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[[File:Knee flex.jpeg|thumb|Knee Flexion]] ...le in everyday movements, eg [[Running Biomechanics|running]], [[Walking - Muscles Used|walking]].

...icial muscles of the knee posterior aspect Primal.png|thumb|Muscles of the knee (posterior)]] ...[[Outcome Measures|objective assessment]] and is an important component of the physical exam that can reveal information about neurologic deficits. It is

[[File:Knee extension.gif|thumb|200x200px|Knee extension/flexion]] ...al role in human movement. The one agonist muscle that extends the knee is the massive [[Quadriceps Muscle|quadriceps]].

...n the copyright on these images and request that they are not used outside of Physiopedia without special permission. To use the pictures:

...mainly used to analyse the patient's [[gait]] and assess the condition of the joints and bones. Knee flexion

...rform a maximal provocation on the muscle-tendon mechanism of the extensor muscles ([[Quadriceps Muscle|Quadriceps femoris]]). * Is a [[Muscle Strength Testing|manual muscle test]] for strengths of grade 3 to 5, not applicable for lesser grade.

...[https://europepmc.org/abstract/med/28417049 Morphometric study of tensor of vastus intermedius in South Indian population.] Anatomy & cell biology. 201 ...the upper two-thirds of anterior and lateral surfaces of the [[femur]] and the intermuscular septum<ref name=":0" />.

== Muscles Involved: == ...°, Ideally the foot should be suspended off the floor i.e. sitting on edge of high plinth

...on|achilles]] tendon contracture by evaluating ankle dorsiflexion with the knee extended and then flexed<ref>DiGiovanni CW, Kuo R, Tejwani N, et al: Isolat ...degrees. The test is considered positive when DF at the AJ is greater with knee flexed than extended.

== Muscles Involved: == * Grades 3-5 - Test in standing on test leg, knee extended, patient can hold stable object such as a table or bench for balan

...) is excised and replaced by a endoprosthesis incorporating a hinged total knee replacement.<br> The most common indication is a bone tumour located in the distal femur.

...the thigh/lower extremity closer to the body's central axis. Additionally, the Pectineus muscle, while not a primary hip adductor, assists in this movemen ...clelibrary/viewarticle/24169/ . Anatomy, bony pelvis and lower limb, thigh muscles].Available:https://www.statpearls.com/articlelibrary/viewarticle/24169/ (ac

== Muscles Involved: == * Therapist to kneel beside the patient and stabilise the femur on the test-side

...muscles which predominantly act to flex the knee. Hamstrings consist of 3 muscles; ...thin the muscle belly, facilitate transmission and dissipate forces across the MTJ while muscle contraction and relaxation.<ref name=":0">Linklater JM, Ha

== Muscles Involved: == * Provide stabilization at the pelvis in side lying

[[File:Popliteal_picture.jpg|thumb|Popliteal fossa of R leg|center]] The Popliteal Fossa is a diamond-shaped space behind the [[knee]] joint<ref name=":1">Chummy SS, editor. Last's Anatomy. Twelfth Edition. E

...into the quadriceps femoris tendon, which inserts into the upper border of the [[patella]].<ref name=":0">Anatomy.tv | 3D Human Anatomy | Primal Pictures ...nterior view image - © Kenhub https://www.kenhub.com/en/study/main-muscles-of-lower-limb</ref>

...mainly used to analyse the patient's [[gait]] and assess the condition of the joints and bones.<ref name=":0" /> Client lying [[Cardinal Planes and Axes of Movement|supine]].

...weight bearing]] and stability of [[Gait|gait.]] An essential component of the lower [[Closed Chain Exercise|kinetic chain]]. ...hip]] and [[:Category:Knee - Muscles|knee]] that contribute to [[Walking - Muscles Used|walking]] and other propulsive movements.<ref name="Moore">Moore KL, A

[[File:Muscles of the thigh posterior compartment Primal.png|thumb|Muscles of the thigh posterior compartment]] ...[[Outcome Measures|objective assessment]] and is an important component of the physical exam that can reveal information about strength and or neurologic

== Muscles Involved: == ...°, Ideally the foot should be suspended off the floor i.e. sitting on edge of high plinth

...ll as strength and stability. They provide power for and absorb the impact of daily activities such as walking, running, and jumping. ...nterior view image - © Kenhub https://www.kenhub.com/en/study/main-muscles-of-lower-limb</ref>

The gracilis is a spiral unipennate [[muscle]] in the [[Hip Adductors|medial thigh compartment]]. The gracilis:

...ently under review and may not be up to date. Please come back soon to see the finished work! ({{REVISIONDAY}}/{{REVISIONMONTH}}/{{REVISIONYEAR}}) ...uscles|gluteal]] and [[Abdominal Muscles|abdominal]] muscles to avoid from the pain getting worse. <ref name=":0">Dydyk AM, Sapra A. Williams Back Exercis

...stus medialis and vastus medialis oblique in healthy individuals]. Journal of Applied Physiology. 2018 Jun 1;124(6):1438-46.</ref> ...r-11-AC01.pdf Variation in morphometry of vastus medialis muscle]. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research: JCDR. 2017 Sep;11(9):AC01.</ref>

...extension test to measure hamstring muscle tightness. Scandinavian journal of medicine &amp; science in sports. 1997 Oct 1;7(5):279-82.</ref> ...ive knee extension test in acute hamstring injuries.] The American journal of sports medicine. 2013 Aug;41(8):1757-61.Available:https://journals.sagepub.

...ritical mechanism that play an important role in terminal extension of the knee. * There is an observable rotation of the knee during flexion and extension.

...ble:https://musculoskeletalkey.com/deep-dry-needling-of-the-hip-and-pelvic-muscles/ (accessed 28.12.2021)</ref> The ITB runs along the lateral thigh and serves as an important structure involved in lower extrem

...pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35155104/ Isolated Meniscotibial Ligament Rupture: The Medial Meniscus "Belt Lesion".] Arthrosc Tech. 2022 Jan 13;11(2):e133-e138. The coronary ligaments support rotational stability of the knee and prevent anterior [[Tibia|tibial]] translation<ref>Feger J, Knipe H, Kni

...cation/266321321_Anatomy_of_the_Triceps_Surae_A_Pictorial_Essay Anatomy of the triceps surae: a pictorial essay]. Foot and ankle clinics. 2014 Dec 1;19(4) ...ee|knee joint]], while the soleus plays part in maintaining stability when the body is standing <ref name=":2" />.

...scle a [[Hip Adductors|hip adductor muscle]], in the medial compartment of the thigh. # Immediately deep to the [[Pectineus Muscle|pectineus]] and [[Adductor Longus|adductor longus]].<ref

...een in hip, [[Flexion Deformity of the Knee|knee]] and [[Flexion Deformity of Elbow|elbow]] joint.[[File:Normal Posture Biomechanics.png|thumb|470x470px] ...hip flexion contractures with psoas recession through the middle window of the ilioinguinal approach. JBJS Essential Surgical Techniques. 2017 Sep 9;7(3).

...t a multistory building or apartment. The variation between the two modes of locomotion(level-ground locomotion and stair locomotion) may be significant ...r level-ground [[Walking - Muscles Used|walking]], it does not ensure that the patient will be able to walk up and down stairs.

...tion is used daily eg when we step to the side, get out of bed, get out of the car. We also use it in walking to stop unsupported leg from falling "into s The Hip abductor muscle group are located on the lateral thigh.

...bend. It is one of the three canonical powerlifting exercises, along with the squat and bench press. ...ailable:https://www.melbourneosteopathycentre.com.au/blog/training/what-is-the-posterior-chain/ (accessed 18.2.2022)</ref>

...itt J. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3445210/ Influence of the hip on patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome: a systematic review]. Sp ...ain Syndrome?] A Systematic Review With Meta-analysis. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine. 2021 Jul 28;9(7):23259671211017503.Available:https://journ

...plays a key role in muscle attachment and contributes to the stability of the [[Ankle Joint|ankle]] joint. ...se two bones are connected by the tibiofibular syndesmosis, which includes the interosseous membrane.<ref name=":0">Moore KL, Dalley AF, Agur AMR. Clinial

...ervated by single spinal nerve root. Myotome testing is an essential part of [[Neurological Assessment|neurological examination]] when suspecting [[radi ...es into dermatome, sclerotome and myotome|center|900x900px|Differentiation of somites into dermatome, sclerotome and myotome|thumb]]

...MS, Barja RH. The plantaris tendon graft: an ultrasound study. The Journal of hand surgery. 1991 Jul 1;16(4):708-11.</ref>. ...d of the gastrocnemius muscle and the soleus muscle in the middle third of the leg.

The purpose of this test is to detect the presence of patellofemoral joint disorder ([[Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome|patellofemora ...ly contract the quadriceps muscle. A positive sign on this test is pain in the patellofemoral joint<ref name="Baxter">Baxter R. Pocket Guide to Musculoske

...re muscle activation between a prone bridge and 6-RM back squats.] Journal of human kinetics. 2018 Jun;62:43. Available: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc ...nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4262933/ The back squat: A proposed assessment of functional deficits and technical factors that limit performance]. Strength

[[File:Hip flexors.png|alt=Hip muscles anterior aspect.|thumb|324x324px|Hip muscles anterior aspect.]] ...4.1.2022)</ref>. Every time you take a step, you are using your hip flexor muscles.

...f the thigh. The semitendinosus is so named due to it having a long tendon of insertion. ..., and is inserted into the upper part of the medial surface of the body of the tibia, nearly as far forward as its anterior crest.

...and passive insufficiency are functional states that occur in multi-joint muscles only. ...xtent at both joints, but also preventing the full [[Range of Motion|ROM]] of each joint it crosses.<ref name=":1">NFPT [https://www.nfpt.com/blog/unders

...Therapy and Manipulation of the Neck] from the Musculoskeletal Association of Chartered Physiotherapists (2014). ...tp://www.jospt.org/doi/pdf/10.2519/jospt.2012.0501 Neck Pain: Manipulation of Your Neck and Upper Back Leads to Quicker Recovery] from JOSPT Perspectives

[[File:Anatomy of Articularis genu muscle.png|alt=GOOGLE IMAGES|thumb|[https://en.wikipedia.o ...rmedius muscle and founded that it has an important mechanical role during knee movement.

[[File:Muscles of the thigh posterior compartment Primal.png|thumb|Muscles of the thigh posterior compartment|alt=]] ...direct.com/topics/neuroscience/hip-extensors Essentials of kinesiology for the physical therapist assistant] e-book. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2018 Oct 23

'''Original Editor '''- The [[Open Physio]] project ...plateau, the tibial tuberosity, the soleal line, the medial malleolus, and the fibular notch.

...d the 'long head' (superficial) and the 'short head' (deep). It is part of the [[hamstrings]].<ref name="anatomytv">Primal Pictures. Available from:http:/ *Long head: ischial tuberosity<ref name="Netter">Netter FH. Atlas of Human Anatomy. Philadelphia: Elsevier,2014</ref>

...related to cycling may also increase. But many common cycling injuries of the lower extremity are preventable. ...ttori & Daniel C. Norvell. Non-Traumatic Bicycle Injuries. A Review of the Literature. Sports Medicine volume 36, pages7–18(2006) Published: 27

...J, Scuderi GRVarus and Valgus Deformities. In: Lotke PA, Lonner JH, eds. ''Knee Arthroplasty, Masters Techniques in Orthopaedic Surgery.'' 3rd ed. Philadel The valgus deformity is resulted of anatomical variations : ''bone tissue remodeling'' and ''soft tissue contra

...ciatic Nerve|sciatic nerve]] which is composed of the posterior divisions of L4, 5, S1, 2. ...Longus|fibularis (peroneus) longus]], where it terminates by dividing into the superficial and deep fibular (peroneal) nerves.

[[Category:Muscles]] The Quadriceps femoris is the most voluminous [[muscle]] of the human body.<ref name=":0">Bordoni B, Varacallo M. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih

...s muscle is superficial, can be easily seen and can be touched on the back of your lower leg.<ref>Gastrocnemius Muscle: Anatomy, Function, and Conditions The two heads are located from the medial and lateral condyles of the [[femur]].

...r limb provocation test to evaluate the impact of the piriformis muscle on the sciatic nerve.&nbsp; ...hip joint. The piriformis muscle is innervated by the direct branches from the sacral plexus (L5-S2).&nbsp;

...enic muscle inhibition: a limiting factor in joint rehabilitation. Journal of sport rehabilitation. 2000 May 1;9(2):135-59.</ref> ...he motoneuron pool of joint musculature, thus, the contractions created by the motoneuron pool decrease. <ref name=":0" />

...64/ Biometrics of pyramidalis muscle and its clinical importance.] Journal of clinical and diagnostic research: JCDR. 2017 Feb;11(2):AC05.Available: http ...w.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3531545/ Architecture and fiber type of the pyramidalis muscle]. Anatomical science international. 2008 Dec;83(4):294-7

...t of the thigh and is the only muscle in the quadriceps group that crosses the hip<ref name=":0">Drake, RL, Vogl, W, Mitchell, AW, Gray, H. Gray's anatomy ...[[Vastus Intermedius|vastus intermedius]] muscle and superior-medial part of [[Vastus Lateralis|Vastus lateralis]] and [[Vastus Medialis|Vastus medialis

'''Original Editor '''- [[User:Wanda van Niekerk|Wanda van Niekerk]] based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/instructor/alexandra-kopelovich ...nd there is movement at the joint, whereas during an eccentric contraction the muscle lengthens while producing force.

...opathy|gluteal]] muscle groups, and the [[Hip Examination|hip]] stabilizer muscles<ref name=":0">Top end sports [https://www.topendsports.com/testing/tests/sq ...lm.nih.gov/25111946/ Single leg squat test and its relationship to dynamic knee valgus and injury risk screening.] Pm&r. 2015 Mar 1;7(3):229-35.Available:h

...s their body when standing, sitting or position it in a way appropriate to the movement that is desirable kneeling, lying or for a specific work. ...r. The Principles of Exercise Therapy, fourth edition, revised by teachers of London Hospital, Published in India by arrangement with Baillier Tindall, l

[[Amputations|Bilateral Below Knee Amputation]] due to Diabetic Complications&nbsp; ...tation seven years later. The patient was then fitted with bilateral below knee prosthesis and was given training at a rehab hospital. Upon his discharge,

The bench press exercise has long been utilized as an exercise to increase uppe File:Bench chest.jpg|Touching the chest

...sp;It is considered being a red flag and requires returning the patient to the physician for further investigation<ref name="kesson" /><sup><ref name="cyr == Purpose of Testing<br> ==

...lebells: Powerful, effective exercise and rehabilitation tools. Journal of the American Chiropractic Association. 2011 Nov 1:7-11.</ref>. ...ING%20MOBILITY%20AND%20STRENGTH.pdf Training Mobility and Strength through the Turkish Get-Up].</ref>

...Medial Collateral Ligament of the Knee|Medial Collateral Ligament]] and to the [[Tibia]] . ...itendinosus and semimembranosus together form the upper medial boundary of the popliteal fossa.<ref name=":1" />

...eoarthritis: a case series drawn from a registered clinical trial. Journal of Athletic Training. 2017 Jun;52(6):592-605. Available: https://www.ncbi.nlm. ...enmark for people with [[Hip Osteoarthritis|hip]] or [[Knee Osteoarthritis|knee osteoarthritis]] (OA) symptoms.

'''Original Editor '''- [[User:Merinda Rodseth|Merinda Rodseth]] based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/bhanu-ramaswamy/ B Dr Ramaswamy’s analysis of Maureen’s gait can be seen in the table below.

'''Original Editors ''' - [[User:Melissa Decoen|Melissa Decoen]] as part of the [[Vrije Universiteit Brussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universi ...ral corner of the knee such as [[Lateral Collateral Ligament Injury of the Knee|lateral collateral ligament injury]][[Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) Reco

...e injuries however much of the evidence is contradictory. Taping is one of the adjunct treatments that we as physiotherapists might use with our patients ...l Agents for Lower-Limb Soft Tissue Injuries: A Systematic Review. Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy. 2016 Jun 6(0):1-01.</ref>.<br>

...rea of tenderness to the distal semimembranosus tendon or its insertion on the medial proximal tibia.<ref name=":0" /> ...bursa under the tendon to smooth the movement of the tendons. It is often the bursa that will be ignited by excessive friction.

...uscles group. Multifidusi lies deep to the semispinalis and superficial to the rotatores.  ...tach medially in the spinous process, filling the groove on either side of the spinous process.<ref name=":0">Drake R, Vogl AW, Mitchell AW. Gray's Anatom

...en you walk, loss of range of movement and a feeling of instability in the knee. The content on or accessible through Physiopedia is for [http://www.physio-pedi

...Wood, "[https://www.topendsports.com/testing/tests/girths.htm Measurements of Body Girths]." Topend Sports Website, 2008, [last accessed 05/11/2020]</ref * The calculations can easily be performed.

...y Morrison]] as part of the [[Arkansas Colleges of Health Education School of Physical Therapy Musculoskeletal 1 Project]]</div> ...1">Florence Peterson Kendall, McCreary E, Provance P, Rodgers M, Romani W. Muscles : Testing and Function with Posture and Pain. 5th ed. Baltimore, Md: Lippin

...'''Original Editor '''- [[User:Robin Tacchetti|Robin Tacchetti]] based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/krista-eskay/ Kris ...w. It can adapt to the demands, or lack of demands, that are placed on it. The major load on bone comes from muscle forces. When muscle pull is altered du

...ging exercise (supine) is an exercise which increases muscular strength of the [[Hip Extensors|hip extensors]] and promotes [[Spinal Stabilization|trunk s ...xercise on Different Support Surfaces on the Transverse Abdominis. Journal of Physical Therapy Sciences, 2013; 25:1343–1346.</ref>

...pain: evolution of a classification approach to physical therapy. Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy 2007; 37 (6), 290–302.</ref>. ...y 2007; 12 (2),181–191.</ref><ref name=":1" />.Changes in the alignment of the lumbar spine have been noted in subjects with flexion-related lumbar pain<r

...Feigl G, Koch H, Haas, FM, Justich I, Scharnagl E. The vascular anatomy of the tensor fasciae latae perforator flap. Plastic Reconstructive Surgery: 2009; ...luteus medius,]] and [[Gluteus Minimus|gluteus minimus]] in a wide variety of [[Hip Anatomy|hip]] movements, including flexion, abduction, and internal r

'''Original Editors''' - [[User:Linske Loyez|Linske Loyez]] as part of the [[Vrije Universiteit Brussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universi ...complete tear of the tendon that runs from the patella's inferior pole to the tibial tubercle.<ref name=":1">Hsu H, Siwiec RM. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.

...orphological muscle and joint  parameters for musculoskeletal modelling of the lower extremity. Clin Biomech, 22: 239–247.</ref> ...anterior curve joins with the tendon of the Gracilis and Semitendinosus in the pes anserinus before its final insertion.<ref name=":0" />

'''Original Editor '''- Your name will be added here if you created the original content for this page. == Cyclist's Knee - Relevant Anatomy ==

...f the femoral shaft are uncommon and mostly occur at the proximal third of the femur<ref>Boden BP, Speer KP. [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/articl ...[[Femur]] is the longest bone in the body and extends from the hip to the knee.

...ommonly known as (also Gonalgia Paresthetica ) is a chronic irritation of the saphenous nerve. ...n many cases on the anterior side of the knee or on the medial side of the knee.

...eter is set up or held by the therapist to derive an objective measurement of force. ...n RW. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3340656/ Make tests and break tests of elbow flexor muscle strength.] Phys Ther. 1988 Feb;68(2):193-4. </ref>

...tella]] is a meaningful clinical measure. Such a measure is referred to as the Quadriceps angle or Q angle. ...he [[patella]]) and a line from the center of the patella to the center of the tibial tubercle.

...lity|core muscles]]. This test is important to conduct as poor [[Abdominal Muscles|abdominal muscle]] strength can cause poor [[posture]] leading to [[Low Bac ...ercise in the treatment of chronic low back pain with radiologic diagnosis of spondylolysis or spondylolisthesis. Spine. 1997 Dec 15;22(24):2959-67.</ref

...thritis.’, International Journal of Rheumatic Disease 2011, 145-151 (Level of evidence: 1A)</ref>: *Increase range of motion

...sting/tests/abendur.htm<nowiki/>(accessed 3.1.2022)</ref> Having abdominal muscles with high [[Endurance Exercise|endurance]] helps prevent [[Low Back Pain|lo ...up the hip flexors do most of the work<ref name=":3">AZ central What Does the Curl Ups Test Measure?Available:https://healthyliving.azcentral.com/curl-up

'''Original Editor '''- Africa Clubfoot Training Team as part of [http://www.physio-pedia.com/Clubfoot_Content_Development_Project ICRC and ...nced Clubfoot Treatment Provider Courses] - Participant Manual. University of Oxford: Africa Clubfoot Training Project, 2017.</ref>

...ident on his way to the farm and because of the lack of health facility in the primary health center he was taken to, he decided to visit a traditional bo Trauma, below knee amputation, phantom limb pain, fracture, low resourced setting, fracture

....<ref>Charalambous CP. Interrater reliability of a modified Ashworth scale of muscle spasticity. InClassic papers in orthopaedics 2014 (pp. 415-417). Spr Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS) have been utilized in the following populations: [[stroke]], spinal cord injury, multiple sclerosis,

...xus and provides [[Sensation|sensory]] and motor innervation to the thigh. The obturator nerve : * Provides motor innervation to the medial compartment of the thigh

...x499px|Musculi interossei dorsales pedis <ref name=":1">Gray H. Anatomy of the human body, by Henry Gray, thoroughly rev. and re-edited by Warren H. Lewis ...from the Ligament plantare longum which is situated on the bottom side of the foot.

...as tight calf and is typically associated condition of a primary diagnosis of a bunion( [https://www.physio-pedia.com/Hallux_Valgus?utm_source=physiopedi ...nt may need to lift the leg on the affected side up higher, to “step over” the foot.<ref>[https://www.limblength.org/conditions/equinus-foot-deformity/ Eq

...ment and treatment of muscle imbalance: The Janda approach. The Journal of the Canadian Chiropractic Association. 2012 Jun;56(2):158.</ref> |90° knee extension,

[[File:Iliopsoas.png|thumb|A compound muscle composed of the iliac and psoas muscles]] ...508/ (accessed 15.2.2022)</ref>. Psoas minor is only present in 60% to 65% of individuals<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">Anderson CN. [https://toa.com/st

The three [[Joint Classification|joints]] in the body (Histologically) are fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial. '''Synovial joints are the most common type of joint in the body (see image 1)'''. These joints are termed diarthroses, meaning they ar

[[File:Runners-knee SAG.jpeg|right|frameless]] ...the world. Although the usual population associated with the condition is the [[Older People - An Introduction|elderly]] (who are mostly inactive), [[Ath

...ently under review and may not be up to date. Please come back soon to see the finished work! ({{REVISIONDAY}}/{{REVISIONMONTH}}/{{REVISIONYEAR}}) ...f “Microcontroller based Rehabilitation Stimulator”, International Journal of Computer Applications] 2013</ref>