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...ity]]. When performed correctly, a bridge exercise can help promote better posture, ...xercise on Different Support Surfaces on the Transverse Abdominis. Journal of Physical Therapy Sciences, 2013; 25:1343–1346.</ref>

...pii/S0301211517302063 Vaginal wind: A literature review.] European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology. 2017 Jul 1;214:97-103.</r ...:487-92.</ref>This condition majorly affects the [[Quality of Life|Quality of life]] as it results in shame, sexual dysfunction(in severe cases), and eve

...:Laura Ritchie|Laura Ritchie]], posting on behalf of Lily Xiong, MPT Class of 2021 at [http://www.uwo.ca/fhs/pt/ Western University], project for PT9585. ...d structure that extends from the pubic bone to the tailbone. See [[Pelvic Floor Anatomy]]. It provides several key functions, which can be summarised by th

...ility. 2006 Jul;18(7):507-19.</ref>The pelvic floor supports abdominal and pelvic viscera, maintains bowel and bladder continence, and functions in voiding, [[File:Pelvic Floor Functions.png|thumb|500x500px|Functions of the Pelvic Floor ]]

...he severity of disease, it has a significant impact on a patient’s quality of life.<ref name=":0">Shah R, Herrero JA. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books The International Continence Society provides the following definitions of bowel incontinence:<ref>The International Continence Society. Glossary. Ava

...the lumbar spine associated with low back pain: a motor control evaluation of transversus abdominis. Spine. 1996 Nov 15;21(22):2640-50.</ref> showed that ...ut R. The immediate effect of the abdominal drawing-in manoeuver technique on stature change in seated sedentary workers with chronic low back pain. Ergo

...|abdominal muscle]]<nowiki/>s. The curl up exercise works on the endurance of the abdominals, important in [[Lumbar|back]] support and [[Core Stability|c ...movement. Research has shown that in a full sit up the hip flexors do most of the work<ref name=":3">AZ central What Does the Curl Ups Test Measure?Avail

[See also [[Pregnancy Related Pelvic Pain|Pregnancy Related Pelvic Pain]]] [See also [[Chronic_Pelvic_Pain_Syndrome_-_Male|Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome - Male]]]

...bar Multifidus|multifidus muscle]] is from the deep [[Back Muscles|muscles of the back]] that together with the semispinalis and rotatores form the [[tra ...attach medially in the spinous process, filling the groove on either side of the spinous process.<ref name=":0">Drake R, Vogl AW, Mitchell AW. Gray's An

The [[Core Muscles|core]] is the centre of our body and it functions to stabilize the trunk while the arms and legs mo ...m of muscles that make up the torso (on the front, the sides, and the back of the body).

...itorbox"> '''Original Editor '''- [[User:Carin Hunter|Carin Hunter]] based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/rina-pandya/ R ...diaphragm responds via a feedforward control system to voluntary movements of the limbs.<ref name=":3" /> The diaphragm role in trunk stability occurs si

...lsey Walker|Chelsey Walker]], [[User:Katie Schwarz|Katie Schwarz]] as part of the [[Texas State University Evidence-based Practice Project|Texas State Un Low back pain (LBP) is a condition of localized pain to the lumbar spine with or without symptoms to the distal e

'''Original Editor '''- [[User:Naomi O'Reilly|Naomi O'Reilly]] based on the course by [[Diana Blaney|Diana Blaney]] ...cial when selecting interventions for clients with a history of trauma and pelvic pain. Certain integrative strategies can be used to help manage pain and fe

...had perfectly developed his musculature and was asked to pose for pictures of anatomical charts. ...lar between well-known dancers who wanted to become more aware of the sage of mind to control muscles and who needed help with proper training, recovery

[[File:1115 Muscles of the Pelvic Floor.jpg|thumb]] ...e pelvic floor: etiology, mechanisms, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment]. Pelvic Pain: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments. 2012.</ref>

...ime%20from%20ovulation,variability%20of%20time%20of%20ovulation. '''Length of human pregnancy and contributors to its natural variation'''.] Human Reprod ...ate a foetus during both pregnancy and delivery<ref>Sapsford R. The pelvic floor and its related organs. In WB Saunders Women's Health: a textbook for Physi

...nt relaxation and increased joint mobility seen in pregnancy. The severity of symptoms varies from mild discomfort to severely debilitating pain.<br> ...lvic Girdle Pain|pelvic girdle pain]], pelvic relaxation syndrome and most of all symphysis pubis dysfunction.<ref name=":0" /><br>

...<ref>Jamieson,D, and Steege, J:The prevalence of dysmenorrhea,dyspareunia, pelvic pain and irritable bowel syndrome in primary care practices.Obstet Gynecol .... However, the condition of the mother and the fetus determines which type of incision will be used.

There are a number of common [[Posture|postural]] changes that can affect an individual's function, [[Pain Behavio * [[File:Bigstock Image - Kyphotic Posture - ID 404862158.jpg|thumb|Figure 1. Thoracic kyphosis. ]][[Thoracic Hyperkyp

...y and the removal of carbon dioxide. It is essential in the metabolisation of energy.<ref name=":1">Clifton-Smith T. How We Breathe Course. Plus. 2020. < ...th. 2022 Mar 21;19(6):3728</ref> Van Dixhoorn summarises the key functions of breathing as follows:<ref name=":0" />

[[File:Posture types (vertebral column).jpg|right|frameless|400x400px]] ...Back Posture|sway back posture]] second from the left] represents a faulty posture that differs from the good one by the following:

...j11Oclg Lumbar interbody fusion] : techniques , indications and comparison of interbody fusion options including PLIF , TLIF , MI-TLIF , OLIF / ATP , LLI ...ntervertebral space after discectomy<ref name=":1" /> and successful union of two or more [[Lumbar Vertebrae|vertebra]]<ref name=":0" />.

...all vital components previously covered.<ref>Vermani E, Mittal R, Weeks A. Pelvic girdle pain and low back pain in pregnancy: a review. Pain Practice. 2010 J == Use of a Sacroiliac Belt ==

'''Original Editors''' - [[User:Jon Ford|Jon Ford]] as part of the [[STOPS Project]]. ...ontrol exercise for chronic non‐specific low‐back pain]. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2016(1). Available:https://www.cochrane.org/CD012004/BA

...Dyssynergic defecation and biofeedback therapy]. Gastroenterology Clinics of North America. 2008 Sep 1;37(3):569-86.</ref> ...ment of a target biomedical variable and relaying it to the user using one of two strategies;

...ect]]. This space was created by and for the students at Arkansas Colleges of Health Education School in the United States. Please do not edit unless you ...ottir, K. (2010). The influence of different sitting postures on head/neck posture and muscle activity. Manual Therapy, 15(1), 54-60</ref>

...nce, reliability, and validity of the measuring methods, the effect of LLD on function, and its role in various neuromusculoskeletal conditions<ref name= ===Classification of Leg Length Discrepancy===

...y of Complex Patient Problems|Bellarmine University's&nbsp;Pathophysiology of Complex Patient Problems project.]] Interstitial cystitis is defined by its characteristics due to lack of a standardized diagnostic criteria globally. Both the definition and the di

...as a means of stress management and exercise. Tai chi consists of a series of slow, controlled movements or postures, in a seated or standing position.<r Tai chi is low impact and puts minimal stress on muscles and joints thus it is ideal for all ages and fitness levels. Tai ch

'''Original Editor ''' - [[User:Maxime Tuerlinckx|Maxime Tuerlinckx]] as part of the [[Vrije Universiteit Brussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Univ ...godynia: evaluation and management]. JAAOS-Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. 2004 Jan 1;12(1):49-54.

...l14No4/13.pdf Changes of kinematic gait parameters due to pregnancy.] Acta of bioengineering and biomechanics [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2021 Nov 25];14(4). ...in Gait with Anteriorly Added Mass: A Pregnancy Simulation Study.] Journal of Applied Biomechanics [Internet]. 2016 Aug [cited 2021 Nov 21];32(4):379–8

...rologic, toxic/metabolic or intestinal disorders. This overview will focus on Functional Constipation (FC), which is more common and involves reasons bey ...r week for a minimum of 1 month with insufficient criteria for a diagnosis of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)<ref name=":0">Hyams JS, Di Lorenzo C, Saps M

...> '''Original Editor '''- [[User:Chanelle Casals|Chanelle Casals]] as part of the [[Nottingham University Spinal Rehabilitation Project]]<br> '''Top Cont [[File:Sagittal section of the lumbar spine Primal.png|thumb|Lumbar Spine]]

...sanna Massie|Rosanna Massie]] and [[User:Laura Dales|Laura Dales]] as part of the [[Nottingham University Spinal Rehabilitation Project]] .../2020]</ref>. The study of ergonomics can be divided into three main areas of research:

...linea alba with abnormal widening of the gap between the two medial sides of the rectus [[Abdominal Muscles|abdominis muscle]] (increased inter-recti di ...e [[Pubic Symphysis Dysfunction|pubic symphysis]], and widest at the level of the umbilicus).<ref name=":22">Radiopedia [https://radiopaedia.org/articles

...his page, as well as common conditions during pregnancy and the importance of exercise during pregnancy. ...Orthopaedic Section of the American Physical Therapy Association]. Journal of Women's Health Physical Therapy. 2017 May 1;41(2):102-25.</ref>

...onditions and Inheritance|Hereditary]] spastic paraplegia (HSP) is a group of inherited neurodegenerative disorders characterized by [[spasticity]] and w ...apyramidal disturbance, and peripheral neuropathy<ref name=":1" />. Causes of additional symptoms are yet to be identified<ref name=":1" />.

...natal exercises aim at improving the physical and psychological well-being of an expected mother for [[Labour|labor]] and preventing pregnancy-induced pa ...ise helps to overcome these changes and improves the mood and energy level of the mother. Healthy pregnant women should exercise for at least 150 min per

...stability; Journal of Back and Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation; 2012 (Level of evidence 1B)</ref> ...muscle strength can itself contribute to low back pain even in the absence of degeneration.<ref>Studnicka K, Ampat G. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books

...d manage the symptoms that occur with dysfunctional breathing. The science of breathing can essentially be broken down into three subcategories: * The mechanics of breathing well (ie biomechanics)

== Overview of Running Injuries == ...f><ref>Francis P, Whatman C, Sheerin K, Hume P, Johnson MI. The Proportion of Lower Limb Running Injuries by Gender, Anatomical Location and Specific Pat

...Giakas G, Bland M. Reliability of measurement of tempo-spatial parameters of gait after stroke using GaitMat II. Clin Rehabil. 2004;18(2):222-227.</ref> ...ELBS, 1986. p243.</ref><ref name=":3">Castro WH. Examination and diagnosis of musculoskeletal disorders: Clinical Examination - Imaging Modalities. Thiem

...itorbox"> '''Original Editor '''- [[User:Carin Hunter|Carin Hunter]] based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/donna-fisher/ ...est functional level. Thus, the device should encourage maximal compliance of use and provide assistance for the patient to achieve their highest functio

...joints]] (also termed zygapophyseal joints) of the spine become a source of [[Pain Behaviours|pain]]. ...isease process (its prevalence increasing with age) and is a common source of disability with significant economic impact.

...nal wall (anterior view)|right|frameless|600x600px|Overview of the muscles of the abdominal wall (anterior view)]] ...he [[Thoracic Anatomy|thorax]] and [[pelvis]]. An abdominal wall is formed of [[skin]], [[fascia]], and muscle and encases the abdominal cavity and visce

...r far vision, he said that his doctor told him that he has glucoma and was on medication for that as well. He was referred to our rehabilitation center a ...-affected limb, atrophied quadriceps of the non-affected limb, pelvic drop on the non-affected side, dark coloration around the stump.

...Spondylitis Patient Global Score (BAS-G). All indices produce a score out of 10, giving a clear numerical outcome each time the indices are used. Also, ...of the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index (BASFI). Journal of Rheumatology. 1994;Vol 21:2281-5</ref>.

...cation of Functioning, Disability, and Health from the Orthopaedic Section of the American Physical Therapy Association<br> ...cation of Functioning, Disability, and Health from the Orthopaedic Section of the American Physical Therapy Association. J Orhtop Sports Phys Ther. 2012;

...itorbox"> '''Original Editor '''- [[User:Carin Hunter|Carin Hunter]] based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/rina-pandya/ R ...gm in detail and how mechanical ventilation affects it. It offers examples of breathing exercises and applying breathing to aid with functional activitie

...ss="editorbox"> '''Original Editor '''- [[User:Jess Bell|Jess Bell]] based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/tanya-bell-jen ...n [[Spinal Masqueraders|masquerade]] as musculoskeletal thoracic pain. All of these conditions must be considered when assessing patients who have thorac

Human gait depends on a complex interplay of major parts of the [[Introduction to Neuroanatomy|nervous]], musculoskeletal and [[Cardiop ...[[Older People Introduction|older adult]]<nowiki/>s is a sensitive marker of general health and survival.

...case–control study”, European Spine Journal, 2009, 18.7: 1066-1073. (level of evidence: 3B)</ref> ...first two ribs are the sternocleidomastoids and the scalenes. The muscles of the diaphragm are also directly connected to the spine.

== Definition of Labour == ...London. 2008.</ref> Labour typically occurs between the 37th and 42nd week of gestation and can be classified into three stages.<ref name=":1">Stables D,

...x"> '''Original Editor '''- [[User:Ewa Jaraczewska|Ewa Jaraczewska]] based on course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/instructor/rina-pandya/ Rina Pa [[File:Ilustration of the muscles. jpeg.jpeg|thumb|alt=|335x335px]]

...(iliopsoas and spinal extensors) that connect the dorsal and ventral sides of the body <ref>Sahu, P. and Phansopkar, P. (2021) Screening for lower cross ...his imbalance results in an anterior tilt of the pelvis, increased flexion of the hips, and a compensatory hyper lordosis in the lumbar spine<ref>Physiop

...|Ben David]], and [[User:Michael Coccimiglio|Michael Coccimiglio]] as part of the [[Queen's University Neuromotor Function Project]] <br> ...d  based on improved mobility, functional capabilities and overall quality of life. Upon discharge, Mr. L was still encouraged to seek physiotherapy care

...itorbox"> '''Original Editor '''- [[User:Carin Hunter|Carin Hunter]] based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/michelle-green ...heir time in extreme positions, especially plantarflexion and dorsiflexion of their ankle. If professionals (therapists, coaches, dancers etc) do not und

...derstanding of the lumbar spine evaluation. This page provides an overview of this evaluation and includes links for more information. ...formulate hypothetical diagnoses about the potential pathoanatomical cause of pain:<ref name=":2">Cunningham S. Lumbar Spine Evaluation Course. Plus, 202

...Complex Patient Problems|from Bellarmine University's&nbsp;Pathophysiology of Complex Patient Problems project.]] ...of radiation therapy employed depends on the disease and the specific type of cancer being treated.

...for 195 countries, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. The Lancet. 2017 Sep 16;390(10100):1211-59.</ref> ...ues are injured, the nerves in the back (which have sensors) send messages of pain to the brain. The brain, very much like a processor in a computer, tak

...orbox"> '''Original Editor '''- [[User:Lewis Crouch|Lewis Crouch]] as part of the [[Nottingham University Spinal Rehabilitation Project]]<br> ...s and Trauma. 2021 Oct 1;21:101535.</ref>. Spondylolysis is a common cause of [[Low Back Pain|low back pain.]]

...on the degree of slippage (Meyerding Classification) of one vertebral body on the adjacent vertebral body.<ref name=":1">Tenny S, Gillis CC. [https://www '''Spondylolisthesis''', regardless of the type, is mostly common preceded by [[spondylolysis]]. This pathology in

...ia.com/Thoracic_Anatomy T4-T5 segment]. Janda noted that these focal areas of stress within the spine correspond to transitional zones in which neighbori ...ation<ref name=":1">Page P, Frank CC, Lardner R. Assessment and treatment of muscle imbalance: The Janda Approach 2010, Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.</

...running cycle, eccentric contraction of the tensor fascia latae muscle and of the gluteus maximus causes the leg to decelerate, generating tension (compr ...etween the Gerdy tubercle and the lateral femoral epicondyle, this absence of attachment allows it to move anteriorly and posteriorly with knee flexion a

...lonza from [https://www.cvt.org The Center for Victims of Torture] as part of the [[PREP Content Development Project|PREP Content Development Project]] ...nally displaced people. Turkey is currently the host of the largest number of displaced persons globally, hosting more than 3.8 million people.<ref>Unite

...n|Stacey Cameron]], and [[User:Gabrielle Broome|Gabrielle Broome]] as part of the [[Nottingham University Spinal Rehabilitation Project]]<br> ...as a secondary disability in persons with lower limb amputations. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2001;82:731–734. http://dx.doi.org/1

...O'Reilly|Claire O'Reilly]] and [[User:Karen Wilson|Karen Wilson]] as part of the [[PREP Content Development Project|PREP Content Development Project]] ...his population, it's imperative that rehabilitation professionals be aware of and address special considerations for patient care.

...Insufficiency_Fracture insufficiency fractures], caused by normal stresses on abnormal bone, often indicating [[Introduction to Frailty|frailty]]. == Classification of Vertebral Fractures ==

...editorbox"> '''Original Editor '''- [[User:Diana Yang|Diana Yang]] as part of the [[Nottingham University Spinal Rehabilitation Project]]<br> ...cers and Predictors of Sciatica and Low Back Pain. ''International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health''. 18(9). </ref><ref name=":7" />.

...riya Arora|Anupriya Arora]], [[User:Alanna Pachal|Alanna Pachal]] as part of the [[Queen's University Neuromotor Function Project]] ...old university student Breydon King, who was diagnosed with DMD at the age of five, and is being referred to physiotherapy to address current problems.

...rt of the [[Nottingham University Spinal Rehabilitation Project|University of Nottingham Spinal Rehabilitation Project]] .../span><ref>Croft PR, Macfarlane GJ, Papageorgiou AC, et al. (1998) Outcome of low back pain in general practice: a prospective study. BMJ. 316 pp. 1356 �

...[User:Colby Boers|Colby Boers]], &[[User:Lisa Pernet|Lisa Pernet]] as part of the [[Vrije Universiteit Brussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Univ ...nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3631950/ Pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of discogenic low back pain]. World J Orthop. 2013 April 18; 4(2): 42-52 </ref

...r:Lynda Bend|Lynda Bend]] and [[User:Hin Ying Chan|Hin Ying Chan]] as part of the [[Nottingham University Spinal Rehabilitation Project]]<br> ...eb;21(1):77-91.</ref> There are significant differences between the nature of LBP in adults and young athletes <ref name="Micheli and Wood 1995">El-Sayed

'''Original Editor '''- [[User:Ewa Jaraczewska|Ewa Jaraczewska]] based on the course by [[User:Eena Kapoor|Eena Kapoor]] ...hanges in its cells, tissues, and organs, which can impact the functioning of all body systems. Everyone ages differently, and healthcare providers must

...chmunk et al (2020).png|thumb|375x375px|Deshmukh et al (2022) - Prevalence of breathing dysfunction in musculoskeletal complaints]] ...in presented with a dysfunctional breathing pattern. Individuals with poor posture (Lewitt, 1980), scapular dyskinesis (Clifton-Smith & Rowley, 2011), low bac

...itors '''- [[User:Kirianne Vander Velden|Kirianne Vander Velden]] as part of the [[Vrije Universiteit Brussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Univ ...ome.] Journal of Hip Preservation Surgery. 2018;5(3):296–300.</ref>; tears of the gluteus medius or minimus tendons<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":2" /><ref

...ict zone or a safe third country, the multiple and complex health problems of displaced persons are becoming a big challenge for healthcare workers.  ...pain as a correlate of previous exposure to torture. Scandinavian journal of public health. 2006 Oct;34(5):496-503.</ref>

'''Original Editor '''- [[User:Els Van Haver|Els Van Haver]]as part of the [[Vrije Universiteit Brussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Univ ...rior and posterior views|right|frameless|600x600px|Overview of the muscles of the hip and thigh - anterior and posterior views]]

...uscle weakness develops gradually, usually becomes evident between the age of three and five years and functional level is maintained between three and s ...st common type, is one of more than 20 muscular dystrophies. The incidence of DMD globally is every 1/3500 male births<ref name="Yiu and Kornberg">Yiu E,

'''Original Editor '''- [[User: Sierra Dowling|Sierra Dowling]] as part of the [[Queen's University Neuromotor Function Project]] '''Top Contributors' ...articipation in meaningful activities. The patient will come for treatment on a regular basis and outcome measures will be reassessed as appropriate. As

...ox"> '''Original Editor '''- [[User:Fauve simoens|Fauve simoens]] as part of the [[Vrije Universiteit Brussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Univ ...leus pulposus is displaced from intervertebral space. It is a common cause of back pain. The patient's who experience pain related to a herniated disc of

...Kevin Campion|Kevin Campion]], [[User:Aarti Sareen|Aarti Sareen]] as part of the [[Vrije Universiteit Brussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Univ ...igament: Physiology, rupture and reconstruction techniques]. World journal of orthopedics. 2016 Feb 18;7(2):82.</ref>.