right|frameless|399x399px]] The three [[Joint Classification|joints]] in the body (Histologically) are fibrous, cartilagi

...he arm, if the patient experiences any pain in and around the glenohumeral joint the patient must tell the physiotherapist what they are experiencing. Once ...ests for the different degrees of subacromial impingement syndrome. J Bone Joint Surg Am, 87(7), 1446-1455.</ref>

...d)]]The pisiform is one of eight carpal bones that forms part of the wrist joint. The name pisiform is derived from the Latin word ''pisum'' which means "pe ...12be391373b/Anatomy-Shoulder-and-Upper-Limb-Hand-Carpal-Bones.pdf Anatomy, Shoulder and Upper Limb, Hand Carpal Bones]. StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf. 2018</ref>

...osterior interosseous nerve. <ref name=":2">Khan IA, Varacallo M. Anatomy, Shoulder and Upper Limb, Hand Extensor Pollicis Longus Muscle. StatPearls Publishing ...erior interosseous artery.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">Khan I. Anatomy, Shoulder and Upper Limb, Hand Extensor Pollicis Longus Muscle. In: Varacallo M. edit

...Mudreac A, Kiel J. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513344/ Anatomy, Shoulder and Upper Limb, Subscapularis Muscle.] StatPearls [Internet]. 2020 Aug 10.< ...face of the scapula).<ref name=":2">Aguirre K, Mudreac A, Kiel J. Anatomy, shoulder and upper limb, subscapularis muscle. StatPearls Publishing; 2023.</ref>

...vailable from: https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases--conditions/scapular-shoulder-blade-disorders#:~:text=The%20scapula%2C%20or%20shoulder%20blade,help%20you ...://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/scapula-fracture-shoulder-blade-fracture#:~:text=What%20is%20a%20scapula%20fracture,from%20the%20back

...97)70047-8 Influence of rotator cuff tearing on glenohumeral stability]. J Shoulder Elb Surg. 1997;6(5):413–22.</ref> Rotator cuff tears may be caused by rep ...complex]], are important for maintaining the stability of the glenohumeral joint, which is highly mobile but inherently unstable.

...aumatic or post-operative elbow injury cases.<ref>Draper DO. DEEP HEAT AND JOINT MOBILIZATIONS INCREASE RANGE OF MOTION IN TRAUMATIC ELBOW INJURIES. Medical ...g the initial treatment and the patients hand will rest on the therapist's shoulder.

...ne.</ref>which can also be done with modifications in the position of each joint as a "sensitizer" to the specific nerves.<ref>Flynn TW, Cleland JA, Whitman ...ng is shoulder followed by forearm, wrist, fingers, and lastly elbow. Each joint positioning component is added until the pain is provoked or symptoms are r

...may be slightly painful because of osteoarthritis of the acromioclavicular joint. ...he hand in the costoclavicular syndrome helps to differentiate it from the shoulder-hand syndrome, where it is shiny, swollen, warm, and hyperaesthetic.

...procedure is a possible surgical procedure to treat patients with anterior shoulder instability and accompanied bone loss. It involves transferring the coracoi ...of the procedure contributes to the overall stability of the Glenohumeral Joint .<ref>Bigliani LU, Kelkar R, Flatow EL, Pollock RG, Mow VC. Glenohumeral St

...ous cuff around the glenohumeral joint and provide muscular support to the joint.<ref name=":2">Merolla G, Cerciello S, Paladini P, Porcellini G. [https://w ...id cavity gives attachment to the capsule of [[Glenohumeral Joint|shoulder joint]] and to the [[Glenoid Labrum|glenoid labrum]]

[[File:Degeneration-of-the-acromioclavicular-joint.jpeg|thumb|Left '''AC joint degenerative''' changes.]] ...Romeo AA, Bach Jr BR. Degenerative joint disease of the acromioclavicular joint: a review. The American journal of sports medicine. 2013 Nov;41(11):2684-92

...B. Anatomy, [https://www.statpearls.com/articlelibrary/viewarticle/30580/ Shoulder and Upper Limb, Triceps Muscle].Available:https://www.statpearls.com/articl ...ior surface of the olecranon process of the [[ulna]], capsule of the elbow joint and antebrachial [[fascia]].

== Muscles involved in Shoulder Flexion: == == Shoulder Flexion Biomechanics: ==

Maximal or deep hip flexion during a [[Squat Exercise|squat]], places the hip joint under load and can initiate the engagement of the CAM type femoral deformit ...egs shoulder apart, and their arms are lifted up in front of their body to shoulder height in order to enable balance. The patient is instructed to perform a d

...pain and muscle guarding, joint effusion, contractures or adhesions in the joint capsules or supporting ligaments, or malalignment or subluxation of the bon == Tibiofibular Joint ==

...active and passive insufficiency are functional states that occur in multi-joint muscles only. # Active insufficiency occurs when a multi-joint [[muscle]] shortens over BOTH joints simultaneously, and hence, creates so

...2020 Jul;17(14):4962.</ref> [[Hemiplegic Shoulder Subluxation|Hemiplegic shoulder subluxation]] is more common with left sided hemiplegia.<ref name=":1" /> ...ew of pathophysiology, assessment and management strategies of post stroke shoulder subluxation.] Pakistan Journal of Neurological Sciences (PJNS). 2016;11(3):

...duced by wrapping the hand around the distal forearm (just above the wrist joint).<ref>Dutton, M. (2008). Orthopaedic: Examination, evaluation, and interven A common variation of the test is described as the patient moving the shoulder into external rotation while simultaneously moving the forearm into the sup

...g/0831/c25908a5823aee7acc416e399da39578513a.pdf Conservative management of shoulder pain in swimming.] Physical Therapy in Sport. 2004 Aug 1;5(3):109-24.</ref> * shoulder (glenohumeral joint and scapulo-thoracic joint) and thoracic spine flexibility. <ref name=":0" />

* A mechanical obstruction of the joint so a loss of normal joint motion ...n exercises are to reduce and abolish pain symptoms, and/or restore normal joint function.

...le and it is rarely seen on x-ray, it has no functional role in the canine shoulder. ** Synsarcotic joint (a union between parts of the skeleton through muscles alone) with no attac

...s cross both the knee and the hip. Conversely, there is only a single one-joint muscle, known as the Iliopsoas, which only crosses at the hip. ...pist Position. Arrow 1: Therapist's arm is used to stabilize the patient's shoulder. Arrow 2: Therapist's arm is used for direct of force to put the hip into e

...ace with reference to quadrilateral space syndrome] [Internet]. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. Mosby; 2007 [cited 2021Nov16]. Available from: <nowiki>h *** innervates deltoid, teres minor, provides sensation to lateral shoulder

There are a variety of manual techniques used to increase joint play/joint ROM of the hip complex. Several of these techniques are listed below. For r ...de can be performed in other positions. Anterior glide is used to increase joint play and capsular stretch to encourage external rotation and extension ROM.

...ific-tendonitis Calcific Tendonitis]Available:https://www.orthobullets.com/shoulder-and-elbow/3042/calcific-tendonitis (accessed 12.1.2023)</ref> ...Exposure to Low Amounts of Ultrasound Energy Does Not Improve Soft Tissue Shoulder Pathology: A Systematic Review. Physical Therapy. 2010; vol 90 (1): 14-25.

...scapularis muscle. Clinical features in 16 cases]. The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British volume 1991 73-B:3, 389-394</ref>. It was developed to ...Cuff|rotator cuff]], which provide stability and strength to the shoulder joint during motion. The other 3 muscles include The [[Supraspinatus]], The [[Inf

...pose of this article is to help healthcare providers differentiate between shoulder impingement and instability by utilizing the most current literature. ...f three common tests for traumatic anterior shoulder instability. ''J Bone Joint Surg Am''. 2006;88:1467-1474.</ref>. <br>

...er pain on muscle function: implications for the assessment and therapy of shoulder disorders. European journal of applied physiology. 2015 Feb 1;115(2):225-34 ...movement and function<ref name=":0">Eleanor Richardson & Jeremy Lewis. The Shoulder Symptom Modification Procedure (SSMP). https://www.shoulderdoc.co.uk/articl

...that most commonly develop at the margins of a [[Synovial Joints|synovial joint]] as a response to articular cartilage damage, as seen very commonly in [[o ...onse to the altered [[Growth Factors|growth factor]] environment following joint injury. In some cases osteophytes can contribute to the stability of the jo

...flossing involve applying an external pressure above or below a muscle or joint of the extremities, typically by using a circumferential, elastic band. The ...can be applied to any appendage to have affect on a painful area or stiff joint. Such as the ankle:{{#ev:youtube|L6ygP7rWwb4}}<ref>Rock Tape Go stronger go

...t act around the [[Glenohumeral Joint|glenohumeral joint]] to facilitate [[shoulder]] movement<ref name=":0">Radiopedia [https://radiopaedia.org/articles/teres ...(LD), where it acts in synergy to extend, adduct and internally rotate the shoulder. eg The TM and LD muscles act in the acceleration and follow through phases

...s across three joints, and is able to generate movements in [[Glenohumeral Joint|glenohumeral]], [[elbow]] and radio-ulnar joints. ...ck M, Varacallo M. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519538/ Anatomy, Shoulder and Upper Limb, Biceps Muscle.] [Updated 2021 Aug 11]. In: StatPearls [Inte

* [[Pectoralis Major Rupture|Pectoralis major tendon rupture]] is a rare shoulder injury, most commonly seen in weight lifters. eg bench press, when the arm ...is a stiff upper back, often a consequence of less than the perfect neck, shoulder, and upper back postures. eg [[Upper-Crossed Syndrome|upper crossed syndrom

...ct to the head of the humerus, forming a cuff around the glenohumeral (GH) joint. ...n each of the four muscles are vital to maintain functioning of the entire shoulder girdle.&nbsp;

...ndrew TL. Closed Kinetic Chain Exercise. A Comprehensive Guide to Multiple-Joint Exercises. Journal of Chiropractic Medicine. 2002;1(4):200.</ref> In a clos ...n of three types of exercise in the treatment of rotator cuff tendinopathy/shoulder impingement syndrome: A randomized controlled trial. Physiotherapy. 2017 Ju

...the quality of the cross-cultural adaptations of Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH)]. La Medicina del Lavoro. 2021;112(4):279.</ref> ...lm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1513569/ The shortened disabilities of the arm, shoulder and hand questionnaire (Quick DASH): validity and reliability based on resp

* Fracture around the shoulder * Adhesive capsulitis (frozen shoulder)

...of the driving force provided primarily by the torque generated from the [[shoulder]]<ref name=":0">Davis DD, Nickerson M, Varacallo M. [https://europepmc.org/ ...motion to happen<ref>Freestyle Swimming Muscle Analysis 1 A Comprehensive Joint and Muscle Analysis Regarding the Motion of Freestyle Swimming Shawn Mantic

“Please stand upright with feet shoulder width apart. Squat down until you believe that the top of your thighs are p ...ion or recruitment (neuromuscular), muscle weakness, strength asymmetry or joint instability (strength)

...hurchill Livingstone.</ref> and a further modification in position of each joint is done as "sensitiser". The ULTT's are equivalent to the straight leg rais ...n of the cervical spine can be added<ref>Wells P. Cervical dysfunction and shoulder problems. Physiotherapy, 1982; 68: 66-73.</ref>. If pain is provoked in th

...assessing abnormalities in the kinetic chain of upper extremity leading to shoulder pain in patients with throwing disorder<ref>Somu K, Noriaki M, Yukio U, Jun Combined abduction test for assessment of posterior shoulder tightness. The examiner completely prevents any movement of the scapula by

...form of scapular Dyskinesis are (1) Acromio clavicular instability, (2) [[shoulder]] impingement, (3) rotator cuff injuries, (4) Glenoid labrum injuries, (5) ...based on stretching and strengthening, aim to improve muscle strength and joint position sense    The [[Serratus Anterior|serratus anterior]] and [[trape

...d more cost-affordable than IKD, but does question its efficacy for larger joint use such as the knee <ref>Stark T, Walker B, Phillips JK, Fejer R, Beck R. ...eliability and Validity of the ActivForce Digital Dynamometer in Assessing Shoulder Muscle Force across Different User Experience Levels. Int J Sports Phys The

* Is a key scapular stabilizer, keeping the shoulder blades against the ribcage when at rest and during movement.<ref name=":4"> ...raction and upward rotation of the [[Scapulothoracic Joint|scapulothoracic joint]].<ref>Richard D. Gray’s anatomy for students.</ref>

....<ref>Radiopedia Shoulder Joint Available:https://radiopaedia.org/articles/shoulder (accessed 14.4.2022)</ref> ...4. inferior angle of scapula 15. lateral border of scapula 16. scapula|alt=Shoulder]]

...der [[bursitis]] (inflammation of a bursa) is one of the leading causes of shoulder pain. It can lead to lost workdays and, in some cases, even disability. ...conditions-and-diseases/shoulder-bursitis (accessed 13.4.2022)</ref>[[File:Shoulder-bursa-illustration-creative-commons-image.jpeg|thumb|1. Subacromial-subdelt

[[File:Pectoralis minor muscle and shoulder blade.png|right|frameless|alt=|431x431px]] ...aig MA, Bordoni B. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545241/ Anatomy, Shoulder and Upper Limb, Pectoral Muscles].Available:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bo

...surrounds all 3 joints. There are thickening medially and laterally of the joint capsule that blends with the MCLC and LCLC respectively and contributes to ...capsule and thickening of the lateral collateral ligament complex, and the joint surfaces in nearly all cases are well preserved. The most convenient and im

Used for facial paralysis, jaw pain, elbow, shoulder and thoracic injuries and local soft tissue injuries of the wrist.<ref name ...r and ascends through the posterior aspect of the arm until it reaches the shoulder. It terminates at the outer end of the eyebrow. <ref name=":0" /><ref name=

...stiffness, enhancing overall patient well-being<ref>Levangie PK, Norkin CC.Joint Structure and Function: A Comprehensive Analysis. ...the scapula, facilitating the wide range of movements at the glenohumeral joint .<ref>Standring S, Borley NR, Collins P, et al. *Gray's Anatomy: The Anatom

The standing flexion test is a test that can be used to assess '''sacroiliac joint''' dysfunction. It is best used in combination with other specific tests. A ...ein. Intertester Reliability for Selected Clinical Tests of the Sacroiliac Joint. Physical Therapy. 1985; 65: 1671-1675fckLRLevel of evidence: C</ref>

* Lateral rotation of the carpometacarpal joint of the fifth digit * Lateral rotation of the metacarpophalangeal joint of the fifth digit

...r, grade 3 lateral meniscus tear, grade 2 MCL &amp; LCL tear &amp; on left shoulder rotator cuff tear Referred for physiotherapy in April 2015 for strengthenin ...Special tests done that were positive are drop arm, empty can for the left shoulder while valgus stress test, McMurray's test and Apley's test right knee. Post

...>Lung BE, Burns B. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK526046/ Anatomy, Shoulder and Upper Limb, Hand Flexor Digitorum Profundus Muscle.] InStatPearls [Inte

...synovial hinge joint. The three bones that make up the articulation of the joint are: the distal end of the [[humerus]] and proximal ends of the [[radius]] * Joint [[Effusion tests|effusion]].

...ongoing_internal synovial fluid]. It protects and brakes the shocks of the joint and allows the structures near the bursa to move with minimal friction. The *Overuse of the joint: for example vacuuming for hours on end

...come impaired and eventually induce pathoanatomical changes in tissues and joint structures. <ref>Sahrmann S. ''Movement System Impairment Syndromes of theE ...and safely. They are believed to have postural role and control excessive joint movement. A muscle contracts when it acts as a stabiliser, but it doesn’t

...avies GJ. Closed kinetic chain exercise: a comprehensive guide to multiple joint exercises. Human Kinetics; 2001. Available From: http://bit.ly/1NunaL7</re ...For example, when doing a seated knee-extension the primary stress to the joint is the rotation of the distal tibia on the proximal femur even though other

...ic exercise is commonly used in the treatment and management of a range of shoulder disorders, is commonly advocated to address dysfunctions in mobility, postu ...patients with a diagnosis of massive rotator cuff tears of the shoulder]. Shoulder & Elbow. 2009 Jul 1;1(1):55-60.</ref>.

[[File:Shoulder bursa.jpg|357x357px|alt=|thumb|The shoulder joint has many ligaments]] ...tion|joint]] moves. While the ligament appears as a single structure, with joint movement, some fibres appear to tighten or loosen depending on the bone pos

[[File:Shoulder dislocation, anteroposterior after reduction, with Bankart and Hill-Sachs l ...r S (2006). Correlation between Bankart and Hill-Sachs lesions in anterior shoulder dislocation. ANZ J Surg 76 (6): 436–8.</ref>

...eps). The long head (LHB) contributes to the stability of the glenohumeral joint. The majority of biceps rupture involves the LH. Rupture of the LHB tendon ...long head of the biceps brachii in superior stability of the glenohumeral joint.] JBJS 1995;77(3):366-72.</ref>

...rus, first published by Codman in the 1930s. <ref name="p4">Codman EA: The Shoulder,Boston: G.Miller &amp Company,1934</ref> ...acing the hand in space.<ref name="Cathcart">Cathcart CW: Movements of the shoulder girdle involved in those of the arm on the trunk. J Anat Physiol 1884; 18:2

...p;<ref name="vier">Postsurgical orthopedic sports rehabilitation: knee and shoulder – Robert C Manske</ref>&nbsp;which tests anteromedial rotary instability ...s and a clinical test to demonstrate its presence. The journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, american volume, 1968; 50-A, No.2:211-225.</ref>

.... 4th Edition. Cape Town: University of Cape Town, 2010.</ref>[[File:Elbow joint.png|thumb|415x415px]] The [[Elbow|elbow joint]] are made up of the following joints:<ref name=":5" />

• The arm of the standing (or seated) patient is abducted 30 degrees at the shoulder and maximally extended. • The patient then extends the neck and turns the head toward the symptomatic shoulder and is asked to take a deep breath and hold it.

...unction is to assist with various neck, arm and shoulder movements such as shoulder elevation and cervical side flexion. ...shoulder is most commonly involved (82%) and pain radiates to the neck and shoulder, but rarely to the arm<ref name="Menachem" />.

...encedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0030589808000461 Anterior glenohumeral joint dislocations.] Orthopedic Clinics of North America 2008;39(4):507-18.</ref> ...ns]] that can occur with a shoulder dislocation and contribute to further shoulder instability (2 minutes)

...h an artificial joint- a prosthesis. It aims to create a stable, pain-free joint with a functional range of movement when conservative treatments have faile ...ment of the hand and articulates proximally with the forearm via the wrist joint and distally with the five metacarpals. The ends of the bones are covered w

...nd the anterior [[Deltoid|deltoids]]. They assist with elbow extension and shoulder flexion, respectively. ...ators include [[Latissimus Dorsi Muscle|latissimus dorsi muscles]] (aid in shoulder stability) and [[Quadriceps Muscle|quadriceps]], which work to keep your le

...aspinatus]] tenodesis performed arthroscopically in patients with anterior shoulder instability and engaging Hill-Sachs lesions. ...eks. Based on these timeframes the following modifications to the anterior shoulder reconstruction rehab model follow remplissage:

...ormally works and cause extra wear and tear than it would on a non-injured joint. Injured joints cause degenerative changes at faster pace that lead to pain ...synovial hinge joint. Three bones are involved in the articulation of the joint: the distal end of the humerus and proximal ends of the radius and ulna. Si

...me=":0" /><ref name=":7" />. The primary aim of conservative management of shoulder pain is to reduce pain and improve function through correction of modifiabl ...operly addressed. An essential component of treatment for individuals with shoulder pain is to encourage active self-management. The primary aim is to help pat

[[File:Frozen shoulder..jpg|thumb|Fibrosis in “Frozen Shoulder”]] ...]] capsule may lead to [[Adhesive Capsulitis|adhesive capsulitis]] (frozen shoulder).<ref>New Medical Types of Fibrosis Available: https://www.news-medical.net

...rtant to have a functional knowledge of the underlying biomechanics of the shoulder complex. ...inated motion. weakness of any muscle change normal kinematic chain of the joint.

* after fractures and joint replacements eg [[Total Knee Arthroplasty|TKR]] === M'''uscle Interactions and Joint Dynamics in Limb Movement''' ===

...in any of these areas can reduce a person's independence<ref name=":1">SCI joint Contractures. Research and Training Center on Independent Living, Universit ...n of participants with tetraplegia who got at least one contracture in any joint was 83%.<ref name=":4">Diong J, Harvey LA, Kwah LK, Eyles J, Ling MJ, Ben M

...f the joint in which a displacement of the clavicle occurs relative to the shoulder.<ref>Heijmans E, Eekhof J; Neven AK. Acromioclaviculaire luxatie, huisarts ...ents (trapezoid and conoid) also important structures for stability of the joint.<ref name="p7" />&nbsp;

...s In Sport|biomechanics]]. The most common swimming injury regions are the shoulder, neck, lower back and knee. *posterior shoulder stretch

...n, that remained in place for 3 months. He felt a subluxation at the right shoulder with significant pain and had to stop playing. Rested for 1-2 weeks with on ...just started some speed-based training but is now having some intermittent shoulder pain.

...cises/<nowiki/>(accessed 2.1.2022)</ref> eg [[Dumbbell Exercise|Dumbbell]] shoulder press on exercise ball involves concerted work by [[Abdominal Muscles|abdom ...muscles with every rep, naturally improving flexibility and it optimising joint mobility<ref name=":2">Set for Set Compound exercise Available:https://www.

[[Supraspinatus]]: aids in abduction of the shoulder joint. ...er" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">[[File:Hip-joint-acetabulum-femur-head-caput-femoris-greater-trochanter-lesser-minor-major-i

==Shoulder Examination== ...is difficult to assess. Having a systematic and structured approach to the shoulder history and examination ensures that key aspects of the condition are elici

...uld normally indicate strength of a muscle or muscle group of the targeted joint. ...mal values at specific joint angles and peak values generated throughout a joint range across speeds should be made. <ref name=":3" />

...tability|posterolateral rotatory instability]] (PLRI) of the [[Elbow|elbow joint]] and the evaluation of its [[Lateral Collateral Ligament|lateral collatera ...gnostic apprehension signs for posterolateral instability of the elbow. J. Shoulder Elbow Surg. 15 (3), 344–346.</ref>

...cause of the vast range of motion of the shoulder complex (the most mobile joint of the human body), dynamic stabilizers are crucial for a strong sense of n ...5-669.</ref> Dynamic restraints result from neuromuscular control over the shoulder muscles, facilitated through motor control and [[Proprioception|propriocept

*Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery (American) *Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery (British)

...d bilateral Xray- Rt shoulder having early degenerative changes while left shoulder Xray was normal. ...er with walking. She had Known OA knee bilateral. She also had Hx of right shoulder dislocation that she told was alright- reported no recent episode. She also

...90° - 100°), where the elbow is too low resulting in a valgus force on the joint. Since the UCL is the principal structure opposing this motion, it will be ....1302/0301-620X.42B4.788 Javelin thrower's elbow]. The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British volume. 1960 Nov;42(4):788-92.</ref> </blockquote>

...ve test useful for diagnosing pain related to [[Facet Joint Syndrome|facet joint pathology]], e.g. [[osteoarthritis]]. ...se of this test is to assess lumbar or cervical spine [[Facet Joints|facet joint]] pain. It uses the patient’s trunk both as a lever to induce tension and

The following video discusses the key shoulder muscles in general, including trapezius and serratus anterior. ...lly to the clavicle, so the majority of its influence on [[Scapulothoracic Joint|scapulothoracic]] mobility occurs here. Contraction of the upper trapezius

[[File:Overhead shoulder.jpg|thumb|alt=|shoulder overhead sport ]] ...A. [https://www.scielo.br/j/rbfis/a/7XDTVZYkJK6sQJLhSvGJQFz/ Prevention of shoulder injuries in overhead athletes: a science-based approach.] Brazilian journal

.... Review of existing grading systems for cervical or lumbar disc and facet joint degeneration. Eur Spine J. 2006;15(6):705-718. Available from: https://www. ...others may feel stiffness and/or pain in the neck, shoulders, between the shoulder blades, or lower back.

...cle. The supraspinatus is part of the [[Rotator Cuff|rotator cuff]] of the shoulder. Most of the time, it is accompanied by another [[Rotator Cuff Tears|rotato ...ps it in place. These muscles help to lift and rotate the arm. Visit the [[shoulder]] for more detailed information.

...iven to HMS, such as joint hypermobility syndrome and benign hypermobility joint syndrome. HMS is a dominant inherited connective tissue disorder described ...om localized joint hypermobility and other disorders that have generalized joint hypermobility, such as [[Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome]], [[Rheumatoid Arthritis]]

...aged by physiotherapists, and the trapezius plays an important role in the shoulder. * Appropriate kinematics of the scapula is crucial for optimal shoulder joint function, eg enabling repetitive movements of the hand over the head.

...e it promotes neuromuscular development and maintenance by achieving multi-joint and polyaxial targets of the human body <ref name=":0" />, involves extreme ...f name=":1">Shaw T. Clinical application of the Turkish Get-Up to an acute shoulder injury in a competitive Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu athlete. Journal of bodywork an

....    </ref><ref>Anderson VBW, E. . Impaired joint proprioception in higher shoulder elevations in chronic rotator cuff pathology. . <nowiki>''</nowiki>Arch Phy ...report. <nowiki>''</nowiki>Journal of shoulder and elbow surgery/American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons.<nowiki>''</nowiki> 2005;14(5):506-510.</ref>

...a]] during movements involving the [[Scapulothoracic Joint|scapulothoracic joint]]. It is more of a symptom of other diagnoses. It is commonly seen in young ...petitive overhead activities, however, it can also be due to trauma to the shoulder blade region. Aside from these variations, snapping scapula can be caused b

...Initial intervention aims to prevent secondary complications of restricted joint movement, pain, swelling and contracture. Following this, rehabilitation o [[Category:Shoulder]]

* Shoulder pain (present in 30-60% of clients with paraplegia and tetraplegia) ** Shoulder pain: 71%; wrist pain: 51%; hand pain: 43%; and elbow pain: 35%<ref name=":

* Biceps also contribute 10 percent of the total power in [[shoulder]] abduction when the arm is in external rotation<ref name=":11">Varacallo M [[File:Shoulder Pain.png|right|frameless]]

...inesiology. FA Davis; 2012.</ref>. Although the focus has been more on the shoulder, the entire body movement is required to perform the act of throwing. Throw ...cs">Escamilla R, Andrews JR. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19530752 Shoulder Muscle Recruitment Patterns and Biomechanics during Upper Extremity Sports.

Temporo-mandibular joint:<ref name=":1" /> * A condylar joint, with an articular disc, that sits between the mandibular condyles and the

...). The centrally organised protection programme (the NSB) which caused the shoulder pain and lower back pain is redundant since there is not more potentially d |Shoulder joint pain (NRS* 5) during shoulder elevation >90° Flex (while standing)

...rious directions, producing movements on the [[Glenohumeral Joint|shoulder joint]] (internal rotation, adduction and extension of the arm)<ref>Ken hub latis ...ill work to adduct, medially rotate and extend the arm at the glenohumeral joint.

...ack Pain|LBP]] may actually be suffering from disorders of the hip or knee joint. Examination of proximal and distal joints in the same region of the report ...teral hip rotation range of motion asymme- try in patients with sacroiliac joint regional pain. Spine. 1998;23:1009-1015.</ref><ref>Porter JL, Wilkinson A.

...r Support during Routine Daily Activities in Patients with Post-Hemiplegic Shoulder Subluxation]: A Randomized Controlled Study. Int J Environ Res Public Healt [[File:Post stroke shoulder dislocation.jpg|thumb|407x407px|Post stroke shoulder dislocation]]

...kes]], [[Spinal Cord Injury|spinal cord injuries (SCI)]], [[amputations]], joint replacements, and [[Overview of Traumatic Brain Injury|traumatic brain inju ...[Total Knee Arthroplasty|knees]], elbow, and [[Total Shoulder Arthroplasty|shoulder]]. Chronic muscular trauma leads to what is traditionally known specificall

...al (shoulder) joint, [https://www.kenhub.com/en/study/anatomy-glenohumeral-joint Kenhub.com],Accessed 21/5/2022</ref> ...VU69iHQeLlJgZZFKa-zdJbD6MkbNHQSU7i7nCSSbnglEG6tAXwYFoNCvNA Developments in shoulder arthroplasty.] Proceedings Of The Institution Of Mechanical Engineers. Part

...ct of manual therapy and stabilizing exercises on forward head and rounded shoulder postures: a six-week intervention with a one-month follow-up study.] BMC mu * Temporomandibular joint pain and inflammation

...hip or knee) can make a big difference by partly off-loading the arthritic joint.. Foot and ankle orthoses, such as shoe wedging or insoles can be hugely be ...start Disease Modifying Anti-Rheumatic Drug (DMARD) therapy. DMARDs limit joint damage, maintain function and reduce later disability. Delaying DMARDs adve

...oordination of limbs at multiple joints while also precisely measuring the joint-specific force applied by the subject as they perform individual tasks. The |Joint position sense

* Protection of a [[Joint Classification|joint]] or [[Tendon Anatomy|tendon]] |Shoulder or Axilla

'''Position:''' Patient supine on plinth. Shoulder in 90° abduction and externally rotated. Forearm in supination. Wrist in ...across acromioclavicular joint to prevent shoulder girdle elevation during shoulder abduction. Extra support is placed under distal arm.<ref name=":4" />

...joint mobility, movement, motor control, strength and stability around the joint, as well as the whole [[Kinetic Chain|kinetic chain]].<ref name=":0" /> ...the external resistance. The muscle shortens and there is movement at the joint.<ref name=":3">Rivera-Brown AM, Frontera MD. Principles of exercise physiol

# Do your symptoms change (better or worse) with any movements of the neck or shoulder?<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; ...ng injury or surgery(joint stiffness, heterotopic ossification, infection, joint instability)<br>

...t to changes in the [[Connective Tissue Disorders|connective tissues.]] As joint range of movement has a direct effect on [[posture]] and [[Movement Dysfunc ...://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12027537 Subchondral bone of the human knee joint in aging and osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage] 10:360-369, 2002 Ava

...s C, Walker B. Epidemiology, common diagnoses, treatments and prognosis of shoulder pain: A narrative review. International Journal of Osteopathic Medicine. 20 ...risk factors of a rotator cuff tear in the general population. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery 2010; 19(1): 116-120.</ref>

...d the lacertus fibrosus (bicipital fascia) and is separated from the elbow-joint by the [[brachialis]]. ...ial artery, and articular branches of the median nerve innervate the elbow joint as it passes in front of the elbow<ref name=":1">Dydyk AM, Negrete G, Sarwa

...Knee braces can be used to offload the joint in acutely painful arthritis]]Joint protection is a self-management approach&nbsp;that aims to maintain functio ...://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1191/026921599667005364 The effect of a joint protection education programme for people with rheumatoid arthritis.] Clini

* shoulder pain === Shoulder Pain ===

...e function.<ref name="mm">M.T. Hirschmann, B. Wind et al.; “Reliability of Shoulder Abduction Strength Measure for the Constant-Murley Score”; Clin Orthop Re ...minutes. <ref name="ll">F. ANGST, H.-K. SCHWYZER et al.; Measures of adult shoulder function.” ; Arthritis Care &amp; Research November 2011; 63 (S11); 174-1

...cle weakness, fatigue, weight loss, decreased appetite, hyperpigmentation, joint pain, and depression.<ref name="Mayo" /><ref name="Medline" /><ref name="WE ...on: 4+/5<br>Shoulder Ext: 4+/5<br>Shoulder Abd: 4/5<br>Shoulder IR: 4/5<br>Shoulder ER: 4/5<br>Elbow Flex: 4+/5 <br>Elbow Ext: 4+/5 <br>Hip Flex: 4+/5<br>Hip E

...hnique consists of injecting anesthetic in supraspinatus fossa of affected shoulder, with the patient sitting down and upper limbs pending beside the body.<ref ...K. GILL,1 E. M. SHANAHAN,2 A. W. TAYLOR,1 R. BUCHBINDER,3 AND C. L. HILL4 -Shoulder Pain in the Community: An Examination of Associative Factors Using a Longit

...ft tissues that surround the joint, including muscles, ligaments, tendons, joint capsules, and skin. A lack of stretching, especially when combined with act ...d a moving arm. The examiner places the goniometer along the bone near the joint being measured to determine the range of motion.

...most commonly injected into joints — such as the ankle, elbow, hip, knee, shoulder, spine, wrist and small hand or foot joints<ref>Mayo Clinic [https://www.ma [[File:Bursitis prepatellar.jpg|alt=bursa in shoulder|right|frameless|252x252px]]

<br>A 28 year-old Caucasian female presents to the clinic with complaints of joint pain (arthralgia) and intermittent low back pain. Patient cannot recall any Joint pain, low back pain, headache, muscle stiffness, difficulty sleeping and pa

...triceps ruptures: case report and retrospective chart review.] Journal of shoulder and elbow surgery. 2006 Jan 1;15(1):130-4.</ref> due to the constant of the ...ndon in the olecranon but also in the tendon itself or in the myotendinous joint.

Joint hypermobility is usually addressed with therapeutic exercise to improve neu Joint hypomobility may be addressed with manual interventions including joint mobilization and manipulation. Hypomobility of vertebral and costovertebral

Arthrogryposis Multiplex Congenita (AMC) "describes joint contractures in two or more areas of the body."<ref name=":0">Society for M ...ed and externally rotated hips, flexed knees, clubfeet, internally rotated shoulder, extended elbows, and flexed and ulnarly deviated wrists

...brachium, antebrachium, and hand) as well as some muscles of the neck and shoulder.<ref name="Hussey 2007">Hussey AJ, O'Brien CP, Regan PJ. [https://www.ncbi. ...e pain is often described as a severe ache or throbbing radiating from the shoulder distally down the arm or proximally into the neck. The duration of pain is

...;72(4):474-83. </ref>) makes localisation of passive testing to a specific joint difficult. Thus, careful observations of the horse’s responses to manipul The C0/C1 joint is responsible for flexion and extension of the head<ref name=":2">Rombach

...n nerve]] C8, T1.<ref name=":0">Tiwana MS, Sinkler MA, Bordoni B. Anatomy, Shoulder and Upper Limb, Triceps Muscle. StatPearls [Internet]. 2020 May 30</ref> It acts to abduct the carpometacarpal joint of the thumb.<ref>The Muscles of the Hand - Thenar - Hypothenar - TeachMeAn

With the distal part fixed, movement at any one joint in the [http://www.physio-pedia.com/Kinetic_Chain kinetic chain] requires m ...g comprehensive forces to the joints which enhances [[Joint Classification|joint]] stability.<ref name="Kwon 2014" />

...ows for significant movement, but this is at the expense of stability. The shoulder is, therefore, susceptible to dysfunction and instability. ...se conditions. This article discusses the key anatomical structures of the shoulder complex, including the bony structures, articulations, ligaments, muscles,

...>Lung BE, Burns B. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK526046/ Anatomy, Shoulder and Upper Limb, Hand Flexor Digitorum Profundus Muscle.] InStatPearls [Inte * It is the sole flexors of Distal Interphalangeal (DIP) Joint of digit 2nd to 5th.

[[File:Dumbbell shoulder press.jpeg|right|frameless]] ...that engages multiple joints and muscle groups, rather than targeting one joint and muscle group as in isolation lifting.

In children under 10 years, PEDs are the most common type of joint dislocation.<ref name="Uhl" />&nbsp; ...ion of the elbow joint: relationship to medial instability.] J of Bone and Joint Surg, 82-A(4): 555-560, 2000.</ref><ref name="Haan">Haan J, Schep NWL, Tuin

...021 Mar 2:1-3.</ref> This page discusses the subjective examination of the shoulder, but much of the information presented can be applied to the subjective ass *** How and when did your shoulder problem start?

...Johal P, Martin D, Broadhurst N, Johal P, Martin D, Broadhurst N. Managing shoulder pain in general practice—assessment, imaging and referral. Aust Fam Physi ...and physical examination are the most important instruments in evaluating shoulder pain, musculoskeletal imaging can be an important adjunct.<ref name=":3">Mc

...ogy/injury mechanisms underlying a clinical condition that affects muscle, joint and/or bone.  We will ask you to present your findings in oral and written * Levangie PK, Norkin CC.  Joint Structure and Function. 5^thEd, FA Davis, 2011.

*[[Frozen Shoulder]] *[[Figure of Eight Method of Measuring Ankle Joint Swelling]]

...omy<ref name="Yamamoto et al.">Yamamoto N. A review of biomechanics of the shoulder and biomechanical concepts of rotator cuff repair. Asia-Pacific Journal of ...ble.<br>The limited passive stability indicates that the primary source of joint stability must be balanced muscle control. <br>The rotator cuff provides th

...mc/articles/PMC9627061/pdf/OS-14-2837.pdf Finite Element Analysis of Elbow Joint Stability by Different Flexion Angles of the Annular Ligament.] Orthop Surg ...iction in range of motion during passive exercises due to tightness of the joint capsule."

...ler MA, Bordoni B. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537229/ Anatomy, Shoulder and Upper Limb, Hand Muscles]. StatPearls [Internet]. 2020 Jan.</ref> [[Fle ...ral position of the wrist, forearm supinated, Carpometacarpal(CMC), and IP joint at 0°, thumb in adduction adjacent to the 2nd Metacarpal.

Flexor digiti minimi brevis muscle flexes the Metacarpophalangeal joint of the little finger. ...and (FL): Sep 8, 2020. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30521235/ Anatomy, Shoulder and Upper Limb, Hand Guyon Canal].</ref>

...placed from its normal position in the center of the glenoid fossa and the joint surfaces no longer touch each other. ...houlder instability]], [[Shoulder Subluxation]] and [[Shoulder Dislocation|shoulder dislocation]].

...Goniometry. FA Davis; 2016 Nov 18.</ref><ref name=":4">Reese NB, Bandy WD. Joint Range of Motion and Muscle Length Testing-E-book. Elsevier Health Sciences; Muscles connect to bones or joint capsules by connective tissue structures, such as [[Tendon Anatomy|tendons]

...2732-2736.</ref>&nbsp;<ref name="Fritsch">Fritsch BA, Taylor DC. Posterior Shoulder Instability. Current Orthopaedic Practice. 2010; 21: 32-37.</ref>&nbsp;Tran ...ting/coexisting factors include microtrauma or macrotrauma injuries to the shoulder, previous dislocations, soft-tissue and/or boney structural abnormalities,&

...tch of the ulna below. This articulation is called the proximal radioulnar joint. The distal radius is articulated with a scaphoid at its lateral part and m ...":1">Ring D, Jupiter JB, Simpson NS. Monteggia fractures in adults. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1998 Dec;80(12):1733-44. PMID: 9875931.</ref>

...0_Kinematics_of_Arm_Joint_Motions_in_Basketball_Shooting Kinematics of Arm Joint Motions in Basketball Shooting]. Procedia Engineering. 2015; 112; 443-448</ ...es in preparation for the shot. This typically involves a stance with feet shoulder-width apart, knees slightly bent, and the body balanced and aligned towards

...ompressive force, a traction injury following anterior dislocation of the shoulder,<ref name="Allen et al">Allen J, Dean K. Recognizing, managing, and testing .... 2000;35(3):316-328.</ref> or a forced Abduction movement of the shoulder joint.

...or L, Varacallo M. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK539723/ Anatomy, Shoulder and Upper Limb, Hand Flexor Digitorum Superficialis Muscle.] [Last updated: ...It is the hyperextension of the PIP joint with flexion posture of the DIP joint that most commonly occurs secondary to rheumatoid arthritis, cerebral palsy