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| [[Image:Atlanto-occipital joint anterior.png|thumb|Anterior Longintudinal Ligament - AP view ...":0">http://www.coloradospineinstitute.com/subject.php?pn=anatomy-ligaments-17</ref>

...of the spinous processes from the seventh cervical vertebra to 3rd or 4th lumbar vertebrae. From vertebra C7 to the skull ligament becomes structurally dist The supraspinous ligament is well developed only in the upper lumbar region and may terminate at L3, although the most common termination site a

...https://www.physioadvisor.com.au/health/anatomy/ligaments/ligaments-of-the-spine/ (accessed 29 March 2019). ...in the thoracic region, broader, thicker, and quadrilateral in form in the lumbar region, and only slightly developed in the neck. In the neck they are often

...ch provide cushioning between the vertebrae and absorb pressure put on the spine. It is a nearly universal condition in those who reach advanced age, but it ...023, July 12. Available from: https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/249036-overview]</ref>. Although some people experience no symptoms, others may fee

...iometer and video tracking methods.] Procedia Engineering. 2013 Jan 1;68:77-82. Available: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877705813 Obliterate lumbar curve by flexing other hip and holding.

<div class="pp-no-course-suggestions pp-no-article-suggestions"></div> <div class="flex-row row">

...has a uniform width over the bodies and discs, but in the [[Lumbar Anatomy|lumbar]] region the ligament is widest at the levels of the intervertebral discs w ...a serrated edge<ref>https://radiopaedia.org/articles/posterior-longitudinal-ligament</ref>.

...oney V . [https://www.elsevier.com/books/movement-stability-and-lumbopelvic-pain/9780443101786 Movement, Stability & Lumbopelvic Pain 2nd Edition] . Ph ...ligamentum flavum, causing pretension in the neutral position (interspinous-supraspinous thoracolumbar ligamentous complex)<ref name=":0" />

...lateral facet joints transfer loads and guide and constrain motions in the spine due to their geometry and mechanical function<ref>Nicolas V. Jaumard, Willi ...is rather flat in the cervical and thoracic regions and more convex in the lumbar region. The opposing inferior facet of the superior vertebra is concave and

...lysis. journal of orthopaedic & sports physical therapy. 2018 Jun;48(6):476-90.</ref> Single knee-to-chest is part of the exercise concept developed for individuals with [[Chron

[[File:250px-Longissimus.png|thumb|Longissimus]] ...ilable:https://study.com/academy/lesson/longissimus-muscle-origin-insertion-function.html (accessed 5.2.2022)</ref>:

...onnect the spine to the pelvis, facilitating load transfer from the lumbar spine to the lower extremities. The majority of low back pain (LBP) is perceived to arise from the lumbar spine, but another likely source of LBP that is largely overlooked is the SIJ.

...acrospinous ligament]]<nowiki/>s. They help stabilise the&nbsp;lumbosacral spine on the [[pelvis]].<ref>A STUDY OF ITS ANATOMY. DEVELOPMENT AND CLINICAL SIG ....<ref>http://www.medic8.com/healthguide/sports-medicine/iliolumbar-ligament-injury.html</ref>[[Image:IMG_9766.jpg|right|300x300px]]

=== Joints and Ligaments of the Skull === Temporo-mandibular joint:<ref name=":1" />

[[File:Spine anatomy.jpg|thumb|Lumbosacral spine]] ...an come from various structures, notably facet joints, spinal muscles, and ligaments. [[Low Back Pain|Low back pain]] is a major clinical and socioeconomic burd

...ebral nerve with clinical applications]. ''Anat Cell Biol''. 2019;52(2):128-133.</ref>. Innervate multiple meningeal and non-meningeal structures. Is a somatic and vegetative nerve.

...h of the fascicles, as well as region covered. The groups are rotatores, [[Lumbar Multifidus|multifidus]], and semispinalis. ...alis] Available: https://radiopaedia.org/articles/transversospinalis-muscle-group?lang=us<nowiki/>(accessed 30.1.2022)</ref>

'''Original Editor '''- [http://www.physio-pedia.com/User:Wendy_Walker Wendy Walker] ...thoracolumbar fascia?Available: https://askinglot.com/what-is-thoracolumbar-fascia<nowiki/>(accessed 14.2.2022)</ref>

...tematic review and meta-analysis. The Spine Journal. 2018 Dec 1;18(12):2266-77.</ref> ...rapist]] can be accessed in Physiopedia where [[MRI Scans|MRI]], [[X-Rays|X-rays]], [[CT Scans|CT scans]], and bone scans are discussed.

* The sacrum is made of five fused [[Lumbar Vertebrae|vertebrae]] configured as an inverted triangular bone that is con * Though the spinal cord ends in the lumbar region (L1-L2), the dura mater extends to S2.

...nerves Available: https://musculoskeletalkey.com/nerves-innervation-of-the-spine/<nowiki/>(accessed 6.2.2022)</ref> ...inal Nerves Available: https://www.verywellhealth.com/spinal-nerves-anatomy-4682599<nowiki/>(accessed 6.2.2022)</ref>

...with increasing lordosis and with hyperlordosis. The pull of muscle on the lumbar vertebrae also creates an increasing shear strength on the vertebrae.<ref>T ...trength may create a fracture <u>+</u> injury in the collateral or crossed ligaments (e.g. ACL ruptures).

[[Image:Lumbar vertebra.jpg|thumb|right|350px|Lumbar Vertebrae]] ...ed Anatomy of the Lumbar Spine">Ombregt, L. Applied Anatomy of the Lumbar Spine. Chapter 31 In: A System of Orthopaedic Medicine. Elsevier, 2013.</ref>

...ghout the spinal column to cushion the bones as the body moves. [[Ligament|Ligaments]] hold the vertebrae in place, and [[Tendon Anatomy|tendon]]<nowiki/>s atta ...ertebrae and abdominal wall, including the bony structures, articulations, ligaments, muscles, nerves and the vascular supply.

...ussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universiteit Brussel's Evidence-based Practice project]] [[File:SPINE ANATOMY.jpg|thumb]]

...ck Pain Authority. Available from: https://www.cure-back-pain.org/fractured-coccyx.html (last accessed 4.12.2019)</ref> ...7. Available from: https://online.boneandjoint.org.uk/doi/full/10.1302/0301-620X.92B12.25486 (last accessed 4.12.2019)</ref>.

...n the superior [[Cervical Anatomy|cervical]] spine and the inferior lumbar spine. It consists of 12 vertebrae that are distinct in shape and function from v ...e thoracic vertebrae are medium sized and heart shaped. They are all weight-bearing and generally increase in size from superiorly to inferiorly with an

...Joints|Facet]] arthrosis is a painful [[arthritis]]-like condition of the spine caused by degeneration of the joints between the spinal bones. ...Available from: https://www.verywellhealth.com/facet-arthropathy-treatment-190440</ref> [[File:Facet Joints Anatomy.jpeg|thumb|200x200px]]

...ailable from:https://www.coloradospineinstitute.com/education/wellness/body-mechanics/ (last accessed 25.5.2020)</ref>. ...ps://www.ongwanada.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Body-Mechanics-and-Injury-Prevention.pdf (last accessed 25.5.2020)</ref>.

...al of Physiotherapy. He is also the author of two books:<ref name="mulligan-5">Manual therapy NAGS,SNAGS,MWMS,etc by Brian R.Mulligan, 5th edition, 2004 ...of the extremities and SNAGS (sustained natural apophyseal glides) of the spine were first coined by Brian R. Mulligan <ref>Mulligan, BR: Manual Therapy �

...ebrae in place, and tendons attach the muscles to the spinal column. Thirty-one pairs of nerves are rooted to the [[Spinal cord anatomy|spinal cord]] an ...Futterman B. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459278/ Anatomy, back, lumbar vertebrae.] InStatPearls [Internet] 2018 Dec 13. StatPearls Publishing. Ava

...systematic review and meta-analysis. Physical therapy. 2018 Jan 1;98(1):40-62.</ref>. ...ational Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics. 2007 Jan 1;13(2):215-23.</ref>. This emphasizes the need for workplace interventions to reduce an

...464x464px|FABERs test.  Attribution to "Dr. Donald Corenman, MD - Colroado Spine Doctor".]] ...ith musculoskeletal hip pain]. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2008 Feb;38(2):71-7. Epub 2007 Sep 21.</ref><br>

This guide gives a general overview of the anatomy of the thoracic spine. It also includes some facts regarding pathophysiology in this region. The sagittal plane alignment of the Thoracic spine is on average 35% (normal range is 20° to 50°).<ref name=":2" />

...patients with degenerative lumbar conditions. Phys Ther. 2005 Feb;85(2):120-33. Evidence level: 2a grade of recommendation: B</ref> ...ension, abduction, adduction, internal rotation and external rotation. The ligaments of the hip joint act to increase stability. They can be divided into two gr

...ac joint (commonly referred to as SIJ) is the joint connection between the spine and the pelvis. ..., diagnosis, and treatment]. Anesthesia & Analgesia. 2005 Nov 1;101(5):1440-53.</ref> made up of the [[sacrum]] and the two innominates of the [[pelvis]

...e amount of force transferred from the ground and lower extremities to the spine and upper extremities.<ref name=":2" /> ...parate bones yet to be fused: ilium, ischium and pubis connected by the tri-radiate cartilage.

[[File:SPINE ANATOMY.jpg|right|frameless|300x300px]] ...">IC Lumbar Instability Available:https://www.institutoclavel.com/en/lumbar-instability (accessed 16.6.2021)</ref>

...k), 12 in the thoracic region (middle back), and 5 in the [[Lumbar Anatomy|lumbar region]] (lower back).   ...at deal of strength. They also provide a shock-absorbing effect within the spine and prevent the vertebrae from grinding together. They consist of three maj

...ginal Editor '''- [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/rosanne-le-jeune/ Rosanne Lejeune] '''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributors/{{FU Pelvic hind limb bears 40-45% of the weight and provides the majority of propulsion for locomotion.

...tps://www.spine-health.com/wellness/exercise/exercise-and-fitness-help-your-back (accessed 1.2.2022)</ref> ...ack pain and physical fitness in adolescents. Spine. 2006 Jul 1;31(15):1740-4.Available: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16816772/ (accessed 1.2.2022)</

[[File:Normal-sacro-iliac-joints-ct.jpeg|right|frameless]] ...ed Clinical Tests of the Sacroiliac Joint. Physical Therapy. 1985; 65: 1671-1675fckLRLevel of evidence: C</ref>

...extends downwards from the [[brainstem]] through the central column of the spine. It is a relatively small bundle of tissue (weighing 35g and just about 1cm ...ate neural circuits for many of our [[reflexes]]. Some reflexes eg the knee-jerk are built into the nervous system and bypass the brain, while others ca

== Age-related Changes in Connective Tissue == # Age-associated alterations in matrix molecule cross-linking

[[File:Lumbar aponeurosis.jpeg|right|frameless|399x399px]] ...during muscle contraction]. Journal of biomechanics. 2016 Jun 14;49(9):1812-7. Available:https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27155748/ (accessed 15.12.2021)

...ased on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/daphne-xuan/ Daphne Xuan]<br> ...1;12(2):e053999.</ref>[[File:C-spine-picture.jpg|thumb|250x250px|Cervical spine]]

...ns]] and [[User:Marie Avau|Marie Avau]] Debby Decock, Farrie Bakalli, Laure-Anne Callewaert '''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributors/{{FULLPAGEN [[File:Lumbar spondylosis2.JPG|right|frameless|400x400px]]

...is syndrome, ischiofemoral impingement and sciatic nerve release. Muscles, ligaments and tendons journal. 2016 Jul;6(3):384.</ref>: ...utm_medium=search&utm_campaign=ongoing_internal Radicular pain from Lumbar spine origin]

...of muscles, joints, and soft tissues to move through an unrestricted, pain-free range of motion. It involves the capacity of these structures to stretc ...of stretching, especially when combined with activity, can lead to fatigue-induced soft tissue shortening over time.<ref>UC Davis health [https://healt

...based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/donna-fisher/ Donna Fisher]<br>'''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributors/{{F ...nal braces are off-the-shelf, although certain situations call for a custom-made device.<ref name=":0" />

...riginal Editor '''- [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/deborah-riczo/ Deborah Riczo], [[User:Wanda van Niekerk|Wanda van Niekerk]]<br> ...e amount of force transferred from the ground and lower extremities to the spine and upper extremities.<ref name=":2" />

[https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/petra-zikmann/ Petra Zikmann] This page introduces the Anatomy of Equine Spine and Head.

...sten Tsuei|Kristen Tsuei]] as part of the [[Texas State University Evidence-based Practice Project]] '''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributors/{{ ...ine stenosis.] Available from: https://www.webmd.com/back-pain/guide/spinal-stenosis#1 (last accessed 10.4.2019)</ref> This can lead to squeezing or com

.... Mechanical low back pain. American family physician. 2018 Oct 1;98(7):421-8.</ref> ...low back pain and does age play a role? Pain medicine. 2011 Feb 1;12(2):224-33.</ref>

...ussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universiteit Brussel's Evidence-based Practice project]] ...idence: 2B)</ref>. Also, peripheral entheses may be affected: peripatellar ligaments, [[Achilles Tendon|Achilles tendon]] insertion, plantar fascia, [[Shoulder|

...acic vertebrae and rib cage, including the bony structures, articulations, ligaments, muscles, nerves and the vascular supply. ...ere are four types of bursae: adventitious, subcutaneous, synovial, and sub-muscular.

...''Original Editor '''- [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/mauro-banfi/ Mauro Banfi] '''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributors/{{FULLPA * Lordosis of the [[Cervical Anatomy|cervical spine]] inhibits laryngeal elevation and affects swallowing<ref>Sato K, Chitose S

...based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/rina-pandya/ Rina Pandya]<br>'''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributors/{{FU ...lumbar spinal stability. This task is accomplished through increased intra-abdominal pressure (IAP), minimising displacement of the abdominal contents

...e [[Facet Joints|facet joints]] (also termed zygapophyseal joints) of the spine become a source of [[Pain Behaviours|pain]]. ...t 1: anatomy, biomechanics, and grading. Skeletal Radiol. 2011 Jan;40(1):13-23..</ref>

...tps://www.smn.scot.nhs.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Vertebral-fractures-in-children.pdf [Accessed 11/3/2023].  </ref> === Cervical spine ===

*Does the knee give way? (instability/rupture of ligaments) *Past Medical History (PMH) (Pre-existing medical conditions)

...ical Center. http://www.umm.edu/programs/spine/health/guides/cervical-spine-anatomy. Accessed 21 april 2017.</ref><ref name="Gray">Gray H. Gray's Anatom ...ly specialized and are given unique names: atlas and axis, respectively. C3-C7 are more classic vertebrae, having a body, pedicles, laminae, spinous pro

...emol Yves|Demol Yves]] as part of the [[Vrije Universiteit Brussel Evidence-based Practice Project]] ...[[Cervical Spondylosis|spondylosis]] (degenerative changes in the cervical spine) but can also be the result of traumatic (fractures and instability) and in

...tion Of ERGONOMICS. Merriam-webster.com. Available from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ergonomics [last accessed 11/11/2020]</ref>. The stud ...iotherapists and one in which we regularly address due to having a rich, in-depth understanding and knowledge of these factors.

'''Original Editor '''- [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/deborah-riczo/ Deborah Riczo], [[User:Wanda van Niekerk|Wanda van Niekerk]]<br> ...uses of pain.] International journal of spine surgery. 2020 Feb 1;14(s1):S3-13.</ref>

...]] (SI joint). It is usually caused by abnormal motion (i.e. hyper- or hypo-mobile) or malalignment of the sacroiliac joint. Sacroiliac joint syndrome i ...ac Joint Syndrome. Pain Physician. Vol. 4, N° 2, p 143-152, 2001. ISSN 1533-3159</ref>

[[File:Sam-burriss-zHSX9o2 B7Y-unsplash.jpg|right|frameless]] ...ted to the particular orientation, structure, and function of the thoracic spine in the vertebral column.

# Increased lumbar lordosis and ...e=":5">Czaprowski D, Stoliński Ł, Tyrakowski M, Kozinoga M, Kotwicki T. Non-structural misalignments of body posture in the sagittal plane. Scoliosis an

...roiliac joint. Part 1: Clinical anatomical aspects. Spine 1990a; 15(2): 130-132</ref> .... 1998; 3(1): 12-20</ref>.&nbsp; This normally occurs during increased load-bearing situations e.g. standing and sitting, to increase stability<ref name

...n children include occipito-atlantal or atlanto-axial dissociation, atlanto-axial rotary subluxation, spinal cord injury without radiological abnormalit ...y. A Review By Organ System. Phy. Med. and Rehab Clinics, 2015; 26(1); 109-132.

* Physiology of schoolchildren and adolescent spine * Anatomy of paediatric spine

...s the ball, which fits into the acetabulum (socket in the pelvic bone) and ligaments connect the ball to the socket, thereby providing tremendous stability to t ...from: <nowiki>https://radiopaedia.org/articles/investigation-of-hip-injury-summary</nowiki> (accessed 29 August 2018)</ref><br>

...ical Therapy. Journal of Orthopadic Sports Physical Therapy. 2007;37(6):290-302.</ref>. In 2012, Low Back Pain Clinical Practice Guidelines were publish ...ican Physical Therapy Association. J Orhtop Sports Phys Ther. 2012;42(4):A1-A57</ref>

...Braun J., Sieper J., Spondyloarthritides., Z Rheumatol. 2010 Jul; 69(5):425-32 :4: 2C</ref><ref name="p3" /> It is a diverse group of inflammatory arthr ...articular peripheral arthritis, principally in genetically predisposed (HLA-B27+) individuals.

..., Function & Anatomy | Body Maps www.healthline.com/human-body-maps/iliacus-muscle/male#1 (accessed 17 June 2018)</ref> === Anatomy<ref>Iliacus - UW Radiology https://rad.washington.edu/muscle-atlas/iliacus/ (accessed 18 june 2018)

....gov/pmc/articles/PMC8301671/ Limb development in skeletally-immature large-sized dogs: A radiographic study]. Plos one. 2021 Jul 23;16(7):e0254788.</re ...o L, Angileri V, Morabito S, Cassata G, Macrì F. [https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/11/3/813 Four Unusual Cases of Congenital Forelimb Malformations in Dog

...pain. Spine, 22(18), 2128-2156. https://doi.org/10.1097/00007632-199709150-00012</ref>. The main reasons for IDD therapy advocacy are; ...ority of patients prefer to avoid the risks of surgery or suffer from spine-related musculoskeletal conditions contraindicated to surgical intervention,

...nal Editor '''- [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/ansi-van-der-walt/ Ansi van der Walt] '''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributors/{{F ...lack+of+knowledge+about+the+functional+aspects+of+the+equine+thoracolumbar+spine+and+pathogenesis+of+back+problems.&source=bl&ots=cAVFEBX9CU&sig=ACfU3U2mopm

...e femur, patella, fabellae (sesamoid bones), tibia, fibula, tarsus and meta-tarsus and the digital bones. The size of hindlimb bones varies due to the s ...s; their rear legs are fairly rigid and muscular. The pelvic limb bears 40-45% of the dog's weight and provides the majority of the propulsion for loco

...ussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universiteit Brussel's Evidence-based Practice project]] <br> ...ournal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. 2004 Jan 1;12(1):49-54.

...uchbinder R. Non-specific low back pain. Lancet. 2017 Feb 18;389(10070):736-747. </ref> ...Miller JA. Mechanical Low Back Pain. Am Fam Physician. 2018 Oct 1;98(7):421-428.</ref> However, it is essential to be able to identify patients who fall

...7&hl=en&sa=T&oi=gsb&ct=res&cd=0&d=4835174966929252867&ei=33D_Y-b6G8K1ywTR2b-ACw&scisig=AAGBfm0_NiE12NAJ6fxWp2LhTVd1yZ0_wA Canine Thoracic Costovertebral ...ttps://search.proquest.com/openview/595da2c2b3fe6c63ffa1b49f7313fbc6/1%3Fpq-origsite%3Dgscholar%26cbl%3D2026366%26diss%3Dy&hl=en&sa=T&oi=gsb&ct=res&cd=0

...udo, A., Gómez-Lozano, S., de Baranda, P.S., Vargas-Macías, A. and Santonja-Medina, F. (2021) Sagittal Integral Morphotype of Female Classical Ballet Da ...de la and Guillén, P. (2015) Overuse Injuries in Professional Ballet Injury-Based Differences Among Ballet Disciplines. ''The Orthopaedic Journal of Spo

...emic review]. Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research. 2017;3(7):141-148. Accessed 18 July 2019.</ref> ...2022]. Available from: <nowiki>https://www.text-neck.com/definition-of-text-neck.html</nowiki> [Last accessed: 7/12/2022]</ref>

Axial spondyloarthritis is a seronegative [[spondyloarthritis]] of the spine and pelvis. The term axial spondyloarthritis has only been used since 2009 ...673616315914 Axial spondyloarthritis]. The Lancet. 2017 Jul 1;390(10089):73-84.</ref>

[[File:Bianca-jordan-IPjWtxPJUQc-unsplash.jpg|thumb|282x282px]] ...dra SL, Fessler RG, Liu JC. Maximizing the potential of minimally invasive spine surgery in complex spinal disorders. Neurosurgical focus. 2008 Aug 1;25(2):

...from any of the ligaments, muscles, fascia, joints or discs of the Lumbar Spine. Read more information on [[Low Back Pain|low back pain]]. ...rtebral Manipulation. 7th Edition. London. Elsevier.</ref><span style="line-height: 1.5em;">.</span>

...t consists of bones, cartilage, ligaments, tendons, and other tissues. The ligaments provide stability during loading while the muscles around the knee have a s ...: adventitious, subcutaneous, [[Synovial Fluid Analysis|synovial]], and sub-muscular.

...niversity Evidence-based Practice Project|Texas State University's Evidence-based Practice project]] ...ication of acute thoracolumbar spinal injuries]. spine. 1983 Nov 1;8(8):817-31.</ref>

...13 </ref><ref name=":0">Aslan A. and Fynes M., [https://journals.lww.com/co-obgyn/Abstract/2007/04000/Symphysial_pelvic_dysfunction.7.aspx Symphyseal pe ...been discussed using a multitude of terms in the literature including pubo-sacroiliac arthropathy, pelvic insufficiency, symphysis pain syndrome, pelvi

...based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/rina-pandya/ Rina Pandya]<br> '''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributors/{{F ...rasound Imaging in Neuromuscular Disorders.] J Neuromuscul Dis. 2018;5(1):1-10</ref>

...ussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universiteit Brussel's Evidence-based Practice project]] A herniated disc in the spine is a condition during which a nucleus pulposus is displaced from interverte

...individual provocation tests and composites of test. Man Ther. 2005;10:207-218.</ref><ref name=":4">Laslett M, Young SB, Aprill CN, McDonald B, (2003). ...of distraction testing. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2005 Nov-Dec;28(9):688-95.</ref> No evidence to suggest either method is preferable<ref name=":5" /

...ia R.K. et al., Spondyloarthropathies. Am Fam Physician, 2004, 69 (12):2853-2860 Level of Evidence 5</ref>&nbsp;Level 5 ...lus fibrosis of the intervertebral discs, and the apophyseal joints of the spine.<ref name="p1" />

...e from the synovial joint but can also originate from the posterior sacral ligaments<ref name=":0">Buchanan BK, Varacallo M. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books [[File:Active-sacroiliitis.png|thumb|Bone scan: Active-sacroiliitis]]Reports on the prevalence of sacroiliac pain vary widely.

[[File:Indian-yogi-yogi-madhav-P SxnJhID1s-unsplash (1).jpg|right|frameless]] ...ostures on head/neck posture and muscle activity. Manual Therapy, 15(1), 54-60</ref>

...based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/sasha-chelin/ Sasha Chelin] ...sment for the Equine Athlete. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract. 2016;32(1):31-47.</ref> Rather, they approach the assessment from a functional perspective

...the United States and internationally. The spine journal. 2008 Jan 1;8(1):8-20.</ref>.&nbsp; ...on interventions. Spine. 1997 Sep 15;22(18):2128-56.</ref><span style="line-height: 1.5em;">.</span>

...Flexion Syndrome. Physical Therapy 35(4) pp. 336-351</ref><span style="line-height: 1.5em;">.</span> ...lysis of selected systems. Phys Ther. 78 pp. 708-737</ref><span style="line-height: 1.5em;">.</span>

== Introduction: Lumbar Stenosis   == '''-Lumbar spinal stenosis''' is a medical condition characterized by the narrowing of

About 90% of all patients with low back pain will have non-specific low back pain, which, in essence, is a diagnosis based on exclusion *[[Lumbar Spinal Stenosis]]

...al structures of the pelvis, including the bony structures, articulations, ligaments, muscles, nerves and the vascular supply. ...: adventitious, subcutaneous, [[Synovial Fluid Analysis|synovial]], and sub-muscular.

'''Original Editor ''' - [http://www.physio-pedia.com/User:Michael_Kecman Mike Kecman&nbsp;]as part of the [[The Jackson ...lude [[X-Rays|radiographs]], [[Ultrasound Scans|ultrasound]], [[CT Scans|CT-scans]] and [[MRI Scans|MRI scans]].

...lobal Burden of Disease Study 2016. The Lancet. 2017 Sep 16;390(10100):1211-59.</ref> ...an interpret pain and desensitize the response It can be sensitized or over-reactive by our emotions, events that occur in our lives that may increase f

...he limbs merely amplify movement that originates in the musculature of the spine and trunk. It has since been proposed and developed from this, by the likes ...ised of only one type of tissue; they are comprised of muscles, fascia and ligaments all working together to create stability and mobility. Is critical to under

...niversity Evidence-based Practice Project|Texas State University's Evidence-based Practice project]]. [[Image:Lower-back-pain.jpg|right|200px]]

...: adventitious, subcutaneous, [[Synovial Fluid Analysis|synovial]], and sub-muscular. ...lable from: https://radiopaedia.org/articles/trabecular-pattern-of-proximal-femur [last access 5.05.2023]</ref></blockquote>

...wska]] based on course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/instructor/rina-pandya/ Rina Pandya] ...e literature review]. J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact. 2013 Mar 1;13(1):1-2.</ref> However, it is the muscle architecture and the line of action that

...both the [[posture]] and gait pattern of pregnant women different from non-pregnant subjects.<ref name=":3">Forczek W;Staszkiewicz R. [http://www.actab ...cco ICN. [https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.2217/whe.12.59?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori:rid:crossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub%20%200pubmed Static and Dyna

[[Image:Pregnant cross-section.jpg|right|505x505px]] ...ting is diminished. The diagnosis of PGP can be reached after exclusion of lumbar causes. The pain or functional disturbances in relation to PGP must be repr

...f Motion? Available:https://www.verywellhealth.com/overview-range-of-motion-2696650<nowiki/>(accessed 20.11.2022)</ref> ...in Cairo, Egypt.] Bulletin of Faculty of Physical Therapy. 2020 Dec;25(1):1-7.</ref>

...Original Editor '''- [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/deborah-riczo/ Deborah Riczo], [[User:Wanda van Niekerk|Wanda van Niekerk]]<br> [[File:Ligaments of the pelvis posterior aspect Primal.png|thumb]]

...[https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/tanya-bell-jenje/ Tanya Bell-Jenje]<br> ...distal and proximal conditions.<ref name=":13" /> Moreover, a number of non-mechanical pathologies can [[Spinal Masqueraders|masquerade]] as musculoskel

...nee pain.] Current reviews in musculoskeletal medicine. 2010 Oct 1;3(1-4):3-10.</ref> ...al vein), bursae, lymph nodes, and fat. The bursae of the knee are synovial-lined sacs that decrease the friction of moving structures. Pain and swellin

...erico, et al. "Non-specific low back pain." The Lancet 379.9814 (2012): 482-491. Level of evidence 1A</ref> ...d subchronic low back trouble. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1995 Mar 15;20(6):722-8.Level of evidence 3C</ref>

...mbers.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/michelle-green-smerdon// Michelle Green-Smerdon]<br> '''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributors/{{FULLPAGENAME} ...ot, the following features could be considered optimal:<ref name=":2">Green-Smerdon M. Biomechanics of the Dancer’s Ankle and Foot Course. Plus , 2022

...BP) or [http://www.physio-pedia.com/Pregnancy_Related_Pelvic_Pain pregnancy-related pelvic girdle pain (PPGP)]. The last two patterns can occur separate ...cy-related low back pain]. Journal of nurse-midwifery. 1998 Sep 1;43(5):331-40.</ref><br>

...ing the second most likely to be affected. The higher levels of the lumbar spine are rarely affected. (15 LOE: 4) ...a blanket term used by physicians to describe general deterioration of the spine. This defect can be asymptomatic or associated with significant back pain (

...o the skin and breasts. The full gestation period is 39-40 weeks, and a pre-term birth is classed as delivery before 37 weeks gestation, although there .... In WB Saunders Women's Health: a textbook for Physiotherapists. 2004 pp56-72.</ref>.

...e Physicians ’ Use of Lumbar Spine. Journal of General Internal Medicine.3-9.</ref><ref>Carey TS, Garrett J, Back C, Project P. Patterns of Ordering Di ...r retrospective practice analysis]. Physical Therapy. 2019 Aug 1;99(8):1020-6.</ref><ref>Rundell SD, Maitland ME, Manske RC, Beneck GJ. [https://academi

...activation occurred: superficial somatic ( e.g. skin), deep somatic (e.g. ligaments/tendons/bones/muscles) or visceral ( internal organs).<br> ...ication of a particular stimulus for a given length of time may induce long-term changes in the response properties of the nociceptor.<ref name="4.">Mey

...ndrome in asymptomatic individuals. ''J Med Pharm Allied Sci'', 10(6), 3894-3898.</ref>. ...Crossed Syndrome''. Physiopedia, [online]. Available at https://www.physio-pedia.com/index.php?title=Lower_Crossed_Syndrome&oldid=323323 [Accessed: 18

The deep buttock area has complicated anatomy and hasn't been explored in-depth in the literature<ref>McCrory P, Bell S (1999) Nerve entrapment syndro ...pain in the buttock.] Current Sports Medicine Reports. 2021 Jun 1;20(6):279-85.</ref>

...d meta-analysis.] ''British Journal of Sports Medicine'', ''56''(9), pp.521-530.</ref> ...Joint Syndromes. Available at: http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/90286-overview#showall (accessed 08 august 2016).</ref>

...ry investigation. International Journal of Osteopathic Medicine. 2018;27:14-22. </ref>. WMSDs are: ...ps://www.cdc.gov/workplacehealthpromotion/health-strategies/musculoskeletal-disorders/index.html</nowiki></ref>.

...anding of red flags for back pain.] Musculoskeletal care. 2015 Mar;13(1):42-50.</ref> ...ionals.] Journal of health services research & policy. 2006 Oct 1;11(4):240-7.</ref>Therefore, there is a need to ensure that physiotherapists have a go

[[File:Bianca-jordan-IPjWtxPJUQc-unsplash.jpg|right|frameless]] ...n normal subjects. American Journal of Roentgenology. 1980 May 1;134(5):979-83.</ref>

...based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/instructor/ibukun-afolabi/ Ibukun Afolabi]<br> ...text Biotensegrity: what is the big deal?] J Bodyw Mov Ther. 2020;24(1):134-7. </ref> system, it is important that pelvic health physiotherapists consid

...lated pain:<ref name=":0">Van der Walt A. Managing Disorders of the Canine Spine Course. Plus , 2021.</ref> ...o be due to pathologies outside of the spine, such as brain tumours and mid-thoracic pathology

...ropean guidelines for prevention in low back pain: November 2004. European Spine Journal. 2006 Mar;15(Suppl 2):s136.</ref> # Sub-acute is anything persisting between 6-12 weeks.

[[File:Spinal-cord-injury-symptoms.png|right|frameless|691x691px]] ...ls]] and age-related bony changes<ref name=":0">Alizadeh A, Dyck SM, Karimi-Abdolrezaee S. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6439316/ Trauma

'''Original Editor '''- [http://www.physio-pedia.com/User:Kudzanayi_Ronald_Muzenda Kudzanayi Ronald Muzenda] and [[User ...gical classification of spinal cord injury. J Spinal Cord Med 2011; 34: 535-546</ref>{{#ev:vimeo|65471467|300}}

...103''(2), 81-89.</ref> The purpose of this page is to describe the evidence-based physical therapy practice including diagnosis, assessment and interven ...sociation.] ''Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy'', (7), CPG1-CPG70.</ref>

...="Micheli and Wood 1995">El-Sayed A, Cervoni-Rosario B, Harrast MA. Lumbar spine. In: Krabak BJ, Brooks A, editors. The Youth Athlete. Elsevier; 2023. p. 35 * Lumbar muscle strain.

...ased on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/ibukun-afolabi/ Ibukun Afolabi]<br>'''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributors/ ...and awareness of available treatment. OTJR (Thorofare N J). 2021;41(2):108-15. </ref> However, it is important to remember that the pelvic floor plays

# Anterior dislocation (~10%). Caused by combined forces of : hyper-abduction with the extension.<ref name=":6" /> ...dislocation Hip dislocation] Available:https://radiopaedia.org/articles/hip-dislocation (accessed 7.1.2023)</ref>

...e Executive.https://www.hse.ie/eng/about/who/qid/quality-and-patient-safety-documents/abbreviations.pdf. NHO Abbreviations booklet.Available from: (acc |Anterior superior iliac spine

[[File:LSS1.jpg|right|<ref>Bhave A. Modern Techniques in Spine Surgery. JP Medical Ltd; 2014 Nov 30.</ref>]] Lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS)

[[File:Compressive myeolopathy C6C7.png|thumb|Cervical myelopathy C6-C7]] ...(Eds). Spinal disorders: Fundamentals of Diagnosis and Treatment. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. 2008.</ref>

...:Harrison Chipchase|Harrison Chipchase]] as part of the [https://www.physio-pedia.com/Nottingham_University_Spinal_Rehabilitation_Project| Nottingham Un ...inflammatory, sero-negative arthritic condition that typically affects the spine and the sacroilliac (SI) joints. Common clinical presentations of this dise

...ramework. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy. 2023; 53(1) : 1-51 https://doi.org/10.2519/jospt.2022.11147</ref>. == Anatomy of Cervical Spine ==

...Original Editor '''- [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/deborah-riczo/ Deborah Riczo], [[User:Wanda van Niekerk|Wanda van Niekerk]]<br> ...lateral branches.<ref name=":1" /> This suggests that there are other extra-articular sources of sacroiliac region pain.<ref name=":1" />

...f the concept and its clinical applications. PM and R. 2011 Aug 31;3(8):739-45.</ref> ...dapted Reuleaux’s theory and included the analysis of human movement, sport-specific activity patterns and [[Therapeutic Exercise|exercise]]. He suggest

...] based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/ian-gatt/ Ian Gatt] ...w. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports. 2021 Feb;31(2):246-64.</ref>

...uis, MO (USA): Elsevier Mosby; 2011:p.439-482</ref> [[Weight bearing|Weight-bearing]] is a primary function of the foot and ankle - each structure has a * assisting with push-off during the [[Gait Cycle|gait cycle]]

...y affects well-being and physical and psychological health.<ref name="abdul-sattar" /><ref name="manchikanti" /><ref name="friel" /> ...ki JM. The relationship between lumbar spine kinematics during gait and low-back pain in transfemoral amputees. American Journal of Physical Medicine &a

...nd [[User:Joseph So|Joseph So]] as part of the [[Temple University Evidence-Based Practice Project|Temple University EBP Project]] ...lation of the medial clavicle. The anterior and posterior sternoclavicular ligaments originate on the anterior and posterior ends of the clavicle, respectively,

...e course presented by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/helene-simpson/ Helene Simpson] ...ronation or supination; observe [[Gait Cycle|gait cycle]]: heel strike, toe-off.

...emiology of spondyloarthritis]. Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 2012 Aug;38(3):441-76. </ref> note that incidence rates of spondyloarthropathy range from 0.48 ...2015. p745-57.</ref><ref name=":14">Physiopedia. [[Co-morbidities and Extra-articular Manifestations of Spondyloarthropathy]].</ref>

...=":1">Reese NB, Bandy WD. Joint Range of Motion and Muscle Length Testing-E-book. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2016 Mar 31.</ref> ROM is the arc of motion ...ture or connective tissues, such as [[Tendon Anatomy|tendons,]] [[Ligament|ligaments]] and the [[Capsule Constrained Mechanism|joint capsule]], that surround th

...ing the effectiveness of [[Manual Therapy|manual therapy]] on the thoracic spine may improve patient’s symptoms when suffering from thoracic and/or referr There are various common disorders in the thoracic spine, the most common;

...int for treatment of knee and elbow flexion contractures, 2010; 93 (7): 799-804 (C)</ref> In most cases, flexion deformities occur bilaterally. The defo ...nee in children and adolescents using the Ilizarov technique, 1995;77-B:140-4 (C)</ref>

...wska]] based on course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/instructor/rina-pandya/ Rina Pandya]<br> ...apping hip syndrome Available:https://radiopaedia.org/articles/snapping-hip-syndrome?lang=us (accessed 30/10.2022)</ref>

...rk meta-analysis.] British journal of sports medicine. 2021 Apr 1;55(7):369-77.</ref> ...one Infiltrations on Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome and Chondromalacia: A Non-Randomized Parallel Controlled Trial. Diversity & Equality in Health and Car

...ovimovements.co.za/greater-trochanteric-pain-syndrome-recommended-exercises-progressions/</ref>. ...thy?utm_source=physiopedia&utm_medium=search&utm_campaign=ongoing_internal Lumbar] region.

...ia. Available from: https://hipdysplasia.org/developmental-dysplasia-of-the-hip/ (accessed 10/01/2023)</ref>. '''Acetabular dysplasia''' itself refers ...Joint|alt=|frameless]]The [[Hip Anatomy|Hip joint]] is a classical ball-and-socket joint. It meets the four characteristics of a [[Synovial Joints|synov

...ith report of cases.] The American Journal of Surgery. 1941 Oct 1;54(1):326-38.</ref> * Slipping-rib-cartilage syndrome

...ddle, and posterior, with the posterior facet representing the major weight-bearing surface) which articulate with talus forming talocalcaneal joint (su ...alcaneus: a review with emphasis on CT.] Radiographics. 2005 Sep;25(5):1215-26.</ref>These anatomic landmarks are important because fractures associated

...the posterior broad ligament, the anterior cul-de-sac, the posterior cul-de-sac, and the uterosacral ligament. ...ur hospital fertility clinic.] South African Medical Journal. 1989;76(1):65-6.</ref>

...n. It is a highly enjoyable activity and is used to great effect as a cross-curricular teaching tool. ...rapy on muscle tone. Unpublished Master Thesis. Leeds Metrop Univ. 2006;4:1-57.</ref> This challenges the body in a multitude of ways for a variety of b

...reasingly used to refer to this condition<ref>Rhim HC, Kwon J, Park J, Borg-Stein J, Tenforde AS. [https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/life11121287 A S ...nts with plantar heel pain]. Foot & ankle international. 2012 Sep;33(9):693-8.</ref>.

...akaoka GB, Reis AC, Lucareli PR. [http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S2358-04292015000400006&script=sci_arttext Gluteus Maximus inhibition in proximal ...f Assessment and Management.] J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2016 Jun;46(6):483-93