Search results

...ol of the lower limb are likely to result in altered positioning and weight-bearing in the foot. === Specific Foot Conditions ===

...ine to the pelvis, facilitating load transfer from the lumbar spine to the lower extremities. ...auses of pain. International journal of spine surgery. 2020 Feb 1;14(s1):S3-13. Available:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7041664/ (accesse

...my and basic approach. Ultrasonography. 2017 Apr; 36(2):120. </ref>.[[File:Leg veins.png|thumb|375x375px]] ...vein: where does reflux go? Jornal Vascular Brasileiro. 2013 Jun; 12(2):123-8.

...-leg-syndrome-management-a-review-of-physiotherapeutic-modalities-and-their-efficacy#!/ A Review of Physiotherapeutic Modalities and Their Efficacy]. Cu == Causes of Restless Leg Syndrome ==

...tings to monitor neurological and musculoskeletal conditions.[[File:Single Leg Stance.jpg|border|thumb|412x412px]] ...rapy'', ''30''(1), 8–15. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1519/00139143-200704000-00003</nowiki></ref>

...is often conducted using a stopwatch and a 50 cm-long metal beam with a non-slip surface. ...ight, body weight, gender, and test conditions. Perform an appropriate warm-up.

...ries to the lumbar spine (1.1 - 3.4 injuries per squad per season) and the lower limb (0.3 - 5.9 injuries per squad per season (Orchard, 2006). # Scientific evaluation (intervention efficacy assessment under "ideal conditions")

...m (Latin: ''os ischii'') is a paired bone of the [[pelvis]] that forms the lower and back part of the [[Hip Anatomy|hip]] bone, as well as the posterior and # Body of the ischium - the portion that forms the posterior one-third of the acetabulum.

Hemiplegia is paralysis of the muscles of the lower face, arm, and leg on one side of the body. In addition to motor problems other losses may occ ...Dr. V.S.Nandakumar<nowiki/>https://www.slideshare.net/danny14871/hemiplegia-43636165 ''(accessed 29 June 2018)''</ref>

...us Thrombosis. Medscape 2017 https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1911303-workup (Accessed on 3rd July, 2018).</ref>. #Once the knee is extended the examiner raises the patient’s straight leg to 10 degrees, then passively and abruptly dorsiflexes the foot and squeeze

...sed by people who cannot use their legs to support their weight (from short-term injuries to lifelong disabilities). ...an axilla bar, a handpiece and double uprights joined distally by a single leg. They are adjustable in height; both the overall height and handgrip height

...scopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery. 2022 Apr 1;38(4):1189-92.</ref> [[File:Lower back pain.png|center|thumb|260x260px|Low Back Pain ]]

<div class="pp-no-course-suggestions pp-no-article-suggestions"></div> ...e [[balance]], decrease the risk of falling, help with weak musculature of lower legs, and to return to previous activity or facilitate patient mobility.

...networks for fast and slow human walking.] J Neurophysiol. 2010;103(1):183-91.</ref>As a result, an individual limb can be preferentially targeted for ...admill can be used to address deficits in stride length, gait speed, weight-bearing, etc. This intervention is most often used with individuals after [[

...wellhealth.com)[https://www.verywellhealth.com/gastrocnemius-muscle-anatomy-4684083]</ref> ...ew image - © Kenhub https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/gastrocnemius-muscle</ref>

...[[Gracilis|gracillis]]. These muscles primarily function to move the thigh/lower extremity closer to the body's central axis. Additionally, the Pectineus mu ...tatpearls.com/articlelibrary/viewarticle/24169/ . Anatomy, bony pelvis and lower limb, thigh muscles].Available:https://www.statpearls.com/articlelibrary/vi

...nch which joins the [[Sural Nerve|sural]] nerve in the middle third of the leg. ...In addition it supplies the skin over the lateral lower two-thirds of the leg and the whole of the dorsum of the foot except for the area between the 1st

...an intermediate phase of rehabilitation with support one the only amputee leg has been realized, using a weight bearing harness. Without final consolidat ...ening. During the crash, she has been amputated under left knee. The right leg was broken and required a surgery with an external fixator and a skin graft

...exercises on elderly people. Indian Journal of Gerontology. 2021;35(4):483-94.</ref> ...ella, the middle of the tibia, and to the ankle joint of the contralateral leg

...lis Posterior''' is located deep in the posterior compartment of the lower leg and situated between the [[Flexor Digitorum Longus|Flexor Digitorium Longus Proximal postero-lateral aspect of the tibia.

...have recognised trauma and complications of management of musculoskeletal conditions by traditional bone setters as the leading cause of amputation in Nigeria. ...nt on his way to the farm and had a comminuted tibia fracture of the right leg. He was taken to a primary health center within the village but due to lack

...the Back or Lower Extremities. Archives of Neurology]. 1961 Dec 1;5(6):673-8.</ref>. ...A NEW SIGN FOR THE DETECTION OF MALINGERING AND FUNCTIONAL PARESIS OF THE LOWER EXTREMITIES. Journal of the American Medical Association. [https://jamanetw

..." is a [[Muscle Energy Technique|Muscle Energy Technique (MET)]] used to re-align the pelvis and treat a variety of pelvic dysfunctions. ...Pain" ''Journal of Osteopathic Medicine'', vol. 119, no. 11, 2019, pp. e42-e43. </ref>

==== Patient-Reported Outcome Measures (PROMs) ==== ...ric Pain Rating Scale|Numeric Pain Reporting Scale]] (NPRS 0-10) and the [[Lower Extremity Functional Scale (LEFS)]] both of which are generic outcome measu

...ood]] and nutrients throughout the body. At any point in time, nearly three-fourths of the circulating blood volume is contained in the venous system.<r ...vailable: https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/524180/11-amazing-facts-about-veins (accessed 15.7.2021)</ref>

Case Study Lower Limb Amputation: Amputee Case Study A case study about a 10-year-old Nepali boy, receiving amputation surgery following his congenital club f

...y painful ankle, reduced functional ability, and increased likelihood of re-injury. Care should also be taken to avoid missing the less common causes of [[File:Cross-section_of_ankle.png|right|frameless|300x300px]]

...tellofemoral Pain Syndrome|patellofemoral pain syndrome]]; [[Low Back Pain|lower back pain]]; [[osteoarthritis]]; [[Rheumatoid Arthritis|rheumatoid arthriti ...lable from: <nowiki>https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/hip-and-thigh-muscles</nowiki></ref>

...thopedic emergency that relies heavily on precise clinical findings. Lower leg ACS is a condition in which increased pressure within a [[Muscle Cells (Myo ...r leg: a review.] The Journal for Nurse Practitioners. 2016 Apr 1;12(4):265-70. Available: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4970751/<nowiki/

[[File:Gait-Cycle.jpg|right|frameless|558x558px]] ...lthline Antalgic gait Available: https://www.healthline.com/health/antalgic-gait#takeaway (accessed 20.7.2021)</ref>

...ankle joint]], an articulation between the [[tibia]] and [[fibula]] of the leg and the [[talus]] of the [[Foot Anatomy|foot]]. See the page for [[Ankle Jo ...together create an architectural vault, which is one of the strongest load-bearing structures known to mankind.<ref>The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britan

..., Published in India by arrangement with Baillier Tindall, london 2005 p 33-37 </ref> |Balances lower leg on foot

...registered clinical trial. Journal of Athletic Training. 2017 Jun;52(6):592-605. Available: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5488851/<nowiki # Strength of lower extremity

...ussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universiteit Brussel's Evidence-based Practice project]]. ...] The Journal of bone and joint surgery. British volume. 1985 Nov;67(5):741-6.</ref>This is often referred to as the Trendelenburg test but should not b

<div class="pp-no-course-suggestions pp-no-article-suggestions"></div> ...ordiae’s admission statement can be accessed from http://www.mater.ie/about-us/mission/ and the specialities of the physiotherapy department from http:/

...VanBlarcom CW, editor. [https://www.thejpd.org/article/S0022-3913(99)70234-9/fulltext The glossary of prosthodontic terms]. Mosby; 1999.</ref>, support ...indications and methods]. American family physician. 2009 Sep 1;80(5):491-9.</ref>

...s. Farlex Partner Medical Dictionary, 2012. Available from: https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/thrombophlebitis (last accessed: 26.09.2020 <div class="col-md-6"> {{#ev:youtube|FwyTCcYNfm8 |250}} </div>

...ht bearing]] and stability of [[Gait|gait.]] An essential component of the lower [[Closed Chain Exercise|kinetic chain]]. ...B. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK532982/ Anatomy, Bony Pelvis and Lower Limb, Femur.] InStatPearls [Internet] 2019 Jul 3. StatPearls Publishing.Ava

...B. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538262/ Anatomy, Bony Pelvis and Lower Limb, Femoral Artery]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): Sta ...e changes to the [[Popliteal Fossa|popliteal]] artery which provides oxygen-rich blood to the rest of the knee compartment. The deep femoral artery give

...l border of the popliteus muscle, deep to gastrocnemius and soleus. In the leg, it is accompanied by the posterior tibial vessels and lies in the tarsal t ...erve#1 .] Available from: https://www.healthline.com/human-body-maps/tibial-nerve#1 (last accessed 17/03/2019).</ref> It also has articular and cutaneou

...ay or may not experience back pain along with radiculopathy, but roughly 12-40% of people with back pain also experience radiculopathy symptoms.<ref nam ...disord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12891-022-05196-x Effects of non-surgical decompression therapy in addition to routine physical therapy on pa

...pain and dysfunction of lateral epicondylalgia.] Pain. 1996 Nov 1;68(1):69-74.</ref>Neural mobilization, as a treatment technique, was introduced nearl ...s/261-neural-manipulation.pdf https://www.iahe.com/docs/articles/261-neural-manipulation.pdf.] (Accessed 31 May 2022) </ref>

...bs: a protocol of a systematic review]. Systematic Reviews. 2019 Dec;8(1):1-6.</ref> ...A thorough assessment is required to not only diagnose tendinopathy in the lower limb but also to identify the contributing and aggravating factors that hav

...d controlled study. Journal of rehabilitation medicine. 2015 Jan 5;47(1):31-7.</ref> ...of musculoskeletal condition and reduce spasticity in certain neurological conditions. <br>

.... [https://now.aapmr.org/biomechanic-of-gait-and-treatment-of-abnormal-gait-patterns/ Biomechanic of Gait and Treatment of Abnormal Gait Patterns].</ref ...opedic problems (e.g. osteoarthritis and skeletal deformities) and medical conditions (e.g. heart failure, respiratory insufficiency, peripheral arterial occlusi

...ussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universiteit Brussel's Evidence-based Practice project]] ...f patellar tendon ruptures: Evidence today.] The Knee. 2015 Jun 1;22(3):148-55.</ref> The tear can be partial, with only some fibers torn, or complete

...</ref>, specifically spatial and temporal accuracies <ref name=":1" />, in conditions such as [[stroke]], [[Spinal Cord Injury|spinal cord injuries]], [[ataxia]] It is a coordination test where individuals are required to move their lower extremity at their maximal capacity. <ref name=":1" /> It is able to detect

...i.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK546698/#_article-21883_s2_ Anatomy, Bony Pelvis and Lower Limb, Foot.] InStatPearls [Internet] 2021 Aug 11. StatPearls Publishing. Ac ...nctional representations in the literature.] The foot. 2014 Dec 1;24(4):203-9. Accessed 15 June 2022.</ref>

...wska]] based on course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/instructor/rina-pandya/ Rina Pandya] ...total hip arthroplasty. Indian Journal of Orthopaedics. 2017 Aug;51(4):359-67.</ref>

...ee disorders. ''Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research'' 1989: 246: 238-249.</ref> ...onstructions]] among athletes, the CKRS is applicable to a variety of knee conditions such as articular cartilage restorative procedures, meniscus repairs or tra

...Janda's work. Journal of bodywork and movement therapies. 2010 July;14:299-301</ref> The [[Hamstrings|hamstrings]] are frequently found to be tight in ...p; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Figure 1: lower crossed syndrome&nbsp;<ref name="Janda" />

...ght|frameless]]The Kemp test (also known as the quadrant test and extension-rotation test) is a provocative test useful for diagnosing pain related to [ ...d.<ref>Radiopedia Kemp Test Available:https://radiopaedia.org/articles/kemp-test?lang=gb (accessed 26.9.2022)</ref>

...iginal Editors '''- [[User:Kathryn Schwartzkopf-Phifer|Kathryn Schwartzkopf-Phifer]], [[User:Roel De Groef|Roel De Groef]] ...chronic knee injuries]. The American Journal of Sports Medicine 1986;14:88-91.fckLRhttp://ajs.sagepub.com/content/14/1/88.short (accessed 18 July 2013)

...fessional Road Cyclists.] The American journal of sports medicine. 38. 2494-501. 10.1177/0363546510376816. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/ # Too much hip flexion, flexing lower back and causing core abdominal muscles to be in a poor position to work ef

...nsor_hallucis_longus_muscle</ref> in the anterior compartment of the lower leg. It&nbsp;provides the only active extension force to the interphalangeal jo [[Image:Extensor-hallucis-longus.jpg|right|300x400px]]

...ease Imaging. Available from: https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/406458-overview (accessed 25/05/2020).</ref> ...%2Faws4_ Blount disease.] Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery 2009;91(7):1758-76.</ref> This can be described by the effects of increased weight on the gr

...based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/donna-fisher/ Donna Fisher]<br> ...es]] (AFOs). They are designed for patients with extensive weakness in the lower limbs. The purpose of these complex orthoses are to:

...reported that these injuries are responsible for about 10–25% of all sports-related injuries. ...terior Cruciate Ligament Injury Prevention.] JOSPT 2023, Jan 1; 53(1): CPG1-34.</ref> These guidelines provide evidence on exercises, their components,

...E] Available from:https://opentextbc.ca/clinicalskills/chapter/introduction-3/ (last accessed 9.10.2020)</ref>. ...ael A, Olawoye O, Oluwatosin O. [https://www.njps.org/article.asp?issn=0794-9316;year=2016;volume=12;issue=2;spage=47;epage=49;aulast=Iyun;type=0 Percep

Lower limb disease especially linked to diabetes causes a significant number of a ...t coals that burned through the sole of his shoe. Poor blood supply in his leg and foot hindered wound healing, the blisters got infected and turned into

The lower leg is made up of two bones: the [[Tibia|tibia and fibula.]] The tibia is the l ...al Eminence Fracture) is a break at the top of the tibia bone in the lower leg near the knee as a result of high amounts of tension placed upon the Anteri

[[File:Tibia - frontal view.png|thumb|Pain generally in the inner and lower 2/3rds of tibia.|alt=|240x240px]] ...tress-syndrome-1<nowiki/>(accessed 2.6.2022)</ref>. It presents as exercise-induced pain over the anterior [[tibia]] and is an early stress injury in th

<div class="pp-no-course-suggestions pp-no-article-suggestions"></div> {{#ev:youtube| ZEgD-Mn5ftc|width}}

...nerves Available: https://musculoskeletalkey.com/nerves-innervation-of-the-spine/<nowiki/>(accessed 6.2.2022)</ref> ...inal Nerves Available: https://www.verywellhealth.com/spinal-nerves-anatomy-4682599<nowiki/>(accessed 6.2.2022)</ref>

...e has ceased.<ref name=":0" />Its progressive nature is more often seen in conditions of neurologic and systemic involvement.<ref name=":2" /> While it can occur ...sis. Orthopaedics & Traumatology: Surgery & Research. 2013 Feb 1;99(1):S124-39.[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877056812002745]</re

...ased on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/krista-eskay/ Krista Eskay]<br> ...siology, clinical presentation and assessment of lower extremity torsional conditions and basic interventions.

...ussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universiteit Brussel's Evidence-based Practice project]] [[File:Right-femoral-stress-fracture.png|thumb|Bone scan]]

...a stabilizer of the hip joint.] EFORT Open Reviews. 2021 vol. 6(7), pp. 545-555. </ref> ...attaches to the upper part of the same line. These two bands create the Y-shape. In some anatomical variations this division does not exist, and the l

...Brussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universiteit Brussel Evidence-Based Practice Project]] ...e), or cystic. Lesions can then be subdivided as stable or unstable and non-displaced or displaced. The stability of a lesion can be assessed directly w

...ing pain along the course of the [[Sciatic Nerve|sciatic nerve]] from the lower back or buttock to one or both legs or an associated [[Sacral Plexus|lumbos ...ring to any [[Low Back Pain|low back pain]] or [[Radiculopathy|radicular]] leg pain as sciatica<ref name=":6" />.

...n.com/walking-can-relieve-leg-pain-in-people-with-peripheral-artery-disease-151240<nowiki/>(accessed 6.6.2021)</ref> [[File:Smoking-1026556 960 720-2.jpg|right|frameless]]

...thus most commonly occur in competitive cross-country runners and track-and-field athletes. <ref name=":0">Roche M, Fredericson M, Kraus E. Bone Stress ...last for longer, making the person more irritable. The pain can arise with lower impact activities such as walking, and a local [[Inflammation Acute and Chr

[[File:Leg length discrepancy after hip replacement.jpg|right|frameless|500x500px]] ...he effect of LLD on function, and its role in various neuromusculoskeletal conditions<ref name=":0" />.<br>

...ent syndrome: evaluation and management. ''Hand clinics'', ''34''(1), pp.53-60.</ref>. ...ournal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. 2011 Jan 1;19(1):49-58.</ref> (most common)

...ilates]] in people with [[:Category:Neurological - Conditions|neurological conditions]].<ref>Cronin E, Roberts D, Monaghan K. Neuropilates to improve motor funct ...rolled trials. Journal of Neurologic Physical Therapy. 2017 Oct 1;41(4):205-14.</ref>. <ref name=":0" />

...se of lumbosacral pain. J. Kor. Neurosurg. Soc. September 2008, 44 (3): 166-169.</ref> * During the [[gait]], alternating flexion and extension of the lower limbs would impart alternating twisting forces on the [[pelvis]] around its

...Quadriceps tendon rupture - treatment results.Med Pregl 2013;66(11-12):453-8.</ref> ...on extensor function, while complete tendon tears may totally impede lower leg extension.<ref name=":3">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482389/ (acc

...ng of the arteries which is caused by inadequate blood flow usually to the lower limbs. ...n exertion with an altered gait typical of intermittent [https://www.physio-pedia.com/Claudication#:~:text=Claudication%20is%20mainly%20a%20symptom,diag

...itor '''- [[User:Lorenza Perez|Lorena Perez]] as part of [http://www.physio-pedia.com/ICRC_Cerebral_Palsy_Content_Development_Project#Articles_to_be_dev ...: Dyskinetic and Ataxic. Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3s-n4eFypPc [last accessed 13/08/16]</ref>

..., diagnosis, and treatment]. Anesthesia & Analgesia. 2005 Nov 1;101(5):1440-53.</ref> made up of the [[sacrum]] and the two innominates of the [[pelvis] ...mbosacral Biomechanics|effective load transfer]] between the spine and the lower extremities.

[[File:Runners-knee SAG.jpeg|right|frameless]] ...edicine Insights: Arthritis and Musculoskeletal Disorders. 2014 Jan;7:CMAMD-S14386.Available: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4039183/<nowi

...oot drop: where, why and what to do?. ''Pract Neurol''. 2008 Jun. 8 (3):158-69. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].</ref> Ankle and foot dorsiflexors, namely the tibi ...of pathologic conditions that localize along the full course of upper and lower motor neuron pathways which often overlap in clinical presentation.<ref nam

...ased on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/krista-eskay/ Krista Eskay]<br> ...nding on the gestational age, preterm can be further divided into three sub-categories:

...Shores JT, M.D. [https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/treatment-tests-and-therapies/amputation Health and Amputation by John Hopkins Medicine]. ...le from: <nowiki>https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/treatment-tests-and-therapies/amputation</nowiki>

[[File:Distal-femoral-fracture.png|thumb|290x290px|Distal-femoral-fracture]] ...femoral fracture Available:https://radiopaedia.org/articles/distal-femoral-fracture (accessed 11.12.2022)</ref>Other names: Supracondylar femur fractur

...ent syndrome. Available from: https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/307668-overview (accessed 06/04/2020).</ref> ...ilable from: https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases--conditions/compartment-syndrome/ (accessed 04/06/2020). </ref>

...sacroiliac (SI) joints, and a common cause of buttocks or [[Low Back Pain|lower back pain]]. Inflammation of the [[Sacroiliac Joint|sacroiliac joint]] may Various conditions result in the inflammation of the SI joint, leading to significant pain.

...re dermatomes? Available:https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/what-are-dermatomes (accessed 25.5.2022)</ref> {{#ev:youtube|https://www.youtube.com/ |Back, upper buttock, anterior thigh and knee, medial lower leg

...s a is a key physical impairment in [[Neurological Disorders|neurological conditions]] limiting mobility.<ref name=":2" /> Resistance training has been found t ...trengthening program: a randomised trial.''Aust J Physiother.'' 2007:53:147-153.

...h lower Quality of Life (QoL), depression and extremely high annual medical-care costs. * Higher body-mass-index (BMI)

...Brussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universiteit Brussel Evidence-Based Practice Project]] ...www.physioadvisor.com.au/10426550/adductor-tendonitis-adductor-tendinopathy-phys.htmfckLRfckLRfckLRfckLR </ref>

...practice.] Topics in spinal cord injury rehabilitation. 2012 Jan 1;18(1):28-33</ref> For example, FES can be used to activate [[Tibialis Anterior|tibial .../canada’s-first-arm-cycling-program-parkwood-institute-patients-spinal-cord-injury]</ref>

...J, Huntley JS.Swelling around a child's knee. Clin Anat. 2011 Oct;24(7):914-7.</ref>. ...nale ST, ed. Campbell's operative orthopaedics. St Louis: Mosby; 1998: 1113-1299.</ref>.

[[File:Equinus deformity X-ray.jpg|thumb|319x319px|equinus foot X-ray]] ...f>Equinus. [https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/pes-equinus&#x20;. Pes equinus - an overview] | ScienceDirect Topics.</ref>

== Images (9-item tool) == == Objective (9-item tool) ==

The Diabetic trans-femoral amputee: Amputee Case Study ...the valuable lessons learned regarding the management of the diabetic trans-femoral amputee.
 Key learnings: to be realistic with mobility expectation

* The extracellular space constitutes about one-third of total body water, which is further divided into intravascular plasm ...le from: https://medicinetoday.com.au/sites/default/files/cpd/MT2015-06-026-KUMARASINGHE.pdf<nowiki/>(last accessed 18.10.2020)</ref>.

...tml#S1 Gluteal muscle contracture: diagnosis and management options]. SICOT-J. 2017;3.</ref>. Acquired gluteal fibrosis/ contracture is the most common ...nd happen because of intramuscular gluteal injection it known as “Injection-Contracture”, or injuries around the hip<ref name=":0" />.

...ditors ''' - [[User:Jacob Wong|Jacob Wong]] as part of [https://www.physio-pedia.com/Category:The_University_of_Waterloo_Biomechanics_Project The Unive ...er. 2010;172:3325-9.</ref>. Tendinopathy is a term that describes clinical conditions of tendons that arise from [[Overuse Injuries in Sport |overuse]]<ref name=

[[File:Ankle edema .jpg|thumb|Right foot and ankle edema- 2 weeks post-surgery]] ...Leg edema assessment and management.] Medsurg Nursing. 2014 Jan 1;23(1):44-53.</ref>

...one of therapeutic care, offering support, promoting healing, and managing conditions like venous insufficiency and lymphedema. In this guide, we explore the typ ...cair M, Phillips TJ. Compression Therapy. Dermatol Surg. 1998 Jan;24(1):141-148. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9464302/</ref>

...ussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universiteit Brussel's Evidence-based Practice project]] ...opliteus and Associated Pathologic Conditions. RadioGraphics 2014 34:2, 496-513

...sign be positive if the hip is normal?J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1997;79(3):462-6. ...delenburg sign in total hip arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty, 1996; 11 (2): 174-179 Level of evidence: 1b</ref> '''The superior gluteal nerve''' arises fr

...103''(2), 81-89.</ref> The purpose of this page is to describe the evidence-based physical therapy practice including diagnosis, assessment and interven ...sociation.] ''Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy'', (7), CPG1-CPG70.</ref>

...font-size: 13.2799997329712px;">Katy Wiggins from </span>[http://www.physio-pedia.com/Pathophysiology_of_Complex_Patient_Problems Bellarmine University ...ld female that reports to your clinic with complaints of low back pain and leg pain. She is a full time teacher at a local high school. She has history of

[[Image:Syring1.png|300x300px|T2-weighted MRI of a syrinx located at C6–C7 in the cervical spine|alt=|thumb ...posing pathologies.] Journal of Clinical Neuroscience. 2012 May 1;19(5):665-8.</ref><br>

...ussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universiteit Brussel's Evidence-based Practice project]] ...ligament injuries after trauma. It is a relatively unusual condition in non-athletes without a history of [[Knee]] traumas.<br><br>

...keletal disorders.<ref>Burton I. Autoregulation in resistance training for lower limb tendinopathy: [https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2021 ...nt of Tendinopathies in Sports Medicine. ''Transl Sports Med''. 2018;1(1):5-13.</ref> People who struggle with tendinopathy or pain related to tendons h

...Neck Stress Fractures. Operative Techniques in Sports Medicine. 2009;17:90-93.</ref> The fractures usually begin in locations of great stress; this is ...nd Normal Controls. The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 2009;37(2):390-395.</ref>

...st weight-bearing joint in the body, after the knee joint. It is a ball-and-socket synovial joint formed between the os coxa (hip bone) and the femur. T ...from: <nowiki>https://radiopaedia.org/articles/investigation-of-hip-injury-summary</nowiki> (accessed 29 August 2018)</ref><br>

...Based Clinical Guidelines for the Physiotherapy Management of Adults with Lower limb Prosthesis]. CSP Clinical Guideline 03. November 2012</ref>. &nbsp;A c ...om all angles. Knowledge of normal gait patterns for the prosthetic and non-prosthetic user is required to help analysis of movement. On observation of

[[File:Mg-TableImage.png|right|frameless|334x334px]] ...5 April 2016]. Available from: https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Magnesium-HealthProfessional/</ref>. Magnesium (Mg) is a principal cation (ie an [[Ele

== <span style="line-height: 1.5em;">Definition/Description&nbsp;</span> == ...x injuries of the knee. The tibial plateau is one of the most critical load-bearing areas in the human body. Early detection and appropriate treatment o

...ry, London:Springer. 2012. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-85729-609-2_15</nowiki></ref> ...opathy: a literature synthesis]. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2009;32(1):41-52. doi: 10.1016/j.jmpt.2008.09.014. (level of evidence 1A)</ref>

...cal Medicine and Rehabilitation. Philadelphia, Pa: WB Saunders Co; 1996:783-812.</ref> ...ions for insertional Achilles tendinopathy. Am J Sports Med 2004; 32(2):457-61.</ref><ref name="karim khan">Brukner P, Khan Karim. Clinical Sports Medic

...Brussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universiteit Brussel Evidence-Based Practice Project]] [[File:Figure 3-Ankle ligaments.PNG|thumb|363x363px|Ankle tendon attachment]]

...mbers.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/michelle-green-smerdon// Michelle Green-Smerdon]<br> '''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributors/{{FULLPAGENAME} ...ot, the following features could be considered optimal:<ref name=":2">Green-Smerdon M. Biomechanics of the Dancer’s Ankle and Foot Course. Plus , 2022

...ease, sensory neuropathy, and foot ulcers (1999) Diabetes Care 22; 7 p 1029-1035</ref>. Detection and treatment is key to preventing amputation. While a Transtibial, diabetes, independence, gait re-education, foot ulcers, multidisciplinary team.

...da S. Tethered cord syndrome in adults and children. Neurol Res.2004;26:717-718.</ref> ...of the tethered cord, various signs and symptoms can manifest, including; lower extremity and saddle pain, motor and sensory deficits, urinary dysfunction,

...JI, Ingebrigtsen T. [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/1471-2474-14-206 Accuracy of physical examination for chronic lumbar radiculopathy]. BMC ...of back pain, referred pain, and radicular pain. Pain. 2009 Dec 1;147(1):17-9.</ref>

...perlipidemia and hypertension. She was on oral medications for her medical conditions. She was seen in the outpatient clinic in late 2013 and started pre and pos ...s marketing and visiting the Buddhist temple on a weekly basis. She was pre-morbidly community ambulant without a walking aid. She was also able to mana

...ased on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/krista-eskay/ Krista Eskay]<br> ...muscle forces. When muscle pull is altered due to genetic or neuromuscular conditions, alignment may be impacted. Atypical alignment can directly affect function

...en|Yelena Gesthuizen]] as part of the [[Vrije Universiteit Brussel Evidence-based Practice Project]] ...Journal of Bone &amp; Joint Surgery, December 1978, vol. 60, no. 8, p. 1113-1116. (Level of Evidence 1B)</ref>

...uzapar and Tom Flachet as part of the [[Vrije Universiteit Brussel Evidence-based Practice Project]] ...cause can be due to a number of conditions: <ref>Sala D, Silvestre A, Gomar-Sancho F. Intraosseous hyperpressure of the patella as a cause of anterior k

...calf complex<ref>Wikimedia Commons contributors, "File:1123 Muscles of the Leg that Move the Foot and Toes b.png," Wikimedia Commons, the free media repos ...ue injury study]. British journal of sports medicine. 2013 Aug 1;47(12):743-7.</ref>

The Fullerton Test is mainly intended to identify highly-active older adults who are at an increased risk to experience [[Falls|fall] ...y]]), older adults, [[parkinson's]], [[Neurological Disorders|neurological conditions]] and [[Traumatic Brain Injury|Traumatic brain injuries]].

...en to the patient evaluate its effectiveness and use the learning from the Lower Limb Amputee Rehabilitation Course to reflect on the care provided. ...isposes sufferers to ulceration leading to amputation. This combination of conditions predisposed this patient to be at higher risk of requiring an amputation.Pr

...Stress fractures Available:https://radiopaedia.org/articles/stress-fracture-2?lang=us (accessed 12.12.2022)</ref> Stress fractures represent a spectrum ...ith increased volume or intensity of training workload. Most common in the lower extremities and are specific to the sport. Upper extremity stress injuries

*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aCW-cB5jr7w Archery][[Image:Archery.jpg|thumb|right|Archery]] *[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pdhsFBgMjSY Cross-country Skiing]

[[Image:DVT.jpg|thumb|150px|DVT: R leg with swelling and redness]] ...essed 25.10.2020)</ref> For those who do develop a DVT and survive, '''post-thrombotic phlebitis''' is a lifelong sequela, which has no ideal treatment<

...ponsible for transmitting body weight and forces passing between the lower leg and the foot.  ...implications.<ref name=":0">Khan IA, Varacallo M. Anatomy, Bony Pelvis and Lower Limb, Foot Talus. [Updated 2023 Aug 8]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure

Chronic diseases/[[Non-Communicable Diseases|Non-communicable diseases]] are currently the major cause of death among adults ...c conditions: A narrative review. Preventive medicine reports. 2018; 12:284-93. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6214883/ (l

...e Sclerosis Society. [https://www.nationalmssociety.org/What-is-MS/Who-Gets-MS#:~:text=MS%20is%20not%20an%20inherited,is%20about%201%20in%20333. Who get ...andomized controlled trial]. Multiple Sclerosis Journal. 2016 Mar;22(3):373-84</ref>.

...s high blood pressure and takes several medications for this and her other conditions. ...ttempted but unfortunately was unsuccessful and left the lower part of her leg poorly vascularised.

...es of low back pain]] have been ruled out, individuals are said to have non-specific (or simple or mechanical) back pain. ...he source of low back pain.] European Spine Journal. 2007 Oct 1;16(10):1539-50.</ref>

...n be used in numerous situations to evaluate and track many health-related conditions, as further discussed below. Grip strength weakens as we age, which eventually begins to affect day-to-day activities, such as opening jars, carrying groceries, and turning doorkn

.... A lot of patients have multiple risk factors, and this, combined with age-associated reduced bone quality, is the underpinning cause of most hip fract ...fracture Available:https://radiopaedia.org/articles/neck-of-femur-fracture-1?lang=us (accessed 9.12.2022)</ref>

...of 2002 running injuries. British Journal of Sports Medicine. 2002;36(2):95-101.</ref> ...ing-Related Injuries: A Systematic Review. Sports Medicine. 2019;49(7):1095-1115.</ref> It is evident though, that not every runner, cyclist, or individ

...nonyms that are used frequently for PS are the deep gluteal syndrome, extra-spinal sciatica and wallet neuritis.<ref>Siddiq MA. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.ni ...male ratio of 6:1. Piriformis syndrome is most commonly diagnosed in middle-aged patients.<ref>Hicks BL, Lam JC, Varacallo M. Piriformis syndrome.[https

...l-being of an expected mother for [[Labour|labor]] and preventing pregnancy-induced pathologies by various physical means. It generally includes low imp ...te des Offentlichen Gesundheitsdienstes (Germany)). 2017 Mar 1;79(S 01):S36-9.</ref>

...ical Therapy. Journal of Orthopadic Sports Physical Therapy. 2007;37(6):290-302.</ref>. In 2012, Low Back Pain Clinical Practice Guidelines were publish ...ican Physical Therapy Association. J Orhtop Sports Phys Ther. 2012;42(4):A1-A57</ref>

...]] based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/instructor/dana-palmer// Dana Palmer]<br> ...FUs), (4) pressure injuries, formerly known as pressure ulcers, and (5) non-healing surgical wounds.

'''Original Editor '''- [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/deborah-riczo/ Deborah Riczo], [[User:Wanda van Niekerk|Wanda van Niekerk]]<br> ...control evaluation of transversus abdominis. Spine. 1996 Nov 15;21(22):2640-50.</ref> showed that the inner core acts in an anticipatory way and that th

...motor neurones undergo degeneration and die. It goes under the umbrella of conditions termed [[Neurodegenerative Disease|neurodegenerative disorders]]. Motor neu ...ited or sporadic, and to whether degeneration affects upper motor neurons, lower motor neurons, or both. Common subtypes include

...alli S. [https://www.statpearls.com/articlelibrary/viewarticle/22669/ Heart-Lung Transplantation.] StatPearls [Internet]. 2020 Jul 5.Available: https:// ...art surgeon, Dr Christiaan Barnard, performed the first successful human-to-human heart transplant operation in 1967 in Cape Town, South Africa. Unfortu

...n: Where is it coming from? In Clinical Sports Medicine. Rev 3rd Ed. McGraw-Hill Australia. North Ryde. ...c Outlet Syndrome (TOS)|Thoracic outlet syndrome]] (TOS) (particularly the lower trunk)

...tation Principles. Available from:'' http://www.oandplibrary.org/alp/chap23-01.asp [Accessed 29 Nov 2017] ...alth.wa.gov.au/~/media/Files/Corporate/general%20documents/falls/PDF/Dev-of-FRAMP.pdf</ref>&nbsp;is a comprehensive tool that evaluates a patient's risk

...atto, [[User:Naomi O'Reilly|Naomi O'Reilly]] and [http://relabhs.org/ ReLAB-HS] ...nction in everyday life. An ageing population, increasing prevalence of non-communicable diseases and injuries have generated higher demand for rehabili

...ement of heel pain syndrome]. Orthopaedics and trauma. 2011 Jun 1;25(3):198-206.</ref> ...Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association. 2004 Jan 1;94(1):47-52.</ref>

...practice guidelines included low stress aerobic exercise, general muscle re-conditioning and advice to remain active. The change was evaluated using the ...l Therapy.] Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy, 37 (6), 290-302</ref>

...based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/dana-mather/ Dana Mather]<br> ...th disabilities: a United Kingdom survey.] BMC pediatrics. 2020 Dec;20(1):1-1.</ref> The handheld [[Walkers|walker]] is commonly prescribed to promote i

...ty. The Journal of orthopaedic and sports physical therapy. 2011;41(11):873-86. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22048192. Accessed Marc == Hip Conditions/Pathology ==

...are the association patterns between handgrip strength and adverse health conditions? A topical review]. SAGE Open Med. 2020 Feb 28;8:2050312120910358. </ref> ...s.] Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy. 2018 Aug 31;48(9):685-93.</ref>

...ns]] and [[User:Marie Avau|Marie Avau]] Debby Decock, Farrie Bakalli, Laure-Anne Callewaert '''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributors/{{FULLPAGEN ...ndylosis: updated Cochrane Review]. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2005;30(20):2312-20. doi: 10.1097/01.brs.0000182315.88558.9c. PMID: 16227895.

...inflammatory bowel disease ([[Irritable Bowel Syndrome|IBD]]), the two best-known types of which are ulcerative colitis and [[Crohn's Disease|Crohn’s ...https://spondylitis.org/about-spondylitis/types-of-spondylitis/enteropathic-arthritis/ (last accessed 3.7.2020)</ref>.

...Journal of Neuroscience Nursing. October/November, vol. 10, no. 5, pp. 226-235.</ref>. CMT is a slowly progressive disorder and it encompasses a large ...ber 2014]. Available from: http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Charcot-Marie-Tooth-disease/Pages/Causes.aspx</ref>.

...nt treatment strategies for patella fractures.] Orthopedics. 2015;38(6):377-84.</ref><ref name=":3">Archdeacon M., Sanders R. Chapter 54 - Patella Fract ...ohn Stafieu van Loghum: 2e druk. 2010.</ref><ref>Everett L. Knee and Lower Leg. In: Marx J, Walls R, Hockberger R, editors. Rosen's Emergency Medicine: Co

'''Original Editor '''-[[User:Lee-Anne Barker-Cobb|Lee-Anne Barker-Cobb]] as an assignment for the [[Physiotherapy, Exercise and Physical Activ ...od the clear health benefits of physical activity to each of her different conditions and realized that being healthy would keep her out of hospital and with her

...eal or buttock pain is complicated due to the overlapping symptoms of many conditions such as <ref name=":0">Carro LP, Hernando MF, Cerezal L, Navarro IS, Fernan * [https://physio-pedia.com/Lumbar_Radiculopathy?utm_source=physiopedia&utm_medium=search&utm_

...based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/tracy-prowse/ Tracy Prowse]<br> ...es and Burnout|burnout]].<ref name=":0" /> Children are not, however, “mini-adults” - they tend to present with different injuries to those typically

...ed with polytrauma and can be life-threatening. They often result from high-energy mechanisms such as motor vehicle collisions with sequelae of limb sho [[File:Femoral-shaft-fracture.jpeg|thumb|MVA: fractured shaft femur]]

...Lauren Jones, Gina Pottkotter, and MegAnne Punt from the [http://www.physio-pedia.com/Pathophysiology_of_Complex_Patient_Problems Bellarmine University *<span style="line-height: 1.5em;">66 year old male, named Bert&nbsp;</span>

[[File:AFO-Swedish-Leaf-Side-Shoe.jpg|right|frameless|204x204px]] ...ments of the trunk and upper limbs<ref>Report of a Consensus Conference on Lower Limb orthotic Management in Cerebral Palsy. International Society for Prost

...based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/donna-fisher/ Donna Fisher]<br>'''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributors/{{F ...tal or acquired deformities. The ultimate aim is to achieve / maintain near-neutral subtalar joint alignment during the [[Gait|gait cycle]] or the indiv

...emol Yves|Demol Yves]] as part of the [[Vrije Universiteit Brussel Evidence-based Practice Project]] ...so be the result of traumatic (fractures and instability) and inflammatory conditions or caused by herniated discs or tumours.

...patients with degenerative lumbar conditions. Phys Ther. 2005 Feb;85(2):120-33. Evidence level: 2a grade of recommendation: B</ref> ...=Hip_Anatomy&oldid=172875.</ref>. Thus is designed for stability and weight-bearing – rather than a large range of movement. Motions available at the

...nce impairments. Interventions focused predominantly on the maintenance of lower extremity strength to preserve the patient’s functional ability and indep ...educed reflexes <ref name=":2" />. As CMT disease progresses, the proximal lower extremities, as well as upper extremities can also become affected <ref nam

...wska]] based on course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/instructor/rina-pandya/ Rina Pandya]<br> ...derstanding spine–hip interaction]. EFORT Open Reviews. 2020 Sep 7;5(9):522-33.</ref> The timing and activation of dynamic stabilisers are the most impo

...hnson]] and [[User:Kasi Lessley|Kasie Lessley]] from the [http://www.physio-pedia.com/Pathophysiology_of_Complex_Patient_Problems Bellarmine University ...Management of Crohn's Disease in Adults. Am J Gastroenterol. 2009; 104: 465-483. doi:10.1038/ajg.208.168</ref>

...idiopathic toe walking: A systematic review]. Gait Posture. 2019 Jan;67:181-6. </ref> In children aged two or under, toe walking is generally considered ...trophy, autism spectrum disorders, global developmental delays, tumours or lower limb injuries.<ref name=":7" />

...he lower back and core by engaging (pulling in) the abdominal muscles. Push-ups are a fast and effective exercise for building strength. == Execution of conventional push-up ==

...ain: differential diagnosis and management]. Neurol Clin. 2023 Feb;41(1):61-76.</ref> It is, therefore, important that rehabilitation providers have a c ...from muscle sprains), so check for anomalies (e.g. spondylolisthesis / step-off)

...]] (SI joint). It is usually caused by abnormal motion (i.e. hyper- or hypo-mobile) or malalignment of the sacroiliac joint. Sacroiliac joint syndrome i ...ac Joint Syndrome. Pain Physician. Vol. 4, N° 2, p 143-152, 2001. ISSN 1533-3159</ref>

'''Original Editor '''- [[User:Rachael Walton-Mouw|Rachael Walton-Mouw]] as part of the [[World Physiotherapy Network for Amputee Rehabilitati ...cy of having a single chronic diseases; and subsequently, an increase in co-morbidities effecting the health and function after an amputation.<ref name=

...] based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/lee-herrington/ Lee Herrington]<br> ...ng Olympic Games. British Journal of Sports Medicine. 2021 Sep 1;55(17):961-7.</ref>

...fessional Road Cyclists.] The American journal of sports medicine. 38. 2494-501. 10.1177/0363546510376816. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net ...tail of the knee) sits between the upper and lower leg. If any part of the lower kinematic chain ([[Core Stability|core]], [[Lumbar Assessment|lumbar]] spi

...based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/instructor/damien-howell/ Damien Howell]<br> ...experience-dependent plasticity: part and whole practice, repetition, task-specificity and feedback that induces an external focus of attention in the

...the 1970’s, cross-country skiing competitions began, and in 1974, the first-ever world championships were held in Grand Bornand, France. They featured A ...ter Games held in Sweden in 1976 with competitions held in alpine and cross-country skiing for amputee and visually impaired athletes. A demonstration w

...<nowiki>https://sci-hub.se/https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-800947-5.00014-4</nowiki> ...d.com/document/407932298/Physiotherapy-in-Neuro-conditions-Glady-Samuel-Raj-pdf</ref>.The virus affects children under 5 years of age<ref name=":0" />

Prosthetic rehabilitation of a trans-tibial amputee because of arterio scleroses and diabetes mellitus: Amputee C This case report describes a 56-year-old male, who underwent a trans-tibial amputation based upon circulation impairments. The management focused

<div class="pp-no-course-suggestions pp-no-article-suggestions"></div> ...ke]], [[Spinal Cord Injury|Spinal cord injury]], [[Post-Polio Syndrome|Post-polio syndrome]], [[Muscular Dystrophy|Muscular]] dystrophies, [[Spinal Musc

...iginal Editor '''- [[User:Nicolette Chamberlain-Simon|Nicolette Chamberlain-Simon]] ...of orthotics]. Prosthetics and orthotics international. 2008 Sep;32(3):313-23.</ref>, digitisation introduced a new strategy for fabrication. [[File:3D

...pain disability. Journal of occupational rehabilitation.] 1995 Dec;5(4):235-52.</ref> ...n fear and avoidance]. Behaviour research and therapy. 1974 Nov 1;12(4):311-8.</ref>:

== ACL Re-injury == ...010;38(10):2040-50.</ref>. For those who returned successfully to sport, re-injury remains a risk factor.

...="hwang" /> and hence the major contributor for postural control in normal conditions.<br> #Postural responses (Vestibulo-Spinal Reflex) -&nbsp;keep the body upright and prevent falls when the body

...d contusions. Current reviews in musculoskeletal medicine. 2010 Oct;3(1):26-31. Available: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2941577/<nowiki/ ...g and managing muscle contusions and myositis ossificans].2002 Feb;30(2):41-50.'''Level of evidence 5'''</ref>

...imb Orthoses. InAtlas of Orthoses and Assistive Devices 2019 Jan 1 (pp. 239-246). Content Repository Only.</ref>. ...ebster Dictionary. orthotic definition. Available from: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/orthotic (accessed 28 May 2020)</ref>

...y affects well-being and physical and psychological health.<ref name="abdul-sattar" /><ref name="manchikanti" /><ref name="friel" /> ...ki JM. The relationship between lumbar spine kinematics during gait and low-back pain in transfemoral amputees. American Journal of Physical Medicine &a

...based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/instructor/helene-simpson/ Helene Simpson]<br> ...of trimalleolar ankle fractures.] EFORT Open Reviews. 2021 Aug 10;6(8):692-703.</ref>

...uding genetic factors, diverse physical attributes, and underlying medical conditions<ref name=":1" />. This is because each player possesses a unique performanc ...eparation for the shot. This typically involves a stance with feet shoulder-width apart, knees slightly bent, and the body balanced and aligned towards

...mbers.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/michelle-green-smerdon// Michelle Green-Smerdon]<br> '''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributors/{{FULLPAGENAME} ...er and around 50% of these occur in the ankle or foot.<ref name=":11">Green-Smerdon M. Dance Injuries of the Ankle and Foot Course. Plus , 2022.</ref> M

Shock is a life-threatening manifestation of circulatory failure. Circulatory shock leads to ...ate oxygen utilization leading to cellular and tissue hypoxia. It is a life-threatening condition of circulatory failure and most commonly manifested as

...ussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universiteit Brussel's Evidence-based Practice project]] ...40-00005 Iliopsoas bursitis and tendinitis.] Sports Medicine 1998;25(4):271-83.

...M. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470555/ Anatomy, Bony Pelvis and Lower Limb, Hip Joint]. Available from:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK4705 The hip joint connects the lower extremities with the axial skeleton. The hip joint allows for movement in t

...dy's disease]. Journal of the Neurological Sciences. 2010 Nov 15;298(1-2):1-0.</ref> * X-linked spinal bulbar muscular atrophy

...prevention and treatment of chronic inguinodynia. Hernia]. 2015 Aug;19:539-48.</ref>. ...inate from the anterior rami from [[Lumbar Anatomy|L1]] nerve roots in the lower back, in some cases it receives contribution from T12 or l2 in other cases

...tusions]. Current reviews in musculoskeletal medicine. 2010 Oct 1;3(1-4):26-31.</ref> ...d contusions. Current reviews in musculoskeletal medicine. 2010 Oct;3(1):26-31.Available;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2941577/ (accessed

...class="editorbox"> '''Original Editor '''- [[User:John-Carlo Caballes|John-Carlo Caballes]], [[User:David Castro|David Castro]], [[User:Alana Griffith| ...y distinct such that its prognosis is more benign and does not involve the lower motor neurons<ref name="statland et al." />.

...on ICF visit this [https://www.icf-elearning.com/ LINK].[[File:ICRC Health Conditions - Contextual Factors.png|center|frameless|467x467px]] * '''History of presenting condition (HPC)'''- Using open-ended questions, to explore the issue, for example “what is your main prob

...ovimovements.co.za/greater-trochanteric-pain-syndrome-recommended-exercises-progressions/</ref>. ...h as [[Sacroiliac Joint Syndrome|Sacroiliac Joint]] and the [https://physio-pedia.com/Lumbar_Radiculopathy?utm_source=physiopedia&utm_medium=search&utm_

...s]] and Lyn Bruyndockx as part of the [[Vrije Universiteit Brussel Evidence-based Practice Project]] ...rules of four: a systematic approach to diagnosing common musculoskeletal conditions of the knee.] SMRJ 2020; 4(2). </ref>

...aum B, Micheli L, Mohtadi NGH, Reider B, Roe JP, Seil R, Siebold R, Silvers-Granelli HJ, Soligard T, Witvrouw E, Engebretsen L. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.ni ...is low: a systematic review]. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2012 Jun 20;94(12):1112-9.</ref>

<div class="editorbox">'''Original Editor''' - [https://www.physio-pedia.com/User:Priya_Gulla Priya Gulla]. '''Top Contributors''' - {{Special: ...ers for Physiotherapists.] 4th edition. Philadelphia:Lippincott, 1987. p343-45

...from Rochester, Minnesota, 1976 through 1990. Brain. 1994 Apr 1;117(2):325-35.</ref>.... ...ation, [[Diabetes|diabetes mellitus]], neoplastic disease, or any meningeal-based disease process.

'''Original Editor '''- [https://physio-pedia.com/User:Chelsea_Mclene Chelsea Mclene] ...n. Tibb Institute.] A Science of Medicine. The Art of Care. 2015 Feb;1(1):1-0.</ref>

...e=":5">Czaprowski D, Stoliński Ł, Tyrakowski M, Kozinoga M, Kotwicki T. Non-structural misalignments of body posture in the sagittal plane. Scoliosis an ...rcise programs on kyphosis and lordosis angle: A systematic review and meta-analysis.] PloS one. 2019 Apr 29;14(4):e0216180. Available from: https://www

...] tendon dysfunction (PTTD) insufficiency is the most common cause of adult-acquired flatfoot deformity. Failure of the tendon affects surrounding ligam ...6472584 Classifications in Brief: Johnson and Strom Classification of Adult-acquired Flatfoot Deformity]. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2016 Feb; 474(2): 588�

...ussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universiteit Brussel's Evidence-based Practice project]]. ...Contributors''' -{{Special:Contributors/{{FULLPAGENAME}}}}<span style="line-height: 1.5em;">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>

...-18407751/?ppe=1 Sue Greenhalgh], [https://www.linkedin.com/in/chris-mercer-4628b58b/?ppe=1 Chris Mercer], ...ts at the lower end of the spinal cord. The CE provides innervation to the lower limbs, and sphincter,controls the function of the bladder and distal bowel

...Med Rehabil Rep'' (2024). <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1007/s40141-024-00442-w</nowiki> ...n MW. Iliotibial Band Syndrome in Runners. Sport Medicine, 2012; 42(11):969-92</ref>

...ntrasheath subluxation of the peroneal tendons. JBJS Am. 2008 May;90(5):992-9</ref>. ...Operative Techniques in Sports Medicine, Vol 7, No 1 (January), 1999: pp 2-6</ref>. The tendons are stabilized by a superior peroneal retinaculum. The

...13 </ref><ref name=":0">Aslan A. and Fynes M., [https://journals.lww.com/co-obgyn/Abstract/2007/04000/Symphysial_pelvic_dysfunction.7.aspx Symphyseal pe ...been discussed using a multitude of terms in the literature including pubo-sacroiliac arthropathy, pelvic insufficiency, symphysis pain syndrome, pelvi

...sio-pedia.com/User:Sebastian_Wozniak Sebastian Wozniak], [http://www.physio-pedia.com/User:Eric_Palmer_Beech Eric Beech]&nbsp; .../Market-Reports/exoskeleton-market-40697797.html?gclid=EAIaIQobChMI0sb4vu_6-AIVuY1oCR0KRguCEAAYASAAEgJQu_D_BwE [accessed 15/07/2022]</ref>.

...ussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universiteit Brussel's Evidence-based Practice project]] ...an emphasis on ultrasonography.] Skeletal radiology. 2002 Nov 1;31(11):631-6.

...luloskeletal Care. Section 6, Knee and Lower leg - popliteal cyst: 2001:397-398 </ref> ...'Knee'' Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy. 2006'';'' ''14''(7): 623-628. </ref>

...ts and the elderly.] Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift. 2017 Feb 1;129(3-4):81-95.Available from:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5318488/ (las ...culoskeletal injury or disease process, or [[Amputations|amputation]] of a lower limb.

...g for about 1%-2% of all joint dislocations. This injury occurs due to high-energy trauma, including falls, motor vehicle crashes, and sports injuries<r ...talar joint: a case report.] Foot & Ankle International. 2001 Jul;22(7):609-11.</ref>

...ased on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/claire-robertson/ Claire Robertson]<br> ...cross-sectional analysis.] BMC musculoskeletal disorders. 2020 Dec;21(1):1-7</ref>

[[File:Knee-OA1.png|thumb|463x463px|Knee OA]] ...rom: https://www.arthritis.org/about-arthritis/types/osteoarthritis/what-is-osteoarthritis.php (last accessed 28.5.2019)</ref>

...A Systematic Review. ''J Hand Ther''. 2019 Aug 31. pii: S0894-1130(19)30094-8. doi: 10.1016/j.jht.2019.06.002. </ref> The feedback from all these diffe Proprioception itself can be understood as including various sub-modalities:

...North America, and Japan. This is happening because lots of people from FMF-prone areas have moved to these new places in the last 20 years<ref>Onen F, ...ss that leads to the release of certain [[proteins]] called IL-1beta and IL-18. These proteins cause more inflammation in the body, and the immune syste

...ewis">Lewis CL, Sahrmann SA. Acetabular Labral Tears. Phys Ther 2006;86:110-121.</ref> The acetabular labrum is a fibro-cartilaginous rim, which encompasses the circumference of the acetabulum. It

...documented and taken into consideration when planning the amputee&nbsp;post-fitting<ref name="WHO">World Health Organization (2004). [http://www.posna.o ....pdf Evidence Based Clinical Guidelines for the Managements of Adults with Lower Limb Prostheses], 2nd Edition. Chartered Society of Physiotherapy: London.<

...he ankle. Journal of Foot Ankle Surgery [serial online]. May 2010;49(3):219-223. Available from: CINAHL Plus with Full Text, Ipswich, MA. Accessed July ...s of the ankle. The ligaments hold the tibia and fibula into a deep bracket-like shape in which the talus sits.

...ical dysfunction, however, 1-2% of cases of low back pain are caused by non-mechanical spinal disorders or visceral diseases such as a [[Abdominal Aorti ...standing he has no lateral shift of his trunk. Asymmetrical mole in central-left low back- site of patients pain, pt unaware of mole, uneven shade of co

...from:https://www.healthgrades.com/right-care/knee-replacement/partial-knee-replacement (accessed 17.2.2021)</ref>. * Surgery to replace the whole knee joint is called [https://www.physio-pedia.com/Total_knee_arthroplasty total knee replacement.]

...ugh the process of identifying potential risk factors association with Mid-Portion Achilles Tendinopathy, important questions and observations that fo ...mid-portion achilles tendinopathy. These can be further classified as non-modifiable and modifiable risk factors:

...impact. They can range in severity from relatively benign injuries to life-threatening, unstable fractures. ...Russel">Russel G. V. Et al, [https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1247913-overview Pelvic Fractures,] medscape, January 2016. Accessed 26 May 2022</re

Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease (LCPD), refers to idiopathic osteonecrosis of the fem '''Image 1:''' [[X-Rays|XRay]] - Bilateral [[Avascular Necrosis Femoral Head]] (Legg Calve Pert

...Cedraschi C. Non-specific low back pain. Lancet. 2012 Feb 4;379(9814):482-91.</ref>. ...ecific pathology”<ref name="Burton" /><span style="line-height: 1.5em; font-size: 13.28px;">. &nbsp;&nbsp;</span>

...on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/rosanne-le-jeune/ Rosanne Lejeune Rosanne Lejeune] ...the Equine Hind Limb]] page. This page will cover the following hind limb conditions:

...7 Available from: https://www.webmd.com/brain/apraxia-symptoms-causes-tests-treatments</ref> ...ization for Rare Disorders). Available from: https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/apraxia/#:~:text=Apraxia%20is%20a%20neurological%20disorder,simply%

...Can Running Cause Osteoarthritis?] ACSM's Health & Fitness Journal 19(1):23-28.</ref> ...endons, and ligaments. Its main cause its linked to metabolic and systemic conditions, such as [[hypercholesterolemia]], [[hypertension]], and high blood glucose

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...le facilitating force and load transmission from the axial skeleton to the lower extremities to allow mobility. Understanding the anatomy of the hip joint i ...: adventitious, subcutaneous, [[Synovial Fluid Analysis|synovial]], and sub-muscular.

...erextension and extreme varus force. The LCL can also be injured with a non-contact varus stress or non contact hyperextension. The LCL most commonly oc ...injuries assessed with MR imaging.] Radiographics. 2000 Oct;20(suppl_1):S91-102.</ref>.<br>

...based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/donna-fisher// Donna Fisher]<br>'''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributors/{{ ...efficiency of function during acute or long-term injury. This includes soft-tissue and bony injury, as well as changes as a result of [[Spasticity|neuro

...ion: significance and measurement.] Journal of Anatomy. 2020 Nov;237(5):811-26.</ref> ...use in Craig’s test.] Journal of physical therapy science. 2015;27(4):1141-4.</ref><ref name=":1" />

[[File:Sam-burriss-zHSX9o2 B7Y-unsplash.jpg|right|frameless]] ...tric pain, upper extremity pain, and sometimes, a pain in the groin or the lower extremity.

[[Image:Pregnant cross-section.jpg|right|505x505px]] ...atment of pelvic girdle pain]. European Spine Journal Jun 2008; 17(6) : 794-819.</ref> “''Pelvic girdle pain (PGP) generally arises in relation to pre

...hfeed/physiotherapy-for-astronauts-in-zero-micro-gravitational-environments-39184/post [Last accessed 4 December 2021]</ref> ...aimala, S., Swati, S., & Amita, M. (2013). Exercise Training for Astronauts-A Review. ''Indian Journal of Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy'', ''7'

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...ased on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/merike-hopkins/ Merike Hopkins] ...overload stress in running as a sport. Der Orthopade. 2005 May 1;34(5):399-404.</ref>

..., Khan K. Clinical Sports Medicine: 4th edition. Sydney: McGraw-Hill. p.626-683.</ref> [[Image:336px-Patellaluxation ap 002.jpg|patella dislocation]]

...ussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universiteit Brussel's Evidence-based Practice project]] '''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributors/{{F ...ure]. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy. 1984 Jan 1;5(4):184-95.</ref>

[[File:Dave-goudreau-1z9ziLqz6lI-unsplash.jpg|alt=|right|frameless]] ...ulatory activity.] Research in Exercise Epidemiology. 2012 Sep 30;14(2):107-16.</ref>

...ved region and literature review]. Medical Case Reports and Review 2020;3:1-4</ref><ref name=":0" /> ...kin flaps were drawn back and stitched into the periosteum to prevent sinus-track from forming, to reduce the pain of dressings and allow covering of th

...ot models and their use in clinical populations. Gait & Posture. 2019;69:50-9.</ref> ...tions. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy. 1995 Jun;21(6):381-8.</ref>. Any deviations from the stated STJ alignment is considered to be a