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To assess for possible [[Thoracic Outlet Syndrome (TOS)|Thoracic Outlet Syndrome]].<br> ...ully turn her head away from the side being tested and extend the cervical spine.

...gia. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation. 1992 Aug 1;73(8):735-7. * The cervical spine is passively and maximally rotated away from the side being tested.

...Encyclopedia". Medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com. Retrieved 2012-08-24.</ref><br> ....; Copabianco, John D.; Cox, James J. (2009). OMT review. pp. 3–5. ISBN 978-0967009018.</ref><br>

...used to diagnose facet joint injury in the spine especially in the lumbar and cervical region.<br> ...y with the thumbs over the spinous or transverse processes of the thoracic spine on both sides. The clinician looks for pain or hypomobility /hypermobility

Test for presence of [[Thoracic Outlet Syndrome (TOS)|thoracic outlet syndrome]].<br> ...atment/head-neck-back/thoracic-outlet-syndrome-more-than-just-a-pain-in-the-neck</ref>

...orsi Muscle|latissimus dorsi]], [[Quadratus Lumborum|quadratus lumborum]], and [[trapezius]]. When testing the thoracic and lumbar spine strength a few differences are noted:

...nostic tool used in the identification of [[Thoracic Outlet Syndrome (TOS)|Thoracic Outlet Syndrome (TOS)]]. It is also known as the “elevated arm stress tes Please refer to the [[Thoracic Outlet Syndrome (TOS)|Thoracic Outlet Syndrome (TOS)]] page.

...ichter]], [[User:Meghan Barclayas|Meghan Barclayas]] and [http://www.physio-pedia.com/User:Shannon_Petersen Shannon Petersen] part of the [[Des Moines U ...in may benefit from treatment directed at the cervical or thoracic spines, and/or wrist.

...l subjects.] Journal of Manual & Manipulative Therapy. 2019 Mar 15;27(2):92-8. ...segment. Which can be painful for patients with lower cervical spine pain and dysfunction.<ref name=":0" />

[[File:Piron-guillaume-y5hQCIn1c6o-unsplash.jpg|right|frameless]] Thoracic back pain is more likely to be caused by serious underlying pathology than

...to administer with excellent inter and intra-rater reliability, validity, and responsiveness. <br> Musculoskeletal conditions of the lumbar-pelvic region eg

...nvLOvDZxoN2q9qAMIR8_X0_wow Clinical Orthopaedic Rehabilitation: An Evidence-based Approach.] 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Health Sciences, 2011</ref>< ...n DG, Wiesel SW, Boden SD. Low Back and Neck Pain: Comprehensive Diagnosis and Management. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Health Sciences, 2004.</ref>

[[File:Sam-burriss-zHSX9o2 B7Y-unsplash.jpg|right|frameless|600x600px]] ...ion: prevalence, incidence and associated factors in children, adolescents and adults. A systematic review.] BMC Musculoskeletal disorders. 2009 Dec;10(1)

...ng process is relevant as there is evidence of correlations between injury and posture.<ref name=":1" /> Abnormal [[Posture|postures]] can influence muscl Studies of various sports find load accumulation and uneven muscle tone can cause postural faults. [[File:Cyclist Emilia Fahlin

...he Cervical Flexion-Rotation Test. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2008;31:293-300</ref> ...r, these tests involve a high degree of skill on the part of the examiner, and their reliability has been questioned.

'''Original Editor '''- [[User:Whitney Bass|Whitney Bass]] and [[User:Kim Bevillard|Kim Bevillard]] ...rs' Guide to the Musculoskeletal Examination: Fundamentals for the Evidence-Based Clinician. Buckner: Evidence in Motion; 2008.</ref><br>

...erior lumbar spine. It consists of 12 vertebrae that are distinct in shape and function from vertebrae found in other regions of the vertebral column. ...c vertebrae are medium sized and heart shaped. They are all weight-bearing and generally increase in size from superiorly to inferiorly with an increase i

...control study.] Brazilian journal of physical therapy. 2019 Jul 1;23(4):346-54. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6630105/#bi * Stiff upper thoracic spine or rounded upper spine causing cervical spine to hyperextend to see ahead.

...th a thin outer layer of compact bone. Similar to the first rib, the 11th and 12th ribs are considered atypical ribs due to their anatomical features< * Wide and short, consisting of a single articular facet for the costovertebral joint.

...a supine position (lying on your back) keeping your upper extremity fixed and rotating your lower extremity. It is a twisting motion of your lower trunk ...arms in the opposite direction.<ref>[http://morphopedics.wikidot.com/lumbar-rotation#:~:text=Lumbar%20rotation%20can%20be%20preformed,of%20your%20lower%

[[File:Osteoarthritic Spine (48605563867).png|right|frameless|alt=|476x476px]] ...and intervertebral disc degeneration: Quite different, quite similar.] JOR spine. 2018 Dec;1(4):e1033.Available:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PM

...nent of the nervous system that is being tested and are divided into upper and lower limb tests. ...he ULTT's are equivalent to the straight leg raise designed for the lumbar spine.

...[https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/tanya-bell-jenje/ Tanya Bell-Jenje]<br> == Subjective Assessment ==

...refore be used in conjunction with a full subjective history and objective examination for comparable signs. ...one or more methods that reduce their symptoms and/or increasing movement and function<ref name=":0">Eleanor Richardson & Jeremy Lewis. The Shoulder Symp

...153016392695/Effect-of-standing-postural-deviations-on-trunk-and-hip-muscle-activity.pdf?origin=publication_detail (last accessed 10.12.2019)</ref> ...structural misalignments of body posture in the sagittal plane]. Scoliosis and spinal disorders. 2018 Dec 1;13(1):6. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.

...tion, as is the case with other syndromes such as chronic fatigue syndrome and irritable bowel syndrome. It is widely considered a better practice to use ...t with various neck, arm and shoulder movements such as shoulder elevation and cervical side flexion.

...n of a classification approach to physical therapy. Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy 2007; 37 (6), 290–302.</ref>. ...the alignment of the lumbar spine have been noted in subjects with flexion-related lumbar pain<ref name=":1" />.

[[File:WhatsApp Image 2020-04-10 at 3.26.18 PM.jpg|thumb|256x256px|external and internal intercostal muscles]] ...in their function<ref>https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/intercostal-muscles</ref>.

[[File:Sam-burriss-zHSX9o2 B7Y-unsplash.jpg|right|frameless]] ...ted to the particular orientation, structure, and function of the thoracic spine in the vertebral column.

...Cervicothoracic Manipulation: A Single-Arm Trial. Phys Ther.2010; 90(1): 26-42.</ref><br> #'''Pain-free shoulder flexion &lt; 120˚'''

...yday decision making.It consist of a combination of medical signs,symptoms and other clinical findings in predicting the probability of specific disease o ...range of motion less than 60 degrees''', '''positive distraction test''', and '''positive Spurling's test A'''.&nbsp;{{#ev:youtube|Ov40c0GV_I8}}

<div class="noeditbox"> This article is currently under review and may not be up to date. Please come back soon to see the finished work!!</d This guide gives a general overview of the anatomy of the thoracic spine. It also includes some facts regarding pathophysiology in this region.

...]. Journal of Back and Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation. 2019 Jan 1;32(1):179-89. ...individuals with a flexed head and neck posture, particularly the elderly and those who have [[Parkinson's - Clinical Presentation|Parkinson's Disease]

...''Original Editor '''- [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/petra-zikmann/ Petra Zikmann] '''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributors/{{FU ...and treatment of back and pelvic disorders. AAEP Focus Meeting - Lameness and Imaging. 2007.</ref>

...raadpleegd op 24/11/2012, http://www.coreconcepts.com.sg/mcr/cobb-angle-and-scoliosis/ 3</ref>&nbsp; [[Image:Scoliosis cobb.gif|right]] ...f name="p2">James, J. (1976) Scoliosis, Churchill Livingstone, London, pg 7-11 1A</ref>&nbsp;

...ussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universiteit Brussel's Evidence-based Practice project]] [[File:SPINE ANATOMY.jpg|thumb]]

...[https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/tanya-bell-jenje/ Tanya Bell-Jenje]<br> [[Category:Thoracic Spine]]

...based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/nick-rainey/ Nick Rainey] ..., G. (2020, December). Non-radicular low back pain: Assessment and evidence-based treatment. ''Australian Journal of General Practice''. Royal Australia

...r:Krista Dayton|Krista Dayton]] as part of the [[Temple University Evidence-Based Practice Project|Temple University EBP Project]] Pain and symptoms localized in or around elbow. May present with neurological sympto

...ort], Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies, Volume 20, Issue 4, P:722-727,</ref> ...Some Basic Science Aspects], Physiotherapy, 1997, Volume 83, Issue 4, P:186-189,</ref>&nbsp;

...ed Anatomy of the Lumbar Spine">Ombregt, L. Applied Anatomy of the Lumbar Spine. Chapter 31 In: A System of Orthopaedic Medicine. Elsevier, 2013.</ref> ...ts of the posterior elements that help guide the movement of the vertebrae and protect the spinal cord.

'''Edited April 2022''' - by [[User:Adrianna Simmons|Adrianna Simmons]] and [[User:Jeannine Escobar|Jeannine Escobar]] as part of the [[Arkansas Colleg ...he ULTT's are equivalent to the straight leg raise designed for the lumbar spine.

...ts of 11 physical examinations items that are associated with the scapular and humeral kinetic chain. == Scapula Spine Distance: SSD ==

...isten Templin|Kristen Templin]] as part of the [[Temple University Evidence-Based Practice Project|Temple University EBP Project]] [[File:Thoracic grade 2 T6 PA mobilisations.png|right|frameless]]

...|dermatome]]” is a combination of two Greek words; “derma” meaning “skin”, and “tome”, meaning “cutting” or “thin segment”. Dermatomes are are ...7, C8, and T1 Nerve Roots, whereas the ulnar nerve is derived from C7, C8, and T1.

...ical Center. http://www.umm.edu/programs/spine/health/guides/cervical-spine-anatomy. Accessed 21 april 2017.</ref><ref name="Gray">Gray H. Gray's Anatom ...re classic vertebrae, having a body, pedicles, laminae, spinous processes, and facet joints.

...uxation, spinal cord injury without radiological abnormality, and multiple thoracic compression fracture<ref name=":0">Basu S (2012) Spinal injuries in childre ...y. A Review By Organ System. Phy. Med. and Rehab Clinics, 2015; 26(1); 109-132.

...llow us to create individual, patient-centred goals and ultimately a tailor-made treatment plan based on the client's needs. ...AP Notes|SOAP]] format as a guide. Below we have a systematic flow for the assessment of the neurological patient.

...]] based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/instructor/nick-rainey// Nick Rainey]<br> '''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributors/{{ ...it is beneficial to develop standard practice protocols. Following evidence-based protocols means that you reduce the chance of a poor outcome. You shou

...natomical region of the neck with or without radiation to the head, trunk, and upper limbs". ...t of patients with neck pain: a review of definitions, selection criteria, and measurement tools; Journal of Chiropractic Medicine Jun 2010; 9(2): 49–59

...-type headache, cluster headache and other trigeminal autonomic cephalgias and what are categorized as other primary headaches. ...ther primary headaches are clinically heterogeneous. According to the (ICHD-III) the pathogenesis of other primary headaches is still poorly understood.

...] based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/ian-horsley/ Ian Horsley]<br>'''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributors/{{F ...the differential diagnosis. An accurate diagnosis will enable us to manage and treat our patients more effectively.

...and can be described as an exaggerated anterior curvature of the thoracic spine that is associated with aging<ref name="Jang et al." /> ...racic spine is normal and present due to the shape of the vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs,

...rdination]] and [[balance]].A common problem for surfers is Surfer's neck (and [[Surfer's Back]]) ...ilitation program incorporating stretches, strengthening and co-ordination and postural training.

...ome testing is an essential part of [[Neurological Assessment|neurological examination]] when suspecting [[radiculopathy]]. Myotomes are much more complex to test ...ome|center|900x900px|Differentiation of somites into dermatome, sclerotome and myotome|thumb]]

...based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/shala-cunningham/ Shala Cunningham ]<br> ...s). It also introduces the Proposed Classification System for the Cervical Spine.

...NA®. 2019 Nov 3;1(1).</ref>{{#ev:youtube|WiRm0Fj8esw}}<ref>Drs. Viral Jain and James McCarthy. Neuromuscular scoliosis. Available from:https://www.youtube ...sis. Orthopaedics & Traumatology: Surgery & Research. 2013 Feb 1;99(1):S124-39.[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877056812002745]</re

...Med. 2020 Sep 11:pnaa282.</ref> although CGH can also refer to the orbital and frontal regions.<ref>Kaplan A. Introduction to Cervicogenic Headache Course ...capula and Cervicogenic Headaches|upper trapezius]] and [https://www.physio-pedia.com/Anterior_Neck_and_Cervicogenic_Headaches sternocleidomastoid].

...fractures: an anatomical approach. Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol 2008;18:189-195 [Level2]</ref> ...iorly from the body. The odontoid process lies anterior to the spinal cord and is used as the pivot for the rotation of the head. The C1 vertebra, carryin

...reased flexion of the hips, and a compensatory hyperlordosis in the lumbar spine. ...s maximus, gluteus medius and gluteus minimus. These muscles are inhibited and substituted by activation of the superficial muscles.

...spect of the popliteal fossa, it branches medially to the [[Tibial Nerve]] and laterally to the [[Common Peroneal Nerve]]. It is a mixed nerve.<ref>Giuff ...d from the ventral rami of the fourth lumbar to third sacral spinal nerves and is a continuation of the upper part of the [[Sacral Plexus|sacral plexus.]]

...ow joint. Physiotherapists have a functional knowledge of the complicated 3-joint elbow complex as well as its associated anatomy. They can apply this k ...ividualised to the specific problems and contributing factors found in the assessment.

...e disease in back pain? Physiotherapy Practice and Research. 2017;38(2): 73-77.</ref> ...ll.<ref name=":0" /><blockquote>"Our job as health professionals is to try and identify [serious pathologies] early." -- Laura Finucane</blockquote>

...'''- [[User:Kim Jackson|Kim Jackson]] as part of the [http://members.physio-pedia.com Physiopedia Plus] neck pain course. ...ank.org/country/trinidad-and-tobago?view=chart</nowiki>.</ref> limitations and difficulties of treating neck pain in the Caribbean.

...The most common swimming injury regions are the shoulder, neck, lower back and knee. ...ntion strategies in competitive swimmers]. Sports health. 2012 May;4(3):246-51. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3435931/ (l

...s injuries of the clavicle and its articulation. JBJS. 1967 Jun 1;49(4):774-84.</ref> ...es between the manubrium and the disc and the second lies between the disc and the clavicle.

...based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/donna-fisher/ Donna Fisher]<br>'''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributors/{{F ...ghtweight foams and thermoplastics are used, which facilitates new designs and more comfort for the user.

...ritis: Diagnosis and Treatment; ''Am Fam Physician.'' 2009 Sep 15;80(6):617-620</ref> * It is a clinical diagnosis and does not require specific diagnostic testing in the absence of concomitant

...class="editorbox"> '''Original Editor '''- [[User:Cindy John-Chu|Cindy John-Chu]] <br> ...sense on the same side from damage to the dorsal column and a loss of pain and temperature sensation (hemianaesthesia) contralateral to the lesion owing t

...e Case Reports of Dysfunction and Manual Therapy Guidelines for Assessment and Treatment of These Structures. Topics in Compan An Med; 29, 1: 1–5. </re ...annesburg, 2015 </ref> Together with the thoracic cage, the costovertebral and costotransverse joints provide stability.<ref name=":1" />

...es of low back pain]] have been ruled out, individuals are said to have non-specific (or simple or mechanical) back pain. ...he source of low back pain.] European Spine Journal. 2007 Oct 1;16(10):1539-50.</ref>

...itor '''-Lieveld Jean Yves,&nbsp;Mostafa Mataichi,&nbsp;Ismael El Habouchi and David Herteleer ...nes Linked to the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health from the Orthopaedic Section of the American Physical Therapy Associ

...[PTCU Excellence and Innovation Unit Project]]. This space was created by and for the students at Cairo University. Please do not edit unless you are inv ...ecific and radiological predictive factors for curve progression. European Spine Journal. 2021 Mar 26;30(7):1813–22.</ref>

...lininger|Chris Slininger]] as part of the [[Texas State University Evidence-based Practice Project]] ...ribes compression of the neurovascular structures as they exit through the thoracic outlet (cervicothoracobrachial region).

...slaghs|Fien Selderslaghs]], [[User:Mirabella Smolders|Mirabella Smolders]] and [[User:Wout Theys|Wout Theys]] [[File:Bianca-jordan-IPjWtxPJUQc-unsplash.jpg|right|frameless]]

...eferral pattern to the head, so it too should be considered when assessing and treating CGH.<ref name=":1">Kaplan A. Superior Scapula - Cervigenic Headach ...valuation and treatment strategies. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2001; 5(4): 361-8.</ref>

...P, Goldsmith CH. Reliability of pain scales in the assessment of literate and illiterate patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 1990;17:1022–4 Although various iterations exist, the most commonly used is the 11-item NPRS.<ref>Williamson A. Pain: a review of three commonly used pain rati

...Courtney Smith|Courtney Smith]] as part of the [[Temple University Evidence-Based Practice Project|Temple University EBP Project]] ...ent<ref name=":0" />. To do this there are three essential elements of the examination:

...ne the extent and nature of the relationship between thoracic manipulation and shoulder pain. ...Scale|visual analog pain scale]]), patient rating of overall improvement, and Quick [[DASH Outcome Measure|DASH]] measurement.

...it can also occur in the [[Thoracic Anatomy|thoracic]] and [[Lumbar|lumbar spine]].<ref name=":0">Seidenwurm, D. J., & Expert Panel on Neurologic Imaging. ( ...odegenerative Disease|neurodegenerative]], neoplastic vascular, idiopathic and nutritional disorders that result in myelopathy. These causes are much less

.../books/NBK499966/ (last accessed 20.4.2020)</ref> Image R severe case - pre-operative image of a 22 year old male with Scheuermann's Disease ...[https://search.proquest.com/openview/ff361ff1a9fb8c730bcf25b99dc8ffec/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=40235 Current concepts in Scheuermann's kyphosis]. Ort

...of Physical Therapy Musculoskeletal 1 Project]]. This space was created by and for the students at Arkansas Colleges of Health Education School in the Uni [[File:Indian-yogi-yogi-madhav-P SxnJhID1s-unsplash (1).jpg|right|frameless]]

==Shoulder Examination== ...an help guide decisions about the need for special tests or investigations and ongoing management.

...lishing. Available from:https://www.health.harvard.edu/pain/7-faces-of-neck-pain [accessed 4/3/2023]</ref> ...ce workers: a 1-year longitudinal study.] Eur Spine J. 2009 Oct;18(10):1532-40.</ref>

...The carotid arteries are the primary vessels supplying blood to the brain and face. ...EM, Waheed A. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545238/ Anatomy, Head and Neck, Carotid Arteries]. InStatPearls [Internet] 2019 Jul 22. StatPearls Pu

...er:Madison Sanders|Madison Sanders]], [[User:Shelby Morgan|Shelby Morgan]] and [[user:Keri Henderson|Keri Henderson]] as part of the [[Arkansas Colleges o ...ain]] is typically not reproducible with isometric movements. The clicking and popping, as well as pain usually decreases when crossing the arm across the

...mes Study<ref>Ware J. SF-36 Health Survey Update. Spine. 2000. 25; 24: 3130-3139.<section> ...(SF-36). I. Conceptual Framework and Item Selection. Medical Care, 30, 473-483. </ref>:

...[https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/tanya-bell-jenje/ Tanya Bell-Jenje]<br> ...ll of these conditions must be considered when assessing patients who have thoracic pain.

...of Physical Therapy Musculoskeletal 1 Project]]. This space was created by and for the students at Arkansas Colleges of Health Education School in the Uni ...The Ober’s test must not be confounded with [[Noble's test|Noble’s test]] and the [[Renne test|Renne test]], two other tests that are commonly used to de

...ert Bardinas|Robert Bardinas]]; as part of the [[Temple University Evidence-Based Practice Project]] ...the [[elbow]] and the [[Wrist and Hand|wrist]]<ref>Jan Michael C. Lleva, Ke-Vin Chang.Ulnar Neuropathy. Available from: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bo

...LLIF and ALIF, ''3''(1), 2–18. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.3978/j.issn.2414-469X.2015.10.05</nowiki></ref>. ...l graft) within the intervertebral space after discectomy<ref name=":1" /> and successful union of two or more [[Lumbar Vertebrae|vertebra]]<ref name=":0"

[[File:Scoliosis-01.jpg|thumb|scoliosis clinical presentation|alt=scoliosis clinical presenta Scoliosis is an abnormal lateral curvature of the spine. It is most often diagnosed in childhood or early adolescence.

...elissa Osti|Melissa Osti]] as part of the [[Texas State University Evidence-based Practice Project]] [[File:T9-T10 change fracture from MVA.png|thumb|348x348px|T9-T10 chance fracture from MVA]]

.../1868602 Failed back surgery syndrome. Pain medicine]. 2011 Apr 1;12(4):577-606.</ref> ...yndrome]. Journal of clinical pharmacy and therapeutics. 2011 Aug;36(4):525-8.</ref>.

This article or area is currently under construction and may only be partially complete. Please come back soon to see the finished w ...97-306.</ref> Dysfunction in one can lead to a dysfunction in the other (co-dependency).

...based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/sasha-chelin/ Sasha Chelin] ...ing: functional assessment, ROM, palpation, special tests and neurological examination.

[[File:3d-medical-image-with-female-holding-neck-pain.jpg|right|frameless]] ...also be defined based on its duration (acute, subacute, [https://www.physio-pedia.com/Chronic_Neck_Pain chronic]) or reason for onset.

...''glenohumeral rhythm''') is the kinematic interaction between the scapula and the humerus, first published by Codman in the 1930s. <ref name="p4">Codman [[File:Scapulohumeral rhythm-1-.png|thumb|274x274px|

...refore, important to consider the role of the anterior neck when assessing and treating patients with CGH. ...n on the role of the upper cervical spine, please click [https://www.physio-pedia.com/The_Upper_Cervical_Spine_and_Cervicogenic_Headaches here].

...and rehabilitation. The syndrome encompasses various anatomical structures and can present with diverse clinical manifestations. ...scalene, costoclavicular, and subcoracoid spaces. Anatomical abnormalities and acquired conditions contribute to the compression of these structures, lead

...''- [[User:Anna Butler|Anna Butler]], [[User:Fiona Stohrer|Fiona Stohrer]] and [[User:Katherine Moon|Katherine Moon]] as part of the [[Nottingham Universi ...sp;that there is a serious medical condition presenting as common,&nbsp;non-serious, musculoskeletal conditions, are commonly&nbsp;described as red flag

...s 2009</ref><ref name="p2">Alexandru, Daniela, and William So. "Evaluation and management of vertebral compression fractures." Permanente Journal 16.4 (20 Osteoporotic spine fractures can be graded based on vertebral height loss as:

...k PC. Prediction Rules: A Physical Therapy Reference Manual. London: Jones and Bartlett Publishers International, 2011.</ref>The popularity of CPRs has in ...potheses will become more likely and others less likely. At the end of the assessment the physiotherapist will decide which intervention is likely to result in t

...niversity Evidence-based Practice Project|Texas State University's Evidence-based Practice project]] ...article-lookup/doi/10.2522/ptj.20060272 Cervical dystonia: disease profile and clinical management]. Phys Ther 2007;87(11):1511–26.</ref>. Depending on

The pelvic floor is a dome-shaped structure that extends from the pubic bone to the tailbone. See [[Pel # Support: of pelvic organs (bladder, bowel; female: uterus and vaginal canal; men: prostate)

...ty in the patient resulting in the loss of work, which brings psychosocial and economic problems.<ref name=":0">Nas K, Yazmalar L, Şah V, Aydın A, Öne� ...ation of bone density, and to ensure normal functioning of the respiratory and digestive system<ref name=":0" />.

*Co-morbidities: Allergies == Examination ==

...emple University Evidence-Based Practice Project|Temple University Evidence-Based Practice Project]] ...ation.] Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy. 2017 Jul;47(7):A1-83.</ref>.

[[File:Spinal-cord-injury-symptoms.png|right|frameless|691x691px]] ...9316/ Traumatic spinal cord injury: an overview of pathophysiology, models and acute injury mechanisms]. Frontiers in neurology. 2019;10:282.Available fro

...ased on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/pierre-roscher/ Pierre Roscher]<br> ...and men's health special interest groups.''[[File:Biopsychosocial-model-of-health.PNG|thumb|400x400px|Biopsychosocial Model]]

...6 nerve root, depending on the mechanism of injury. Recurrences are common and can lead to permanent neurologic deficits. Burner’s syndrome tends to be ...juries. Clin Sports Med 1990; 9:311.</ref>. Axonal integrity is preserved, and remyelination follows within three weeks <ref name=":0" />.

[https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/petra-zikmann/ Petra Zikmann] ...to the gross and microscopic anatomy of horses and other equids (donkeys, and zebras).

...iotherapists. This article delves into the intricacies of assessment tools and tests in physiotherapy, focusing on their role in optimizing patient outcom ...ant Osteoarthritis Pain (ICOAP). *Arthritis Care & Research, 63*(S11), S240-S252.</ref>

...t|upper cervical joints]] and perceived in one or more regions of the head and/or face.<ref name="Goodman & Fuller">Goodman, C, Fuller, K. Pathology: Impl ...n, ipsilateral diffuse shoulder, and arm pain. ROM in the neck is reduced, and pain is relieved with anesthetic blockades.

...f inflammatory arthritides that share certain genetic predisposing factors and clinical features.  ...articular peripheral arthritis, principally in genetically predisposed (HLA-B27+) individuals.

...ia R.K. et al., Spondyloarthropathies. Am Fam Physician, 2004, 69 (12):2853-2860 Level of Evidence 5</ref>&nbsp;Level 5 ...lus fibrosis of the intervertebral discs, and the apophyseal joints of the spine.<ref name="p1" />

...tps://www.smn.scot.nhs.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Vertebral-fractures-in-children.pdf [Accessed 11/3/2023].  </ref> === Cervical spine ===

This article is currently under review and may not be up to date. Please come back soon to see the finished work! ...cipation) of the [[International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF)|International Classification Framework]] (ICF) developed by th

...Contributors''' - Arno De Winne, Margaux Reynders,&nbsp;[http://www.physio-pedia.com/User:Julie_Lhost Julie Lhost],&nbsp;{{Special:Contributors/{{FULLP ...vertebra. There is evidence suggesting a relationship between respiration and low back pain (LBP).

...this (i.e. a large ball in a small socket) renders it prone to dislocation and other injuries.<ref>Radiopedia Shoulder Joint Available:https://radiopaedia [[File:Shoulder-annotated-x-rays-2.jpeg|center|thumb|426x426px|1. anatomical neck of humerus 2. greater tuber

...'''Original Editor '''- [https://members.physio-pedia.com/instructor/shala-cunningham/ Shala Cunningham] '''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributor ...t.2012.42.4.A1 Low back pain]. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2012 Apr;42(4):A1-57. </ref></blockquote>Several classification systems have been published to

...Talk:Manual Therapy and Exercise Intervention in the Treatment of Shoulder and Neck Pain in a Patient with Mental Health Comorbidities: A Case Report|Open ...DASH and Neck Pain Disability Scale scores, but adherence to appointments and exercise were low. There is no research for adherence to physical therapy i

...based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/rina-pandya/ Rina Pandya]<br>'''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributors/{{FU .... This article will discuss the relationship between postural malalignment and diaphragm function.

...Staged Approach for Rehabilitation Classification: Shoulder Disorders (STAR-Shoulder). ''Physical Therapy'', ''95''(5), 791–800. <nowiki>http://doi.or ...anatomical model''' of diagnosis towards '''the treatment or rehabilitation-oriented''' classification that will inform patient management.<ref name=":0

# Increased lumbar lordosis and ...-structural misalignments of body posture in the sagittal plane. Scoliosis and spinal disorders. 2018 Dec 1;13(1):6. Available from: <nowiki>https://www.n

...based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/mauro-banfi/ Mauro Banfi]<br> ...MC5636236/ Effect of posture on swallowing]. Afr Health Sci. 2017;17(1):133-7.</ref> When working with patients who have dysfunction in these areas, it

...emic review]. Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research. 2017;3(7):141-148. Accessed 18 July 2019.</ref> ...2022]. Available from: <nowiki>https://www.text-neck.com/definition-of-text-neck.html</nowiki> [Last accessed: 7/12/2022]</ref>

[[File:Compressive myeolopathy C6C7.png|thumb|Cervical myelopathy C6-C7]] ...asticity]], hyperreflexia, pathologic [[reflexes]], digit/hand clumsiness, and/or [[Gait: Antalgic|gait disturbance.]]

...systematic review]. Musculoskeletal Science and Practice. 2017 Jun 1;29:43-51.</ref><br>TM is not a medical disorder or disease but rather a symptom of ...r view image - © Kenhub https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/trapezius-muscle</ref>

...lumbar spine evaluation. This page provides an overview of this evaluation and includes links for more information. ...otential pathoanatomical cause of pain:<ref name=":2">Cunningham S. Lumbar Spine Evaluation Course. Plus, 2024.</ref>

...d on course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/melanie-skeen-harding/ Melanie Harding] ...venting secondary complications associated with mobility loss. State-of-the-art technology provides mechanical assistance for patients to relearn walkin

...ased on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/ibukun-afolabi/ Ibukun Afolabi]<br>'''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributors/ .... See the Resources section at the bottom of this page for links to pelvic and women's health special interest groups.

...niversity Evidence-based Practice Project|Texas State University's Evidence-based Practice project]] ...ication of acute thoracolumbar spinal injuries]. spine. 1983 Nov 1;8(8):817-31.</ref>

...ith report of cases.] The American Journal of Surgery. 1941 Oct 1;54(1):326-38.</ref> * Slipping-rib-cartilage syndrome

...nd [[User:Joseph So|Joseph So]] as part of the [[Temple University Evidence-Based Practice Project|Temple University EBP Project]] ...artilage, the joint has little bony stability. Between the medial clavicle and the manubrium is a dense fibrocartilaginous disc that separates the joints

...w.physio-pedia.com/User:Kudzanayi_Ronald_Muzenda Kudzanayi Ronald Muzenda] and [[User:Naomi O'Reilly|Naomi O'Reilly]] ...gical classification of spinal cord injury. J Spinal Cord Med 2011; 34: 535-546</ref>{{#ev:vimeo|65471467|300}}

...e able to see progress in the right direction with this [https://www.physio-pedia.com/Parkinson%27s_Disease PD] patient. ...n's in older-aged adults who want or need to improve balance, gait pattern and gait speed.

...treatments.] Current reviews in musculoskeletal medicine. 2008 Mar 1;1(1):1-1.</ref> ...Scapular Winging <ref>Scapular Winging. Available from: http://www.maitrise-orthop.com/viewPage_us.do?id=1010</ref>]]</div>

...is characterised by infection involving the [[intervertebral disc]] (IVD) and adjacent vertebrae.<ref name=":0">Radiopedia Spondylodiscitis Available:htt ...ection starts at the vertebral body endplate, extending into the IVD space and then into the adjacent vertebral body endplate.

...of Evidence: 2B.''' </ref> These types of fractures are [https://www.physio-pedia.com/Insufficiency_Fracture insufficiency fractures], caused by normal ...D, So W. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3523935/ Evaluation and Management of Vertebral Compression Fractures.] Perm J. 2012 Fall; 16(4): 4

The following case is entirely fictional, and was created for education purposes only. ...nce has shown optimistic findings in the use of Tai Chi to improve balance and gait impairments in patients with motor disorders such as PD.

...n is pain or discomfort in the area of the chest that contains the sternum and the cartilage connecting it to the [[ribs]]. * Most cases of sternum pain is unrelated to the heart and caused primarily due to problems with the sternum itself or the nearby [[ca

...Flexion Syndrome. Physical Therapy 35(4) pp. 336-351</ref><span style="line-height: 1.5em;">.</span> ...lysis of selected systems. Phys Ther. 78 pp. 708-737</ref><span style="line-height: 1.5em;">.</span>

...s. The term axial spondyloarthritis has only been used since 2009 when the Assessment of Spondyloarthritis International Society Axial Spondyloarthritis (ASAS) c ...673616315914 Axial spondyloarthritis]. The Lancet. 2017 Jul 1;390(10089):73-84.</ref>

...view of the Pain and Disability Drivers Model, which can be used to assess and treat gunshot injuries. * Build trust and a therapeutic alliance with your patient

...mously known to be one of the most complex regions of the body to evaluate and rehabilitate. Due to the multiple joints involved during shoulder movement, Clavicle : clavicle is long bone has convex medial two third and concave lateral one third. medial two third give attachment to pectoralis m

...mitations, and harms of clinical guidelines. BMJ. 1999 Feb 20;318(7182):527-30.</ref> ...e and outcomes; values and economics, synthesis, grading, and presentation and deriving recommendations. Implementation Science. 2012 Jul 4;7(1):61.</ref>

...ief and basic stretching and stretching exercises.<ref name=":19">Stace R. and Gwilym S. « Whiplash associated disorder: a review of current pain concept ...issues, with the strain injury resulting in secondary oedema, haemorrhage, and inflammation:

...Finlay]], [[User:Dave Murray|Dave Murray]], [[User:Lynda Bend|Lynda Bend]] and [[User:Hin Ying Chan|Hin Ying Chan]] as part of the [[Nottingham University ...e disease and more overuse and traumatic causes such as:<ref name="Micheli and Wood 1995" />

Exercise and Lee Silverman Voice Treatment (LSVT)-BIG in moderate stage Parkinson's Dis ...s improved, and he is much less worried in general than during his initial assessment.

[[File:Cx-Radiculopathy-Final-Version-.png|right|frameless|499x499px]] ...of Neck Pain and Radicular Symptoms. Am Fam Physician. 2010 Jan 1;81(1):33-40.</ref>

...]] (SI joint). It is usually caused by abnormal motion (i.e. hyper- or hypo-mobile) or malalignment of the sacroiliac joint. Sacroiliac joint syndrome i ...roiliitis is specific to an inflammatory processes present in the SI joint and the pain sensed is a direct result of those inflammatory processes, whereas

...wska]] based on course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/instructor/rina-pandya/ Rina Pandya]<br> ...interaction]. EFORT Open Reviews. 2020 Sep 7;5(9):522-33.</ref> The timing and activation of dynamic stabilisers are the most important factors in achievi

...sciplinary team and ensure they are working together towards a common goal and that nothing important is missed. Goals can also be used to evaluate the su ...:306–311.</ref><ref name=":3">Waters RL, Adkins RH, Yakura JS et al: Motor and Sensory Recovery following Incomplete Paraplegia. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 199

...erapy intervention in sports-related concussion among young individuals age-group–A narrative review]. Saudi Journal of Sports Medicine. 2020 May 1;20 == Emotional Assessment ==

...e Burdeaux|Katherine Burdeaux]] as part of the [[Temple University Evidence-Based Practice Project]] ...lder has the highest [[Range of Motion|range of motion]] of the human body and the most inherently unstable, often developing recurrent instability<ref na

...University Evidence-based Practice Project|Texas State University Evidence-based Practice Project]] ...habilitation guidelines. British Journal of Sports Medicine, (2008) 42, 165-171</ref><br>

...roles and desired recreational activities, have a higher quality of life, and have improved health status. * Other Related Problems such as Spasticity and Joint Problems e.g. Contractures

'''Original Editor '''- [https://www.physio-pedia.com/User:Jess_Bell Jess Bell] '''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Cont ...thological findings in horses. Equine Veterinary Education. 2020;32(12):664-72.</ref>

...roiliac joint. Part 1: Clinical anatomical aspects. Spine 1990a; 15(2): 130-132</ref> {{#ev:youtube|D6NTMgWCSaU|250}} <ref>SI Bone. SI Joint Anatomy, Biomechanics and Prevalence. Available from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D6NTMgWCSaU [las

[[File:Cervical spine.png|thumb]] ...h.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6356370/ Materials for the spine: anatomy, problems, and solutions.] Materials. 2019 Jan 14;12(2):253.</ref>

...leg pain (sciatica). The most important symptoms of low back pain are pain and disability.. ...specific pathology.<ref>Koes BW, Van Tulder MW. Clinical Review, Diagnosis and treatment of low back pain. BMJ 2006;332:1430</ref> Those specific patholog

...ussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universiteit Brussel's Evidence-based Practice project]] ...ke mechanical back pain, herniated disc pain is often burning or stinging, and may radiate into the lower extremity. Furthermore, in more severe cases, th

...such as decreased cervical range of movement, weakness, pain on palpation and the presence of trigger points to name a few. ...eelchair Services. Available: <nowiki>https://www.england.nhs.uk/wheelchair-services/</nowiki>. Last accessed 22nd May 2019.​</ref>

...head during elevation of the arm above the shoulder/head <ref name=":5" /> and as reflected by the literature is considered by many to be one of the most ...n of the rotator cuff against the anterior inferior aspect of the acromion and the coracoacromial ligament.

...rrently due to her ongoing medical conditions. She reported taking over-the-counter medication for pain but they are not helping her much. She had bilat ...3N's are absent. She consumes 1 or 2 units of alcohol a month. She is a non-smoker.

== Introduction and Background Information == ...ref name=":2">Kuchera W, Kuchera ML. Diagnosis and manipulative treatment: Thoracic region.</ref>.

...s">Saunders HD. Lumbar traction*. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 1979; 1(1): 36-45. (LEVEL 1A)</ref> ...t guidelines published by NICE in the UK<ref>National Institute for Health and Care Excellence.

..., [[User:Thomas Allison|Tom Allison]], [[User:Matthew Deakin|Matt Deakin]] and [[User:Anna Mansfield|Anna Mansfield]] as part of the [[Nottingham Universi ...nts with non-specific chronic low back pain. Manual Therapy. 2010;15(3):240-247.</ref>.'''<u></u>'''

...m Kirby]], [[User:Nathan May|Nathan May]],[[User:Zak Jackson|Zak Jackson]] and [[User:Adam Auckland]] as part of the [[Nottingham University Spinal Rehabi ...ion of the American Physical Therapy Association]. Journal of orthopaedics and sports physical therapy. 42(4), pp. 57</ref>

== Cervico-Thoracic == ...ed Disorders: Clinical Resource Guide]. South Australian Centre for Trauma and Injury Recovery (2008).

...BP) or [http://www.physio-pedia.com/Pregnancy_Related_Pelvic_Pain pregnancy-related pelvic girdle pain (PPGP)]. The last two patterns can occur separate ...cy-related low back pain]. Journal of nurse-midwifery. 1998 Sep 1;43(5):331-40.</ref><br>

...[[User:Jeffrey Phaneuf|Jeffrey Phaneuf]], [[User:Jane Emblem|Jane Emblem]] and [[User:Manny Dhillon|Manny Dhillon]] as part of the [[Queen's University Ne ...he reader with the typical presentation of DMD as well as assessment tools and intervention strategies used during this phase.

...th surgical correlation.] American Journal of Roentgenology 2003;181(1):219-21.</ref> Wrist extension is preserved due to the action of the extensor car ...rosseous branch. The [[radial nerve]] supplies the majority of the forearm and hand extensors. Damage to this branch of the radial nerve results in poster

...rsity student Breydon King, who was diagnosed with DMD at the age of five, and is being referred to physiotherapy to address current problems. ...y will allow him to better himself so that he can focus on his school work and participate in hobbies.

This article or area is currently under construction and may only be partially complete. Please come back soon to see the finished w ...atica and Low Back Pain. ''International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health''. 18(9). </ref><ref name=":7" />.

...helle Nelson|Michelle Nelson]], [[User:Cierra Hutchison|Cierra Hutchison]] and [[User:Ashaun Anand|Ashaun Anand]] as part of the [[Queen's University Neur ...echniques 2x a week for 10 weeks. Dance sessions were 60 minutes in length and progressed from low to high intensity over the 10 week period. 

...gham University Spinal Rehabilitation Project]]. This space was created by and for the students at Nottingham University. Please do not edit unless you ar ...ndrome in asymptomatic individuals. ''J Med Pharm Allied Sci'', 10(6), 3894-3898.</ref>.

* There are 2 types of lymph cells: T cells and B cells. ...ed plasma B cells, are white blood cells that originate in the bone marrow and secrete large quantities of proteins called antibodies in response to being

...erico, et al. "Non-specific low back pain." The Lancet 379.9814 (2012): 482-491. Level of evidence 1A</ref> ...d subchronic low back trouble. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1995 Mar 15;20(6):722-8.Level of evidence 3C</ref>

...] based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/ian-gatt/ Ian Gatt]<br> ...ter simulations, measurements and mathematical modelling in various sports and exercises.

...erg Balance Scale]], [[Timed Up and Go Test (TUG)|Timed Up and Go]] (TUG), and [[Trunk Impairment Scale]]. ...drome: evidence for a progressive disorder. BMC neurology. 2019 Dec;19(1):1-8.</ref>

...), scapular dyskinesis (Clifton-Smith & Rowley, 2011), low back pain (LBP) and neck pain have also been shown to exhibit faulty breathing mechanics. ...pathology and non-specific breathing pattern disorders. Furthermore, a case-control study (Roussel et al, 2009) observing patients with chronic LBP foun

...hould be recognised and agreed upon in order to ensure clear communication and prevent avoidable errors in patient care. ...e Executive.https://www.hse.ie/eng/about/who/qid/quality-and-patient-safety-documents/abbreviations.pdf. NHO Abbreviations booklet.Available from: (acc

...:Astrid Lahousse|Astrid Lahousse]], [[User:Roxane Roosens|Roxane Roosens]] and [[User:Laure Lievens|Laure Lievens]] [[File:LSS1.jpg|right|<ref>Bhave A. Modern Techniques in Spine Surgery. JP Medical Ltd; 2014 Nov 30.</ref>]]

...hysician to be assessed to improve balance following a fall that occurred 6-months prior causing her to require hip surgery. This fracture could have be ..., objective analysis was collected and limitations in balance, gait speed, and strength were noticed.

...h Ehlers-Danlos syndrome.|thumb|aHyper-elastic skin in a person with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome.]] ...nt and the legs splayed on either side), a "double-jointed" little finger, and the ability to touch the thumb to the wrist of the same hand.]]

...ugh a proper [[Evidence Based Assessment of Pain in Displaced Persons|pain assessment]], should be considered while framing a treatment strategy.<ref name=":4" / ...laced persons is very similar to other populations, the selection of tools and techniques while working with displaced persons depends on two factors:

...posterior cord (C5-C6), and provides motor innervation to the [[deltoid]] and teres minor muscles. ...tomic basis of its iatrogenic and traumatic injury.] Springer. 2010;32:193-201.

...Angela Fearon, Diana Hughes, Carol Kennedy, Dr. Alex Scott, Michael Yates and Alison Hoens ...h (1) included participants with&nbsp;symptoms that encompassed both acute and chronic stages or (2) did not clarify the duration of symptoms, the results

...portant Procedure in Clinical Practice. Rev Bras Anestesiol 2012; 62: 1: 96-104</ref> ...in clinical practice. Part II Revista Brasileira de Reumatologia ISSN 0482-5004</ref>,

...>Brukner P. Brukner and Khan's Clinical Sports Medicine. North Ryde: McGraw-Hill; 2012.</ref> ...of Biomechanics">Knudson D. Fundamentals of Biomechanics. Springer Science and Business Media; 2007 May 28.</ref> The following are some of the areas wher

...ussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universiteit Brussel's Evidence-based Practice project]] ...tient and may, in extreme, cases lead to a loss of function of the [[Wrist and Hand|hand]]. Cubital tunnel syndrome is also often misdiagnosed.<ref name="

...lab group 6. The scope of this article is to describe the characteristics and care related to the earliest clinical stage of Huntington's Disease. ...easures of aerobic capacity experienced an initial increase after training and physiotherapy interventions.  

...illiams|Christy Williams]] as part of the [[Texas State University Evidence-based Practice Project]] ...enohumeral]] (GH) joint range of motion with spontaneous complete or nearly-complete recovery over a varied period of time.

...larmine University's Pathophysiology of Complex Patient Problems project]] and [[User:Yves Hubar|Yves Hubar]] ...nclude [[allodynia]], hyperalgesia, sudomotor and vasomotor abnormalities, and trophic changes.

This article is currently under review and may not be up to date. Please come back soon to see the finished work! ({{R *[[Lateral Epicondyle Tendinopathy (Tennis Elbow) Toolkit|''Introduction and Background'']]

...tors/{{FULLPAGENAME}}}}</div>This fictional case study is produced by first-year physiotherapy students at [https://rehab.queensu.ca/ Queens’ Universi ...is important to optimize her function to allow her to continue in activity and participation in her life, as outlined in this case.

'''Original Editor '''- [[User:Rachael Lowe|Rachael Lowe]] and The [[Open Physio]] project. ** [[Thoracic Hyperkyphosis|Kyphosis]] of the spine resulting in neck and back pain&nbsp;

...ury being treated, which can often result in a delay in the identification and treatment of the peripheral nerve injury. ...ehabilitation-in-conflicts-and-disasters Early Rehabilitation in Conflicts and Disasters]. Handicap International: London, UK. 2020.</ref>

...based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/rina-pandya/ Rina Pandya]<br> '''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributors/{{F == Chronic Non-Specific Neck Pain ==

...ploaded by [[User:Shaimaa Eldib|Shaimaa Eldib]] for the [https://www.physio-pedia.com/Decision_Making_Aids Physical Therapy Knowledge Broker Project]<br ....ubc.ca/physical-therapy-knowledge-broker/resisted-exercise-initiative-rexi-2/?utm_source=Physiopedia&utm_medium=Link+in+text&utm_id=Physiopedia+Toolkit