Search results

== Effect on bones == *In bones (anisotropic structures), failure occurs more quickly when exposed to a she

...01):037-40.</ref>. The pisiform can be found in the proximal row of carpal bones<ref name=":1" />. ...rom: https://www.imaios.com/en/e-anatomy/anatomical-structure/pisiform-bone-1537019620</ref>. The lateral surface is rough and concave and the medial su

...nd syndrome.] Scandinavian Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine. 2000;32(1):4-10.</ref> # Angio-spasm

...cises/<nowiki/>(accessed 2.1.2022)</ref> eg [[Dumbbell Exercise|Dumbbell]] shoulder press on exercise ball involves concerted work by [[Abdominal Muscles|abdom ...utine Available:https://www.healthline.com/health/fitness-exercise/compound-exercises (accessed 2.1.2022)</ref>

...Available from:https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/histology-of-bone-marrow (last accessed 3.8.2020)</ref>[[File:Bone marrow image.png|right|fram ...6 Bone Marrow] Available from:https://www.thoughtco.com/bone-marrow-anatomy-373236 (last accessed 3.8.2020)</ref>.

...ne reports. 2008 Jan 1;7(1):39-44. Available: https://journals.lww.com/acsm-csmr/Fulltext/2008/01000/Core_Stability_Exercise_Principles.14.aspx (accesse ...d the general population<ref>Donatelli RA. Sports-Specific Rehabilitation-E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2006 Oct 11.Available: https://books.google.

...oints Synovial Joints] Available: https://radiopaedia.org/articles/synovial-joints<nowiki/>(accessed 20.6.2021)</ref> ...ts] Available:https://open.oregonstate.education/aandp/chapter/9-4-synovial-joints/ (accessed 20.6.2021)</ref>.

...r:Sherin Mathew|Sherin Mathew]] as part of the [[Temple University Evidence-Based Practice Project|Temple University EBP Project]] [[File:Anterior-shoulder-dislocation-1.jpeg|thumb|Anterior-shoulder-dislocation|alt=|331x331px]]

...ve Pathology: A Review of the Literature. Open Orthop J. 2017 Feb 28;11:140-53.</ref> ...ligament and suprascapular nerve entrapment. Clin Anat. 2002 Nov;15(6):383-6.</ref>

....gov/pmc/articles/PMC8301671/ Limb development in skeletally-immature large-sized dogs: A radiographic study]. Plos one. 2021 Jul 23;16(7):e0254788.</re ...o L, Angileri V, Morabito S, Cassata G, Macrì F. [https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/11/3/813 Four Unusual Cases of Congenital Forelimb Malformations in Dog

...ed with an artificial joint- a prosthesis. It aims to create a stable, pain-free joint with a functional range of movement when conservative treatments ...he wrist and usually lasts for about 10 to 15 years. Implant survival of 90-100% at five years are mostly reported using newer second generation and thi

...ce the number of transfers and improve time management during trials by pre-setting the seating and wheelchair according to body measurement prior to an * Foot-blocks can also be used to support the wheelchair user’s feet at the corre

...lysis. European journal of trauma and emergency surgery. 2016 Dec;42(6):741-7.</ref> ...ine ski injuries and their prevention. Sports Medicine. 2002 Oct;32(12):785-93.</ref>

[[File:Shoulder bursa.jpg|357x357px|alt=|thumb|The shoulder joint has many ligaments]] ...le from:https://southernhillshospital.com/about/newsroom/framing-within-our-bodies (last accessed 14.2.2020)</ref> Once thought to be inert, they are in

[[File:Shoulder Joint.png|thumb]] The [[Shoulder|shoulder complex]] is a set of 5 highly mobile and stable mechanically interrelated

'''Original Editor''' - [https://www.physio-pedia.com/User:Natalie_Patterson Natalie Patterson] ...20</ref> that makes up the front part of the shoulder. It sits between the shoulder blade and the sternum. There are 2 clavicles in a person, one on the right

...aurasia's Human Anatomy. CBS Publishers & Distributors PVt Ltd.; 2010. p112-13.</ref>. ...the medial lip of the groove on the trapezium thus converts it into a fibro-osseous tunnel that transmits the tendon of the flexor carpi radialis and it

...https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases--conditions/scapular-shoulder-blade-disorders#:~:text=The%20scapula%2C%20or%20shoulder%20blade,help%20you%20move ...medicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/scapula-fracture-shoulder-blade-fracture#:~:text=What%20is%20a%20scapula%20fracture,from%20the%20back%20or%2

...''' - [[User:Naomi O'Reilly|Naomi O'Reilly]] and [http://relabhs.org/ ReLAB-HS] ...ended for 16 months as a result of COVID-19 and restrictions on indoor team-based sports training. During the time away from National Training Alan had

[[File:1757-1626-1-377-3.jpg|alt=Cleidocranial dysplasia face and shoulders.jpg|thumb|[https://www. ...of Medicine;</ref>. They also have delayed closure of the gaps between the bones of the skull, which results in a large and prominent forehead<ref name=":0"

...sculoskeletal assessment]. Nursing made incredibly easy. 2004 May 1;2(3):46-50.</ref> ...University of Western Ontario. Available from: <nowiki>https://rheum.ca/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/The_Musculoskeletal_Screening_Examination_Booklet.pd

[[Image:Morton's foot comparison.png|thumb|right|Vector-generated image comparing a foot with (left) and without (right) Morton's to ...ally shortened metatarsal length. It can affect any of the five metatarsal bones of the foot and it could be bilateral. Brachymetatarsia of the first metata

...ser:Jamie Keller|Jamie Keller]] as part of the [[Temple University Evidence-Based Practice Project|Temple University EBP Project]] ...ated in the wrist]. These eight bones are arranged into two rows with four bones in each.

'''Original Editor '''- [[User:Alyssa Brooks-Wells|Alyssa Brooks-Wells]] ...atomy. The Axilla Region. Available from: https://teachmeanatomy.info/upper-limb/areas/axilla/ (accessed 15 September 2020).</ref>.

[[File:Ankle-Sprains.jpg|right|frameless|460x460px]] ...nt rupture can occur at the midsubstance of the ligament or at the ligament-bone junction.<ref name=":2" /> Sometimes an [[Avulsion Fractures of the Ank

...er limb's movements. As a physiotherapist with a keen focus on patient well-being, delving into the nuances of humerus anatomy opens up a myriad of poss In the dynamic field of physiotherapy, an in-depth understanding of humerus anatomy is instrumental in tailoring interven

...d their tendons, which provide strength and stability during motion to the shoulder complex. They are also referred to as the SITS muscle, with reference to th ...ts the muscle and tendons, as they are in close contact to the surrounding bones.

...der [[bursitis]] (inflammation of a bursa) is one of the leading causes of shoulder pain. It can lead to lost workdays and, in some cases, even disability. ...oclavicular bursa 5. supraacromial bursa. 6 medial extension of subacromial-subdeltoid bursa |alt=|center|569x569px]]

...mek-Piotrowska W, Mazur M, Kuniewicz M, Bonczar T. Anatomy of Guyon's canal-a systematic review. Folia Medica Cracoviensia. 2014;54(2).</ref> ...ish RA. Clinical anatomy of the hand. Reumatologia clinica. 2012 Dec 1;8:25-32.</ref>

...sing obstructive sleep apnea syndrome.] Acta Oto-Laryngologica 2006;126:445-448.</ref>&nbsp; ...roma cases<ref name="Merck" /><ref name="roa" /><ref name="Errani" /> and 5-25% in multiple osteochondromas.<ref name="Merck" /><ref name="Woertler" />

...carpi radialis''' inserts at the bases of the second and third metacarpal bones. The innervation of this muscle is provided by the Median nerve(C6-C7).

...apula]. 2021 Available from: <nowiki>https://www.theskeletalsystem.net/arm-bones/scapula.html</nowiki>. (accessed August 16 2023).</ref>. The main part of the scapula, the body, consists of a somewhat triangular-shaped flat blade, with an inferiorly pointing apex, referred to as the infe

Klippel-Feil syndrome (KFS) is a complex condition presenting due to abnormal fusion Image 1: [[X-Rays|X-ray]] showing fused cervical vertebrae as seen in Klippel–Feil syndrome

...edicine Insights: Arthritis and Musculoskeletal Disorders. 2012 Jan;5:CMAMD-S8443.</ref> ...te]] bones and also from the palmar ligaments of the distal row of carpals bones. <ref name=":1">Caetano EB, da Cunha Nakamichi Y, de Andrade RA, Sawada MM,

== Age-related Changes in Connective Tissue == # Age-associated alterations in matrix molecule cross-linking

...nute Sports Medicine Consult [Internet]. Wolters Kluwer Health; 2011. p. 56-57</ref>. Common sites include<ref name=":0" />:[[Image:Bursitis prepatellar ..._internal bone]. A bursa is filled with a thin layer of [https://www.physio-pedia.com/Synovium_&_Synovial_Fluid?utm_source=physiopedia&utm_medium=search

...n is marked by the breakdown of one or more of the disks that separate the bones of the spine, which provide cushioning between the vertebrae and absorb pre ...others may feel stiffness and/or pain in the neck, shoulders, between the shoulder blades, or lower back.

....<ref>Radiopedia Shoulder Joint Available:https://radiopaedia.org/articles/shoulder (accessed 14.4.2022)</ref> ...4. inferior angle of scapula 15. lateral border of scapula 16. scapula|alt=Shoulder]]

.../www.sciencedirect.com/referencework/9780123849533/encyclopedia-of-food-and-health [accessed 12/9/2023]</ref> ...a honeycomb structure with tiny holes to keep them light and springy. When bones reduce their mineral density they have much larger holes as well as thin co

'''Original Editor '''- [https://www.physio-pedia.com/User:Chelsea_Mclene Chelsea Mclene] ...ef>Cervical Rib. NHS. Available from https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/cervical-rib/ [ last accessed 05/11/2020]</ref> which grows from the base of the neck

...retching and compression of the muscles, ligaments, and sometimes also the bones and nerves of the cervical spine. ...BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine 2018;4:e000299. doi:10.1136/ bmjsem-2017-000299</ref>

...s injuries of the clavicle and its articulation. JBJS. 1967 Jun 1;49(4):774-84.</ref> '''The SC joint is formed by the articulation of three bones'''<ref name=":3" />''':'''

...Flexion Angles of the Annular Ligament.] Orthop Surg. 2022 Nov;14(11):2837-2844.</ref> Therefore, any instability caused by injury to the elbow structu ...: adventitious, subcutaneous, [[Synovial Fluid Analysis|synovial]], and sub-muscular.

...files: overview and current state of art. Acta Biomed. 2017 Apr 28;88(1):11-16. doi: 10.23750/abm.v88i1.5309. PMID: 28467328; PMCID: PMC6166197.]</ref>. ...of injury due to compressive loading. J Athl Train. 2005 Jul-Sep;40(3):155-61. PMID: 16284634; PMCID: PMC1250253.]</ref>.

...иоцефалия,] [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/legalcode CC BY-SA 3.0]. ...Plagiocephaly Available:https://www.childrens.health.qld.gov.au/fact-sheet-plagiocephaly/ (accessed 8.10.2021)</ref>

[[File:Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand PIL.png|thumb|Palmar Interosseous Muscle-Hand]] ...enzuela M, Bordoni B. [https://europepmc.org/article/med/30725850 Anatomy, Shoulder and Upper Limb, Hand Palmar Interosseous Muscle.] In: StatPearls. StatPearl

...the ‘nerve of Kuntz’revisited.] The Journal of Anatomy. 2001 Dec;199(6):675-82.</ref> The ribs form the main structure of the thoracic cage that pro ...ercostal arteries.<ref>https://radiopaedia.org/articles/supreme-intercostal-arteries</ref>

...in a young woman.] Journal of Orthopaedics and Traumatology 2014;15(3):231-4.</ref> ...w image - © Kenhub https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/supraspinatus-muscle</ref>

...ca [serial on the Internet]. (2010, Oct), [cited April 4, 2012]; 42(5): 214-219. Available from: Academic Search Premier.</ref> ...ong term results of combined radio surgical treatment. Thorax. 1997; 52:284-6</ref>

...m:https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-3-642-36801-1_49-1#citeas (last accessed 14.3.2020)</ref> ...my Animated Tutorial Available from:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zyl6eoU-3Rg&app=desktop (last accessed 30.3.2020)</ref>

...skull- canine]]The Roof of the cranium is made up of frontal and parietal bones. Temporo-mandibular joint:<ref name=":1" />

...rus, first published by Codman in the 1930s. <ref name="p4">Codman EA: The Shoulder,Boston: G.Miller &amp Company,1934</ref> [[File:Scapulohumeral rhythm-1-.png|thumb|274x274px|

...">Goodman CC, Fuller KS. Pathology: Implications for the Physical Therapist-3rd Edition. St. Louis: W.B. Saunders Co.; 2009.</ref><br> ...from: http://www.tumorsurgery.org/patient-education/bone-tumors/bone-tumor-types/osteoblastoma.aspx</ref><br>

...ows for significant movement, but this is at the expense of stability. The shoulder is, therefore, susceptible to dysfunction and instability. ...se conditions. This article discusses the key anatomical structures of the shoulder complex, including the bony structures, articulations, ligaments, muscles,

...inal Editors ''' - [[User:Oluwafikunayomi Wole-Bankole|Oluwafikunayomi Wole-Bankole]], [[User:Okunoye Mercy|Okunoye Mercy]] [[User:Awelewa Oluwatayo|Awe ...m Acad Orthop Surg. 2009 May;17(5):296-305. doi: 10.5435/00124635-200905000-00004. PMID: 19411641.]</ref>

'''Original Editor '''- [https://www.physio-pedia.com/User:Jess_Bell Jess Bell] '''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Cont ...thological findings in horses. Equine Veterinary Education. 2020;32(12):664-72.</ref>

...Shores JT, M.D. [https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/treatment-tests-and-therapies/amputation Health and Amputation by John Hopkins Medicine]. ...le from: <nowiki>https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/treatment-tests-and-therapies/amputation</nowiki>

...''Original Editor '''- [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/mauro-banfi/ Mauro Banfi] '''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributors/{{FULLPA ...s influenced by the thickness of osteophytes, cervical mobility, and cranio-cervical alignment<ref>Nishimura H, Endo K, Aihara T, Murata K, Suzuki H, Ma

...so comes with a slight downside, namely an elevated vulnerability to sports-related injuries. ...dominantly affect the musculoskeletal system, which comprises the muscles, bones, joints, and related tissues like ligaments and tendons. Here is a concise

...ent model of body composition divides the body into a fat component and fat-free component. ...by breaking apart your body into these two types of mass: body fat and fat-free mass.

[https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/petra-zikmann/ Petra Zikmann] The vertebral column contains 54 bones:

...e until the age of 25 years. Peculiar among long bones is the clavicle’s S-shaped double curve, which is convex medially and concave laterally. This co ...ures. It is the most common fracture of childhood. A fall onto the lateral shoulder most frequently causes a clavicle fracture. Radiographs confirm the diagnos

..., and Blood Institute. Chest X-Ray. https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/cxray</ref>.&nbsp; &nbsp;An X-ray uses electromagnetic waves and ionizing radiation to create pictures of

<div class="editorbox"> '''Original Editor '''- [https://www.physio-pedia.com/User:Shreya_Pavaskar Shreya Pavaskar] <br> ...M, Iveland H. [https://tidsskriftet.no/en/2021/06/medisin-i-bilder/panners-disease Panner's disease.] Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen. 2021 Jun 24;141(10). Engl

...use centrally organized protective reactions, which he called "arthro-tendo-myotic protective reactions". He described different states muscles could be ...pattern. Interference factors can include muscolusceletal, internal (organ-related) or neurological damages. Most interference factors are taken care o

...vements <ref name=":0">Chaurasia BD. [https://www.pdfdrive.com/bd-chaurasia-books.html Human Anatomy Regional and Applied Dissection and Clinical]. Vol ...VY}}<ref>Kenhub-Learn Human Anatomy. Elbow Joint: Bones, Muscles & Movement-Human Anatomy | Kenhub.Available from:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I1XEPB

...ilitate skill development that support the focus of the course and evidence-based practice. The skills for the project include literature searching and ...erlying clinical conditions that affects muscles, myofascia, joints and or bones. The project will include a presentation of their team’s findings and con

...evaluate causes of [[Injury Prevention in Sport|injury]] that are movement-related, and more importantly, how to prevent it. ...ical limit when stretching a dense connective tissue, as well as the stress-strain curve that will give us some indication of its physiologic limit<ref

...ff elbow: How I do it. Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica. 1996 Jan 1;67(6):626-31.</ref> ...e prone to stiffness because<ref>Magee DJ. Orthopedic physical assessment-E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2014 Mar 25.</ref> -

...ation and eye movements. This page discusses these muscles, as well as the bones, ligaments, and nerve and blood supply for the head and jaw. ...ere are four types of bursae: adventitious, subcutaneous, synovial, and sub-muscular.

...rtant to have a functional knowledge of the underlying biomechanics of the shoulder complex. Muscles of the shoulder work in team to produce highly coordinated motion. weakness of any muscle c

...adius articulates with the ulna, the second bone in the forearm. These two bones and their articulations form the radioulnar and radiocarpal joints at the e ...i>https://posna.org/Physician-Education/Study-Guide/Proximal-Radius-(Radial-Neck)-Fractures</nowiki> </ref>

...treatments.] Current reviews in musculoskeletal medicine. 2008 Mar 1;1(1):1-1.</ref> ...Scapular Winging <ref>Scapular Winging. Available from: http://www.maitrise-orthop.com/viewPage_us.do?id=1010</ref>]]</div>

...with notes on thumb movements and tool use.] ''J Hum Evol''. 2012;63(1):64-78. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2012.04.001</ref>. Although the muscles of the huma ...Nguyen J, Duong H. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK546622/ Anatomy, Shoulder and Upper Limb, Hand Hypothenar Eminence.] In: ''StatPearls''. Treasure Is

...he ideal sitting position for most people in a wheelchair follows the 90-90-90 rule; ...fit with the wheelchair stationary, and then while the wheelchair user self-propels or is pushed.

...based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/instructor/helene-simpson/ Helene Simpson]<br> ...ter forced external rotation and dorsiflexion of the foot. Injuries to the bones and ligaments of the ankle are associated with ankle syndesmosis injury. Wh

...4.</ref>. The most frequently involved body regions are the hip, knee, and shoulder. Although usually benign, chondroblastoma metastasizes on rare occasions, w ...also occur in the patella, tarsal bones, and occasionally in craniofacial bones.

...lishing. Available from:https://www.health.harvard.edu/pain/7-faces-of-neck-pain [accessed 4/3/2023]</ref> ...ce workers: a 1-year longitudinal study.] Eur Spine J. 2009 Oct;18(10):1532-40.</ref>

...systems like muscle contraction in cells, all the way to large-scale, whole-body motions like a sprinting athlete . ...iomechanics?. In: Hall SJ. eds. Basic Biomechanics, 8e New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2019. <nowiki>http://accessphysiotherapy.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?bo

...fessional Road Cyclists.] The American journal of sports medicine. 38. 2494-501. 10.1177/0363546510376816. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/ ...kly. A 20110 study found that a significant difference existed between self-reported km cycled per week and LBP in recreational cyclists. Those cyclists

...sis to explain carpal biomechanics.] J Hand Surg Eur Vol. 2021 Jan;46(1):97-102. </ref> This article discusses the key anatomical structures of the wris ...: adventitious, subcutaneous, [[Synovial Fluid Analysis|synovial]], and sub-muscular.

...a good rehabilitation program incorporating stretches, strengthening and co-ordination and postural training. ...the neck ache may start to involve associated tendons, ligaments, muscles, bones and even nerves. These can cause more severe symptoms. eg restricted ROM, c

...humeral fractures in adults]. Journal of Hand Therapy. 2017 Apr 1;30(2):158-66.</ref> [[File:X-ray of fracture of proximal humerus.jpeg|center|thumb]]

...ritis of the elbow.] Annals of the rheumatic diseases. 1989 Sep 1;48(9):743-7.</ref> ...A2.jpg|thumb|right|300px]]The elbow joint is a synovial hinge joint. Three bones are involved in the articulation of the joint: the distal end of the humeru

...It was developed by child neurologist [https://www.vojta.com/en/the-vojta-principle/profvvojta Prof. Vaclav Vojta] in the 20th century and now used pr ...rnational Vojta Society.[https://www.vojta.com/en/the-vojta-principle/vojta-therapy Vojta Therapy: Reflex Locomotion – The Fundamentals of Vojta Thera

...bchondral collapse which threatens the viability of the joint involved. Non-traumatic cases will typically present with mechanical pain of variable onse ...vascular necrosis Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w2ZOTDbEe-0 (last accessed 6.10.19)</ref>

...adiation Therapy] Available from:https://radiopaedia.org/articles/radiation-therapy (last accessed 25.8.2020)</ref> * Nearly two-thirds of all cancer patients will receive radiation therapy <ref name="Good

...Brussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universiteit Brussel Evidence-Based Practice Project]] ...Instability. Available from: https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1262004-overview (accessed 29 August 2020).</ref> It is an injury to the [[Glenohume

[[File:Normal-sacro-iliac-joints-ct.jpeg|right|frameless]] ...ed Clinical Tests of the Sacroiliac Joint. Physical Therapy. 1985; 65: 1671-1675fckLRLevel of evidence: C</ref>

'''Original Editor '''- [https://www.physio-pedia.com/User:Kaviesha_Madurapperuma Kaviesha Madurapperuma] ...antar fasciitis – An experimental study]. Indian J Phys Ther Res 2019;1:105-9</ref> This treatment helps to activate and balance the normal physiologica

...''Original Editor '''- [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/petra-zikmann/ Petra Zikmann] '''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributors/{{FU ...s.org/plosone/article%3Fid%3D10.1371/journal.pone.0195341&hl=en&sa=T&oi=gsb-ggp&ct=res&cd=0&d=2796894896251726475&ei=HLC5YKK_EJj0yATT4byYCg&scisig=AAGBf

...emol Yves|Demol Yves]] as part of the [[Vrije Universiteit Brussel Evidence-based Practice Project]] The below 4-minute video brings in the most relevant information

...iew. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2009;10:77.</ref> According to research, one-fifth of all people experience thoracic spine pain in their lifetime.<ref na ...ere are four types of bursae: adventitious, subcutaneous, synovial, and sub-muscular.

...=":1">Reese NB, Bandy WD. Joint Range of Motion and Muscle Length Testing-E-book. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2016 Mar 31.</ref> ROM is the arc of motion ...":2">Magee D. Orthopaedic Physical Assessment WB Saunders. pg. 2002;478:483-631.</ref>

...dial artery.<ref name=":0">https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/radial-artery</ref> ...ulnar artery in the hand. <ref name=":2">Richard M. M; Zachary G.Anatomy, Shoulder and Upper Limb, Forearm Radial Artery. InStatPearls [Internet] August 15, 2

...to the facet joints between cervical 2 and 7 vertebrae. They are mid to end-range facet [[Manual Techniques for the Cervicothoracic Spine|joint mobiliza ...raded according to the tolerance of the patient. They should always be pain-free for the patients. If these are painful despite applying correctly, then

...ted congenital contracture (e.g. clubfoot).<ref name="Hall" /> AMC is a non-progressive condition of unknown cause that is diagnosed at birth.[[Image:AM ...ilable from: http://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/arthrogryposis-multiplex-congenita/ ( accessed 10 April 2016)</ref>

...ing drawn to this sport with a parallel increase in the occurrence of sport-related injuries on both the natural rock and artificial walls. It emphasize ...ents, and prevention is important to diagnose, manage, and counsel the rock-climbing athlete.

...Meeuwisse W, editors. [https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=cZ4oKcd-WO0C&oi=fnd&pg=PT14&dq=Bahr,+R.,+Mccrory,+P.,+LaPrade,+R.F.,+Meeuwisse,+W.H. ...uz/web/kitoblar/152371748.pdf Clinical Sports Medicine]. North Ryde: McGraw-Hill; 2012.</ref>) ===

...l and Radiographic Results. J Pediatr Orthop.  Vol 35(2), March 2015, p 115-120</ref>. ...and forearm axis: surgeons' perspective. J Hand Ther. 1999 Apr-Jun;12(2):75-84. PMID: 10365694.</ref>.

...ects of slow breathing in the healthy human]. Breathe. 2017 Dec 1;13(4):298-309.</ref> ...exchange and oxygenation. Also breathing from the diaphragm generate intra-abdominal pressure for control of posture and you can accomplish slow respir

...d Prevention. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/physicalactivity/basics/pa-health/index.htm</ref> ...review. Developmental Medicine &amp; Child Neurology. 2009, Jul 1;51(7):501-17.</ref>

...lobal Burden of Disease Study 2016. The Lancet. 2017 Sep 16;390(10100):1211-59.</ref> ...an interpret pain and desensitize the response It can be sensitized or over-reactive by our emotions, events that occur in our lives that may increase f

...ldren. Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. 2011;19:350-358.</ref>&nbsp;These fractures can result from a direct hit or a fall onto ...art" />&nbsp;Additionly, this fracture can occur in newborns due to a birth-related injury.<ref name="Hart" />

...>Brukner P. Brukner and Khan's Clinical Sports Medicine. North Ryde: McGraw-Hill; 2012.</ref> ...ation of the upper arm is the result of an internal rotation torque at the shoulder joint, caused by muscle actions ([[Latissimus Dorsi Muscle|latissimus dorsi

<p><b>Original Editors </b> - [[User:Miguel Gonzalez-Rodriguez|Miguel Gonzalez-Rodriguez]] ...as a consequence of excessive load on the rotator cuff tissues". The patho-etiology of rotator cuff tendinopathy is multifactorial and can be attribute

...d Management of Scaphoid Fractures,] Am Fam Physician. 2004 Sep 1;70(5):879-884. </ref>&nbsp; ...8). Treatment of Scaphoid Fractures and Nonunions. J Hand Surg Am. 2008 Jul-Aug; 33(6): 988–997. 

...impact. They can range in severity from relatively benign injuries to life-threatening, unstable fractures. ...Russel">Russel G. V. Et al, [https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1247913-overview Pelvic Fractures,] medscape, January 2016. Accessed 26 May 2022</re

...ic work and observations of lunate collapse<ref>Al Bayati MA, Muttar AY, Al-Khishali TJ, Al Bayati MM, Hameed BM. The outcome of treatment of Kienbock's ...hrough the TFCC and subsequently to the [[ulna]], and 35% through the radio-lunate articulation<ref name=":0">Nasr LA, Koay J. Kienbock Disease.2019 Ava

...] based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/ian-gatt/ Ian Gatt]<br> ...vities.<ref name=":1">Brukner P. Clinical sports medicine: Injuries. McGraw-Hill Education (Australia) Pty Limited; 2017.</ref> Mechanics is a branch of

The radius is the larger of the two bones of the forearm and is located radially. The distal end of the radius is def ...distal radial fractures in adults (Review). The Cochrane Library. 2008;4:1-67.</ref>. The radius is the most commonly broken bone in the arm.<br>

...ow joint. Physiotherapists have a functional knowledge of the complicated 3-joint elbow complex as well as its associated anatomy. They can apply this k ...with the person's symptoms. This assessment will help them develop a multi-modal treatment approach that is individualised to the specific problems and

<div class="pp-no-course-suggestions pp-no-article-suggestions"></div> ...muscle fibre to whole muscle mechanics]. Pflugers Arch. 2023 Apr;475(4):421-435. </ref> so rehabilitation professionals need to consider muscle length w

...ettard|Emma Guettard]] as part of the [[Vrije Universiteit Brussel Evidence-based Practice Project]] ...carpal bones of the wrist.<ref>http://www.handandwristinstitute.com/colles-fracture/</ref>

Age-related hyperkyphosis affects 20-40% of older adults and can be described as an exaggerated anterior curvatur ...n older women wih age-related hyperkyphosis. J. Phys. Ther. Sci. , 27, 1161-1164.</ref>

...Rehabilitation, Second Edition. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2018. p294-332.</ref> This page discusses some of the more common types of forelimb lam == Shoulder ==

...emple University Evidence-Based Practice Project|Temple University Evidence-Based Practice Project]] ...ation.] Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy. 2017 Jul;47(7):A1-83.</ref>.

...Carpal Instability: I. Description of the Scheme; J Hand Surg 1995;20A:757-764</ref> ...deling van de extremiteiten, 1e druk, Bohn Stafleu van Loghum, 1995. Pg 129-131</ref><ref name=":4">Ombregt L., A system of orthopaedic Medicine, Chuchi

..., Park JY, Lee WY. [https://www.e-emj.org/archive/view_article?pid=emj-46-4-13 Differential diagnosis of elbow pain]. Ewha Med J 2023;46(4):e13.</ref> T <blockquote>The mnemonic L-M-N-O-P-Q-R-S-T highlights the key areas to cover in a patient history.<ref name=":1" /></

...ussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universiteit Brussel's Evidence-based Practice project]]. ...arterial injuries. Following this trauma, there is a deficit in the arterio-venous circulation in the forearm which causes a decreased blood flow and hy

...J, Huntley JS.Swelling around a child's knee. Clin Anat. 2011 Oct;24(7):914-7.</ref>. ...r a period of time. [[Bursitis]] can also occur in the [[Shoulder Bursitis|shoulder]], [[Prepatellar Bursitis|knee]], [[Iliopsoas Bursitis|hip]], [[Olecranon B

The lumbar vertebrae is made up of 5 different bones L1 is the most superior and L5 the most inferior. These 5 vertebrae share m ...the calf. Implementing rating of perceived exertion (RPE) measures for self-management as well as implementing guidelines for fast bowling workload coul

...rome restricts even midcarpal range of motion. Hand Surg Jul 2005 10(1): 23-27.</ref>&nbsp; ...litative measure of ulnar impaction syndrome. J Hand Ther. 2001; 14(3): 173-179.</ref><ref name="Sachar 2008" />:

...s Albaugh|Thomas Albaugh]] as part of the [[Texas State University Evidence-based Practice Project]] ...widened medial-lateral gap between the two carpal bones.<ref name="Wheeless-SI" />

...mputee Coalition 2008. http://www.amputee-coalition.org/resources/limb-loss-definitions/ [accessed 24 Sep 2017]</ref> by trauma, prolonged constriction ...gangrenous or grossly ischemic, dangerous, malignancy or infection), or non-functional<ref name="VA">[http://www.healthquality.va.gov/guidelines/Rehab/a

...13 </ref><ref name=":0">Aslan A. and Fynes M., [https://journals.lww.com/co-obgyn/Abstract/2007/04000/Symphysial_pelvic_dysfunction.7.aspx Symphyseal pe ...been discussed using a multitude of terms in the literature including pubo-sacroiliac arthropathy, pelvic insufficiency, symphysis pain syndrome, pelvi

...departments (2006–2016). Emergency Medicine Journal. 2020 Nov 1;37(11):696-9.</ref> [[Image:Manubrium-animation.gif|border|right|frameless|alt=manubrium image]]The sternum is a f

...st common evidence of degeneration is found at C5-6 followed by C6-7 and C4-5". ...sis in Residents of Jeju Island]. Asian spine journal. 2016 Oct 1;10(5):857-68.</ref>.

Gesture - Communication: Smile (6-12 weeks)&nbsp;<ref name="Stamer" />&nbsp;<ref name="Piper" /> ...rasp Reflex is gone so can play with hands; hand-hand coordination and hand-eye coordination begins.

...] based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/ian-gatt/ Ian Gatt]<br> ...terature review. British journal of sports medicine. 2018 Oct 1;52(19):1253-60.</ref> and these injuries often involve several of the structures associa

...distal radial fractures in adults (Review). The Cochrane Library. 2008;4:1-78</ref><ref>Candela V, Di Lucia P, Carnevali C, Milanese A, Spagnoli A, Vil ...<ref>Lotters F, Schreuders T, Videler A. SMoc-Wrist: a sensorimotor control-based exercise program for patients with chronic wrist pain. Journal of Hand

The distal end of humerus comprises of both articular and non-articular structures. Non- articular structure comprises of the medial epico ...central.com/articles/10.1186/s13018-018-0806-1 A systematic review and meta-analysis of two different managements for supracondylar humeral fractures in

...The Lancet. 2016 Oct 8;388(10053):1545-602.</ref>. When discussing disease-specific issues the report stated that “Musculoskeletal disorders continue ...y crucial for success.<ref name=":12">Lewis R, Álvarez CB, Rayman M, Lanham-New S, Woolf A, Mobasheri A. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6

<div class="pp-no-course-suggestions pp-no-article-suggestions"></div> ...guidelines.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/FGI-Patient-Handling-and-Mobility-Assessments_191008.pdf [Accessed: 23/06/2023</ref>

*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aCW-cB5jr7w Archery][[Image:Archery.jpg|thumb|right|Archery]] *[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pdhsFBgMjSY Cross-country Skiing]

<u>'''Side-lying checklist'''</u> *Her lower shoulder and arm must be brought forward so they are not trapped underneath her

[[File:Knee-OA1.png|thumb|463x463px|Knee OA]] ...rom: https://www.arthritis.org/about-arthritis/types/osteoarthritis/what-is-osteoarthritis.php (last accessed 28.5.2019)</ref>

...e step 1 Genetic diseases. Available from:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R-jqm7KXd0s&feature=youtu.be. (Last accessed 06/10/2020) ...me. Available from: https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/klinefelter-syndrome/ (accessed 5 October 2020).</ref>.

...ased on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/daphne-xuan/ Daphne Xuan]<br> ...l disc herniation]. BMJ open. 2022 Feb 1;12(2):e053999.</ref>[[File:C-spine-picture.jpg|thumb|250x250px|Cervical spine]]

...ysio-pedia.com/User:Ashlea_Anthony Ashlea Anthony] &amp; [http://www.physio-pedia.com/User:Linsey_Schmalz Linsey Schmalz] from Bellarmine University.&nb ...reast cancer] Available from:https://radiopaedia.org/articles/breast-cancer-summary?lang=gb (last accessed 22.8.2020)</ref>

...elissa Osti|Melissa Osti]] as part of the [[Texas State University Evidence-based Practice Project]] [[File:T9-T10 change fracture from MVA.png|thumb|348x348px|T9-T10 chance fracture from MVA]]

...y worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin.] 2021;71:209-249.</ref> In 2020, approximately 417,367 women suffered from endometrial ca ...ates are observed in several Sub-Saharan African, Middle-Eastern, and South-Central Asian countries<ref>Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Ervik M, et al. [http

...Page P. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2971639/pdf/najspt-05-189.pdf A new exercise for tennis elbow that works!] N Am J Sports Phys Ther ...bones: the [[humerus]] (upper arm bone), the [[radius]] and [[ulna]] (two bones in the forearm). At the distal end of the humerus there are two epicondyles

...nd neurological rehabilitation. Lancet Neurol. [Review]. 2011 Sep;10(9):844-52</ref>. The two most commonly used classifications of gait are: ...egia in children and young adults. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1987 Mar;69(3):437-41</ref>. They categorised hemiplegic gait patterns into four types based on

...isten Templin|Kristen Templin]] as part of the [[Temple University Evidence-Based Practice Project|Temple University EBP Project]] ...or Muscles|muscle]] and connective tissue attachments from the head, neck, shoulder blade, clavicle, lumbar spine and pelvis as well as connections to organs i

...Aetiology of rib stress fractures in rowers]. Sports Med 2002; 32 (13): 819-36</ref> ...of ultrasound?. British journal of sports medicine. 2017 Jul 1;51(14):1093-7.</ref>

...ed on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/victoria-reboredo/ Victoria Reboredo]<br> ...e innovations in diagnostics and therapeutics]. J Dent Educ. 2008;72(8):930-47. </ref> The translation motion generates more movement.<ref name=":1" />

...isciplinary rehabilitation for patients with cerebral palsy: improving long-term care.] Journal of multidisciplinary healthcare 2016;9:455.</ref> Each m ...vaara A. [https://bmcpediatr.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2431-8-14 Effectiveness of physical therapy interventions for children with cerebra

...]] (SI joint). It is usually caused by abnormal motion (i.e. hyper- or hypo-mobile) or malalignment of the sacroiliac joint. Sacroiliac joint syndrome i ...ac Joint Syndrome. Pain Physician. Vol. 4, N° 2, p 143-152, 2001. ISSN 1533-3159</ref>

...acture-1 Fracture] Available from:https://radiopaedia.org/articles/fracture-1 (last accessed 2.4.2020)</ref> In disaster and conflict settings, fracture ...paedics. 2013 Aug;37(8):1439-41.</ref> Consequently, patients with non-life-threatening fractures may have definitive treatment delayed or are discharge

*Mild: 20-25% *Moderate: 25-40%

...e=":5">Czaprowski D, Stoliński Ł, Tyrakowski M, Kozinoga M, Kotwicki T. Non-structural misalignments of body posture in the sagittal plane. Scoliosis an ...rcise programs on kyphosis and lordosis angle: A systematic review and meta-analysis.] PloS one. 2019 Apr 29;14(4):e0216180. Available from: https://www

...ased on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/merike-hopkins/ Merike Hopkins]<br>'''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributors/ ...tic dynamometry evaluation]. Rev Bras Ortop (Sao Paulo). 2020 Dec;55(6):681-6. </ref>

...lies in Europe. Advances in experimental medicine and biology. 2010;686:349-64.</ref>. Giving birth to a child with such disorders can happen to any mot Cerebral Palsy (CP) is a general term for chronic non-progressive neurological conditions that affect a child's ability to move an

...Relates to Immobility and the Success of Physical Rehabilitation in the Non-ambulatory Spinal Cord Patient]. Frontiers in Veterinary Science. 2021;8.</r ...y physiotherapy—A literature review]. Int. J. Sci. Healthc. Res. 2021;6:288-94.</ref>

...">IC Lumbar Instability Available:https://www.institutoclavel.com/en/lumbar-instability (accessed 16.6.2021)</ref> * Back pain is the largest cause of [[Disability-Adjusted Life Year|disability-adjusted living years]] based on the WHO survey of the global burden of dise

...ses of phalanx fractures, effective realignment can be achieved through non-surgical methods. Timely intervention is crucial to promote healing and rest ...ency Surgery, Springer, Published online: 25 May 2020, volume 48, pages 567-571 (2022)</ref>

[[File:Scoliosis-01.jpg|thumb|scoliosis clinical presentation|alt=scoliosis clinical presenta ...measured on the coronal plane, scoliosis is actually a more complex, three-dimensional problem which involves the following planes:

...y [last assessed 18/11/2021]</ref>. Physiotherapists are faced with an ever-growing challenge in efforts to promote physical activity in order for peopl ...0qHotMCA Injury prevention and future research.] Med Sport Sci. 2005;48:179-200. DOI: 10.1159/000084289. PMID: 16247258.</ref>.

...ated Disorders: redefining" whiplash" and its management. Spine. 1995;20:1S-73S.</ref><ref name=":19" /> The prognosis of WAD is unknown and unpredicta ...jury. A comparative study. » J Bone Joint Surg Br., vol. 86, nr. 7, p. 1032-4, 2004.</ref>. Causes of pain can be any of these tissues, with the strain

...Braun J., Sieper J., Spondyloarthritides., Z Rheumatol. 2010 Jul; 69(5):425-32 :4: 2C</ref><ref name="p3" /> It is a diverse group of inflammatory arthr ...articular peripheral arthritis, principally in genetically predisposed (HLA-B27+) individuals.

...ticipation, aim at expressing or improving physical fitness and mental well-being, forming social relationships or obtaining results in competition at a ...ptions, in the same city and, since 1988 Seoul Summer Games and 1992 Tignes-Albertville Winter Games, at the same venue as the Olympic Games every four

...ussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universiteit Brussel's Evidence-based Practice project]] ...rthrography, and CT arthrography]. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1994 Sep;163(3):629-36. doi: 10.2214/ajr.163.3.8079858. </ref>

..., Shaw GM. Spina bifida. Nature reviews Disease primers. 2015 Apr 30;1(1):1-8.</ref> ...acid food fortification in Canada]. The Lancet. 2002 Dec 21;360(9350):2047-8.</ref>.<br>{{#ev:youtube|jlDZA2PNW2o}}<ref>YouTube.Osmosis Spina bifida (m

About 90% of all patients with low back pain will have non-specific low back pain, which, in essence, is a diagnosis based on exclusion *[https://www.physio-pedia.com/Spondylolisthesis Spondylolisthesis]

...ndrome in asymptomatic individuals. ''J Med Pharm Allied Sci'', 10(6), 3894-3898.</ref>. ...Crossed Syndrome''. Physiopedia, [online]. Available at https://www.physio-pedia.com/index.php?title=Lower_Crossed_Syndrome&oldid=323323 [Accessed: 18

...ts and young athletes <ref name="Micheli and Wood 1995">El-Sayed A, Cervoni-Rosario B, Harrast MA. Lumbar spine. In: Krabak BJ, Brooks A, editors. The Y * Vaso-occlusive disease.

...ents under 55 years of age]. The bone & joint journal. 2016 Dec;98(12):1625-34.</ref> ...lasty (TKA). Available from: https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1250275-overview#:~:text=The%20primary%20indication%20for%20total,pain%20caused%20by

...: an international consensus statement]. Br J Sports Med. 2016; 50(19):1169-76. ...ingement: what we know and what we don't.] Sports Health. 2014 Mar;6(2):157-61.

...hermoregulatory, and sexual activities. Maintaining optimal health and well-being after sustaining a spinal cord injury can be a challenge. Common sec ...ic Dysreflexia]] and thermoregulation dysfunction is more common in the sub-acute and chronic spinal cord injury.