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...eurons|interneuron]]<nowiki/>s embedded in the wall of the gastrointesinal system, stretching from the lower third of the esophagus right through to the rect Image 1:The ENS is embedded in the lining of the gastrointestinal system.

...tonomic and Somatic Nervous System.png|thumb|Autonomic and Somatic Nervous System|alt=|525x525px]] The autonomic nervous system is a component of the peripheral nervous system that regulates involuntary physiologic processes. It functions without cons

...junction, all autonomic [[Ganglion|ganglia]], at many [[Autonomic Nervous System|autonomically]] innervated organs, and at many synapses in the CNS<ref name == Parasympathetic Nervous System ==

...eurons]], and [[interneurons]] embedded in the wall of the gastrointesinal system, stretching from the lower third of the esophagus right through to the rect ...the [[Hormones|endocrine]] (hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis), [[Immune System|immune]] ([[Cytokines|cytokine]] and chemokines) and the autonomic nervous

== Gastrointestinal System == ...he throat, esophagus, stomach, and intestines. Changes in Gastrointestinal system with ageing includes:

...teroid Medication|corticosteroids]] to suppress the [[Immune System|immune system]] which can be destructive. [[Rehabilitation Contexts|Rehabilitation]] ofte ...s) post bone marrow transplantation, being a major complication. The skin, gastrointestinal tract (in particular the small bowel), and liver are the organs most often

* Anthrax can occur in four forms: cutaneous, inhalation, gastrointestinal, and inhalation.<ref name=":0" /> ...], gastrointestinal/ digestive system and [[Respiratory System|respiratory system]].<br>

...ed. Cortisol is involved in energy production but also suppresses [[Immune System|immune function]]. General stress response pattern vary according to the ch ==== Musculoskeletal System ====

...eneficial; however, they are associated with severe side effects including gastrointestinal injury and peptic ulceration. Though several approaches for limiting these == Gastrointestinal Effects ==

* It is found throughout the [[Urinary Tract Infection|urinary]] system where it functions to help rid the body of toxins and works in [[Electrolyt * It is found throughout [[Cardiovascular System|arteries and vein]]<nowiki/>s where it plays a vital role in the regulation

...[Internet].</nowiki>] 2021;11(1):12278. </ref>The disorder can affect any system in the body but most commonly with prominent intestinal manifestations.<ref ...atient exhibits the classically described signs of malabsorption caused by gastrointestinal colonization. However, it can exhibit clinically overlapping signs and symp

...vice on Mount Kilimanjaro. Lake Louise Questionnaire - Lake Louise Scoring System (LLSS) for Acute Mountain Sickness (AMS). Available from: https://www.ultim * Gastrointestinal Upset

...erived from [[Blood Pressure|blood pressure]] within the autonomic nervous system. ...are spray-type [[Neurone|nerve]] endings in the walls of [[Cardiovascular System|blood vessels]] and the heart that are stimulated by the absolute level of,

...dium enteric-coated tablets ) WARNING : RISK OF SERIOUS CARDIOVASCULAR AND GASTROINTESTINAL. 2016; Available from: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label DMARDs and bDMARDs are similar in that they can adversely affect the GI system, pulmonary function, and [[Blood Pressure|blood pressure]], and cause [[ski

...t you use to swallow and speak and influencing your [[Immune System|immune system]]<ref name=":2">Live science [https://www.livescience.com/vagus-nerve.html ...n essential part of the [[Parasympathetic System|parasympathetic nervous]] system, which is responsible for calming organs after the stressed “fight-or-fli

# Essential for DNA synthesis. DNA (central information storage system of most animals, plants, and even some [[Viral Infections|virus]]<nowiki/>e * Individuals with gastrointestinal disorders or who have had gastrointestinal surgery

*[[File:Cells of the immune system.jpg|right|frameless|400x400px]]The pathogenesis of EA is not fully understo ...w microscopic inflammatory changes of gut mucosa without clinical signs of gastrointestinal disease.

* Changes in the Gastrointestinal System<ref name=":1" />: one school of thought is that the relaxation of the lower * Gastrointestinal disorders

* Gastrointestinal tract * [[Cardiovascular System|Cardiovascular system]]

...om/articlelibrary/viewarticle/26653/ Neuroanatomy, Parasympathetic Nervous System]. StatPearls [Internet]. 2020 Jan 11Available from:.https://www.statpearls. ...als.org/doi/full/10.1161/circulationaha.107.760405 Parasympathetic nervous system and heart failure: pathophysiology and potential implications for therapy.]

...destroyed via cell and [[Immunoglobulins (Ig)|antibody]]-mediated [[Immune System|immune]] action. In developed countries it is the most common cause of [[hy *Probiotics: Aid in the support of gastrointestinal health

...y]] abnormalities are specific to thyroid storm, and the available scoring system is based on the clinical criteria. <ref>Chiha M, Samarasinghe S, Kabaker AS * [[Introduction to Neuroanatomy|Central nervous system]] (CNS) manifestations

...the blood. Instead, they help blood flow smoothly through [[Cardiovascular System|blood vessels]] and work to reduce a person’s risk of forming blood clots ...hat they bruise more easily. But serious bleeding, such as bleeding in the gastrointestinal tract or brain, can occur. These bleeds can be life-threatening<ref name=":

...ensive review of the impact of spinal cord injury on the autonomic nervous system. == Anatomy of the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) ==

The anal canal is an extraperitoneal part, it is the final part of the gastrointestinal, starts from anorectal junction, extends posteroinferiorly as a termination ...is always contracted in normal, healthy person, innervated by sympathetic system from inferior pelvic plexus, also receives a parasympathetic signals as an

[[File:Conduction system.png|right|frameless]] # Gastrointestinal/Renal/Electrolyte: [[Hypoglycemia]]; [[Dehydration]]; [[Hyperkalemia]]; [[H

...s. They are most often found in the [[Respiratory System|respiratory]] and gastrointestinal tracts, where they make up part of the surface epithelium. The secretion of ...estine can accumulate and uptake antigens (toxins that induces an [[Immune System|immune]] response).

...rdiovascular System|cardiovascular]], metabolic, pulmonary, neuromotor and gastrointestinal.&nbsp; The effects of NSAIDs on the muscular system differs for young individuals vs. old individuals, acute vs. chronic use, a

* Problems in the gastrointestinal system # Gastrointestinal dysfunctions

...onia” refers to the aspiration of a large amount of oropharyngeal or upper gastrointestinal content moving through the vocal cords and [[Trachea and Larynx|trachea]] i ...rophages]] work to defend and protect the [[Respiratory System|respiratory system]] from micro aspirations of oropharyngeal secretions. The pathological proc

...hidrosis (CIPA) is a rare genetic disorder affecting the autonomic nervous system and is described as hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type IV (HS # Sensory Nervous System: lip biting, corneal scarring, autoamputation of digits, loss of temperatur

...ue]], [[cartilage]], [[bone]], [[Blood Physiology|blood]], and [[Lymphatic System|lymph]]<ref name=":2">Kamrani P, Marston G, Jan A. Anatomy, connective tiss ...acrophages]], Mast cells and Plasma cells. These are all types of [[Immune System|Immune]] cell.

...n have numerous systemic manifestations affecting the: cardiac, pulmonary, gastrointestinal, renal, neurological, ocular, musculoskeletal, and integumentary systems.<r ...e. The pathogen is then spread by the bloodstream and the body's lymphatic system.<ref name="Johnson" /><br>

...|inflammatory bowel disease]] (IBD). CD causes chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. In Crohn disease, the inflammation extends through the entire thickn ...netics seem to play a role as does the environmental affects on the immune system.

# Melatonin has antiaging properties and modulates [[Immune System|immune system]] function. Melatonin is effective in reducing oxidative stress. It achieve ...act to the SCN. From here signals are sent through the sympathetic nervous system to the superior cervical ganglia, which innervates the pineal gland<ref nam

...s gene mutation. There is also a possibility that a [[Immune System|immune system]] reaction could lead to a neuromuscular disease. ...ophy, part 1: diagnosis, and neuromuscular, rehabilitation, endocrine, and gastrointestinal and nutritional management. Lancet Neurol. 2018. 17(3): 251-267.</ref>. Phy

...atal, often due to progressive [[Chronic Kidney Disease|renal failure]] or gastrointestinal complications.<ref name=":0" /><br> ...ections|viral infection]]<nowiki/>s, and the body's [[Immune System|immune system]]. Adverse drug reactions to iodide or pencillin, or indiviudals with activ

Below is a gist of the system-wise complications of prolonged immobility. * In [[Respiratory System|Respiratory system]], it causes retention of secretions, reduced respiratory excursion, [[pneu

...only affect the skin, they can have other effects on the tissue, organ and system networks such as smoke inhalation, as well as psychological effects. Burns ...JA. Immune response to traumatic injury: harmony and discordance of immune system homeostasis. Acute Med. Surg. 2014;63–69.</ref>. The initial response dep

...involves different body systems such as skin, mucosa, joints, nervous and gastrointestinal systems. <ref>Bettiol A, Prisco D, Emmi G. [https://academic.oup.com/rheuma ...ery]] aneurysms, diastolic dysfunction, atrial septal aneurysm, conduction system disturbances, atrial and ventricular arrhythmias, mitral valve prolapse, in

...rary/anatomy/lymphatic-system /www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/lymphatic-system] (last accessed 27.7.2020)</ref>. ...c system and surrounds all tissues <ref>Foeldi M. Anatomy of the Lymphatic System. In Foeldi M, Foeldi Textbook of Lymphology. Munich: Urban and Fischer; 200

...argely related to altered motility patterns, occur in the gastrointestinal system with senescence, and atrophic gastritis and altered hepatic drug metabolism [[Ageing and the Cardiorespiratory System]]

...l function), as well as management of the [[Respiratory System|respiratory system]] (maintain [[Lung Volumes|lung volume]], improve oxygenation and ventilati ...[[Neurological Assessment|neurological]], musculoskeletal, [[Integumentary System|integumentary]] and [[Kidney|renal]] systems

...y the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) staging system, based on clinical examination rather than surgical findings<ref name="Five * Cervical cancer affects the female reproductive system.

...nditions, viral infections (such as Hepatitis C, HIV, measles, and mumps), gastrointestinal, bleeding, and autoimmune disorders. One possible cause of associated signs ...help increase the platelet count by decreasing the activity of the immune system. It usually takes about two to six weeks for their platelet count to return

* Lymphocytes make up the majority of the cells in the [[Immune System|immune system]]; they include B cells, T cells, and natural killer cells, all of which at ...me into contact with external antigens. They are found in the skin, lungs, gastrointestinal tract, and inner layers of the nose. Dendritic cells function primarily to

..., endocrine, reproductive , cardiovascular, respiratory, nervous, urinary, gastrointestinal and immune systems are affected, along with changes to the skin and breasts [[File:Reproductive system.png|thumb|506x506px|alt=]]

...vy metals on neurotoxicity during development and in aging central nervous system. Current Opinion in Toxicology. 2021 Jun 1;26:33-8.Available:https://www.sc * Heavy metals can affect the nervous, pulmonary, [[Cardiovascular System|cardiovascular]], [[Kidney|renal]], skin, reproductive, and skeletal system

...esponse<ref name=":0">The Johns Hopkins Hospital, and Johns Hopkins Health System. Adrenal Glands. Available at: https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/condi * Gastrointestinal disturbances - such as nausea, vomiting, anorexia, weight loss, and diarrho

...and continuous process. A neurological assessment focuses on the nervous system to assess and identify any abnormalities that affect function and activitie ==== Other System review ====

* Gastrointestinal infections Most acute respiratory tract and gastrointestinal infections are [[Viral Infections|viral]].

* Although abnormalities in almost every aspect of the immune system have been found, the key defect is thought to result from a loss of self-to SLE can affect multiple components of the immune system, including the

...oms can effect the musculoskeletal, nervous, cardiovascular/pulmonary, and gastrointestinal systems (see table below). Normal serum calcium levels range between 8.2 an ! scope="col" | System

..., the central nervous system, the musculoskeletal system, the reproductive system, and the liver.<ref name=":0">Adigun R, Bhimji S. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih ...Physical Therapist. 3rd edition. In: Ikeda, B, Goodman, C. The Respiratory System. St. Louis, MO: Saunders; 2009: 752-758.</ref> Eventually, TB could spread

...rongest with the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the nigrostriatal system.<ref name=":2" /> ...rebrospinal Fluid|cerebrospinal fluid]], saliva, [[urine]], as well as the gastrointestinal tract.<ref name=":2">Delenclos M, Jones DR, McLean PJ, Uitti RJ. [https://w

...s of childhood death were reported as being from diseases of the digestive system or [[Infectious Disease|infectious etiology]]. Since then, various relief e * Compromised immune system

=== Assessment of the Musculoskeletal System === BPDs often mimic more severe conditions such as cardiac, neurological and gastrointestinal conditions. These must all be ruled out by the medical team.

...can only help with symptoms while you wait for your [[Immune System|immune system]] to fight off the virus. There are [[Antiviral Drugs|antiviral medicines]] ...isease.jpg|right|frameless]]Influenza viruses infect the upper respiratory system and sometimes spreads to the [[Lung Anatomy|lungs]] causing [[pneumonia]].

...[Anatomy of the Human Heart|heart]] beating. But too much potassium in our system, known as hyperkalemia, can cause serious health problems. And people with ...e contraction dysfunction. &nbsp;Muscular dysfunction includes the cardiac system and can lead to life threatening ventricular arrhythmias. &nbsp;Electrocard

[[File:Circulatory system.png|right|frameless|587x587px]] The vessels of the cardiovascular system are the [[Anatomy of the Human Heart|heart]], [[arteries]], [[capillaries]]

# Synucleinopathies without Lewy bodies: [[Multiple System Atrophy|Multiple systemic atrophy]] (MSA); pure autonomic failure; rapid ey ...As well as accumulating in the brain, α-synuclein also accumulates in the gastrointestinal tract resulting in symptoms. <ref name=":3">Emamzadeh FN. [https://www.ncbi

#* Gastrointestinal: impaired function [[File:Radiation therapy for cancer.jpg|right|frameless]]'''Gastrointestinal'''

...urring physiologically within the body, specifically the autonomic nervous system and how it maintains balance. == Autonomic Nervous System ==

...t can also be used to examine soft tissue organs of the body including the gastrointestinal tract and the uterus. ...ly barium sulfate or gastrografin), which is introduced into the digestive system either by swallowing or as an enema. This is normally as part of a double c

...cularly the [[Lung Anatomy|lungs]], [[Cardiovascular System|cardiovascular system]] and [[Kidney|kidneys]], is what underscores intensive care medicine.<ref ...medical treatment. These include illnesses such as diabetic ketoacidosis, gastrointestinal bleeding, drug overdose, [[Respiratory Failure|respiratory failure]], [[sep

[[Integumentary System|Skin]] is the largest organ in the body and covers the body's entire exter ...b. Available from; https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/integumentary-system

...lude dysrhythmias, altered mental status, drowsiness, visual disturbances, gastrointestinal issues, and altered potassium levels<ref>MacLeod-Glover, N., Mink, M., Yare ...cardiac output, the heart is able to more effectively pump blood into the system, improving the [[Exercise -Therapeutic|exercise]] tolerance of the patient.

...re harmless and some are even beneficial, such as those found in the human gastrointestinal tract to aid digestion and produce vitamins. There are few (less than 1% of ...infects the meninges of the [[Introduction to Neuroanatomy|central nervous system]], it is not, however, a cause of [[skin]] infection.

...7500/ Celiac disease: From pathophysiology to treatment.] World journal of gastrointestinal pathophysiology. 2017 May 15;8(2):27.</ref> <ref name="Merck 1">Ruiz,Atenod ...nclude: Barium Xray test to detect the presence of malabsorption along the gastrointestinal tract; Direct stool sample analysis of fat content can also be implemented

...which keeps the human body alive. Smooth muscle is present throughout the gastrointestinal, reproductive, urinary, vascular, and respiratory systems. ...ntary muscles because we have direct control over them through our nervous system. Contractions can vary to produce powerful, fast movements or small precisi

...ossman DA, Li Z, Andruzzi E, ''et al.''US householder survey of functional gastrointestinal disorders. Prevalence, sociodemography, and health impact. Dig Dis Sci 19 === Scoring System ===

[[File:Central Nervous System Anatomy.png|border|right|frameless]] ...nuclei, Spinal plexuses, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction and muscles<ref name=":0" />.

...s been linked to a favourable metabolic profile and [[Immune System|immune system]] response. ...on of bacterial abundance that can modulate mucosal immunity, and improved gastrointestinal barrier function. Though exercise has been shown to improve overall health

..., Pathology: Implications for the Physical Therapist. The Gastrointestinal System. Saunders, Elsevier Inc., 2009. p870-74.</ref>

# Gastrointestinal mucosa: mucositis - Inflammation of the mucous membranes lining the dig ...opied. They are used to treat certain leukemias, as well as lung, ovarian, gastrointestinal, and other cancers. Examples include: Topotecan, Airinotecan, Etoposide and

...]. 2021 Apr 19.</ref>. Anaemia often results from diseases in the liver or gastrointestinal tract. <ref>Tomasevic R, Gluvic Z, Mijac D, Sokic-Milutinovic A, Lukic S, M * Globally, shortage of [[iron]] in the system has been considered to be the most common cause of anaemia<ref name=":2" />

...[[Spondyloarthritis]]) which manifests after several days to weeks after a gastrointestinal or genitourinary infection. It is also described as a classic triad of [[ar ...elieved that the disorder is due to an aberrant autoimmune response to the gastrointestinal infection caused by Salmonella, Shigella, Campylobacter or chlamydia.

...i.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19409859 Do incontinence, breathing difficulties, and gastrointestinal symptoms increase the risk of future back pain?.] Journal of Pain. August 2 ===Lumbopelvic Stability System===

...and Performance Implications of REDS]]'''Health implications''' are multi-system, affecting the endocrine, metabolic, skeletal, cardiovascular and immune sy ...rison, M. E., Isserlin, L., Robinson, A., Feder, S., & Sampson, M. (2016). Gastrointestinal complications associated with anorexia nervosa: a systematic review. Intern

* Gastrointestinal loss eg diarrhoea, stomal losses * Symptoms and signs of hypernatremia are secondary from central nervous system dysfunction and are seen when serum sodium rises rapidly or is greater than

...xins are neurotoxic, affecting the [[Introduction to Neuroanatomy|nervous system]]. Botulinum neurotoxin is considered the deadliest toxin known due to its ...ts under the age of 12 months are most at risk and adults who have reduced gastrointestinal immunity. The bacteria multiply inside the gut and produce toxins. Healthy

...e is a naturally occurring, [[Introduction to Neuroanatomy|central nervous system]] (CNS) stimulant and is the most widely taken psychoactive stimulant globa 2. Nervous System.

# Gastrointestinal tract adenocarcinomas (the majority colorectal carcinoma) # Enters the central nervous system through a breakdown of the [[Blood-Brain Barrier|blood-brain barrier]].

...er extremity contractures. A lack of standing may be linked to issues with gastrointestinal and respiratory health.<ref name=":1">Ward M, Johnson C, Klein J, Farber JM ...stem - Expanded and Revised (GMFCS-ER)|Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS)]] of Level III who stood for 9 hours per week had an average increa

...r the diagnosis, staging and therapeutic management of colorectal cancer]. Gastrointestinal tumors. 2014;1(1):25-32.Available from:https://www.karger.com/Article/Fullt ...exercise on colorectal cancer prevention and treatment]. World journal of gastrointestinal oncology. 2019 May 15;11(5):348.Available from:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

=== Cardiovascular system === ...SM, Puthucheary ZA. The impact of extended bed rest on the musculoskeletal system in the critical care environment. ''Extrem Physiol Med''. 2015;4:16.</ref>

...tages of pregnancy already having back pain due to surge of relaxin in the system to prepare for childbirth – decreases to about 50 % of peak value by 20th === Gastrointestinal System ===

...testinal origin, research into conditions relating to the gastrointestinal system and the prevalence of colic has found inconclusive or weak associations.<re

...are caused by fungi. Other types of fungi can infect your lungs or nervous system.&nbsp;<ref name="Mayo" />&nbsp;<ref name="Lindahl" /><br> The [[Immune System|immune system]] has evolved to protect us from a host of infections.

...s must be able to recognise these differences. This article explores multi-system characteristics, impairments, and interventions for children, adolescents, == Musculoskeletal System ==

[[File:Respiratory System.png|thumb|Respiratory system]] ==== Gastrointestinal ====

* At rest, our nervous system maintains a [[Parasympathetic System|parasympathetic]] tone which affects the respiratory rate, cardiac output, * Exercise stimulates the [[Sympathetic Nervous System|sympathetic]] nervous system and will induce an integrated response from the body.

* Maternal abnormalities of the central nervous system # Gastrointestinal disturbances: 2%<ref name=":2" />

*Immune system compromised by * Gastrointestinal symptoms

...tem, cardiovascular system, gastrointestinal system, and the genitourinary system. Clinical presentation includes: lack of sweating, hair loss, nail thickeni [[Category:Integumentary System]]

'''Musculoskeletal System''' <br>'''Central Nervous System'''

[[Lymphoma|'''Lymphomas''':]] Cancers affecting the lymphatic system, categorized as Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphomas. ...''' Some immune-related disorders or conditions that compromise the immune system's function may elevate the risk of cancer development.<ref>Kantar M, Çetin

|Gastrointestinal and breast cancer, squamous cell carcinoma, [[Thyroid Cancer|thyroid]] and ...st, uterus, [[Renal Cancer|kidney]], pancreas, colorectal, central nervous system (but not medullary) cancer and, to a lesser extent, bladder cancer.

...ohydrate metabolic effects; water and electrolyte effects; central nervous system effects; and [[Blood Physiology|blood]] cell effects. ...ces, immunosuppression, [[Cardiovascular Disease|cardiovascular]] disease, gastrointestinal and dermatologic adverse effects<ref name=":0" />.

...d soft tissue.&nbsp;The bacteria will shield itself from the body's immune system which speeds up the proliferation along tissue planes.<ref name="NF">The Na ...zing fasciitis.&nbsp;If untreated, necrotizing fasciitis can lead to multi-system organ failure. Specific systems involved include:<ref name="Goodman">Goodma