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== Clinical Practice Guidelines == ...arakat R. [https://bjsm.bmj.com/content/52/21/1339 2019 Canadian guideline for physical activity throughout pregnancy.] Br J Sports Med. 2018 Nov 1;52(21)

...ine is based on a systematic review of clinical evidence - the main source for evidence-based care. The benefits of clinical practice guidelines include<ref name="Moore" />:

...ognitive Impairment and Dementia in Patients Visiting an Outpatient Clinic in the Netherlands]. Alzheimer disease and associated disorders. 2020 Jul;34(3 * It has also been recommended for the screening of cognition in [[Depression|depressed]] patients<ref>Special Report, Expert Consensus Guid

...oncology practice. The information on this write up will elaborate on how physiotherapy contributes to geriatric oncology practice. ...ih.gov/17287242/ Estimates of the cancer incidence and mortality in Europe in 2006]. Annals of oncology. 2007 Mar 1;18(3):581-92.</ref>

...ty: a systematic review of systematic reviews.] European Journal of Public Health. 2019 Feb 1;29(1):182-9. Available from:https://academic.oup.com/eurpub/art * Is a growing global public health challenge as populations age and the prevalence of long-term conditions ris

...disability, poor general health and mortality. They also impact on mental health ...of Physical Activity on Musculoskeletal System. Heath Guidance for Better Health. [http://www.healthguidance.org/entry/16255/1/Influence-of-Physical-Activit

...last 30 years, people have been prescribed increasing number of medicines, in particular [[Medication and Older People|older people]]. The reasons are ma * A rise in [[multimorbidity]] and ageing populations

'''Environmental Physiotherapy - A new forest for physiotherapy practice, research and education''' ...ifferent ways that the environment is related to virtually every aspect of physiotherapy practice, research and education.

...roline Cater|Caroline Cater]] as part of the [[World Physiotherapy Network for Amputee Rehabilitation Project]] ...in South Australia]. 2012</ref>.&nbsp;The physiotherapist plays a key role in coordinating patient rehabilitation<ref name="BACPAR" />. <br>

...many patients. Physiotherapists are in a unique position compared to other health care providers to help patients not only recover from an injury through han ...mbers of ACPOHE (Association of Chartered Physiotherapists in Occupational Health and Ergonomics).

...pandemic as well as similar historical situations (e.g. the SARS outbreak in 2003). == Mental Health ==

...Resources section at the bottom of this page for links to pelvic and men's health special interest groups.'' ...gical aspects of being male or female– the cultural expectations and roles for femininity and masculinity.<ref>Lips HM. [https://books.google.com/books?hl

...ed [[Chronic Disease|chronic diseases]]. NCDs are collectively responsible for 71% of all deaths worldwide<ref>Noncommunicable diseases, WHO, 1 June 2018 ...aternal and perinatal conditions and nutritional deficiencies, and&nbsp;1% for injuries).<ref name="GBD">Bloom, D.E., Cafiero, E.T., Jané-Llopis, E., Abr

== Defining Occupational Health Research == ...h, therefore, explored issues such as hazards, trends and work related ill-health.<ref name=":0" />

...vironments.” <ref name=":2">World Report on Disability 2011. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2011. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK3 ...sider throughout the rehabilitation process. <ref name=":0" /> The context in which rehabilitation occurs also greatly greatly influences the range and a

[[File:Wheelchair 4.jpg|thumb|Psychosocial considerations in spinal cord injury]] ...aving a role to play in both the incidence and progression of these mental health problems.<ref name=":7">Chevalier Z, Kennedy P, Sherlock O. Spinal cord inj

...eck Pain and Its Associated Disorders describes Neck pain as "pain located in the anatomical region of the neck with or without radiation to the head, tr ...espread hyperalgesia on palpation and in both passive and active movements in neck and shoulder area<ref name="Misailidou et al.">Misailidou V, Malliou P

...86/s12879-019-3790-0#Sec22 (accessed 31.12.2022)</ref><ref name=":6">World health organisation [https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/sepsis Sepsi ...regional, and national sepsis incidence and mortality, 1990–2017: analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study]. The Lancet. 2020 Jan 18;395(10219):200

...al palsy: a need for specialist mental health services. Advances in Mental Health, 2022;20(3): 281-284.</ref> This article highlights the roles of different Goals:<ref name=":2">Gunarathne P. Mental Health Considerations With Cerebral Palsy. Plus Course 2023</ref>

...therapy_Practice|Queen Margaret University's Current and Emerging Roles in Physiotherapy Practice Project]] ...K, Marsh T, Brown M. Modelling Future Trends in Obesity and the Impact on Health. Foresight - Tackling Obesities: Future Choices, 2007</ref>.

...si|Anarème Kpandressi]] &nbsp;as part of the [[World Physiotherapy Network for Amputee Rehabilitation Project]] ...d-most-populous continent. With 1.1 billion people as of 2013, it accounts for about 15% of the world's human population. The continent is surrounded by t

...sentation are the result of unique mutations scattered throughout the gene in the majority of cases. <ref name=":0" /> ...ue to the cluster of features often seen in these cases. The letters stand for: Coloboma of the eye, [https://www.physio-pedia.com/Anatomy_of_the_Human_He

...ient involvement, practitioners need to take into account costs, resources in the community and the nature of the healthcare system.<ref name=":1" /> ...ads/2016/04/rehabilitation-comms-guid-16-17.pdf NHS Commissioning Guidance for Rehabilitation]

== Patient Access to Physiotherapy or Physical Therapy Services / Entry Point == ...through referral by their primary care physician if they are not hospital in patients. The out patient clinics are mostly affiliated to a major hospital

...h A, Kemp AK, Theetha Kariyanna P. Bone Metastasis. [Updated 2022 Oct 25]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023 J ...cancer] for more information. As healthcare professionals, it is important for us to be knowledgeable on the principles, precautions, and contraindication

...It will describe some of the difficulties faced by older amputees, and the physiotherapy assessment and management of this patient. ...ntments, meet friends etc. Mrs. A had a small circle of friends and family in her local area.

...r causing pressure on the brain or near drowning, also continue to be seen in conflict and disaster settings. Given that patients with severe, catastroph ...text.asp?2018/1/2/72/249854</ref> All rehabilitation professionals working in disasters and conflicts should be able to provide aftercare information to

...ct on work life or unemployment can negatively affect physical and mental health needing more medical consultations. ...engaging in work life provides many benefits: improved mental and physical health, better social support and financial independence; it is a source of identi

...on-operative treatment for scoliosis; Agnes Chow; Journal of the Hong-Kong physiotherapy association; 1978; Volume 2; p26-32 (A1)</ref><ref name="T. Maruyama">Maruy === Indication for use ===

...aslam">Haslam, D, Sattar, N &amp; Lean, M (2007) Obesity- time to wake up. In: Sattar, N &amp; Lean, M (eds.) ABC of Obesity. Oxford, Blackwell Publishin * According to the WHO in 2016 1.9 billion people were overweight, 600 million of these were obese an

...ncet. 2018 Jun 2;391(10136):2189-2190. </ref>. This approach is increasing in popularity<ref name=":2" />. ...ment|FAI]] is a common cause of [[Hip Pain & Mobility Deficits|hip pain]] in young people, and is caused by the of abnormal contact between [[Acetabulum

...nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7360525/ Neuropsychiatric issues after stroke: Clinical significance and therapeutic implications]. World journal of psychiatry. 20 ...isorders following stroke, discusses assessment steps and tools for mental health disorders, and gives a basic overview of interventions from a multidiscipli

...on is an extreme procedure it may in fact lead to a better quality of life for the patient versus man ...children that no longer live at home. She previously worked as a secretary in a school but retired 3 years ago and since retirement has become a keen gar

...ref name=":4" />. Some estimates of lifetime prevalence are as high as 84% in the adult population<ref name=":4" />. A systematic review demonstrated an ...European guidelines is that low back pain is “pain that occurs posteriorly in the region between the lower rib margin and the proximal thighs”.<ref nam

[[File:Back pain image.jpg|thumb|CLBP: common in society.]] Chronic low back pain (CLBP) is defined as lower back pain lasting for longer than 12 weeks or 3 months, even after an initial injury or underlyin

...l therapies, long-term survival and [[Palliative Care Competence Framework for Physiotherapists|palliation]] are possible with minimal adverse effects to ...in metastasis are associated with poor survival outcomes and pose distinct clinical challenges<ref>Boire A, Brastianos PK, Garzia L, Valiente M. [https://pubme

...icine is 60 years old: the history and future of the intensive care unit.] Clinical medicine. 2014 Aug;14(4):376. </ref> ...secondary and tertiary care, with the majority of these services delivered in the secondary-care setting.<ref name=":2" />

...icine professional working directly with the athlete or team. When working in a professional sports environment, the physiotherapist may be part of a lar ...all levels, as well as to physically active people and those who take part in recreational exercise.

...ist”.<ref name=":0">Afolabi I. Overview and Introduction to Women's Pelvic Health Course. Plus , 2021.</ref> Women’s health physiotherapists typically treat female issues such as:<ref name=":0" />

...u C. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32125915/ Quality of palliative care in identified palliative care beds.] International Journal of Palliative Nursi ...goals attainable.<ref name="Kumar 2010">Kumar SP, Jim A. Physical Therapy in Palliative Care: From Symptom Control to Quality of Life: A Critical Review

...Resources section at the bottom of this page for links to pelvic and men's health special interest groups.''[[File:Sexual activity.png|thumb|449x449px|Three ...onal must look at the broader prospective of the patient's sexual activity in order to accurately diagnose and treat the underlying causes of the dysfunc

...ed Effects of a classroom-based yoga intervention on cortisol and behavior in second-and third-grade students: a pilot study]. Journal of evidence-based ...ef>{{#ev:youtube|m5shAsL3Zqc|width}}<ref>How to do Yoga (Surya Namaskar) ? for children. Available from: <nowiki>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m5shAsL3Z

* Can be undertaken in many different forms, with the common feature that it is achieved at a [[Pu ...es large [[muscle]] groups, can be maintained continuously and is rhythmic in nature.<ref name=":0">Patel H, Alkhawam H, Madanieh R, Shah N, Kosmas CE, V

...mon DP, Lowe J, Mirra SS, Byrne EJ, Lennox G. Consensus guidelines for the clinical and pathologic diagnosis of dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) Report of the c # Parkinson Disease Dementia: dementia occurring in a patient who receives a diagnosed of Parkinson's disease and then develops

==Developmental Milestones in Children with Down Syndrome== ...ered accurate.<ref>Frank K, Esbensen A. Fine motor and selfcare milestones for individuals with down syndrome using a retrospective chart review. Journal

...ref name=":0">Moore CA, Bokor BR. Anorexia Nervosa. [Updated 2021 Jun 23]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2021 J ...her  CA, Skocic  S, Rutherford  KA, Hetrick  SE. Family therapy approaches for anorexia nervosa. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2019, Issue 5. Ar

.../36199-Humanity--Inclusion-Clinical-Handbook-web_1.pdf Humanity--Inclusion-Clinical-Handbook.]</ref> ...as during or post sudden onset disaster and conflict situations, the need for basic functional rehabilitation services is overwhelming and critical to pr

...and Panic Disorder Guide. http://www.webmd.com/anxiety-panic/guide/mental-health-panic-disorder (Accessed 13 March 2011).</ref> It can cause the person to a ...her agoraphobia is present or not. Agoraphobia refers to a irrational fear for places or situations where help is not easily accessed, escape can be diffi

...ing people living with HIV (PLWH) to lead long and health lives.<ref>World Health Organisation.[https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hiv-aids HIV ...n 2021 (that is less than 75%). There has however been a large improvement in ART access since 2010, when only 7.8 million (about 20% of people living wi

...alth Organization; 2013 Oct.</ref>, most maternal and newborn deaths occur in this period, therefore, proper parent and newborn management and care are v ...sue recovery in the postpartum person. The physiological changes happening in the Late Phase are generally very gradual and subtle.<ref name=":2">Romano

...se in the performance of their activities and without proper management by health personnel can worsen the limitations and slow the rehabilitation process to ...n team, together with the amputee and his/her carer(s)to gain independence in ADL(activities of daily living) was key to success.

...py.ca/Home Canadian Physiotherapy Association] for assistance with content for this article. == What is Global Health? ==

== Definition of Health Literacy == ...ions/i/item/9789289000154 The World Health Organization]. The solid facts: health literacy. </ref> .

...oscience 2005; 30(5): 315-8.</ref> In order to fully understand the shift in assessment and treatment approaches, it is important to understand stress, ...s to help those suffering from various forms of stress. <ref name=":2">WHO guidelines on conditions specifically related to stress

=== Epidemiology of Traumatic Brain Injuries in LMICs === ...estimates that almost '''90% of the global deaths caused by injuries occur in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs)'''. Traumatic Brain Injury is also

...DJ, Jelsma J. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3929991/ Pain in people living with HIV/AIDS: a systematic review.] Journal of the Internati ...ucation intervention for rural amaXhosa women in South Africa.] BMC Public Health. 2021 Dec;21:1-4.</ref>.

...cles M, Grimshaw J. Potential benefits, limitations, and harms of clinical guidelines. BMJ. 1999 Feb 20;318(7182):527-30.</ref> ...emann HJ, Eccles MP, Grimshaw JM, Shekelle P. Developing clinical practice guidelines: types of evidence and outcomes; values and economics, synthesis, grading,

...nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7680716/ The revised International Association for the Study of Pain definition of pain: concepts, challenges, and compromises ...he Study of Pain (IASP) created the new definition for pain, stated above, in 2020. The description of pain continues with the following notes:

...n 1;87(6):778-88.</ref> As such, we need to consider the range of settings in which rehabilitation takes place and consider the impact of the setting on ...atient surgery centres. In addition, some healthcare services are provided in private offices or homes. <ref name=":0">Epidemiology Training & Resources.

...of returning to school and sport. The patient participates in a course of physiotherapy to treat difficulties with balance, vision, cognition, fainting, pain, stre ...Oct;10(5):676.</ref>. With this in mind, physiotherapists must be vigilant in recognizing when a patient is likely experiencing the condition.

...//www.academicpedsjnl.net/article/S1876-2859(22)00066-3/pdf Best practices in medical documentation: a curricular module]. Academic Pediatrics. 2022 Nov ...rican Physical Therapy Association (APTA). Setting-Specific Considerations in Documentation. 2018</ref>

...therapy-logo.png|thumb|This content has been generously supported by World Physiotherapy]] ...t al. Physiotherapy management for COVID-19 in the acute hospital setting: clinical practice recommendations. J Physiother. 2020;66(2):73-82. </ref>

...nt of Adults with Lower Limb Prostheses, 2nd Edition. Chartered Society of Physiotherapy: London.</ref>&nbsp; ...or patients’ discharge following an amputation, or suggesting determinants for the management of patients post-discharge to maintain their independence th

...e the vaginal orifice, thereby facilitating a difficult delivery resulting in an easily repairable incision compared to an uncontrolled vaginal trauma. < ...l care and more maternal discomfort. Furthermore, the routine use resulted in poor muscle tone, fecal and /or urinary incontinence, and poorer sexual fun

...financial, social and household domains: a systematic review.] Journal of physiotherapy. 2018 Apr 1;64(2):74-83.</ref> ...pdf/gradisar-modifiable-risk-factors-back-pain.pdf Modifiable risk factors in patients with low back pain.] Orthopedics. 2016 May 1;39(3):e413-6.</ref>

...ref name=":0">Simpson R, Robinson L. Rehabilitation after critical illness in people with COVID-19 infection. ''Am J Phys Med Rehabil''. 2020;99(6):470- There is currently no treatment for COVID-19. The management provided in hospital settings is supportive and it is likely that there will be a large

...cles M, Grimshaw J. Potential benefits, limitations, and harms of clinical guidelines. BMJ. 1999 Feb 20;318(7182):527-30.</ref> ...emann HJ, Eccles MP, Grimshaw JM, Shekelle P. Developing clinical practice guidelines: types of evidence and outcomes; values and economics, synthesis, grading,

...ea Prader and Heinrich Willi and Alexis Labhart who described it in detail in 1950s<ref>Prader A, Labhart A,  Willi H. Ein syndrom von adipositas kleinw ...ds for case identification. There is no strong evidence for increased risk in specific countries or gene pools. Both sexes are affected equally<ref name=

...tions in terms of<ref name=":0">Pan-American Health Organisation and World Health Organisation. Rehabilitation considerations during the COVID-19 outbreak. P * health outcomes of people

...therapy_Practice|Queen Margaret University's Current and Emerging Roles in Physiotherapy Practice Project]] ...has been scientifically proven to be effective in numerous clinical trials for varying disorders<ref name="B">Beck J. Cognitive Therapy: Basics and Beyond

...therapy_Practice|Queen Margaret University's Current and Emerging Roles in Physiotherapy Practice Project]] ...activity) compared to smoking (s), diabetes (d) and obesity (o) combined - in men (m) and women (w). |alt=|center]]See [[Physical Inactivity]] Link

...therapy_Practice|Queen Margaret University's Current and Emerging Roles in Physiotherapy Practice Project]] ...>Ogden CL, Carroll MD, Kit BK, Flegal KM. Prevalence of obesity and trends in body mass index among US children and adolescents, 1999-2010. Jama. 2012 Fe

...Linked to the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health from the Orthopaedic Section of the American Physical Therapy Association<b ...Linked to the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health from the Orthopaedic Section of the American Physical Therapy Association.

...assessment of a patient is highly valuable to rehabilitation professionals in an emergency setting. It can save time by avoiding duplication later on, bu Whilst each profession, and in some cases each clinical condition, may have their own specific assessment protocols, there are seve

...6;9:455.</ref> Each member of the team has important contributions to make in the care of the affected child. ...les/10.1186/1471-2431-8-14 Effectiveness of physical therapy interventions for children with cerebral palsy: a systematic review.] BMC pediatrics 2008;8(1

...lenges experienced by the patient, the short-term and long-term goals, the physiotherapy interventions, and the outcomes.   ...ort. After 6 weeks of treatment, the patient made significant improvements in all measured outcomes including cervical range of motion, the [[Community B

...https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmn.2020.05.001 Characteristics of Low Back Pain in Pregnancy, Risk Factors, and Its Effects on Quality of Life]. Pain Manageme .../bs.pmbts.2018.01.006 DNA methylation and psychiatric disorders]. Progress in molecular biology and translational science. 2018 Jan 1;157:175-232.</ref>

...://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/treatment-tests-and-therapies/amputation Health and Amputation by John Hopkins Medicine]. Available from: <nowiki>https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/treatment-tests-and-therapies/amputation</nowiki>

== Patient Access to Physiotherapy or Physical Therapy Services<br> == ...the two and the quality of health in all is of high quality.^{<ref>www.health.gov.au</ref>} <br>

...d participation restrictions to identify and reach their optimal physical, mental and social functional level through a patient-focused partnership with fami ...efinitions for concepts relevant to rehabilitation. This serves as a guide for planning, managing and delivering consistent and preferred rehabilitation a

...1 and type 2, with [[Diabetes Mellitus Type 2|Type 2 diabetes]] accounting for nearly 90% of all diabetes cases, with a worldwide prevalence of 537 millio ...ly in many parts of the world and the disease is now a worldwide community health problem.

...unctional disturbances in relation to PGP must be reproducible by specific clinical tests''”<ref name="VLEE" /> .../ The sacroiliac joint: an overview of its anatomy, function and potential clinical implications.] Journal of anatomy. 2012 Dec 1;221(6):537-67.</ref> To read

...''-[[User:Atwongyeire Night|Atwongyeire Night]] as an assignment for the [[Physiotherapy, Exercise and Physical Activity Course|Physical Actvitiy course]] ...k factors is the shorter route to the reduction of increased cases of NCDs in Uganda.

...iques and approaches from different philisophical backgrounds are utilised in Neurological Rehabilitation. Research to support the different approaches v ...me of the approaches used in [[Stroke]] Rehabilitation with evidence based clinical guideline recommendations.

...m a level of almost 0.5% in the seventh decade of life to approximately 2% for those over the age of 80.<ref>Pringsheim T, Jette N, Frolkis A, Steeves TDL ...n Disease Epidemiology, Pathology, Genetics, and Pathophysiology]. Clinics in Geriatric Medicine 2020;36(1):1–2.</ref> The aetiology of this disease is

...an only be understood through a proper [[Evidence Based Assessment of Pain in Displaced Persons|pain assessment]], should be considered while framing a t While the overall management of pain in displaced persons is very similar to other populations, the selection of t

...py.ca/Home Canadian Physiotherapy Association] for assistance with content for this article. ...for a European strategy on global health]. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 2006; 34: 561–565</ref>.

...effect of exercise on outcomes after surgery has been extensively studied in a number of populations. The most common populations studied are: Whilst the evidence is good in general terms, unfortunately, as yet there is no clear consensus on the spe

...tial pressure of oxygen (PaO2).<ref>Aronson LA. Hypoxemia. InComplications in Anesthesia 2007 Jan 1 (pp. 637-640). WB Saunders.</ref> ...is a common feature of acutely unwell hospitalised patients and can result in substantial morbidity and mortality if not treated rapidly and appropriatel

...case study include BERG, Lower Extremity Functional Scale (LEFS), Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) heel knee shin test, finger to nose test and Fatigue ...causes white matter lesions, also known as plaques, which are responsible for the patients’ symptoms. There are a few different classifications of MS b

...004 Oct 1;8(4):297-306.</ref> Dysfunction in one can lead to a dysfunction in the other (co-dependency). ...n&#x20;humans Respiratory effects of the scalene and sternomastoid muscles in humans]

...ale athlete triad comprises three medical conditions, and is seen commonly in active teen girls: * Estrogen has an important role in [[bone]] development, low levels of estrogen leads to weakened bones and in

...anuary 2016).</ref> <ref name="WHO 2015">World Health Organisation. Mental Health: Schizophrenia. www.who.int/mental_health/management/schizophrenia/en (acce <br>Schizophrenia is a major public health problem and a leading cause of suffering and disability. The extent to whic

...in early life."<ref name=":0" /> IASP also argues that "[a]ctivity induced in the nociceptor and [[Nociception|nociceptive]] pathways by a noxious stimul ...al Activity. Available from https://www.cdc.gov/physicalactivity/basics/pa-health/index.htm (accessed 17 January 2023).</ref>

...chologia, 40, 1690–1705. 9. Office of Public Sector Information (2005) The Mental Capacity Act 2005. <nowiki>http://www</nowiki>. Substance Use and Older Peo ...it/Hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)? Available from: https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/could-i-have-adhd/index.shtml#pub1. (accessed 22 May 2020)</re

...hp/macd/article/view/1444 Italian suggestions for pulmonary rehabilitation in COVID-19 patients recovering from acute respiratory failure: results of a D ...from early research that these patients will be in need of rehabilitation in all phases of the disease - acute, post-acute and long-term.

...r RG, Liu JC. Maximizing the potential of minimally invasive spine surgery in complex spinal disorders. Neurosurgical focus. 2008 Aug 1;25(2):E19.</ref>, ...wn to provide significant pain relief as well as a substantial improvement in the height of the collapsed vertebral body and has been found to reduce the

....pdf (last accessed 13 May 2024).</ref> Conservative management strategies for osteoarthritis include education, exercise and weight management. This page ...joint inflammation and loss of normal joint function), that can culminate in illness.”<ref>Osteoarthritis Research Society International (OARSI). Stan

..."The Mental Health Foundation">The Mental Health Foundation. Mental Health in the Workplace: Tackling the effects of stress. http://www.mentalhealth.org. ...hat place an individual under pressure that if left unaddressed can result in psychological, physiological and behavioural changes to an individual.

...ely due to the population presenting with a number of co-morbidities which in turn makes this a complex caseload to work with. == Homelessness in the UK ==

...lings MG. Global Prevalence and Incidence of Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury. Clinical Epidemiology. 2014;6:309.</ref><ref>Furlan JC, Sakakibara BM, Miller WC, Kr ...acute phase, respiratory management and prevention of infections are vital in reducing morbidity and mortality.<ref name=":1" />

...years old he had perfectly developed his musculature and was asked to pose for pictures of anatomical charts. ...t 1;5(4):275-82.</ref><ref name="jas">Pilates Method Alliance, An Exercise in Balance: The Pilates Phenomenon. Available from: http://www.pilatesmethodal

== '''AS ROM and Flexibility exercise for Biological Outcomes''' == ...bined with the absence of a universally effective intervention, innovation in AS treatment is necessary. Recently, there has been a focus on alternative

...nt may have more positive outcomes than those who elect not to participate in therapy. *Referral for recommendations for initiating exercise program for dialysis

...and functional [[Activities of Daily Living|activities of everyday life.]] In addition, affected patients have memory loss and lack of insight into their ...xcept vascular dementia, are caused by the accumulation of native proteins in the brain.

...l and mental health. Community-based physiotherapists will play a key role in the rehabilitation of COVID-19 survivors following hospital discharge. ...;93(2):1013-1022.</ref> Community-based physiotherapists will be essential in the provision of these rehabilitation services.<ref name=":0">Falvey JR, Kr

...thcare professionals surrounding aspects of his care that fall outside the physiotherapy scope of practice. ...een nullified, but his balance and coordination have subsequently worsened in response.  

...ological physiotherapist Megan Knowles-Eade. She has given full permission for this to be published on Physiopedia. ...the case study (CS), pictured opposite, has also given his permission for clinical details and all photographs to be published on Physiopedia.

=== Definition and Diagnostic Criteria for Learning Disabilities === ...an 2017).</ref> However, this definition is outdated and implied the term ‘mental retardation’ which is deemed very offensive by many people today.

...exercise is essentially a “work out”. It is exercise for wellness, overall health, appearance, fun, leisure etc.<ref name=":0">Jackson R. Therapeutic Exercis ...or impairment. Exercises are then prescribed in order to address deficits in:<ref name=":0" />

...>World Health Organization. World Report on Disability 2011. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2011. Rehabilitation.</ref> ...the way in which the person’s condition affects their ability to function in their environment; as well as the individual’s identified personal goals

...hrough universal health coverage and social protection]. The Lancet Public Health. 2022 Jan 1;7(1):e86-92.</ref> ...such as [[Introduction to Telehealth|Telehealth Services]], with policies in place to direct the reintegration of services as soon as possible.<ref name

...Walking to school/work<br>↑ Automation;&nbsp; ↓ manual labour <br>↓ Sports in schools<br>↑ Time spent playing video games and watching TV<br>↑ Centra ...an, H. &amp; Grumbach, K. 2002. Patient Self-management of Chronic Disease in Primary Care. Journal of the American Medical Association. 288 (19), pp. 24

...and the adoption of specific bodily postures. Yoga is widely practised for health and relaxation <ref name=":5">Iyengar BK. Light on yoga: the definitive gui ...it has continued to grow in popularity worldwide as a system for promoting health and well-being.

...keletal and neurological symptoms. For this case we have included a mental health disorder to outline the challenges of living with CP as a young adult. ...is case study are to bring awareness to the minimal evidence available for physiotherapy management of young adults living with CP and to demonstrate what we can co

...science/article/abs/pii/S0304395999001876 The economic burden of back pain in the UK]. Pain. 2000 Jan 1;84(1):95-103.</ref>. It has also been recognised ...h problem in the UK<ref name=":0" /> and contributes to increased rates of mental illness, mortality, unemployment and social exclusion.

...j.org.za/index.php/samj/article/view/10324 Dyspnoea: Pathophysiology and a clinical approach]. SAMJ: South African Medical Journal. 2016 Jan;106(1):32-6.</ref> ...//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10750285/ Dyspnea remains a complicated medical (clinical) problem]. Casopis Lekaru Ceskych. 2000 Jan 1;139(1):9-12.</ref>

...and men's health special interest groups.''[[File:Biopsychosocial-model-of-health.PNG|thumb|400x400px|Biopsychosocial Model]] ...practice and refer to other medical and therapeutic specialities as needed for proper treatment of this medically complex patient population.

...here is also some consideration for its use as a physical performance test in younger adult and athletic populations, but further investigation may be ne ...the floor at an angle slightly back from the knees, with one foot slightly in front of the other to help maintain balance. Arms are crossed at the wrists

...- Jeniffer Chepkemoi and Laura Gueron from [https://www.cvt.org The Center for Victims of Torture] as part of the [[PREP Content Development Project|PREP ...nity members and are counting on us to provide optimal and respectful care for them.

...iginal Editor '''- Jeniffer Chepkemoi from [https://www.cvt.org The Center for Victims of Torture] as part of the [[PREP Content Development Project|PREP ...are often on the frontline of caring for these patients. Consideration for physiotherapy interventions that recognise the complex impact trauma can have on a person

...name="Rapp">Rapp, C.E. Rett syndrome: A brief update and special features in adults. Exceptional Parent. 2006; 36(5): 78-82. Retrieved from http://conne ...ogy. 2020 Aug;88(2):396-406.</ref>. Further research needs to be conducted in order to investigate how MECP2 gene mutations and other factors contribute

...million deaths worldwide. It has emerged as the most consequential global health crisis since the era of the [[influenza]] pandemic of 1918. ...isseminated across the world in a short span of time, compelling the World Health Organization (WHO) to declare it as a global [[Endemics, Epidemics and Pand

...rging Issues in Physiotherapy Practice|Contemporary and Emerging Issues in Physiotherapy Practice]] ...[Accessed: 27th January 2017]</ref>, 10% of deaths due to tobacco smoking in the world are the result of people being exposed to second-hand smoke.

...e the world’s leading killer of young adults and children”&nbsp;<ref>World Health Organization. Communicable Disease Prevention, Control and Eradication. htt ...h and may sometimes threaten international health security&nbsp;<ref>World Health Organization. Infectious Diseases. http://www.who.int/topics/infectious_dis

...therapy_Practice|Queen Margaret University's Current and Emerging Roles in Physiotherapy Practice Project]] ...tivity required across various age related demographics to achieve general health benefits.

...therapy-logo.png|thumb|This content has been generously supported by World Physiotherapy]][[Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19)|Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)]], ca ...patient, rather than ‘airborne spread’ (in which smaller particles remain in the air longer).

...tem/files/issues/206_09/10.5694mja16.00999.pdf Countering cognitive biases in minimising low-value care]. Medical Journal of Australia. 2017 May;206(9):4 ...-public/Document/May-2018/JFP06706366.PDF Cognitive bias: Its influence on clinical diagnosis]. J Fam Pract. 2018 Jun 1;67(6):366-72. </ref>

...gs are used to manage [[Pain Behaviours|pain]] resulting from inflammation in response to tissue damage, chemical agents/pathogens ([http://www.physio-pe ...nd the peak action of the medication and when is the best time to schedule physiotherapy intervention/exercise.

...njury. Rhabdomyolysis is serious and can be life-threatening<ref name=":0">Health Direct [https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/rhabdomyolysis Rhabdomyolysis] Avai ...idney Disease|kidney failure]], and changes in balance of [[electrolytes]] in the [[Blood Physiology|blood]], which can lead to serious problems with the

...rms of spinal traction have been described, since the time of Hippocrates, for the relief of pain.<ref name="Saunders">Saunders HD. Lumbar traction*. J Or ...d recent guidelines published by NICE in the UK<ref>National Institute for Health and Care Excellence.

== Importance of Innovative Technology in Rehabilitation == ...5/3/294/2686546?login=false Innovative technologies for rehabilitation and health promotion: what is the evidence?.] Physical therapy. 2015 Mar 1;95(3):294-8

...;spage=31;epage=35;aulast=Jabali Efficacy of physical therapy intervention in sports-related concussion among young individuals age-group–A narrative r ...play an important role in screening patients in the physiotherapy setting for referral to a Neuropsychologist/neuropsychiatrist. 

...of falling. The Timed Up and Go test was also reassessed and was completed in 11.2 seconds, which is also an improvement that indicates a lower risk of f ...dysfunction, and rigidity<ref name=":3">Sveinbjornsdottir S. Sci-hub | the clinical symptoms of Parkinson's disease. Journal of Neurochemistry. [Internet]. [ci

..._CCR_Jul2021.pdf Lumbar spondylolysis-Current concepts review]. Journal of Clinical Orthopaedics and Trauma. 2021 Oct 1;21:101535.</ref>. Spondylolysis is a co ...04; 22(1), 158–163</ref>. It is the pars interarticularis that is affected in spondylolysis.

...therapy_Practice|Queen Margaret University's Current and Emerging Roles in Physiotherapy Practice Project]] ...groups,. According to recent figures, the average age at which individuals in the UK are becoming obese is decreasing. Researchers found clear trends wit

...s structural deformity], [http://www.physio-pedia.com/Facet_Joint_Syndrome inflammatory disorder],[http://www.physio-pedia.com/Lumbar_Radiculopathy radi ...on AK, Tillotson KM, Main CJ, Hollis S. Psychosocial predictors of outcome in acute and subchronic low back trouble. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1995 Mar 15;2

...ccount in previous interventions.<ref name="Gill 1997">Gill TP. Key issues in the prevention of obesity. British Medical Bulletin 1997; 53 (2): 359- 388. ...Sept 2015).</ref> The World Health Organization<ref name="WHO, 2015">World Health Organization. Obesity and Overweight 2015. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/f

...ther regardless of age, racial or cultural heritage, socioeconomic status, health or lifestyle. What is Congenital and Acquired? ...lities, infection, birth trauma or the environment the fetus was in whilst in the uterus.

...). 2020 Jan 7(155):e60412.</ref><ref name=":4" /> The aim of physiotherapy in a NICU setting is to limit these negative neuroplastic changes through calm ...tion in the NICU may alter neuroplasticity and reorganisation of the brain in preterm infants.<ref name=":2" /> The theory behind neonatal therapy is thr

...therapy_Practice|Queen Margaret University's Current and Emerging Roles in Physiotherapy Practice Project]]<br> ...home, including the promotion of the therapeutic and enabling role of AHPs for people with dementia”<ref name="Scottish Government" /> (pg. 7). By takin

...s treatment plan involved rhythm-based music gait training and traditional physiotherapy treatment to help manage and/or improve symptoms. On re-assessment after 12 ...net]. www.ninds.nih.gov. Available from: <nowiki>https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/progressive-supranuclear-palsy-psp</nowiki>

'''Original Editor '''- Ilona Fricker from [https://www.cvt.org The Center for Victims of Torture], [[User: Claire O'Reilly|Claire O'Reilly]] and [[User:K ...ehabilitation professionals be aware of and address special considerations for patient care.

...therapy_Practice|Queen Margaret University's Current and Emerging Roles in Physiotherapy Practice Project]] ...s from reaching the small intestine and performing their normal function. For more information on the pathophysiology see [[Cystic Fibrosis]].{{#ev:youtu

...-6.</ref> Mainly, the ICU's goal is to prevent a progressive deterioration in the physiologic state of a patient as the underlying disease is being manag ...g.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> In order to recognize an acute change in a patient’s physiology, their vital signs must first be accurately assess

...ser:Joy Rendell|Joy Rendell]] as part of the [[World Physiotherapy Network for Amputee Rehabilitation Project]] ...e simplest of functional activities<ref>Atkins, D. J. Prosthetic Training. In: Smith, D, G., Michael, J.W and J. H. Bowker. Editors, 2004, Atlas of Amput

...therapy Practice|Queen Margaret University's Current and Emerging Roles in Physiotherapy Practice Project]] ...private practice there are a number of factors that should be considered, for example, the different models of private practice, as well as some financia

...4A|350}}<ref name="Dr. Mike Evans">Dr. Mike Evans.Concussion 101, a Primer for Kids and Parents. Available from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zCCD52Pty4 ...ent on concussion in sport: The 5th international conference on concussion in sport, Berlin, October 2016.] ''Bri J Sport Med''. 2017;51:838-847</ref>.

...%20physiotherapist%20in%20the%20management%20o Role of the physiotherapist in the management of dementia]. 2017 Feb 24 (pp. 240-248). CRC Press.</ref>. ...strength to assist in her piano playing. Mrs. G should continue to attend physiotherapy monthly to monitor her condition and progress her exercises.

...ation toward pain and fear of movement, or re-injury, are highly important in the aetiology of chronic low back pain <ref name="Susan et al,. 2002">Susan ...k factors can include fears in relation to pain or injury, invalid beliefs in relation to recovery as well as the person's distressed affect (such as: de

...mc/articles/PMC4168242/ Clinical understanding of spasticity: implications for practice]. Rehabilitation research and practice. 2014;2014. Available from: ...ue), which affect skin care, comfort and hygiene, as well as complications for daily tasks.

...ed 'psychosocial variables', such as mood, stress and the social situation in which the pain occurs. When pain persists in spite of medical treatment, as is the case in chronic pain syndromes, the issues become even more complex.&nbsp;

...s occupational productivity, having substantial impact on her physical and mental state. The interventions suggested included balance training, coordination ...burden on patients can make appropriate, effective management challenging for community physiotherapists<ref name=":0" />. The debilitating symptoms (fat

== Patient Access to Physiotherapy or Physical Therapy Services / Entry Point == ...The insurance cover for physiotherapy is paid mainly through the national health care system, and additional private services are paid privately the patient

...icle explores multi-system characteristics, impairments, and interventions for children, adolescents, adults, and older adults. ...en MH. Assessment of the functional capacity of the musculoskeletal system in the context of work, daily living, and sport: a systematic review. J Occup

...ical care definition although the primary purpose was to formulate a basis for research purposes rather than use by clinicians. <ref name="Irion" /> ...terstitial cystitis and/or painful bladder syndrome are both commonly used in the United States.<br>

This case study was developed by Physiotherapy students (PT1) at Queen's University with the intention of increasing our k ...ents gain a comprehensive understanding of typical clinical presentations, physiotherapy assessments, interventions, interdisciplinary management, and other relevan

...do not edit unless you are involved in this project, but please come back in the near future to check out new information!!</div> <div class="editorbox" ...tely six months prior to this physical therapy interaction. In addition to clinical examination findings, this case study outlines potential physical therapy i

...e neurological disorder characterized by bilateral calcifications of areas in the brain including<ref name=":1">National Institute of Neurological Disord .... Fahr’s syndrome can present at any age, but is typically first diagnosed in individuals between 40-60 years old<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref n

...r physiotherapy students at [https://rehab.queensu.ca/ Queens’ University] for education purposes. ...low her to continue in activity and participation in her life, as outlined in this case.

...X of Encylopaedia of Sports Medicine. An IOC Medical Comittee Publication in collaboration with the International Federation of Sports Medicine. Blackwe ...ikely to experience limitations in everyday functioning due to ageing or a health condition, including chronic diseases or disorders, injuries or traumas, a

Aquatic therapy is a popular treatment modality for those with musculoskeletal and neurological conditions due to the unique pr ...ore informed and potentially offer aquatic therapy as a treatment modality for those with CLBP.

...sis lesions are sometimes said to be "disseminated in time and space." The clinical course of the disease is quite variable ranging from stable chronic disease Multiple sclerosis (MS) involves an immune-mediated process in which an abnormal response of the body’s immune system is directed agains

...> '''Original Editor '''- Uploaded by [[User:Shaimaa Eldib|Shaimaa Eldib]] for the [https://www.physio-pedia.com/Decision_Making_Aids Physical Therapy Kno ...esisted-exercise-initiative-rexi-2/?utm_source=Physiopedia&utm_medium=Link+in+text&utm_id=Physiopedia+Toolkit+Link+-+RExI&utm_term=Physiopedia%2C+PT+Know

...therapy_Practice|Queen Margaret University's Current and Emerging Roles in Physiotherapy Practice Project]] ...f therapy treatment options. In addition, it reduces workload by utilising physiotherapy time effectively while still providing therapy.

...l review of mechanism-based classification and physical therapy management in palliative care.] Indian Journal of Palliative Care. 2011 May;17(2):116.</r ...6276.pub3 Transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation (TENS) for cancer pain in adults.] ''The Cochrane database of systematic reviews'', ''2012''(3) </ref

...dings 6-weeks after beginning physiotherapy treatment. Moreover, potential physiotherapy interventions are outlined, with the goal being to maintain the patient’s ...Gawel M, Szacka K, Bakon L. A case report of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in a patient with Klippel–Feil Syndrome—a familial occurrence: A potential

...isting equipment. Every moving and handling situation has a degree of risk for the patient and the rehabilitation professional. ...ividual patient risk assessment in accordance with professional guidelines for moving and handling. While adequate training is a key element of safe movin

...Emerging Roles in Physiotherapy Practice|QMU Current and Emerging Roles in Physiotherapy Practice Project]] ...roving Chronic Disease Self-Management through Social Networks. Population Health Management. 16 (5), pp. 285-287.</ref>.

...nowledge and skills to handle asthma management in children and to promote health. ...difficulties it can cause, in order to provide data required by the World Health Organisation<ref name="Asher and Pearce, 2014">Asher I, Pearce N. Global bu

...therapy Practice|Queen Margaret University's Current and Emerging Roles in Physiotherapy Practice Project]] ...ctive nature of multiple sclerosis, the presence of the disease can result in major long-term disability. As with all neurological disorders, there are t

...therapy_Practice|Queen Margaret University's Current and Emerging Roles in Physiotherapy Practice Project]] Cerebral palsy is a well recognized neurodevelopmental condition beginning in early childhood and persisting throughout an individual’s life. Mutch et

...le to any other apparent cause except for cerebral vasculopathy.<ref>World Health Organization. Stroke. http://www.who.int/en/ (accessed 13/10/2020)</ref> The Ministry of Health distinguishes three types of stroke :

[[Overview of Spondyloarthropathies|Spondyloarthropathy]] is an umbrella term for a family of seronegative inflammatory conditions that have articular and ex ...isposing to an increased risk of [[fracture]]."<ref>National Institutes of Health. Osteoporosis Prevention, Diagnosis, and Therapy: NIH Consensus Statement O

....sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/spinal-canal|spinal canal]] causing clinical [[/www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/symptoms|symptoms]] ...ertrophy or slippage of adjacent vertebral bodies, all narrowing the space for neural tissue to pass through.

...e presence of symptoms such as pain, stiffness, muscle spasm and headache, in the absence of a lesion or structural pathology.<ref>Spitzer WO. Scientific ...uses of pain can be any of these tissues, with the strain injury resulting in secondary oedema, haemorrhage, and inflammation:

...resenting with [[Guillain-Barre Syndrome]] (GBS). The patient's experience in acute care is discussed briefly and his sub-acute [https://www.physio-pedia ...k may induce  sensation impairment, motor control deficit, and severe pain in affected areas leading to disability affecting the upper and lower extremit

...ence.<ref>Chatterton H.J., Pomeroy V.M., & Gratton, J. (2001). Positioning for stroke patients: a survey of physiotherapists aims and practices. Disabilit ...A, Bölter R, Engeser P, Wensing M, Szecsenyi J, Peters-Klimm F. Challenges in supporting lay carers of patients at the end of life: results from focus gr

...and maintain participation in meaningful activities. The patient will come for treatment on a regular basis and outcome measures will be reassessed as app ...s (CMT2, CMT4, CMTX and intermediate form) and subtypes, which can be seen in Figure 1.<ref name=":1" />

Breast [[Oncology|cancer]] is the commonest malignancy in female patients.<ref name=":0">Radiopedia [https://radiopaedia.org/articles ...tus of cancer disparities in the United States, 2021. CA: a cancer journal for clinicians. 2022 Mar;72(2):112-43.</ref>

...alance along with mental control. It is a popular sport with the explosion in climbing gyms, bouldering venues and, bolted sports routes. * Climbing with elbows in a chicken wing- This puts excessive stress on the shoulder joint and is a r

...-exertion. Recovery to pre-exertion baseline can take hours to months, and in some cases, the patient never recovers to the pre-exertion baseline.<ref>Ba ...h LS, Olesen AV, Petersen KD, Ehlers L. The health-related quality of life for patients with myalgic encephalomyelitis / chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS)

...me measures were then used to reassess the patient's progress at week 4 of in-patient rehabilitation, including: the Berg balance scale, Ranchos Los Amig ...P, Toffola ED. Postoperative rehabilitation for chronic subdural hematoma in the elderly. An observational study focusing on balance, ambulation and dis

...therapy_Practice|Queen Margaret University's Current and Emerging Roles in Physiotherapy Practice Project]]<br> ...y">Roberts, L. and Bucksey, S.J. Communicating with patients: what happens in practice? Physical Therapy 2007;87;586-594</ref>.

...le in the kinematics of the knee, when an ACL injury occurs there are both clinical signs and subjective instability and therefore a comprehensive rehabilitati Evidence-based clinical practice update: practice guidelines for anterior cruciate ligament rehabilitation based on a systematic review and

...lity, and health (ICF)]] framework to address the pathology of the disease in a patient-specific manner. ...neuropathy mimicking brain death and review of the literature]. Frontiers in Neurology. 2016 Apr 26;7:63.</ref>.

[[File:Understanding-Rehabilitation-as-a-Health-Strategy-featured-image.jpeg|right|frameless]] ...to October 30, 2022, Learning, Acting, and Building for Rehabilitation in Health Systems (ReLAB-HS), led by Physiopedia, successfully delivered a Massive Op

...Traumatic Brain Injury|traumatic brain injury]] (TBI) sequelae are various in nature. They include: physical; cognitive; behavioural; psychological; and ...y. 2008;22(5):365–373.</ref>. Moreover, the limitations with the research in this patient group forces physiotherapists to utilise evidence related to n

...and participation. This case provides a typical case presentation of GBS, in addition to possible assessment methods, outcome measures, and technologica ...ultan B, Katirji B. Guillain–Barré syndrome: incidence and mortality rates in US hospitals. Neurology. 2008 Apr 29;70(18):1608-13.</ref>.

...therapy_Practice|Queen Margaret University's Current and Emerging Roles in Physiotherapy Practice Project]]<br> ...erations after graduation. While parts of this resource may benefit recent physiotherapy graduates from other countries, the focus will be on graduates from the UK

...iotherapy Practice|Queen Margaret University Current and Emerging Roles in Physiotherapy Practice Project]] ...ging population and a result of physiotherapy practice is being undertaken in a variety of untraditional settings that would have originally been unheard

...therapy_Practice|Queen Margaret University's Current and Emerging Roles in Physiotherapy Practice Project]]<br>'''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributors/{{FUL ...an ever-growing challenge in efforts to promote physical activity in order for people to live healthy lives.

...nflammation and demyelination of peripheral nerve myelin sheaths resulting in axonal degeneration. It is the most common cause of quickly progressive fla ...Antecedent symptoms in Guillain-Barré syndrome: an important indicator for clinical and serological subgroups.] Acta Neurol Scand. 2001 May;103(5):278-87. doi:

...ists and the importance of a strong inter-disciplinary team is highlighted in the management of ALS. ...the later stages of this disease, re-innervation can no longer compensate for the increased rate of degeneration.

...nce. This section provides a brief overview of some of the approaches used in Neuro Rehabilitation. ...cations such as stroking, brushing, icing, warmth, pressure, and vibration in order to achieve optimal muscular action.<ref>Alison Baily Metcalfe, Nigel

...-shoulder and low back pain in adolescents. The European Journal of Public Health. 2005;16(5):536-541.</ref><span style="line-height: 1.5em;">, school seatin ...depend on the age of the participants and the methodological differences, in particula</span><span style="line-height: 1.5em;">r</span><span style="line

...therapy_Practice|Queen Margaret University's Current and Emerging Roles in Physiotherapy Practice Project]]<br> ...t of urinary incontinence on health-related quality of life: is it similar in men and women? ''Urology.'' vol. 91, pp. 83-89.

...after sustaining a spinal cord injury can be a challenge. Common secondary health conditions like pressure sores, spasms, [[Chronic Pain and the Brain|chron ...[[Autonomic Dysreflexia]] and thermoregulation dysfunction is more common in the sub-acute and chronic spinal cord injury.

...proaches to assessment, outcome planning, and treatment/intervention in an in-patient rehabilitation setting. ...s or even pain that most commonly starts in the legs or back. Diagnosis is clinical and symptom-based, and can be supported by additional investigations such a

...stem (triggering neuropeptide release, which produces painful inflammation in cranial vessels and the [[Brain Anatomy|dura mater]]).<ref name="Merck Manu ...tal<ref>Peng KP, May A. Redefining migraine phases – a suggestion based on clinical, physiological, and functional imaging evidence. Cephalalgia. [https://jour

...e peripheral nerve injury being treated, which can often result in a delay in the identification and treatment of the peripheral nerve injury. ...rg/en/early-rehabilitation-in-conflicts-and-disasters Early Rehabilitation in Conflicts and Disasters]. Handicap International: London, UK. 2020.</ref>