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...and [[Intervertebral disc|intervertebral discs]] throughout the length of the vertebral column. From superficial to deep its ligamentous fibers span vary *the deepest fibers are short intersegmental fibers

[[Ligament|Ligaments]] are fibrous bands of connective tissue that attach to bone. ...with the tendons and muscles, provides a natural brace to help protect the spine from injury.

...structurally distinct from more caudal parts of the ligament and is called the '''[[ligamentum nuchae]]'''.<ref name="gray's">Richard L. Drake, A. Wayne V ...nate at L3, although the most common termination site appears to be at L4. The ligament is almost always absent at L5/S1.<ref name=":0">Levangie PK, Norki

...e of the costal tubercle and the costal facet of the transverse process of the corresponding vertebra. ...k articular capsule. This thin capsule is reinforced and strengthened by 3 ligaments:

...[Thoracic Vertebrae|thoracic vertebrae]], enclosing the thoracic cage from the posterior side.[[File:Gray312.png|Costovertebral articulations. Anterior vi Joining of ribs to the vertebrae occurs at two places

...Anterior longitudinal ligament]], its deep fibres are intersegmental while the more superficial fibres can span up to four vertebral levels. ...l end plates, and the margins of the vertebrae. Its cranial counterpart is the tectorial membrane<ref name=":0">http://www.anatomyexpert.com/app/structure

...nature<ref>Nikolai Bogduk. Clinical and Radiological Anatomy of the Lumbar Spine 5th Edition.Churchill Livingstone: Elsevier. Feb 2012.</ref><ref name=":0" ...pinous, interspinous ligaments to ligamentum flavum, causing pretension in the neutral position (interspinous-supraspinous thoracolumbar ligamentous compl

...bar region. The thoracic nerves also supply some of the areas of skin over the abdomen and axilla. ...ilable:https://www.marylandbackandneckpaindoctors.com/symptoms-of-thoracic-spine-nerve-damage/ (accessed 7,2,2022)</ref>.

...n the copyright on these images and request that they are not used outside of Physiopedia without special permission. To use the pictures:

...https://www.physioadvisor.com.au/health/anatomy/ligaments/ligaments-of-the-spine/ (accessed 29 March 2019). ...neck they are often considered part of the nuchal ligament.<ref>Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Interspinous ligament. Available from:

...long the entire length of the vertebral column<ref name=":0" />.It is made of three parts listed below<ref name=":0" /><ref>Study.com Longissimus Availab [[File:Muscles of the Back.png|thumb|401x401px|Back Muscles]]<u>Origins</u><ref name=":0" />:

...or articular process of one vertebra and the inferior articular process of the vertebra directly above it. There are two facet joints in each spinal motio ...and form the articular pillars that act to provide structural stability to the vertebral column as a whole.

...struction and may only be partially complete. Please come back soon to see the finished work! ({{REVISIONDAY}}/{{REVISIONMONTH}}/{{REVISIONYEAR}})</div> ...ch provide cushioning between the vertebrae and absorb pressure put on the spine. It is a nearly universal condition in those who reach advanced age, but it

.../www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19563667?dopt=Abstract Thoracic spine pain in the general population: prevalence, incidence and associated factors in childre ...broad because of many factors eg the different definitions and duration of thoracic back pain included.

...'. Stuttgart; New York: Thieme.</ref> is located at the anterior aspect of the neck. ==Bony Structure of Neck==

...b|alt=|524x524px|Cranial skull- canine]]The Roof of the cranium is made up of frontal and parietal bones. The Floor is made up of sphenoid bone.

...re distinct in shape and function from vertebrae found in other regions of the vertebral column. ...possess articular facets on their sides for articulation with the heads of the ribs.

...png|alt=Overview of the scapula bone - anterior view|300x300px|Overview of the scapula bone - anterior view|thumb]] ...horacic]] cage. It has 2 surfaces, 3 borders, 3 angles and 3 processes<ref>The Skeletal System. [https://www.theskeletalsystem.net/arm-bones/scapula.html

...Karatas|Gülcan Karatas]][[User:Sefora Bakkioui|Sefora Bakkiouias]] part of the [[Vrije Universiteit Brussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universi [[File:SPINE ANATOMY.jpg|thumb]]

...ntly under review and may not be up to date. Please come back soon to see the finished work!!</div> This guide gives a general overview of the anatomy of the thoracic spine. It also includes some facts regarding pathophysiology in this region.

[[File:Rotatores.png|thumb|Rotatores: deepest muscles in the transversospinalis group]] ...ses and are grouped by length of the fascicles, as well as region covered. The groups are rotatores, [[Lumbar Multifidus|multifidus]], and semispinalis.

...n of the SC joint.<ref>ALLMAN JR FL. Fractures and ligamentous injuries of the clavicle and its articulation. JBJS. 1967 Jun 1;49(4):774-84.</ref> '''The SC joint is formed by the articulation of three bones'''<ref name=":3" />''':'''

...rbox"> '''Original Editor '''- [[User:Carin Hunter|Carin Hunter]] based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/rina-pandya/ Rina ...connectivity in musculoskeletal dysfunctions: A narrative review.] Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies. 2020 Oct 1;24(4):423-31.</ref>

[[File:PP Thoracolumbar Fascia.png|thumb|The thoracolumbar fascia is the gray area at bottom center.]] ...separate the [[Paraspinal Muscles|paraspinal muscles]] from the muscles of the posterior [[Abdominal Muscles|abdominal wall]].

...l nerve formation.png|thumb|369x369px|Formation of spinal nerve from roots of spinal cord]] ...with a few exceptions eg [[Cervical Anatomy|neck muscles]] are supplied by the spinal nerves.

...omic burden is another issue as neck pain impacts the employer, as well as the employee's performance, health, productivity, medical costs, and compensati ...nal Safety and Ergonomics. 2007 Jan 1;13(2):215-23.</ref>. This emphasizes the need for workplace interventions to reduce and prevent neck pain in office

...s published in New Zealand Journal of Physiotherapy. He is also the author of two books:<ref name="mulligan-5">Manual therapy NAGS,SNAGS,MWMS,etc by Bria #'Self Treatment for the Back, Neck and Limbs' for Public.

...'''Original Editor '''- [[User:Robin Tacchetti|Robin Tacchetti]] based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/daphne-xuan/ Daphn ...1;12(2):e053999.</ref>[[File:C-spine-picture.jpg|thumb|250x250px|Cervical spine]]

'''Original Editor '''- Your name will be added here if you created the original content for this page. Surfing is enjoyed by many people around the world. Surfing involves dynamic moves on an unstable surface needing good b

...Plos one. 2021 Jul 23;16(7):e0254788.</ref> Those differences emerge from the functions that each breed was originally developed.<ref>Zink C, Schlehr MR. ...ta G, Macrì F. [https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/11/3/813 Four Unusual Cases of Congenital Forelimb Malformations in Dogs. Animals] 2021, 11, 813.</ref>

...nd [[Movement Dysfunction|movement]], this can result in marked alteration of function.</div> ...altered connective tissue biology and a decrease in effective maintenance of tissue homeostasis<ref name=":1" />.

...e particular orientation, structure, and function of the thoracic spine in the vertebral column. ...weight of the of the axial skeleton as compared to the thoracic and sacral spine.

[[File:Muscles of the cervical region multifidus superficial layer Primal.png|right|frameless]] ...ding of this anatomy is essential for assessment and treatment of cervical spine problems.

Because of the rising popularity of media devices such as smartphones and computers, frequent users often exhib ...forward head posture on thoracic shape and respiratory function]. Journal of physical therapy science. 2019;31(1):63-8. Available from:https://www.ncbi.

Side stitch is an acute, localized, pain on the upper side of the abdomen which can occur after exercise. ...Induced Abdominal Pain (E.I.A.P.)'''. <ref name=":0">Eichner ER. Stitch in the side: causes, workup, and solutions. Current sports medicine reports. 2006

...cluding the bony structures, articulations, ligaments, muscles, nerves and the vascular supply. ...ior to superior. The rotation axes of the foot joints are perpendicular to the cardinal planes. Therefore, motion at these joints results in rotations wit

...ae in place, and [[Tendon Anatomy|tendon]]<nowiki/>s attach the muscles to the spinal column. ...cluding the bony structures, articulations, ligaments, muscles, nerves and the vascular supply.

...s, diagnose and manage an equine patient. To do this, a good understanding of equine anatomy is essential. Pelvic hind limb bears 40-45% of the weight and provides the majority of propulsion for locomotion.

...ust about 1cm in diameter) but is crucial in facilitating our [[Activities of Daily Living|daily activities]]. ...m the body, partially processes it, and then transmits that information to the brain.

...rd]] and they control body movements and transmit signals from the body to the [[Brain Anatomy|brain.]] ...gions. The lumbar spine consists of 5 moveable vertebrae (numbered L1-L5). The lumbar vertebrae, as a group, produce a lordotic curve<ref name=":0">Waxenb

...on. It is best used in combination with other specific tests. A synonym is the Vorlauf test. ...s of the Sacroiliac Joint. Physical Therapy. 1985; 65: 1671-1675fckLRLevel of evidence: C</ref>

...rbox"> '''Original Editor '''- [[User:Carin Hunter|Carin Hunter]] based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/donna-fisher/ Donn ...hermoplastics are used, which facilitates new designs and more comfort for the user.

...of Dysfunction and Manual Therapy Guidelines for Assessment and Treatment of These Structures. Topics in Compan An Med; 29, 1: 1–5. </ref> ..., university of johannesburg, 2015 </ref> Together with the thoracic cage, the costovertebral and costotransverse joints provide stability.<ref name=":1"

..."> '''Original Editor '''- [[User:Chelsea Mclene|Chelsea Mclene]] based on the course by '''Equine anatomy''' refers to the gross and microscopic anatomy of horses and other equids (donkeys, and zebras).

There are a number of common [[Posture|postural]] changes that can affect an individual's functio In older adults, the following postural features are commonly observed:<ref name=":0">Banfi M. I

...uxation, spinal cord injury without radiological abnormality, and multiple thoracic compression fracture<ref name=":0">Basu S (2012) Spinal injuries in childre ...cognitive and physical development in the growing child and the impact of the SCI on this complex process<ref name=":1">Powell A, Davidson L. Pediatric S

...ervical]] region (neck), 12 in the thoracic region (middle back), and 5 in the [[Lumbar Anatomy|lumbar region]] (lower back).   ...(NP), the outer, annulus (AF) and the cartilaginous endplates that anchor the discs to adjacent vertebrae.<ref name=":0">Waxenbaum JA, Futterman B. [http

...>Ombregt, L. Applied Anatomy of the Lumbar Spine. Chapter 31 In: A System of Orthopaedic Medicine. Elsevier, 2013.</ref> ...sterior elements that help guide the movement of the vertebrae and protect the spinal cord.

'''Original Editors ''' [[User:Lisa Pernet|Lisa Pernet]] as part of the [[Vrije Universiteit Brussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universi ...idence: 2B)</ref>. Also, peripheral entheses may be affected: peripatellar ligaments, [[Achilles Tendon|Achilles tendon]] insertion, plantar fascia, [[Shoulder|

...]-like condition of the spine caused by degeneration of the joints between the spinal bones. ...ertebrae posteriorly and and help with twisting and turning motions of the spine. <ref name=":0">Brennan D. Facet arthrosis: What is it and what causes it?

...il 2017.</ref><ref name="Gray">Gray H. Gray's Anatomy:The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice. Elsevier Churchill Livingstone, 2005</ref><br> It is made up of 7 vertebrae. The first 2, C1 and C2, are highly specialized and are given unique names: atla

'''Original Editor '''- [[User:Derycker Andries|Derycker Andries]] as part of the Vrije Universiteit Brussel Project ...ion in the transverse plane and hypokyphosis in the sagittal plane. Cases of scoliosis can be categorised as:

...Thies Jr AC. Thoracic kyphosis: range in normal subjects. American Journal of Roentgenology. 1980 May 1;134(5):979-83.</ref> ...st K, Crandall C. Narrative review: hyperkyphosis in older persons. Annals of internal medicine. 2007 Sep 4;147(5):330-8.</ref>

...Davis|Shannon Davis]], and [[User:Kristen Tsuei|Kristen Tsuei]] as part of the [[Texas State University Evidence-based Practice Project]] '''Top Contribu ...ssing of the nerve roots where they leave the spinal cord or it can damage the spinal cord itself.<ref name="Mayo" />&nbsp;These conditions are referred t

...owledge to the various structures around the elbow as well as distant from the elbow that can contribute to a person's symptoms. ...individualised to the specific problems and contributing factors found in the assessment.

...tended orientation of the head can be achieved by a number of combinations of segmental movements. ...spective - that is the movements will be discussed without considering how the movements are constrained or produced.

..."editorbox"> '''Original Editor '''- [[User:Jess Bell|Jess Bell]] based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/tanya-bell-jenje/ ...ll of these conditions must be considered when assessing patients who have thoracic pain.

...ticle/view/5343/5143 Text-Neck Syndrome-Systemic review]. Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research. 2017;3(7):141-148. Accessed 18 July 2019.</ref> ...pdated 2022]. Available from: <nowiki>https://www.text-neck.com/definition-of-text-neck.html</nowiki> [Last accessed: 7/12/2022]</ref>

...e shoulder allows for a large range of motion due to the spheroid shape of the glenohumeral joint but this (i.e. a large ball in a small socket) renders i ...medial border of scapula 14. inferior angle of scapula 15. lateral border of scapula 16. scapula|alt=Shoulder]]

'''Original Editor '''- [[User:Daisy Meffan|Daisy Meffan]] as part of the [[Nottingham University Spinal Rehabilitation Project]]<br> ...body collapses. When this occurs in the paediatric population and because the bones are still developing, this may have severe consequences. A vertebral

...e shoulder, such as bench pressing or overhead lifting, and causes pain at the acromial clavicle (AC) joint. Any patient presenting with AC joint or super ...of the shoulder joint.svg.png|center|thumb|150x150px|alt=|Anterior view of the shoulder joint]]

...illian Borms, Haytem Mkichri, Anna Jansma, Yassin Khomsi.&nbsp; as part of the [[Vrije Universiteit Brussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universi ...cromioclaviculaire luxatie, huisarts &amp; wetenschap, november 2010(level of evidence 5)</ref>

...orders. Neurosurgical focus. 2008 Aug 1;25(2):E19.</ref>, especially where the bones are osteoporotic. However, if there is compromise neurological compro ...reatmentOtherTreatment</ref>.This video below shows the difference between the KP and VP.

...improves immunity. Sleeping postures have a positive or negative effect on the body. == Classification of Sleeping Posture ==

..."editorbox"> '''Original Editor '''- [[User:Jess Bell|Jess Bell]] based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/victoria-reboredo/ ...s in diagnostics and therapeutics]. J Dent Educ. 2008;72(8):930-47. </ref> The translation motion generates more movement.<ref name=":1" />

...allows for significant movement, but this is at the expense of stability. The shoulder is, therefore, susceptible to dysfunction and instability. ...cluding the bony structures, articulations, ligaments, muscles, nerves and the vascular supply.

...rbox"> '''Original Editor '''- [[User:Carin Hunter|Carin Hunter]] based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/rina-pandya/ Rina ...rward control system to voluntary movements of the limbs.<ref name=":3" /> The diaphragm role in trunk stability occurs simultaneously with its ventilatio

...low back pain is around 23 percent. Moreover, between 11 and 12 percent of the population are considered disabled by low back pain.<ref>Maher C, Underwood ...nical back pain and inflammatory conditions, as well as discussing other [[The Flag System|red flag]] features that should always be considered.

<div class="editorbox"> '''Original Editor '''- The [[Open Physio]] project '''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributors/{{F ...not edit unless you are involved in this project, but please come back in the near future to check out new information!!</blockquote>

...ginal Editor ''' - [[User:Maxime Tuerlinckx|Maxime Tuerlinckx]] as part of the [[Vrije Universiteit Brussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universi ...godynia: evaluation and management]. JAAOS-Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. 2004 Jan 1;12(1):49-54.

...Editor '''- [[User:Tarina van der Stockt|Tarina van der Stockt]] based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/sasha-chelin/ Sash ...based on functional assessment and palpation skills. This page will cover the following: functional assessment, ROM, palpation, special tests and neurolo

The locomotor system is also known as the musculoskeletal system. ...p of the skeleton, [[Muscle Cells (Myocyte)|skeletal muscles]], [[Ligament|ligaments]], [[Tendon Anatomy|tendon]]<nowiki/>s, joints, [[cartilage]] and other con

...+the+functional+aspects+of+the+equine+thoracolumbar+spine+and+pathogenesis+of+back+problems.&source=bl&ots=cAVFEBX9CU&sig=ACfU3U2mopmWh24c895hU2TZvJn_shR ...well despite back pathology, but others will perform poorly in the absence of specific spinal dysfunction.<ref name=":1" />

...lnick|Jacob Melnick]], &amp; [[User:Tyler Shultz|Tyler Shultz]] as part of the[[Nottingham University Spinal Rehabilitation Project]]<br> [[File:Neck Pain Diagram.png|alt=|thumb|Pain in the neck.]]

'''Original Editors ''' - [[User:Demol Yves|Demol Yves]] as part of the [[Vrije Universiteit Brussel Evidence-based Practice Project]] ...cord and/or the nerve roots and affect the function of the spinal cord or the nerve, which may cause symptoms associated with [[Cervical Radiculopathy|ce

...l., Spondyloarthropathies. Am Fam Physician, 2004, 69 (12):2853-2860 Level of Evidence 5</ref>&nbsp;Level 5 ...lus fibrosis of the intervertebral discs, and the apophyseal joints of the spine.<ref name="p1" />

...l14No4/13.pdf Changes of kinematic gait parameters due to pregnancy.] Acta of bioengineering and biomechanics [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2021 Nov 25];14(4). ...in Gait with Anteriorly Added Mass: A Pregnancy Simulation Study.] Journal of Applied Biomechanics [Internet]. 2016 Aug [cited 2021 Nov 21];32(4):379–8

...Henderson]] as part of the [[Arkansas Colleges of Health Education School of Physical Therapy Musculoskeletal 1 Project]]. '''Top Contributors''' - {{S [[File:Scapula post.jpeg|thumb|Anatomy of the scapula ]]

...hristine McDonagh,]] [[User:Juliet Underwood|Juliet Underwood]] as part of the [[Nottingham University Spinal Rehabilitation Project]]<br> == The Sacroiliac Joint ==

...0–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. The Lancet. 2017 Sep 16;390(10100):1211-59.</ref> Pain is not always a bad thing! Pain is the body's way to receive messages that there is a threat or something is wrong

...rbox"> '''Original Editor '''- [[User:Carin Hunter|Carin Hunter]] based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/rina-pandya/ Rina == Anatomy of the Diaphragm ==

...ion of Functioning, Disability, and Health from the Orthopaedic Section of the American Physical Therapy Association<br> ...ion of Functioning, Disability, and Health from the Orthopaedic Section of the American Physical Therapy Association. J Orhtop Sports Phys Ther. 2012;42(4

...name="Goodman & Fuller">Goodman, C, Fuller, K. Pathology: Implications for the Physical Therapist. 3rd ed. St. Louis: Saunders Elsevier, 2009.</ref>&nbsp; ...ion of unilateral pain, ipsilateral diffuse shoulder, and arm pain. ROM in the neck is reduced, and pain is relieved with anesthetic blockades.

...lated pain:<ref name=":0">Van der Walt A. Managing Disorders of the Canine Spine Course. Plus , 2021.</ref> ...is one of the few conditions that will cause “screaming or crying” pain in the dog

...atient Problems|Students from Bellarmine University's&nbsp;Pathophysiology of Complex Patient Problems project.]] [[Image:Ossification Spine.jpg|Flowing Ossification|right|314x314px]]

...e McCoy|Mary-Kate McCoy]], [[User:Heather Lampe|Heather Lampe]] as part of the [[Temple University Evidence-Based Practice Project|Temple University Evide ...Orthopaedic Section of the American Physical Therapy Association.] Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy. 2017 Jul;47(7):A1-83.</ref>.

...Australian osteopaths: A preliminary investigation. International Journal of Osteopathic Medicine. 2018;27:14-22. </ref>. WMSDs are: ...ctivities that contribute significantly to the development or exacerbation of painful symptoms

...important to have a functional knowledge of the underlying biomechanics of the shoulder complex. ...oordinated motion. weakness of any muscle change normal kinematic chain of the joint.

...ey RL, Hall T. Neural tissue evaluation and treatment. Physical Therapy of the Shoulder. New York: Churchill Livingstone. 1997 </ref>. ...used in clinical practice, although it may still be used in some parts of the world.

...ime%20from%20ovulation,variability%20of%20time%20of%20ovulation. '''Length of human pregnancy and contributors to its natural variation'''.] Human Reprod * The [[pelvis]] is the region found between the trunk and lower limbs.

...Hillin|Misty Hillin]] and [[User:Patrick Bales|Patrick Bales]] as part of the [[Texas State University Evidence-based Practice Project|Texas State Univer ...ignificance in the classification of acute thoracolumbar spinal injuries]. spine. 1983 Nov 1;8(8):817-31.</ref>

== Anatomy of the Forelimb == ...ed.<ref name=":0">Hinkle FD, Johnson SA, KT, Selberg, MF Barrett. A review of normal radiographical variants commonly mistaken for pathological findings

...2010 Jul; 69(5):425-32 :4: 2C</ref><ref name="p3" /> It is a diverse group of inflammatory arthritides that share certain genetic predisposing factors an The brief video outlines these conditions

...of the bony bridges that connect the upper with the lower facet joints of the vertebra. ...ing the second most likely to be affected. The higher levels of the lumbar spine are rarely affected. (15 LOE: 4)

...humerus, first published by Codman in the 1930s. <ref name="p4">Codman EA: The Shoulder,Boston: G.Miller &amp Company,1934</ref> ...hcart CW: Movements of the shoulder girdle involved in those of the arm on the trunk. J Anat Physiol 1884; 18:209-218.</ref>

...v/pmc/articles/pmc5810943/ Axial Spondyloarthritis Classification Criteria–The debate continues]. Current opinion in rheumatology. 2017 Jul;29(4):317.</re ...direct.com/science/article/pii/S0140673616315914 Axial spondyloarthritis]. The Lancet. 2017 Jul 1;390(10089):73-84.</ref>

...[[flexibility]], all of which significantly improve one's overall quality of life. Nevertheless, it is important to note that engaging in exercise also ...tnessed a 43 percent increase during this period.”<ref>Brad W. The Anatomy of Sports Injuries. Second Edition. Chichester, 2013</ref>

...nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6439316/ Traumatic spinal cord injury: an overview of pathophysiology, models and acute injury mechanisms]. Frontiers in neurolog ...l., International Standards for Neurological and Functional Classification of Spinal Cord Injury, American Spinal Injury Association, 1996</ref>

...er:Ashley Plawa|Ashley Plawa]] and [[User:Joseph So|Joseph So]] as part of the [[Temple University Evidence-Based Practice Project|Temple University EBP P ...avicle and the manubrium is a dense fibrocartilaginous disc that separates the joints into two distinct synovial compartments.

...t. Sacroiliac joint syndrome is a significant source of pain in 15% to 30% of people with mechanical [[Low Back Pain|low back pain]]. ...ction is a condition caused by abnormal motion or slight mispositioning of the SI joint.