Search results

[[File:Internal impingement of the shoulder.jpg|thumb|High stressors in throwing motion]] ...me="Wilk1">Wilk et al. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19194026/ Shoulder Injuries in the Overhead Athlete]. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2009;39(2):38-54. Arti

...SH, Choi HJ. Biceps load test II: a clinical test for SLAP lesions of the shoulder. ''Arthroscopy'' 2001 February; 17(2):160-164.</ref><br> ...eps Load II test is designed to detect [[SLAP_Lesion|SLAP lesions]] in the shoulder.<ref name="Kim" />

...ation of diagnostic criteria and a rehabilitation program for rotator cuff injuries. American Journal of Sports Medicine. 10, 336-339</ref> == ...tient were pouring liquid out of a can. The therapist should stabilize the shoulder while applying a downwardly directed force to the arm, the patient tries to

* Competitors must use an over the shoulder throwing motion to throw the javelin into the sector * The competitor uses any throwing technique that is not over their shoulder

...backward force is applied to the proximal arm. A sudden onset of posterior shoulder pain indicates a positive test result, regardless of accompanying posterior ...ed">1. SH Kim et al. A Novel Test for Posteroinferior Labral Lesion of the Shoulder—A Comparison to the Jerk Test Am J Sports Med - 01-AUG-2005; 33(8): 1188-

...of Success in Nonoperative Treatment of Posteroinferior Instability of the Shoulder.&amp; Am J Sports Med 2004 32: 1849 </ref> ...dity and accuracy of clinical tests used to detect labral pathology of the shoulder]- a systematic review. Man Ther. 2009 Apr;14(2):119-30</ref> The reported d

Mr A has a history of persistent and debilitating pain in his shoulder with significant sleep disturbance following time in detention in his home ...worse from day to day. He has became more and more disabled because of his shoulder pain.

...al Plexus|brachial plexus]].<ref name="aex">Juneja P, Hubbard JB. Anatomy, shoulder and upper limb, arm Teres minor muscle. StatPearls Publishing; 2023. </ref> ...along with [[Infraspinatus]], primarily produces external rotation of the shoulder joint.<ref name="aex" />

...ly.<ref>Zacharopoulos AN, Tzanakakis NE, Douka MI. Skiing and snowboarding injuries in Greece: a two-year case-control study. Journal of ASTM International. 20 ...d also be considered.<ref>Koehle MS, Lloyd-Smith R, Taunton JE. Alpine ski injuries and their prevention. Sports Medicine. 2002 Oct;32(12):785-93.</ref>

...rus with one hand while the other hand performs humeral rotation while the shoulder is being elevated in the scapular plane. The test can be repeated in supine ...dity and accuracy of clinical tests used to detect labral pathology of the shoulder-a systematic review. Manual Therapy 2009; 14(2):119-30.</ref> <br>

...5lywYu_xEsKN6rQP-9Ca6AM&scisig=AAGBfm1zee7umg5uN42e02OpIHG5FnNW6w Shoulder injuries in overhead athletes: the “dead arm” revisited]. Clinics in sports medi ...ul serving in tennis, or working with the arm in a strained position above shoulder.<ref name="6a" /><ref name="p0" />The symptoms can exacerbate by the loss o

*[[Shoulder Examination|Shoulder Examination]] *[[Shoulder Instability|Shoulder Instability]]

...name=":0" />. Assessment of the upper quadrant muscles is essential in the shoulder problems of athletes and the general population<ref>Donatelli RA. Sports-Sp ...avours, and for all populations, to avoid potential upper limb soft tissue injuries.

...ns] 2018. Available from: https://patient.info/bones-joints-muscles/sports-injuries/sprains-and-strains (last accessed 5.12.2019)</ref> A ligament rupture can ...2012). Treating Sports Injuries. In Bahr R. (Ed). The IOC Manual of Sports Injuries. Wiley Blackwell 2012.p 25-39. </ref>

...d assist with blocking [[Shoulder Dislocation|shoulder dislocation]] and [[Shoulder Subluxation|subluxation]] at the maximal ranges of motion.<ref name=":0">Ra ...(e.g. shoulder dislocation) or more commonly by repeated microtrauma, e.g. shoulder subluxation.<ref name=":1">Clavert P. [https://www.sciencedirect.com/scienc

...ef name=":5" />. Acupuncture is commonly utilised to treat musculoskeletal injuries of the extremities. <ref name=":5" /> Its scientific credibility is still s Used for forearm/hand paresthesia and pain, tremors, elbow injuries and neck stiffness.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

[[File:Frozen shoulder..jpg|thumb|Fibrosis in “Frozen Shoulder”]] ...]] capsule may lead to [[Adhesive Capsulitis|adhesive capsulitis]] (frozen shoulder).<ref>New Medical Types of Fibrosis Available: https://www.news-medical.net

=== Shoulder === *[[Frozen Shoulder|Adhesive Capsulitis]]

== Shoulder == ...nd_exercises_following_shoulder_surgery.pdf Advice and Exercises Following Shoulder Surgery] from the Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital (2006).

...a subset of [[Shoulder Instability|shoulder instability]], occurs when the shoulder joint partially dislocates. In this condition the [[Humerus|humeral]] head ...:0">Vitoonpong T, Chang KV. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507847/ Shoulder Subluxation]. InStatPearls [Internet] 2020 Aug 29. StatPearls Publishing.Av

Many [[Lumbar Anatomy|lower back]] injuries come about as a result of poor lifting techniques, something that physiothe ...heavy items is one of the leading causes of [[Work-Related Musculoskeletal Injuries and Prevention|injury in the workplace]].

...rts training. During the time away from National Training Alan had 2 major injuries. ...n, that remained in place for 3 months. He felt a subluxation at the right shoulder with significant pain and had to stop playing. Rested for 1-2 weeks with on

...bert SM, Gerber C. Lag signs in the diagnosis of rotator cuff rupture. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 1996 Jul-Aug:5(4):307-313]</ref><ref name="Miller">[http://www ...youtube|3pzE4Uptx6o|300}}<ref>CRTechnologies. Internal Rotation Lag Sign - Shoulder Test. Available from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3pzE4Uptx6o, last acce

== Common injuries == ...<ref>Meron, A., & Saint-Phard, D. (2017). Track and Field Throwing Sports: Injuries and Prevention. ''Current sports medicine reports'', ''16''(6), 391–396.

...thopedic diseases. Manual examinations of shoulder labral and rotator cuff injuries are scattered, but are not conclusive enough to warrant surgery. ...kness. It was suggested that throwing the ball puts a lot of stress on the shoulder joint.

...t act around the [[Glenohumeral Joint|glenohumeral joint]] to facilitate [[shoulder]] movement<ref name=":0">Radiopedia [https://radiopaedia.org/articles/teres ...limbing, tennis, wood-chopping, [[Swimming: Freestyle|swimming]], [[Rowing Injuries Project|rowing]].<ref name="Travell">Travell JG, Simons DG, Simons LS (1998

...2) [[shoulder]] impingement, (3) rotator cuff injuries, (4) Glenoid labrum injuries, (5) [[clavicle]] fracture and (6) [[Nerve Injury Rehabilitation|nerve]]-re ...he scapular position<ref>Morais N, Cruz J. The pectoralis minor muscle and shoulder movement-related impairments and pain: Rationale, assessment and management

[[File:Anterior-shoulder-dislocation-1.jpeg|thumb|Anterior-shoulder-dislocation|alt=|331x331px]] ...=":1">Abrams R, Akbarnia H. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459125/ Shoulder dislocations overview.] InStatPearls [Internet] 2021 Aug 13. StatPearls Pub

...Mudreac A, Kiel J. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513344/ Anatomy, Shoulder and Upper Limb, Subscapularis Muscle.] StatPearls [Internet]. 2020 Aug 10.< ...face of the scapula).<ref name=":2">Aguirre K, Mudreac A, Kiel J. Anatomy, shoulder and upper limb, subscapularis muscle. StatPearls Publishing; 2023.</ref>

...d can occur as either isolated injuries, or combined with other structural injuries <ref>Aronson PA, Gieck JH, Hertel J, Rijke AM, Ingersoll CD. [https://merid ...al collateral ligament: magnetic resonance imaging findings and associated injuries]. Canadian Association of Radiologists journal= Journal l'Association canad

...ar Joint, or AC Joint, is one of four joints that comprises the [[Shoulder|Shoulder]] complex. The AC Joint is formed by the junction of the lateral clavicle a ...<ref>Inman VT, Saunders JB, Abbott LC. Observations of the function of the shoulder joint. 1944. ''Clin Orthop Relat Res''. 1996;(330):3-12.</ref> Motion of th

[[File:Overhead shoulder.jpg|thumb|alt=|shoulder overhead sport ]] ...://www.scielo.br/j/rbfis/a/7XDTVZYkJK6sQJLhSvGJQFz/ Prevention of shoulder injuries in overhead athletes: a science-based approach.] Brazilian journal of physi

...d their tendons, which provide strength and stability during motion to the shoulder complex. They are also referred to as the SITS muscle, with reference to th ...n each of the four muscles are vital to maintain functioning of the entire shoulder girdle.&nbsp;

...vailable from: https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases--conditions/scapular-shoulder-blade-disorders#:~:text=The%20scapula%2C%20or%20shoulder%20blade,help%20you ...://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/scapula-fracture-shoulder-blade-fracture#:~:text=What%20is%20a%20scapula%20fracture,from%20the%20back

...ace with reference to quadrilateral space syndrome] [Internet]. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. Mosby; 2007 [cited 2021Nov16]. Available from: <nowiki>h *** innervates deltoid, teres minor, provides sensation to lateral shoulder

...ck M, Varacallo M. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519538/ Anatomy, Shoulder and Upper Limb, Biceps Muscle.] [Updated 2021 Aug 11]. In: StatPearls [Inte ...ntz MA, Bordoni B. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK551630/ Anatomy, Shoulder and Upper Limb, Brachialis Muscle.] Available: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

[[File:Shoulder dislocation, anteroposterior after reduction, with Bankart and Hill-Sachs l ...r S (2006). Correlation between Bankart and Hill-Sachs lesions in anterior shoulder dislocation. ANZ J Surg 76 (6): 436–8.</ref>

...n (also known as the arm pit) is a pyramid-shaped area located between the shoulder girdle and thorax. It serves as a space for neurovascular and lymphatic str ...r subscapular,''' and '''thoracodorsal nerves,''' supplying muscles of the shoulder girdle and chest as well as sensation to certain areas of the upper extremi

[[File:Shoulder bursa.jpg|357x357px|alt=|thumb|The shoulder joint has many ligaments]] Ligaments are most often torn in traumatic joint injuries that can result in either partial or complete ligament discontinuities. The

...s In Sport|biomechanics]]. The most common swimming injury regions are the shoulder, neck, lower back and knee. ...SA. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3435931/ Epidemiology of injuries and prevention strategies in competitive swimmers]. Sports health. 2012 May

Isolated injuries of the Musculocutaneous Nerve are rare. It may become injured by<ref name=" * [[Shoulder Dislocation|Dislocation of the shoulder]]

* Most commonly caused by blunt, anterior chest-wall trauma and deceleration injuries, with a reported incidence of 3% to 6.8% in motor vehicle collisions. * Athletic injuries, [[falls]], and assaults are the frequent causes of the remaining cases.

== Injuries == ...e <ref>Bengtsson, V., Berglund, L., & Aasa, U. (2018). Narrative review of injuries in powerlifting with special reference to their association to the squat, b

...perience multiple types of pain. Areas of musculoskeletal pain include the shoulder, wrists, and back, resulting from an acute or chronic injury to musculature == Back to [[Pharmacological Management of Spinal Cord Injuries]] ==

...earlier in earlier than in the population without the injury. <ref>Spinal Injuries Association. Aging Well With SCI. Available from; https://www.spinal.co.uk/ * Avoid sleeping on your shoulder.

...tween body asymmetry and unilateral load accumulation, as well as specific injuries.<ref name=":2">Żuk B, Sutkowski M, Paśko S, Grudniewski T. [https://www.n * [[Thoracic Hyperkyphosis|Kyphosis]] in the [[Swimming Overuse Injuries|swimmer]] is also common.[[File:Arisa-chattasa-9HLURpkNpXI-unsplash.jpg|rig

...uscular Training: A Multi-level Approach to Rehabilitation of the Unstable Shoulder] [Internet]. PubMed Central (PMC). 2022 [cited 30 May 2022]. Available from ...ntributes to repetitive injuries and the progressive decline of the joint. Injuries to the muscles may also lead to a compromise of the afferent feedback from

[[Triceps brachii|Triceps]] tendon injuries are an uncommon clinical entity poorly described in the literature. Managem ...csm-csmr/Fulltext/2020/09000/Triceps_Tendon_Injuries.9.aspx Triceps Tendon Injuries]. Current sports medicine reports. 2020 Sep 1;19(9):367-72.Available: https

...ne (1.1 - 3.4 injuries per squad per season) and the lower limb (0.3 - 5.9 injuries per squad per season (Orchard, 2006). * Shoulder internal rotation

*[[Triangular Fibrocartilage Complex Injuries]] *[[Frozen Shoulder]]

...ia C, Skelton P, Clift Z, Chapter.7 Early Rehabilitation of Acquired Brain Injuries. Lathia C, Skelton P, Clift Z. [https://resources.relabhs.org/resource/earl ...r-old female ten days post poly-trauma with traumatic brain injury, facial injuries and multiple fractures pulled from the rubble of a collapsed building 3 hou

...nt and [[Dynamic Stabilisers of the Shoulder Complex|stability of both the shoulder girdle and scapula]]. Both rhomboids receive innervation from the dorsal sc ...ity and [[Dynamic Stabilisers of the Shoulder Complex|stabilization of the shoulder]] through articulation with the trunk.

...lesions, they are not usually (20%) associated with [[Shoulder Instability|shoulder instability]].<ref name=":2">Radiopedia Superior labral anterior posterior ...port Injury Epidemiology|sports medicine]] centres and approximately 6% of shoulder arthroscopy procedures show SLAP tears.<ref name=":3" />

...ith injuries related to cycling may also increase. But many common cycling injuries of the lower extremity are preventable. ...ponsible for injury.<ref name=":0">MP Schwellnus & EW Derman (2005) Common injuries in cycling: Prevention, diagnosis and management, South African Family Prac

...inesiology. FA Davis; 2012.</ref>. Although the focus has been more on the shoulder, the entire body movement is required to perform the act of throwing. Throw ...cs">Escamilla R, Andrews JR. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19530752 Shoulder Muscle Recruitment Patterns and Biomechanics during Upper Extremity Sports.

...20</ref> that makes up the front part of the shoulder. It sits between the shoulder blade and the sternum. There are 2 clavicles in a person, one on the right ...the acromion of the scapula. It enables slight gliding movement about the shoulder region. It is a synovial joint surrounded by a capsule of articular carti

...d prevent pain with activities of daily living in clients with spinal cord injuries. ...aring for mobility''. Additional risk factors in patients with spinal cord injuries include:

...of the driving force provided primarily by the torque generated from the [[shoulder]]<ref name=":0">Davis DD, Nickerson M, Varacallo M. [https://europepmc.org/ ...e onset of shoulder pain (see [[Swimming Overuse Injuries|Swimmers overuse injuries]]).  An absolute or sudden increase in training [[Load Management|load]] a

...2020 Jul;17(14):4962.</ref> [[Hemiplegic Shoulder Subluxation|Hemiplegic shoulder subluxation]] is more common with left sided hemiplegia.<ref name=":1" /> ...ew of pathophysiology, assessment and management strategies of post stroke shoulder subluxation.] Pakistan Journal of Neurological Sciences (PJNS). 2016;11(3):

It can also be applied to larger joints such as the shoulder: <ref>Therapy Voodoo Floss for Shoulder Mobility @ Pro Chiropractic. Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?

...ural Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), there are four types of brachial plexus injuries that cause Klumpke’s : # shoulder dystocia,

...ent got several instructions like: ice, elevation and active motion of his shoulder, wrist and fingers. Seven to ten times in every walking hour, the patient w ...ten days there was a progression to resistance exercises, including active shoulder and wrist motion against the resistance of elastic bands.<ref name="Mich" /

...ue injuries. They may also be used as definitive management to treat these injuries. In some cases, Educating patients regarding splint care and return precaut |Shoulder or Axilla

====Upper Limb <ref name=":3">Harvey L. Management of Spinal Cord Injuries: A Guide for Physiotherapists. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2008 Jan 10</ref>= | rowspan="25" |'''Shoulder'''

...and they reported about 13.8 injuries per 1000 A-E in games, and about 4.0 injuries per 1000 A-E in practice.&nbsp; ...on and fitting of the equipment, as this can play a key role in preventing injuries<ref>Reese RC Jr, Burruss TP, Patten J. Athletic training and protective equ

...97)70047-8 Influence of rotator cuff tearing on glenohumeral stability]. J Shoulder Elb Surg. 1997;6(5):413–22.</ref> Rotator cuff tears may be caused by rep ...s [[Dynamic Stabilisers of the Shoulder Complex|dynamic stabilisers of the shoulder complex]], are important for maintaining the stability of the glenohumeral

...assessing abnormalities in the kinetic chain of upper extremity leading to shoulder pain in patients with throwing disorder<ref>Somu K, Noriaki M, Yukio U, Jun Combined abduction test for assessment of posterior shoulder tightness. The examiner completely prevents any movement of the scapula by

* Biceps also contribute 10 percent of the total power in [[shoulder]] abduction when the arm is in external rotation<ref name=":11">Varacallo M [[File:Shoulder Pain.png|right|frameless]]

...s such as age, body composition, completeness of spinal cord injury, other injuries and motor planning.  This makes describing expected functional capacity o [[Category:Shoulder]]

...aged by physiotherapists, and the trapezius plays an important role in the shoulder. * Appropriate kinematics of the scapula is crucial for optimal shoulder joint function, eg enabling repetitive movements of the hand over the head.

...jump-landing biomechanics. It is used to identify the risk of non-contact injuries during jumping and landing movements. It assesses 9 landing concepts and ha The LESS is used to identify the risk of non-contact injuries in athletes especially involved in sports with a lot of jumping and landing

The cervical sprain from whiplash is one of the injuries that occurs most frequently in minor or moderate traffic accidents. Where t ...cal spine followed by abrupt hyperflexion. It can cause different types of injuries. In the cervical sprain or whiplash grade I. The lesions that stand out are

== '''Classification of Peripheral Nerve Injuries''' == ...shers, Rockville, MD 1989</ref><ref name=":1">Hershman EB. Brachial plexus injuries. Clin Sports Med 1990; 9:311.</ref>. Axonal integrity is preserved, and rem

...1ppGzcX2h5nyVTU_3IDA Diagnosis and Management of Ulnar Collateral Ligament Injuries in Throwers, Current Sports Medicine Reports:] September 2011 - Volume 10 - ...2.''' Patient's forearm is supinated and elbow is flexed to 70 degree with shoulder in adduction and external rotation.

...players to perform at their peak, while reducing the likelihood of overuse injuries and musculoskeletal strain. ...es in preparation for the shot. This typically involves a stance with feet shoulder-width apart, knees slightly bent, and the body balanced and aligned towards

...l "Practical Orthopaedic Sports Medicine & Arthroscopy, 1st edition: Elbow Injuries"]</ref> and the wrist, resulting in varying degrees of motor and sensory lo * Shoulder-girdle depression

...24cm) and superficial course of this nerve makes it susceptible to various injuries<ref name=":0" />. The long thoracic nerve has an upper (C5 and C6 ) and low ...tus Anterior|serratus anterior muscle]] which is primarily responsible for shoulder protraction. It also works with [[trapezius]] to provide sustained upward r

...and flexors, cervical spine deep muscles, and any tight muscles in chest, shoulder and upper back. Often this will include mobilisation of a stiff upper thora ...pper cervical flexors, spinal extensors, scapular (scapular retractors)and shoulder stabilisers.

...interventions. J Hand Ther. 2006; 19(2):82-97.</ref>&nbsp;For a traumatic injuries, specific symptoms can be highly useful in determining a diagnosis. For exa # Do your symptoms change (better or worse) with any movements of the neck or shoulder?<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

...>Sawyer E, Tadi P. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK539760/ Anatomy, Shoulder and Upper Limb, Forearm Extensor Carpi Ulnaris Muscle.] [Updated 2019 Mar 1 ...eep lymphatic vessels. <ref name=":4">Sawyer E, Sajjad H, Tadi P. Anatomy, shoulder and upper limb, forearm extensor carpi ulnaris muscle. StatPearls Publishin

...Therapy_Management_.28current_best_evidence.29 Internal Impingement of the Shoulder] <br> ...n <ref name="p2">Hyde TE, Gengenbach MS. Conservative management of sports injuries. Jones &amp; Bartlett Learning; 2007. Available from: http://bit.ly/1OreHbG

...utic Modalities|ice application]], is the simplest and oldest way to treat injuries. Its worldwide use spread because of its effectiveness, convenience, low co * Acute soft tissue injuries (e.g., [[Ankle Sprain|ankle sprain]], muscular strain, ligament sprain)

== Injuries == ...om transient nerve dysfunction to complete upper extremity weakness. These injuries can be a challenge to diagnose due to the anatomical variant sof the brachi

...6(3):64.</ref> It replicates the streamline position in [[Swimming Overuse Injuries|swimming]] required to reduce drag force and is commonly used to assess: * shoulder (glenohumeral joint and scapulo-thoracic joint) and thoracic spine flexibil

...f the joint in which a displacement of the clavicle occurs relative to the shoulder.<ref>Heijmans E, Eekhof J; Neven AK. Acromioclaviculaire luxatie, huisarts ...d or elbow, direct blows to the shoulder, or falling onto the point of the shoulder.<ref name="p7">Magee DJ, Zachazewski JE, Quillen WS. Pathology and Interven

...cle. The supraspinatus is part of the [[Rotator Cuff|rotator cuff]] of the shoulder. Most of the time, it is accompanied by another [[Rotator Cuff Tears|rotato ...ps it in place. These muscles help to lift and rotate the arm. Visit the [[shoulder]] for more detailed information.

...d bilateral Xray- Rt shoulder having early degenerative changes while left shoulder Xray was normal. ...er with walking. She had Known OA knee bilateral. She also had Hx of right shoulder dislocation that she told was alright- reported no recent episode. She also

...abrum|glenoid]] in the dislocated position, causing [[Shoulder Instability|shoulder instability]].<ref name="provencher 2">Provencher MT, Frank RM, Leclere LE, ...ns]] that can occur with a shoulder dislocation and contribute to further shoulder instability (2 minutes)

...e%20Long%20Head%20of%20Biceps%20Brachii%20Tendon%20.pdf Anatomy, function, injuries, and treatment of the long head of the biceps brachii tendon.] Arthroscopy: ...ccurs in individuals between 40 and 60 years who already have a history of shoulder problems.

...lied to the knee, but there are versions for other joints such as the hip, shoulder and elbow. ...y. Uses of the CPM are also reported in pediatric orthopaedic surgeries or injuries for maintaining hip and knee range of motion.<ref name=":0">Guidera K.J., H

...Johal P, Martin D, Broadhurst N, Johal P, Martin D, Broadhurst N. Managing shoulder pain in general practice—assessment, imaging and referral. Aust Fam Physi ...and physical examination are the most important instruments in evaluating shoulder pain, musculoskeletal imaging can be an important adjunct.<ref name=":3">Mc

...[[Therapeutic Exercise|exercise]] also increases metabolism, helps prevent injuries, strengthens the [[Core Muscles|core]], and improves [[balance]] and [[post “Please stand upright with feet shoulder width apart. Squat down until you believe that the top of your thighs are p

...e function.<ref name="mm">M.T. Hirschmann, B. Wind et al.; “Reliability of Shoulder Abduction Strength Measure for the Constant-Murley Score”; Clin Orthop Re ...minutes. <ref name="ll">F. ANGST, H.-K. SCHWYZER et al.; Measures of adult shoulder function.” ; Arthritis Care &amp; Research November 2011; 63 (S11); 174-1

...IJEAT). 2017;6:40-43.</ref>[[File: Scaption.png|thumb|<ref>Reinventing the Shoulder - Blog (core advantage.com.au)</ref>|alt=]]A concept to consider and apprec ...[[Sitting Ergonomics And The Impact on Low Back Pain|back pain]], falls / injuries.

...usted Life Year|QOL]]). This page outlines the main issues arising from BP injuries and the rationale behind their management.<ref name=":2" /> ...nd preventing him from wielding his bow.<ref>Luo TD, Li Z. Brachial Plexus Injuries. [Updated 2018 Dec 29]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): St

...Max%20Gehrman%20MD%20UCL%20Paper%20JHS.pdf Elbow ulnar collateral ligament injuries in throwing athletes: diagnosis and management]. The Journal of Hand Surger ...of Ultrasound in the Evaluation of Elbow Medial Ulnar Collateral Ligament Injuries in Throwing Athletes]. Current Reviews in Musculoskeletal Medicine. 2022 No

...le (AC) joint. Any patient presenting with AC joint or superior [[Shoulder|shoulder pain]] should be evaluated for distal clavicular osteolysis.<ref name=":0"> ...he shoulder joint.svg.png|center|thumb|150x150px|alt=|Anterior view of the shoulder joint]]

...=onepage&q&f=false BRACHIAL PLEXUS BIRTH PALSY]. Rockwood and Matsen's The Shoulder E-Book. 2021 Jun 12:39.</ref> The overall incidence of NBPP is decreasing.< ....<ref name=":3" /> This traction force widens the angle between the baby's shoulder and neck, resulting in an overstretched ipsilateral brachial plexus.<ref na

Pectoralis major tendon rupture is a rare shoulder injury, most commonly seen in weight lifters.  This injury is being seen m ...le (PMM) is a very powerful shoulder muscle during its function – that of shoulder adductor, internal rotator, and flexor of the humerus. Origins of the pect

...hrowing the javelin. Poor technique consists of throwing with insufficient shoulder abduction (90° - 100°), where the elbow is too low resulting in a valgus ...p3">KYLE J. and AMELIA C. Childhood and Adolescent Sports-Related Overuse Injuries. Journal of the American Academy of Family Physicians (level: A1) 2006.</re

Radial nerve injuries are associated with the path it travels close to the humerus. Mechanisms of *Shoulder girdle depression

...://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK536933/ Anatomy, Shoulder and Upper Limb, Shoulder.] [Updated 2021 Jul 31]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): S ...i.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK536933/</nowiki></ref> The intrinsic muscles of the shoulder which connect the scapula and/or clavicle to the humerus include:

...and safe manner.<ref name=":0">Wilk KE, Arrigo CA. Rehabilitation of Elbow Injuries: Nonoperative and Operative. Clinics in Sports Medicine. 2020 Jul 1;39(3):6 ...ti-disciplinary team approach is a crucial part of the management of elbow injuries. For positive outcomes, a systematic and phased approach is necessary to pr

[[File:Sports injuries1.jpg|alt=Athlete injured|thumb|Sports injuries]] ...with a slight downside, namely an elevated vulnerability to sports-related injuries.

...ompressive force, a traction injury following anterior dislocation of the shoulder,<ref name="Allen et al">Allen J, Dean K. Recognizing, managing, and testing ...Training. 2000;35(3):316-328.</ref> or a forced Abduction movement of the shoulder joint.

** Penetrating injuries affecting the articular surface (e.g. panga wounds) ...sis of tension band fixation for olecranon fracture treatment.] Journal of shoulder and elbow surgery, 1996;5(6):442-8.</ref>

...Nguyen J, Duong H. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK546622/ Anatomy, Shoulder and Upper Limb, Hand Hypothenar Eminence.] In: ''StatPearls''. Treasure Is ...ler MA, Bordoni B. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537229/ Anatomy, Shoulder and Upper Limb, Hand Muscles.] In: ''StatPearls''. Treasure Island (FL): S

* TRICEPS is the powerful extensor of the Shoulder *[[Elbow Ligamentous Injuries|Ligamentous Injuries]]

...and controlled trial of a participative ergonomics intervention to reduce injuries associated with manual tasks: physical risk and legislative compliance.] Er ...lves the assessment of five body regions including lower limbs, back, neck/shoulder and arm/wrist/hand. Each body region is rated by its total time of exposure

...P HEAT AND JOINT MOBILIZATIONS INCREASE RANGE OF MOTION IN TRAUMATIC ELBOW INJURIES. Medical Research Archives. 2016 Jul 19(3).</ref>For improved results, it i ...g the initial treatment and the patients hand will rest on the therapist's shoulder.

...derelbow.org/article/S1058-2746(15)00469-3/fulltext Olecranon bursitis]. J Shoulder Elbow Surg [Internet]. 2016 [cited 2023 May 22]; 25:158-167</ref>. Bursitis [[Image:Bursitis in Xray.jpg|thumb|right|Calcified bursitis in shoulder X ray]] In most cases,&nbsp;bursitis can be diagnosed by physically examini

...n of three types of exercise in the treatment of rotator cuff tendinopathy/shoulder impingement syndrome: A randomized controlled trial. Physiotherapy. 2017 Ju ...s:<ref name="p2">Hyde TE, Gengenbach MS. Conservative management of sports injuries. Jones and Bartlett Learning; 2007. Available from: http://bit.ly/1OreHbG</

Sports injuries are diverse in terms of the mechanism of injury, how they present in indivi ...e IOC manual of sports injuries: an illustrated guide to the management of injuries in physical activity]. John Wiley & Sons; 2012 Jun 12.

...ty<ref name="Fritz and George" />. It is also used in patients with spinal injuries, musculoskeletal conditions and chronic pain. ...ce Beliefs Questionnaire and Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia in patients with shoulder pain. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation, 91(7), 1128-1136. 

...ot have to be “heavy” or seem difficult to put us at risk for injury; many injuries occur because of the wear and tear of poor body mechanics on our bodies ove * Avoid “awkward” postures that cause injuries,

...ures. It is the most common fracture of childhood. A fall onto the lateral shoulder most frequently causes a clavicle fracture. Radiographs confirm the diagnos ...or sports injuries, whereas elderly individuals are more likely to sustain injuries because of the sequela of a low-energy fall.

...a dislocation of the SC joint.<ref>ALLMAN JR FL. Fractures and ligamentous injuries of the clavicle and its articulation. JBJS. 1967 Jun 1;49(4):774-84.</ref> ...rees of Movement<ref>Ludewig PM, Phadke V, Braman JP, et al: Motion of the shoulder complex during multiplayer humeral elevation. ''J Bone Joint Surg Am'' 91:3

...inical presentation. i.e. [[Cervical Anatomy|Cervical joints]], [[Shoulder|Shoulder,]] [[Elbow]]. * [[Triangular Fibrocartilage Complex Injuries|TFCC]]

...ublication/46288399_Overuse_Injuries_in_Professional_Road_Cyclists Overuse Injuries in Professional Road Cyclists.] The American journal of sports medicine. 38 ...r mat with legs extended and hands palm down just above shoulders; retract shoulder blades down and in towards the midline of your spine; maintaining that posi

...to this sport with a parallel increase in the occurrence of sport-related injuries on both the natural rock and artificial walls. It emphasizes on physical an ...juries.5.aspx?context=LatestArticles Comprehensive Review of Rock Climbing Injuries], Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons: June 15, 2020 -

...s that clinicians may deal with in the management of athletes with overuse injuries. == Definition of Overuse Injuries ==

...s<ref>McLeod G, Murphy M, Henare T, Dlabik B. Work-related musculoskeletal injuries among Australian osteopaths: A preliminary investigation. International Jou ...Ds do not include conditions caused by slips, trips, [[falls]], or related injuries, whether or not sustained in the workplace<ref name=":0" />.

...omy<ref name="Yamamoto et al.">Yamamoto N. A review of biomechanics of the shoulder and biomechanical concepts of rotator cuff repair. Asia-Pacific Journal of ...eaches a large range of motion. Because of this large range of motion, the shoulder girdle is less stable.<br>The limited passive stability indicates that the

...uring sport activities.<ref name=":1">Brukner P. Clinical sports medicine: Injuries. McGraw-Hill Education (Australia) Pty Limited; 2017.</ref> Mechanics is a ...injury. Some examples of the relationship between technique and associated injuries are listed in the table below.

==Shoulder Examination== ...is difficult to assess. Having a systematic and structured approach to the shoulder history and examination ensures that key aspects of the condition are elici

...rus, first published by Codman in the 1930s. <ref name="p4">Codman EA: The Shoulder,Boston: G.Miller &amp Company,1934</ref> ...acing the hand in space.<ref name="Cathcart">Cathcart CW: Movements of the shoulder girdle involved in those of the arm on the trunk. J Anat Physiol 1884; 18:2

...7 Nov;45(13):3143-3148.</ref>. For the nonoperative management for the UCL injuries, such as the rehabilitation, the anatomic and biomechanical understanding o ...="Chumbley">Chumbley E. O'Connor F, Nirschl R. Evaluation of Overuse Elbow Injuries. American Family Physician. Feb 2000. Available at http://www.aafp.org/afp/

...o offer effective solutions to their client’s chest pain, upper back pain, shoulder pain, radiating arm pain or thoracic outlet syndrome, wrist pain, and hand Whiplash injuries<br>Excessive coughing<br>Gasping for air (people who suffer with asthma, em

...h the bathwater; screening can identify meaningful risk factors for sports injuries. British journal of sports medicine. 2018 Oct 1;52(19):1223-4.</ref> ...9p00324.pdf Understanding injury mechanisms: a key component of preventing injuries in sport.] Br J Sports Med 2005: 39: 324-329.</ref> described risk factors

...olved as well) usually produced by widening of the head shoulder interval. Injuries to the brachial plexus affects movement and cutaneous sensations in the upp ...around the surgical neck of the humerus deep to deltoid. It innervates the shoulder joint, teres minor and deltoid muscles, skin of superolateral arm.

...Epub 2017 Nov 22. PMID: 29174872.</ref>. Fall from height, contact sports injuries, motorcycle accidents, and osteoporosis are some of the most common causes ...assified it into 4 types<ref name=":1" />. This defines a set of traumatic injuries having in common a Monteggia fracture with the dislocation of the radial he

...programs to the specific needs of patients recovering from humerus-related injuries, such as fractures or dislocations<ref>Magee DJ.Orthopedic Physical Assessm 3. Transmission of Forces:- Acting as a bridge between the shoulder and the forearm, the humerus plays a crucial role in transmitting forces ge

#* Unable to raise arms above shoulder level without external rotation #* Able to extend the wrist, rotate and adduct the shoulder<ref name=":2">Oelofse W. Upper Limb Management in Lower Tetraplegia  - Occ

....<ref>Radiopedia Shoulder Joint Available:https://radiopaedia.org/articles/shoulder (accessed 14.4.2022)</ref> ...4. inferior angle of scapula 15. lateral border of scapula 16. scapula|alt=Shoulder]]

* rehabilitation after sporting injuries eg [[ACL Rehabilitation: Rehabilitation Planning|ACL]] repair Commonly tested muscles include the shoulder abductors, elbow flexors, elbow extensors, wrist extensors, finger flexors,

The term ''anterior shoulder instability'' refers to a [[shoulder]] in which soft tissue or bony insult allows the humeral head to sublux or ...houlder instability]], [[Shoulder Subluxation]] and [[Shoulder Dislocation|shoulder dislocation]].

== Shoulder == ...ments/guide/wcm001684.pdf Diagnosis and Management of Soft Tissue Shoulder Injuries and Related Disorders: Best Practice Evidence-Based Guideline] New Zealand

...2732-2736.</ref>&nbsp;<ref name="Fritsch">Fritsch BA, Taylor DC. Posterior Shoulder Instability. Current Orthopaedic Practice. 2010; 21: 32-37.</ref>&nbsp;Tran ...ting/coexisting factors include microtrauma or macrotrauma injuries to the shoulder, previous dislocations, soft-tissue and/or boney structural abnormalities,&

...antly limit functional abilities in individuals with a spinal cord injury. Shoulder ROM problems are related to functional limitations and disability, and can * Some abduction and external rotation of shoulder - can alter position as needed

...structures, functional anatomy, and etiologic factors in syndesmosis ankle injuries is needed to treat this injury effectively. ...edial malleolus.<ref name=":2" /> Its role is similar to the labrum in the shoulder as it deepens the posteroinferior rim of the tibia.

...n who underwent right traumatic AKA. Her other injuries included bilateral shoulder strains and LB strain. She had mild depression. Her comorbidities include D *She complained of bilateral shoulder and LBP and pain around the socket brim. She reported that she was using he

...ef><ref>Kibler WB, Sciascia AD. Disorders of the scapula and their role in shoulder injury. Gewerbestrasse, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing. 201 SD can be seen in overhead athletes or patients with shoulder pathology such as rotator cuff disease, glenohumeral instability, impingeme

...1/triceps-rupture Triceps Rupture] Available: https://www.orthobullets.com/shoulder-and-elbow/3071/triceps-rupture<nowiki/>(accessed 30.12.2021)</ref>. ...ure in the upper extremity (less than 1% of all the upper extremity tendon injuries)<ref name="Black">Blackmore S.M. et al, Management of distal biceps and tri

...male ratio of 6.5:1<ref>Shuttlewood K, Beazley J, Smith CD. Distal triceps injuries (including snapping triceps): A systematic review of the literature. World ...n of the distal triceps: a biomechanical, anatomic explanation. Journal of shoulder and elbow surgery. 2001 Nov 1;10(6):561-7.|2001 Nov 1;10(6):561-7.</ref>

* '''Previous shoulder injury''' ...rent EC, Crumback DJ, Hebert JS. Predicting upper quadrant musculoskeletal injuries in the military: a cohort study. Medicine and science in sports and exercis

...ation of the upper arm is the result of an internal rotation torque at the shoulder joint, caused by muscle actions ([[Latissimus Dorsi Muscle|latissimus dorsi ...some examples of the relationship between faulty technique and associated injuries.

...emiology]], injury surveillance is important as it is key to understanding injuries and it contributes to the development of [[Injury Prevention in Sport|injur ...241/pdf/main.pdf Time for a paradigm shift in the classification of muscle injuries.] Journal of sport and health science. 2017 Sep 1;6(3):255-61.</ref>

...therapy: A new dimension in pain management and restricted mobility–“Birth Injuries”.] IJARSE. 2015;4:113-8.</ref> ...x-rhythm-therapy in the treatment of non-traumatic restricted movements of shoulder. In: Annual conference of physiotherapy 2010.</ref>

...w joint are fractures and dislocations which usually heal well. But, these injuries cause problems later as the injury might have changed the way joint biomech .../www.rehabmeasures.org/Lists/RehabMeasures/PrintView.aspx?ID=1275 American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) Elbow Outcome Score]

...habilitative strategies for upper limb management in C4 and C5 spinal cord injuries performed by a multidisciplinary SCI team. <blockquote>"Tetraplegia: This # High risk of shoulder subluxation due to lack of innervation of the shoulder girdle

...ng from [[Hand Rheumatoid Arthritis|arthritis]] or [[Hand and Wrist Sports Injuries|trauma]] to the upper extremity. <ref name=":2" />[[File:Domains_of_Michiga ...the short-term, easily felt changes/improvements of acute conditions (e.g. injuries, joint replacing) much more reliable than those of long term illnesses (e.g

...enzuela M, Bordoni B. [https://europepmc.org/article/med/30725850 Anatomy, Shoulder and Upper Limb, Hand Palmar Interosseous Muscle.] In: StatPearls. StatPearl Strengthening of muscles and treatment of related injuries is recommended.

...eight should be transmitted through the upper limbs. Management of overuse injuries in cycling generally involves [[Bike Fit]] adjustments as well as medical m ...h turning neck or looking up; neck pain with headaches; tightness between shoulder blades and trapezius muscles.

...d arm position for clinical assessment and treatment (eg. sitting, neutral shoulder, flexed elbow 90o, neutral forearm supination/pronation) as grip score may PFGT has also been described in supine lying with a neutral shoulder, elbow extended, forearm pronated.<ref name=":0" />

...joint flexibility, including genetics, age, activity levels, and previous injuries. The range of motion will be influenced by the mobility of the soft tissues ...er stretch (or Apley's scratch test) involves reaching over and behind the shoulder with one hand while reaching behind and upward the back with the other hand

...ect the joints important to daily living: hips, knees, ankles, wrists, and shoulder, causing problems with dressing, eating, transferring, sleeping comfortably ...sticity is usually managed with [[Baclofen in the Treatment of Spinal Cord Injuries|medication]]. Stretching also induces functionally important and lasting re

...ar old baseball players. <ref name="Adirim">Adirim T, Cheng T. Overview of injuries in the young athlete. Sports Medicine [serial online]. 2003;33(1):75-81. Av '''''Medial sided injuries'''''

...injury]. Nature Reviews Disease Primers. 2020 Feb 13;6(1):1-25.</ref> Burn injuries are a significant problem with more than 500,000 people seeking medical tre Burn injuries can have devastating sequelae that can cause long term morbidity. The best

...). The centrally organised protection programme (the NSB) which caused the shoulder pain and lower back pain is redundant since there is not more potentially d |Shoulder joint pain (NRS* 5) during shoulder elevation >90° Flex (while standing)

...eformities; any external fixation, surgical sites or wounds and dressings. Injuries and observations should be documented on a body chart (if available) as par [[Pain Assessment|Pain]] is common with the type of injuries seen in disaster and conflict settings. Gaining an understanding of the typ

...apsule tightness, and stated:<br>“..it must be acknowledged that posterior shoulder tightness might better describe the ailment, given the involvement of the o ...soft tissue intervention to infraspinatus and teres minor on the range of shoulder internal rotation.

...ifically is limited<ref>Rettig AC, Ryan RO, Stone JA. Epidemiology of hand injuries in sports. In PA: WB Saunders; 1992.</ref>. ...006;40(5):424–9; discussion 429.</ref>. In contrast the prevalence of ECU injuries specifically within golf, has been poorly recognised although it is acknowl

...rtant to have a functional knowledge of the underlying biomechanics of the shoulder complex. Muscles of the shoulder work in team to produce highly coordinated motion. weakness of any muscle c

...or L, Varacallo M. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK539723/ Anatomy, Shoulder and Upper Limb, Hand Flexor Digitorum Superficialis Muscle.] [Last updated: ...ils about the type of exercise and graded rehabilitation of flexion tendon injuries go for the following link below:

...int replacements, and [[Overview of Traumatic Brain Injury|traumatic brain injuries (TBI)]].<ref name=":0">Sun E, Hanyu-Deutmeyer AA. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih ...[Total Knee Arthroplasty|knees]], elbow, and [[Total Shoulder Arthroplasty|shoulder]]. Chronic muscular trauma leads to what is traditionally known specificall

...f Motion|range of motion]] and leaves the spine prone to acute and chronic injuries. # Stand with the feet shoulder width apart.

...faulty postures and positions while performing physical activities. These injuries are very serious and can lead to secondary complications. ...m/wp-content/uploads/Pressure-Injury_FINAL.pdf Skin integrity and pressure injuries following spinal cord injury.] Spinal cord injury rehabilitation evidence.

...re Grenzgeb., 121:427-8</ref><ref>Fu F.H., Harner C.D., Klein A.H. (1991), Shoulder impingement syndrome: a critical review. Clin. Orthop.;269:162-73.</ref>. A ...3), Occupational risk factors associated with soft tissue disorders of the shoulder: a review of recent investigations in the literature, Ergonomics 36:697-717

...d dynamic stabilizers. However, because of the vast range of motion of the shoulder complex (the most mobile joint of the human body), dynamic stabilizers are ...5-669.</ref> Dynamic restraints result from neuromuscular control over the shoulder muscles, facilitated through motor control and [[Proprioception|propriocept

* Left shoulder pain ([[Kehr’s Sign]]) - Pain in the left shoulder caused by irritation of the undersurface of the diaphragm by blood leaking ...n) region along with any of the above-listed signs and symptoms. If severe injuries are untreated a ruptured spleen can be fatal.

[[Image:Tendon continuum.jpg|right|500px]][[Overuse Injuries in Sport|Overuse]] can occur in any [[Tendon Anatomy|tendon]] throughout th ...ces in the determinants of a specific shoulder disorder versus nonspecific shoulder pain without clinical findings. American Journal Epidemiology 2005; 161(9):

* Acute Traumas, for example a direct shock on the shoulder during a car accident with a sudden traction on the arm. It has also seen ...cicus longus) or by wearing a heavy backpack (N. Accessories).Occupational injuries in individuals working as car mechanics, navy airmen, scaffolders, welders

* If spinal nerves are impacted by injuries it will lose its functional ability and will cause pain, weakness and loss ...lexus|Cervical Plexus,]] provides nerve connections to the head, neck, and shoulder.

...ish journal of sports medicine. 2018 Oct 1;52(19):1253-60.</ref> and these injuries often involve several of the structures associated with the joint.<ref name ...McCrory P, Bahr R, Khan K. eds. Brukner & Khan’s Clinical Sports Medicine: Injuries, Volume 1, 5e.Sydney: McGraw Hill, 2017.</ref>

...ularly when in extension. This overload can often lead to acute or chronic injuries to the elbow complex. The major static elbow stabilizers are the medial (ul * A scan of the peripheral upper limb joints (digits, hands, wrist, shoulder)

...015; 4:360</ref>  Most whiplash associated disorders are minor soft tissue injuries lacking evidence for fractures.<ref>Bragg KJ, Varacallo M. Cervical Sprain. ...ing with [[anterior longitudinal ligament]], cadaveric studies of whiplash injuries have found tears as well as rim lesions of the anterior anulus fibrosus. <r

...ows for significant movement, but this is at the expense of stability. The shoulder is, therefore, susceptible to dysfunction and instability. ...se conditions. This article discusses the key anatomical structures of the shoulder complex, including the bony structures, articulations, ligaments, muscles,

...as a lateral collateral ligament (LCL) or medial collateral ligament (MCL) injuries. Dislocation of the elbow can also produce what is known as the “terrible The high probability of other injuries occurring with a fall on an outstretched hand (FOOSH) suggests radiographs,

In adults, they are the second most commonly dislocated joint proceeded by shoulder dislocations.<ref name="Uhl" /><ref name="Eyg">Eygendaal D, Verdegaal SHM, ...h.gov/pubmed/3571318 Surgical versus non-surgical treatment of ligamentous injuries following dislocation of the elbow joint. A prospective randomized study].

...ch acute compartment syndrome is seen include the forearm, thigh, buttock, shoulder, hand, and foot.<ref name=":2" /> ...ctures, the most common cause of acute compartment syndrome is soft tissue injuries.

...rearm/wrist and leg/ankle areas. This study demonstrates that instances of injuries among athletes with a disability was nearly equal when compared to athletes ...g participants with injuries&nbsp;was approximately equal to the number of injuries among athletes without a disability. <br>

...or cuff pathology. Ultrasound scans can be used to view tissues within the shoulder, allowing you to confirm your diagnosis and monitor structural change throu ...easingly available, leading to prompt ultrasonographic diagnosis of sports injuries on the field<ref>Chiang YP, Wang TG, Hsieh SF. [https://www.sciencedirect.c

*[[Frozen Shoulder|Adhesive Capsulitis]] *[[Anterior Shoulder Instability]]

..., Ganley T. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25840494/ Common medial elbow injuries in the adolescent athlete]. J Hand Ther. 2015 Apr-Jun;28(2):201-10; quiz 21 ...usually be managed with conservative treatment<ref name=":0" /> . The arm shoulder be rested, with stopping of aggravating activities, and [[Cryotherapy|ice]]

== Shoulder == ...joint.<ref name=":7">Marcellin-Little DJ, Levine D, Canapp SO. The Canine Shoulder: Selected Disorders and Their Management with Physical Therapy. Clinical Te

...lead to hemiplegia. Juvenile hemiplegia is seen in patients who sustained injuries above the age of 1 year.<ref>Syed G, Benni D, Naik SV, Surendra P. Infantil * affected shoulder positioned comfortably.

* [[Soft Tissue Injuries|Soft tissue]] abnormalities may create compression or tension loading of th ...ome: A case report and review of the literature.] International journal of shoulder surgery. 2010 Apr;4(2):27.</ref>

...on of the rider’s weight as well.<ref name=":1">Legg K. Anatomy and Common Injuries of the Equine Forelimb Course. Plus , 2021.</ref> The shoulder girdle (scapula, coracoid, clavicle) is greatly reduced in the equine limb.

[[Burns Overview|Burns injuries]] can be the result of thermal (flames, hot liquid, contact with hot surfac ...nt-reported outcome measures are important to get an idea of the impact of injuries on an individuals life. There should be a focus on both the physical and ps

...0}}<ref>Craig Hospital. Bowel Management Tools for People with Spinal Cord Injuries. Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4BkdGF0DB8M [last accessed Consider teaching persons with spinal cord injuries the following adaptations to assist with housekeeping tasks:<ref name=":1"

[[File:Shoulder diagram.jpg|thumb|436x436px|Shoulder Diagram]] The [[Glenohumeral Joint|glenohumeral joint]] of the shoulder has the highest [[Range of Motion|range of motion]] of the human body and t

...o adapt and strengthen safely - otherwise, they may be at risk of overload injuries.<ref name=":0" /> ...holds the pipe out in front of them with elbow extended, at 90 degrees of shoulder flexion. Aim for stable grasp in pronation. The goal of the exercises is to

...>Lung BE, Burns B. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK526046/ Anatomy, Shoulder and Upper Limb, Hand Flexor Digitorum Profundus Muscle.] InStatPearls [Inte ...mc/articles/PMC6465051/ Rehabilitation following surgery for flexor tendon injuries of the hand.] Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2017(1).</ref>, go f

...ht side turned 450 on to his face with three pillows arranged to raise the shoulder 30cm (i2in) from the bed. He should place his right arm behind his back wit ...uarter turned to the left maintained by a pillow under the right side from shoulder to hip and the arms relaxed by his side; the foot of the bed should be rais

...rve pattern. It is important to determine if symptoms are related to neck, shoulder or elbow positions or movements. * [[DASH Outcome Measure|Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (DASH)]]

[[Rotator Cuff Tendinopathy]] is a common condition representing 30-70% of shoulder pain disorders<ref>Oliva F, Piccirilli E, Bossa M, Via AG, Colombo A, Chill ...ter LM, van der Heijden GJ. Clinical prediction rules for the prognosis of shoulder pain in general practice. Pain. 2006 Feb 1;120(3):276-85.</ref>.

..., L., Dhooghe, R., Dijkhuis, J., Roy, J.S., &  Cools, A.Proprioception and shoulder pain: A Systematic Review. ''J Hand Ther''. 2019 Aug 31. pii: S0894-1130(1 ..., L., Dhooghe, R., Dijkhuis, J., Roy, J.S., &  Cools, A.Proprioception and shoulder pain: A Systematic Review. ''J Hand Ther''. 2019 Aug 31. pii: S0894-1130(1

...tions. <ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">Harvey L. Management of Spinal Cord Injuries: A Guide for Physiotherapists. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2008 Jan 10.</ref> ** Associated Injuries

Peripheral nerve injuries are common conditions with broad ranging symptoms depending on the severity ...<ref>Michael D Robinson, Steven Shannon.Rehabilitation of peripheral nerve injuries.PMID: 11878078.DOI: 10.1016/s1047-9651(03)00074-3.PubMed.gov. National Libr

...325967121992133 The area of impingement in the throwing versus nonthrowing shoulder of collegiate baseball players: An MRI study of the simulated late-cocking ...imally.<ref name=":3">Kibler B. et al. The role of the scapula in athletic shoulder function. Am J Sports Med 1998;26:325–37</ref><br>The coracoacromial arch

...may move their head to maintain this position. This can result in neck and shoulder problems<ref name=":0">Vision Australia [https://www.visionaustralia.org/in ...nal Cord Injuries|gabapentin]], [[Baclofen in the Treatment of Spinal Cord Injuries|baclofen]], and memantine have also proved to have some success at reducing

These persistent symptoms may be due to conditions masquerading as sports injuries, but chances are that they may be true musculoskeletal problems.<ref name=" |Shoulder pain in swimmer

...st traumatic [[arthritis]], [[Meniscal Lesions|meniscus]] or [[cartilage]] injuries, [[knee]] instability, as well as impaired [[Quality of Life|quality of lif * [[Passive Range of Motion: Shoulder flexion|Passive]] range of motion (knee [[Flexion Deformity of the Knee|fle

...and the management of problems associated with UL loss e.g. pain, overuse injuries and postural and gait deviations. ===Muscles of the Upper Arm and Shoulder Blade===

...in general, during disasters and conflicts, patients present with multiple injuries, and open and complex fractures are common, which can complicate your rehab ...employed.<ref name=":4" /> Initial evaluations are conducted to assess the injuries and are categorised on the severity and probability of survivorship.<ref na

Repetitive high stress forces on the joint can result in a series of minor injuries on the elbow that can eventually lead to bony fragmentation and ultimately ...come_Measure DASH questionnaire] which measures disabilities of the elbow, shoulder and hand as they relate to everyday function.<ref>Schoch B, Wolf BR. [https

...3847.2019.1568771?journalCode=ipsm20 Sports-related sternoclavicular joint injuries.] The Physician and Sportsmedicine. 2019 Jul 3;47(3):253-61.</ref> <ref>Ser ...Biomechanics and treatment of acromioclavicular and sternoclavicular joint injuries. British Journal of Sports Medicine. April 2010;44:361-369.</ref>.

..., Diop B, Dirie ES, Ka O, Thiam M, Dieng M, Dia A. Traumatic diaphragmatic injuries: epidemiological, diagnostic and therapeutic aspects. Springerplus. 2016 De ...:6">Petrone P, Leppäniemi A, Inaba K, Søreide K, Asensio JA. Diaphragmatic injuries: challenges in the diagnosis and management. Trauma. 2007;9(4):227-36.</ref

...r a period of time. [[Bursitis]] can also occur in the [[Shoulder Bursitis|shoulder]], [[Prepatellar Bursitis|knee]], [[Iliopsoas Bursitis|hip]], [[Olecranon B ...rs of the knee and internal rotators<ref name="Miller">Miller RH III. Knee injuries. In: Canale ST, ed. Campbell's operative orthopaedics. St Louis: Mosby; 199

...a result of a trauma such as fractures, crush injuries, burns and arterial injuries. Following this trauma, there is a deficit in the arterio-venous circulatio ...">Carson S, Woolridge DP, Colletti J, Kilgore K. Pediatric upper extremity injuries. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2006;53(1):41-67.</ref><ref name="p0">Prof Dr J.A.N

...ity muscles among esports players lead to health risks and musculoskeletal injuries. On average, gamers spend 3 to 10 hours training per day, resulting in comp * shoulder complex pain

...e-peripheral-nervous-system/ Aids to the Investigation of Peripheral Nerve Injuries (War Memorandum No. 7)],'' released in 1943 and reprinted as an updated ver |Shoulder Abduction

...al views may provide critical information about the associated soft tissue injuries<ref name=":0" />.    * Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder ([[DASH Outcome Measure|DASH]]) is a validated outcome measure that compris

...individual's risk for immobility-related adverse events, such as pressure injuries, reduced range of motion, muscle strength and mobility and muscle atrophy.< ...s.<ref>Pompeii LA, Lipscomb HJ, Schoenfisch AL, Dement JM. Musculoskeletal injuries resulting from patient handling tasks among hospital workers. American jour

...r by high-energy impact. They can range in severity from relatively benign injuries to life-threatening, unstable fractures. ...juries that lead to death. The presence of coma, shock, and head and chest injuries are predictors of death. <ref name="Ooi et al">Ooi, Chee Kheong, et al. [ht

...o an outstretched hand (FOOSH).<ref name="Hart" />&nbsp;In addition, these injuries occur predominantly in the younger population because their bodies are stil ...osis considered in children between 9 and 15 years of age that sustained a shoulder injury.<ref name="Hart" />&nbsp;Additionly, this fracture can occur in newb

...orts-Injuries-Implications-for-Rehabilitation.pdf Rehabilitation of Sports Injuries: Scientific Basis.] Vol X of Encylopaedia of Sports Medicine. An IOC Medica ...M, McCrory P, Bahr R, Khan K. Brukner and Khan's Clinical Sports Medicine: Injuries, Volume 1, 5th edition. Sydney: McGraw-Hill Education, 2017.</ref>:

...les in physiotherapy practice to provide optimal care for movement-related injuries or conditions. ...mance; reduction of movement impairment; intervention in movement-related injuries or conditions.<ref>Knudson D. Fundamentals of biomechanics. Springer Scienc

#[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8_AHkiiPYS8 Shoulder abduction test.] * Initiate Scapular movement reeducation including shoulder shrugs, shoulder rolls, scapular retraction/depression exercises

...d.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1638644/ Physical modalities in the treatment of tendon injuries.] Clin Sports Med. 1992 Jul;11(3):645-59.</ref> and the effect can last up ...ffects of deep friction massage and dry needling therapy on night pain and shoulder internal rotation in subacromial pain syndrome: 1-year follow up of a rando

...ef>, trauma (eg, traumatic brain and whiplash injuries) and certain sports injuries (eg, wrestling, ice hockey, football).<ref name=":6" /> Although certain oc ...workers’ compensation claims in the United States and in Sweden, neck and shoulder problems account for 18% of all disability payments<ref name=":8" />. One

...pective, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial.] J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2019 Feb;28(2):288- 295</ref> [[Category:Sports Injuries]]

...ercise Physiotherapists'' are involved in the prevention and management of injuries resulting from sport and exercise participation at all ages and at all leve ...edicine umbrella<ref name=":1" /><ref>Brukner P. Clinical sports medicine: Injuries. McGraw-Hill Education (Australia) Pty Limited; 2017.</ref>:

* '''Biomechanical impingement of the shoulder''' ...he literature is considered by many to be one of the most common causes of shoulder pain.

...tion of the individuals back to society. The [[Rehabilitation of Hand Burn Injuries|aims of rehabilitation]] may include: ...<ref name=":1" />. However, if in the event that the patient sustains burn injuries on the chest with no concomitant respiratory involvement, percussions and v

...ssociated with ulnar styloid fracture, [[Triangular Fibrocartilage Complex Injuries|TFCC]] (triangular fibrocartilage complex)tear, [[Scapholunate Dissociation ...588903729.</ref> An increasing awareness of osteoporosis has led to these injuries being termed fragility fractures, with the implication that a workup for os

...t Mobilization) on Pain, Range of Motion, and Disability in a Patient with Shoulder Adhesive Capsulitis: A Case Report]. The American journal of case reports. ...ted that neuromuscular control exercises are essential in pivoting related injuries and that they improve lower limb functions among patients with pivoting rel

...frequently associated with limb fractures. In many cases, these associated injuries need to be stabilised prior to the peripheral nerve injury being treated, w ...njuries as a result of explosives devices, gunshot wounds, and penetrating injuries. Primary injury to the nerve is generally a result of the same trauma that

...5827460290282X Radiographic analysis of lateral epicondylitis]. Journal of shoulder and elbow surgery. 2002 Mar 1;11(2):156-7.</ref> ...overstrained.<ref name="Pecina M. and Bojanic">Pecina M. Bojanic. Overuse injuries of the musculoskeletal system. CRC press Boca Rotan, USA, 1993</ref> The le

Removal of collarbone fragments to improve shoulder mobility Protective equipment to prevent injuries, particularly while playing sports

...pain often has a musculoskeletal origin related to poor posture or overuse injuries. - Perforated ulcer can refer pain to shoulder with irritation of the diaphragm.

...L, Hall T. Neural tissue evaluation and treatment. Physical Therapy of the Shoulder. New York: Churchill Livingstone. 1997 </ref>. ...ed by pain, numbness, weakness, and swelling in the region of the neck and shoulder. Also by pain and sensory disturbances that radiate from the cervical spine

....Available from:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545182/</ref>. These injuries can affect the proximal, middle, or distal phalanx. In most cases of phalan ...st common injuries in the body. They are seen in athletic and work-related injuries<ref>J.J. de Jonge et al.

...l cord injury. 20 to 40% of the fractures are associated with neurological injuries. ...accompanied neurological deficits<ref name="Kandabarow 1997">Kandabarow A. Injuries of the thoracolumbar spine. Advanced Emergency Nursing Journal. 1997 Sep 1;

...s with cervical dystonia related to trauma is 5-21%.<ref name="Crowner" /> Injuries sustained as a result of trauma had immediate pain followed by the onset of ...ervical dystonia, presents as the rotation of the head or chin towards the shoulder.<ref name="Dauer" />&nbsp;Repetitive jerking of the head may be present wit

...ZGpaQbQHhRrhj3kJc8mQJDLA Nuclear Medicine and Radiologic Imaging in Sports Injuries]. Springer, 2015, 259-260</ref> ...uma or muscle spasm <ref>Thomas E. Hyde, Conservative Management of Sports Injuries. Jones and Barlett Publishers, 2007, p440. </ref>

...ent is often at the origin of carpal injury: the trauma causes ligamentous injuries that lead to misalignments of the joint surfaces, or badly healed fractures ...ent lesions are frequent in a young population. Resulting from high-energy injuries they principally include perilunate dislocation and scapholunate dissociati

...is makes these tendons susceptible to injuries such as lacerations or open injuries.<ref name=":1" /> Another reason is the lack of subcutaneous tissue between ...ints.<ref name=":1">Yoon AP, Chung KC. Management of acute extensor tendon injuries. Clinics in plastic surgery. 2019 Jul 1;46(3):383-91.

<br>Upper-crossed syndrome (UCS) is also referred to as proximal or shoulder girdle crossed syndrome. In UCS, tightness of the upper trapezius and levat ...of the cervical spine, which are often associated with forward head, round shoulder, protracted scapulae, and thoracic kyphosis<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5"

...ive treatment for acute VTOS. They had no brachial plexus or phrenic nerve injuries<ref name=":4">Schneider DB, Dimuzio PJ, Martin ND, Gordon RL, Wilson MW, La ...rome: A case report and review of the literature. International journal of shoulder surgery. 2010 Apr;4(2):27.</ref>

...themselves.<ref name="fullerton" /><ref name="curtis">Curtis KA, Black K. Shoulder pain in female wheelchair basketball players. Journal of Orthopaedic &amp; Many injuries can happen from carrying out a shoulder movement for a specific task that is difficult to complete. For example, li

.... Both muscles serve as dynamic stabilizers of the ball and socket joints (shoulder or hip, respectively). <ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> ...ujala UM, Taimela S, Antti-Poika I, Orava S, Tuominen R, Myllynen P. Acute injuries in soccer, ice hockey, volleyball, basketball, judo, and karate: analysis o

...total elbow fractures in children and up to two-thirds of pediatric elbow injuries requiring hospitalization. * Neural injuries occur in 6.5% to 19% of cases involving displaced fractures. Most of them a

* Scaphoid fractures account for 15% of acute wrist injuries.<ref name=":1">Hayat Z, Varacallo M. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NB *[[DASH Outcome Measure|DASH]] or QuickDASH (Disabilities of Arm, Shoulder or Hand)

...tions that resulted in effusions and oedema is effective: i.e. ligamentous injuries, arthritis and meniscal lesions, as these can all produce inflammation and ...hich was published in 2015 looking at the treatment of tendinopathy in the shoulder. They found that there were no good quality studies to base recommendation

...the affected rower, and on crew members and coaches. Furthermore, because injuries can require up to 6–8 weeks of rest, a rib stress fracture can be a seaso ...ef name=":0" /><ref>Rumball JS, Lebrun CM, Di Ciacca SR, Orlando K, Rowing injuries; Sports Med 2005; 35 (6): 537-555 systematic review cohort studies</ref>. A

...that limited ankle dorsiflexion range is not a risk factor for calf muscle injuries. ** Elbow under the shoulder

...trunk is in contact with the anterolateral surface of the patient's right shoulder. This is to stabilize the trunk of the patient when the mobilization is car # '''''Spinal fractures:''''' Any recent vertebral fracture or other spinal injuries may require special caution when it comes to applying manipulative therapy

...technology is to improve the quality of life for individuals with complex injuries and conditions.<ref name=":0">Winstein C, Requejo P. [https://academic.oup. * enhance the treatment and management of complex injuries and conditions

* clavicular (collarbone) injuries and [[Clavicular Fracture|fractures]] ...R, Millett PJ. Treatment of clavicle fractures: current concepts review. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2012;21(3):423-9.</ref> In adults, over 66% of fractures occur