Search results

== Effect on bones == *In bones (anisotropic structures), failure occurs more quickly when exposed to a she

...01):037-40.</ref>. The pisiform can be found in the proximal row of carpal bones<ref name=":1" />. ...rom: https://www.imaios.com/en/e-anatomy/anatomical-structure/pisiform-bone-1537019620</ref>. The lateral surface is rough and concave and the medial su

...nd syndrome.] Scandinavian Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine. 2000;32(1):4-10.</ref> # Angio-spasm

...cises/<nowiki/>(accessed 2.1.2022)</ref> eg [[Dumbbell Exercise|Dumbbell]] shoulder press on exercise ball involves concerted work by [[Abdominal Muscles|abdom ...utine Available:https://www.healthline.com/health/fitness-exercise/compound-exercises (accessed 2.1.2022)</ref>

...Available from:https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/histology-of-bone-marrow (last accessed 3.8.2020)</ref>[[File:Bone marrow image.png|right|fram ...6 Bone Marrow] Available from:https://www.thoughtco.com/bone-marrow-anatomy-373236 (last accessed 3.8.2020)</ref>.

...ne reports. 2008 Jan 1;7(1):39-44. Available: https://journals.lww.com/acsm-csmr/Fulltext/2008/01000/Core_Stability_Exercise_Principles.14.aspx (accesse ...d the general population<ref>Donatelli RA. Sports-Specific Rehabilitation-E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2006 Oct 11.Available: https://books.google.

...oints Synovial Joints] Available: https://radiopaedia.org/articles/synovial-joints<nowiki/>(accessed 20.6.2021)</ref> ...ts] Available:https://open.oregonstate.education/aandp/chapter/9-4-synovial-joints/ (accessed 20.6.2021)</ref>.

...r:Sherin Mathew|Sherin Mathew]] as part of the [[Temple University Evidence-Based Practice Project|Temple University EBP Project]] [[File:Anterior-shoulder-dislocation-1.jpeg|thumb|Anterior-shoulder-dislocation|alt=|331x331px]]

...ve Pathology: A Review of the Literature. Open Orthop J. 2017 Feb 28;11:140-53.</ref> ...ligament and suprascapular nerve entrapment. Clin Anat. 2002 Nov;15(6):383-6.</ref>

....gov/pmc/articles/PMC8301671/ Limb development in skeletally-immature large-sized dogs: A radiographic study]. Plos one. 2021 Jul 23;16(7):e0254788.</re ...o L, Angileri V, Morabito S, Cassata G, Macrì F. [https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/11/3/813 Four Unusual Cases of Congenital Forelimb Malformations in Dog

...ed with an artificial joint- a prosthesis. It aims to create a stable, pain-free joint with a functional range of movement when conservative treatments ...he wrist and usually lasts for about 10 to 15 years. Implant survival of 90-100% at five years are mostly reported using newer second generation and thi

...ce the number of transfers and improve time management during trials by pre-setting the seating and wheelchair according to body measurement prior to an * Foot-blocks can also be used to support the wheelchair user’s feet at the corre

...lysis. European journal of trauma and emergency surgery. 2016 Dec;42(6):741-7.</ref> ...ine ski injuries and their prevention. Sports Medicine. 2002 Oct;32(12):785-93.</ref>

[[File:Shoulder bursa.jpg|357x357px|alt=|thumb|The shoulder joint has many ligaments]] ...le from:https://southernhillshospital.com/about/newsroom/framing-within-our-bodies (last accessed 14.2.2020)</ref> Once thought to be inert, they are in

[[File:Shoulder Joint.png|thumb]] The [[Shoulder|shoulder complex]] is a set of 5 highly mobile and stable mechanically interrelated

'''Original Editor''' - [https://www.physio-pedia.com/User:Natalie_Patterson Natalie Patterson] ...20</ref> that makes up the front part of the shoulder. It sits between the shoulder blade and the sternum. There are 2 clavicles in a person, one on the right

...aurasia's Human Anatomy. CBS Publishers & Distributors PVt Ltd.; 2010. p112-13.</ref>. ...the medial lip of the groove on the trapezium thus converts it into a fibro-osseous tunnel that transmits the tendon of the flexor carpi radialis and it

...https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases--conditions/scapular-shoulder-blade-disorders#:~:text=The%20scapula%2C%20or%20shoulder%20blade,help%20you%20move ...medicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/scapula-fracture-shoulder-blade-fracture#:~:text=What%20is%20a%20scapula%20fracture,from%20the%20back%20or%2

...''' - [[User:Naomi O'Reilly|Naomi O'Reilly]] and [http://relabhs.org/ ReLAB-HS] ...ended for 16 months as a result of COVID-19 and restrictions on indoor team-based sports training. During the time away from National Training Alan had

[[File:1757-1626-1-377-3.jpg|alt=Cleidocranial dysplasia face and shoulders.jpg|thumb|[https://www. ...of Medicine;</ref>. They also have delayed closure of the gaps between the bones of the skull, which results in a large and prominent forehead<ref name=":0"

...sculoskeletal assessment]. Nursing made incredibly easy. 2004 May 1;2(3):46-50.</ref> ...University of Western Ontario. Available from: <nowiki>https://rheum.ca/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/The_Musculoskeletal_Screening_Examination_Booklet.pd

[[Image:Morton's foot comparison.png|thumb|right|Vector-generated image comparing a foot with (left) and without (right) Morton's to ...ally shortened metatarsal length. It can affect any of the five metatarsal bones of the foot and it could be bilateral. Brachymetatarsia of the first metata

...ser:Jamie Keller|Jamie Keller]] as part of the [[Temple University Evidence-Based Practice Project|Temple University EBP Project]] ...ated in the wrist]. These eight bones are arranged into two rows with four bones in each.

'''Original Editor '''- [[User:Alyssa Brooks-Wells|Alyssa Brooks-Wells]] ...atomy. The Axilla Region. Available from: https://teachmeanatomy.info/upper-limb/areas/axilla/ (accessed 15 September 2020).</ref>.

[[File:Ankle-Sprains.jpg|right|frameless|460x460px]] ...nt rupture can occur at the midsubstance of the ligament or at the ligament-bone junction.<ref name=":2" /> Sometimes an [[Avulsion Fractures of the Ank

...er limb's movements. As a physiotherapist with a keen focus on patient well-being, delving into the nuances of humerus anatomy opens up a myriad of poss In the dynamic field of physiotherapy, an in-depth understanding of humerus anatomy is instrumental in tailoring interven

...d their tendons, which provide strength and stability during motion to the shoulder complex. They are also referred to as the SITS muscle, with reference to th ...ts the muscle and tendons, as they are in close contact to the surrounding bones.

...der [[bursitis]] (inflammation of a bursa) is one of the leading causes of shoulder pain. It can lead to lost workdays and, in some cases, even disability. ...oclavicular bursa 5. supraacromial bursa. 6 medial extension of subacromial-subdeltoid bursa |alt=|center|569x569px]]

...mek-Piotrowska W, Mazur M, Kuniewicz M, Bonczar T. Anatomy of Guyon's canal-a systematic review. Folia Medica Cracoviensia. 2014;54(2).</ref> ...ish RA. Clinical anatomy of the hand. Reumatologia clinica. 2012 Dec 1;8:25-32.</ref>

...sing obstructive sleep apnea syndrome.] Acta Oto-Laryngologica 2006;126:445-448.</ref>&nbsp; ...roma cases<ref name="Merck" /><ref name="roa" /><ref name="Errani" /> and 5-25% in multiple osteochondromas.<ref name="Merck" /><ref name="Woertler" />

...carpi radialis''' inserts at the bases of the second and third metacarpal bones. The innervation of this muscle is provided by the Median nerve(C6-C7).

...apula]. 2021 Available from: <nowiki>https://www.theskeletalsystem.net/arm-bones/scapula.html</nowiki>. (accessed August 16 2023).</ref>. The main part of the scapula, the body, consists of a somewhat triangular-shaped flat blade, with an inferiorly pointing apex, referred to as the infe

Klippel-Feil syndrome (KFS) is a complex condition presenting due to abnormal fusion Image 1: [[X-Rays|X-ray]] showing fused cervical vertebrae as seen in Klippel–Feil syndrome

...edicine Insights: Arthritis and Musculoskeletal Disorders. 2012 Jan;5:CMAMD-S8443.</ref> ...te]] bones and also from the palmar ligaments of the distal row of carpals bones. <ref name=":1">Caetano EB, da Cunha Nakamichi Y, de Andrade RA, Sawada MM,

== Age-related Changes in Connective Tissue == # Age-associated alterations in matrix molecule cross-linking

...nute Sports Medicine Consult [Internet]. Wolters Kluwer Health; 2011. p. 56-57</ref>. Common sites include<ref name=":0" />:[[Image:Bursitis prepatellar ..._internal bone]. A bursa is filled with a thin layer of [https://www.physio-pedia.com/Synovium_&_Synovial_Fluid?utm_source=physiopedia&utm_medium=search

...n is marked by the breakdown of one or more of the disks that separate the bones of the spine, which provide cushioning between the vertebrae and absorb pre ...others may feel stiffness and/or pain in the neck, shoulders, between the shoulder blades, or lower back.

....<ref>Radiopedia Shoulder Joint Available:https://radiopaedia.org/articles/shoulder (accessed 14.4.2022)</ref> ...4. inferior angle of scapula 15. lateral border of scapula 16. scapula|alt=Shoulder]]

.../www.sciencedirect.com/referencework/9780123849533/encyclopedia-of-food-and-health [accessed 12/9/2023]</ref> ...a honeycomb structure with tiny holes to keep them light and springy. When bones reduce their mineral density they have much larger holes as well as thin co

'''Original Editor '''- [https://www.physio-pedia.com/User:Chelsea_Mclene Chelsea Mclene] ...ef>Cervical Rib. NHS. Available from https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/cervical-rib/ [ last accessed 05/11/2020]</ref> which grows from the base of the neck

...retching and compression of the muscles, ligaments, and sometimes also the bones and nerves of the cervical spine. ...BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine 2018;4:e000299. doi:10.1136/ bmjsem-2017-000299</ref>

...s injuries of the clavicle and its articulation. JBJS. 1967 Jun 1;49(4):774-84.</ref> '''The SC joint is formed by the articulation of three bones'''<ref name=":3" />''':'''

...Flexion Angles of the Annular Ligament.] Orthop Surg. 2022 Nov;14(11):2837-2844.</ref> Therefore, any instability caused by injury to the elbow structu ...: adventitious, subcutaneous, [[Synovial Fluid Analysis|synovial]], and sub-muscular.

...files: overview and current state of art. Acta Biomed. 2017 Apr 28;88(1):11-16. doi: 10.23750/abm.v88i1.5309. PMID: 28467328; PMCID: PMC6166197.]</ref>. ...of injury due to compressive loading. J Athl Train. 2005 Jul-Sep;40(3):155-61. PMID: 16284634; PMCID: PMC1250253.]</ref>.

...иоцефалия,] [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/legalcode CC BY-SA 3.0]. ...Plagiocephaly Available:https://www.childrens.health.qld.gov.au/fact-sheet-plagiocephaly/ (accessed 8.10.2021)</ref>

[[File:Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand PIL.png|thumb|Palmar Interosseous Muscle-Hand]] ...enzuela M, Bordoni B. [https://europepmc.org/article/med/30725850 Anatomy, Shoulder and Upper Limb, Hand Palmar Interosseous Muscle.] In: StatPearls. StatPearl

...the ‘nerve of Kuntz’revisited.] The Journal of Anatomy. 2001 Dec;199(6):675-82.</ref> The ribs form the main structure of the thoracic cage that pro ...ercostal arteries.<ref>https://radiopaedia.org/articles/supreme-intercostal-arteries</ref>

...in a young woman.] Journal of Orthopaedics and Traumatology 2014;15(3):231-4.</ref> ...w image - © Kenhub https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/supraspinatus-muscle</ref>

...ca [serial on the Internet]. (2010, Oct), [cited April 4, 2012]; 42(5): 214-219. Available from: Academic Search Premier.</ref> ...ong term results of combined radio surgical treatment. Thorax. 1997; 52:284-6</ref>

...m:https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-3-642-36801-1_49-1#citeas (last accessed 14.3.2020)</ref> ...my Animated Tutorial Available from:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zyl6eoU-3Rg&app=desktop (last accessed 30.3.2020)</ref>

...skull- canine]]The Roof of the cranium is made up of frontal and parietal bones. Temporo-mandibular joint:<ref name=":1" />

...rus, first published by Codman in the 1930s. <ref name="p4">Codman EA: The Shoulder,Boston: G.Miller &amp Company,1934</ref> [[File:Scapulohumeral rhythm-1-.png|thumb|274x274px|

...">Goodman CC, Fuller KS. Pathology: Implications for the Physical Therapist-3rd Edition. St. Louis: W.B. Saunders Co.; 2009.</ref><br> ...from: http://www.tumorsurgery.org/patient-education/bone-tumors/bone-tumor-types/osteoblastoma.aspx</ref><br>

...ows for significant movement, but this is at the expense of stability. The shoulder is, therefore, susceptible to dysfunction and instability. ...se conditions. This article discusses the key anatomical structures of the shoulder complex, including the bony structures, articulations, ligaments, muscles,

...inal Editors ''' - [[User:Oluwafikunayomi Wole-Bankole|Oluwafikunayomi Wole-Bankole]], [[User:Okunoye Mercy|Okunoye Mercy]] [[User:Awelewa Oluwatayo|Awe ...m Acad Orthop Surg. 2009 May;17(5):296-305. doi: 10.5435/00124635-200905000-00004. PMID: 19411641.]</ref>

'''Original Editor '''- [https://www.physio-pedia.com/User:Jess_Bell Jess Bell] '''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Cont ...thological findings in horses. Equine Veterinary Education. 2020;32(12):664-72.</ref>

...Shores JT, M.D. [https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/treatment-tests-and-therapies/amputation Health and Amputation by John Hopkins Medicine]. ...le from: <nowiki>https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/treatment-tests-and-therapies/amputation</nowiki>

...''Original Editor '''- [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/mauro-banfi/ Mauro Banfi] '''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributors/{{FULLPA ...s influenced by the thickness of osteophytes, cervical mobility, and cranio-cervical alignment<ref>Nishimura H, Endo K, Aihara T, Murata K, Suzuki H, Ma

...so comes with a slight downside, namely an elevated vulnerability to sports-related injuries. ...dominantly affect the musculoskeletal system, which comprises the muscles, bones, joints, and related tissues like ligaments and tendons. Here is a concise

...ent model of body composition divides the body into a fat component and fat-free component. ...by breaking apart your body into these two types of mass: body fat and fat-free mass.

[https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/petra-zikmann/ Petra Zikmann] The vertebral column contains 54 bones:

...e until the age of 25 years. Peculiar among long bones is the clavicle’s S-shaped double curve, which is convex medially and concave laterally. This co ...ures. It is the most common fracture of childhood. A fall onto the lateral shoulder most frequently causes a clavicle fracture. Radiographs confirm the diagnos

..., and Blood Institute. Chest X-Ray. https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/cxray</ref>.&nbsp; &nbsp;An X-ray uses electromagnetic waves and ionizing radiation to create pictures of

<div class="editorbox"> '''Original Editor '''- [https://www.physio-pedia.com/User:Shreya_Pavaskar Shreya Pavaskar] <br> ...M, Iveland H. [https://tidsskriftet.no/en/2021/06/medisin-i-bilder/panners-disease Panner's disease.] Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen. 2021 Jun 24;141(10). Engl

...use centrally organized protective reactions, which he called "arthro-tendo-myotic protective reactions". He described different states muscles could be ...pattern. Interference factors can include muscolusceletal, internal (organ-related) or neurological damages. Most interference factors are taken care o

...vements <ref name=":0">Chaurasia BD. [https://www.pdfdrive.com/bd-chaurasia-books.html Human Anatomy Regional and Applied Dissection and Clinical]. Vol ...VY}}<ref>Kenhub-Learn Human Anatomy. Elbow Joint: Bones, Muscles & Movement-Human Anatomy | Kenhub.Available from:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I1XEPB

...ilitate skill development that support the focus of the course and evidence-based practice. The skills for the project include literature searching and ...erlying clinical conditions that affects muscles, myofascia, joints and or bones. The project will include a presentation of their team’s findings and con

...evaluate causes of [[Injury Prevention in Sport|injury]] that are movement-related, and more importantly, how to prevent it. ...ical limit when stretching a dense connective tissue, as well as the stress-strain curve that will give us some indication of its physiologic limit<ref

...ff elbow: How I do it. Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica. 1996 Jan 1;67(6):626-31.</ref> ...e prone to stiffness because<ref>Magee DJ. Orthopedic physical assessment-E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2014 Mar 25.</ref> -

...ation and eye movements. This page discusses these muscles, as well as the bones, ligaments, and nerve and blood supply for the head and jaw. ...ere are four types of bursae: adventitious, subcutaneous, synovial, and sub-muscular.

...rtant to have a functional knowledge of the underlying biomechanics of the shoulder complex. Muscles of the shoulder work in team to produce highly coordinated motion. weakness of any muscle c

...adius articulates with the ulna, the second bone in the forearm. These two bones and their articulations form the radioulnar and radiocarpal joints at the e ...i>https://posna.org/Physician-Education/Study-Guide/Proximal-Radius-(Radial-Neck)-Fractures</nowiki> </ref>

...treatments.] Current reviews in musculoskeletal medicine. 2008 Mar 1;1(1):1-1.</ref> ...Scapular Winging <ref>Scapular Winging. Available from: http://www.maitrise-orthop.com/viewPage_us.do?id=1010</ref>]]</div>

...with notes on thumb movements and tool use.] ''J Hum Evol''. 2012;63(1):64-78. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2012.04.001</ref>. Although the muscles of the huma ...Nguyen J, Duong H. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK546622/ Anatomy, Shoulder and Upper Limb, Hand Hypothenar Eminence.] In: ''StatPearls''. Treasure Is

...he ideal sitting position for most people in a wheelchair follows the 90-90-90 rule; ...fit with the wheelchair stationary, and then while the wheelchair user self-propels or is pushed.

...based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/instructor/helene-simpson/ Helene Simpson]<br> ...ter forced external rotation and dorsiflexion of the foot. Injuries to the bones and ligaments of the ankle are associated with ankle syndesmosis injury. Wh

...4.</ref>. The most frequently involved body regions are the hip, knee, and shoulder. Although usually benign, chondroblastoma metastasizes on rare occasions, w ...also occur in the patella, tarsal bones, and occasionally in craniofacial bones.

...lishing. Available from:https://www.health.harvard.edu/pain/7-faces-of-neck-pain [accessed 4/3/2023]</ref> ...ce workers: a 1-year longitudinal study.] Eur Spine J. 2009 Oct;18(10):1532-40.</ref>

...systems like muscle contraction in cells, all the way to large-scale, whole-body motions like a sprinting athlete . ...iomechanics?. In: Hall SJ. eds. Basic Biomechanics, 8e New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2019. <nowiki>http://accessphysiotherapy.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?bo

...fessional Road Cyclists.] The American journal of sports medicine. 38. 2494-501. 10.1177/0363546510376816. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/ ...kly. A 20110 study found that a significant difference existed between self-reported km cycled per week and LBP in recreational cyclists. Those cyclists

...sis to explain carpal biomechanics.] J Hand Surg Eur Vol. 2021 Jan;46(1):97-102. </ref> This article discusses the key anatomical structures of the wris ...: adventitious, subcutaneous, [[Synovial Fluid Analysis|synovial]], and sub-muscular.

...a good rehabilitation program incorporating stretches, strengthening and co-ordination and postural training. ...the neck ache may start to involve associated tendons, ligaments, muscles, bones and even nerves. These can cause more severe symptoms. eg restricted ROM, c

...humeral fractures in adults]. Journal of Hand Therapy. 2017 Apr 1;30(2):158-66.</ref> [[File:X-ray of fracture of proximal humerus.jpeg|center|thumb]]

...ritis of the elbow.] Annals of the rheumatic diseases. 1989 Sep 1;48(9):743-7.</ref> ...A2.jpg|thumb|right|300px]]The elbow joint is a synovial hinge joint. Three bones are involved in the articulation of the joint: the distal end of the humeru

...It was developed by child neurologist [https://www.vojta.com/en/the-vojta-principle/profvvojta Prof. Vaclav Vojta] in the 20th century and now used pr ...rnational Vojta Society.[https://www.vojta.com/en/the-vojta-principle/vojta-therapy Vojta Therapy: Reflex Locomotion – The Fundamentals of Vojta Thera

...bchondral collapse which threatens the viability of the joint involved. Non-traumatic cases will typically present with mechanical pain of variable onse ...vascular necrosis Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w2ZOTDbEe-0 (last accessed 6.10.19)</ref>

...adiation Therapy] Available from:https://radiopaedia.org/articles/radiation-therapy (last accessed 25.8.2020)</ref> * Nearly two-thirds of all cancer patients will receive radiation therapy <ref name="Good

...Brussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universiteit Brussel Evidence-Based Practice Project]] ...Instability. Available from: https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1262004-overview (accessed 29 August 2020).</ref> It is an injury to the [[Glenohume

[[File:Normal-sacro-iliac-joints-ct.jpeg|right|frameless]] ...ed Clinical Tests of the Sacroiliac Joint. Physical Therapy. 1985; 65: 1671-1675fckLRLevel of evidence: C</ref>

'''Original Editor '''- [https://www.physio-pedia.com/User:Kaviesha_Madurapperuma Kaviesha Madurapperuma] ...antar fasciitis – An experimental study]. Indian J Phys Ther Res 2019;1:105-9</ref> This treatment helps to activate and balance the normal physiologica

...''Original Editor '''- [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/petra-zikmann/ Petra Zikmann] '''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributors/{{FU ...s.org/plosone/article%3Fid%3D10.1371/journal.pone.0195341&hl=en&sa=T&oi=gsb-ggp&ct=res&cd=0&d=2796894896251726475&ei=HLC5YKK_EJj0yATT4byYCg&scisig=AAGBf

...emol Yves|Demol Yves]] as part of the [[Vrije Universiteit Brussel Evidence-based Practice Project]] The below 4-minute video brings in the most relevant information

...iew. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2009;10:77.</ref> According to research, one-fifth of all people experience thoracic spine pain in their lifetime.<ref na ...ere are four types of bursae: adventitious, subcutaneous, synovial, and sub-muscular.

...=":1">Reese NB, Bandy WD. Joint Range of Motion and Muscle Length Testing-E-book. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2016 Mar 31.</ref> ROM is the arc of motion ...":2">Magee D. Orthopaedic Physical Assessment WB Saunders. pg. 2002;478:483-631.</ref>

...dial artery.<ref name=":0">https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/radial-artery</ref> ...ulnar artery in the hand. <ref name=":2">Richard M. M; Zachary G.Anatomy, Shoulder and Upper Limb, Forearm Radial Artery. InStatPearls [Internet] August 15, 2

...to the facet joints between cervical 2 and 7 vertebrae. They are mid to end-range facet [[Manual Techniques for the Cervicothoracic Spine|joint mobiliza ...raded according to the tolerance of the patient. They should always be pain-free for the patients. If these are painful despite applying correctly, then

...ted congenital contracture (e.g. clubfoot).<ref name="Hall" /> AMC is a non-progressive condition of unknown cause that is diagnosed at birth.[[Image:AM ...ilable from: http://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/arthrogryposis-multiplex-congenita/ ( accessed 10 April 2016)</ref>

...ing drawn to this sport with a parallel increase in the occurrence of sport-related injuries on both the natural rock and artificial walls. It emphasize ...ents, and prevention is important to diagnose, manage, and counsel the rock-climbing athlete.

...Meeuwisse W, editors. [https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=cZ4oKcd-WO0C&oi=fnd&pg=PT14&dq=Bahr,+R.,+Mccrory,+P.,+LaPrade,+R.F.,+Meeuwisse,+W.H. ...uz/web/kitoblar/152371748.pdf Clinical Sports Medicine]. North Ryde: McGraw-Hill; 2012.</ref>) ===

...l and Radiographic Results. J Pediatr Orthop.  Vol 35(2), March 2015, p 115-120</ref>. ...and forearm axis: surgeons' perspective. J Hand Ther. 1999 Apr-Jun;12(2):75-84. PMID: 10365694.</ref>.