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'''Original Editor '''- Your name will be added here if you created the original content for this page. [[Image:Upper cervical ligaments.png|thumb|right]]

...der of the anterior arch of the atlas below.  It is a continuation of the anterior longintudinal ligament. ...basilar part of the occipital bone to the tubercle on the anterior arch of the atlas.

...and [[Intervertebral disc|intervertebral discs]] throughout the length of the vertebral column. From superficial to deep its ligamentous fibers span vary *the deepest fibers are short intersegmental fibers

[[Image:Upper cervical ligaments.png|thumb|right]] ...ull. It lies as a fibrous cord in the triangular interval between the alar ligaments.

...18 Jun 29;10(6).</ref> with the alar ligament only failing at a mean force of 394 ± 52 N<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":0" /> Origin: Arise from either side of the dens/odontoid process (varying attachment points)<ref name=":1" />

[[File:Cervical vertebrae lig flavum.png|thumb|419x419px|supraspinous ligament ...structurally distinct from more caudal parts of the ligament and is called the '''[[ligamentum nuchae]]'''.<ref name="gray's">Richard L. Drake, A. Wayne V

...border of the posterior arch of the atlas. &nbsp;It is a continuation from the Ligamentum Flavum. ...ertebral artery which serves as an opening for the entrance of the artery. The suboccipital nerve also passes through this defect.

...a '''[[Joint Classification|pivot]]''' [[Joint Classification|joint]] and the lateral joints are '''[[Joint Classification|plane]]''' [[Joint Classificat The '''median atlantoaxial joint''' is the articulation of the: . &nbsp;

...ial Ligament Complex (Axis). These four ligaments extend from the Atlas to the Axis: *Lateral Ligaments (2)

...n the copyright on these images and request that they are not used outside of Physiopedia without special permission. To use the pictures:

[[File:Cervical vertebrae lig flavum.png|right|frameless|492x492px]] [[Ligament|Ligaments]] are fibrous bands of connective tissue that attach to bone.

[[File:Transverse lig. of atlas.png|thumb|320x320px]] ...he ligament is covered with articular cartilage to allow articulation with the Odontoid process.

...name=":0" />. It stretches during flexion and its elasticity helps bring the head back to an upright position<ref name=":1" />. ...=":2" />. It also blends into the posterior atlanto-occipital membrane and the posterior atlanto-axial membrane<ref name=":0" />.

...'. Stuttgart; New York: Thieme.</ref> is located at the anterior aspect of the neck. ==Bony Structure of Neck==

[[Image:Upper cervical ligaments.png|thumb|right]] [[Image:Tectorial membrane.png|thumb|right]] Strong broad structure which covers the [[Odontoid process]] and it's ligaments.

...uscles, ligaments, and sometimes also the bones and nerves of the cervical spine. ...severe pain.<ref>Anderson C, Yeung E, Tong T, et al. A narrative review on cervical interventions in adults with chronic whiplashassociated disorder. BMJ Open

...pital joint posterior.png|thumb|right|Atlanto-occipital joint (posterior)]]The atlanto-occipital articulations function as bilaterally symmetrical ellipso Occipital condyles and a superior articular facets of the atlas.

...gament of the Atlas|Transverse Ligament]] Stress Test for hypermobility of the [https://physio-pedia.com/Atlanto-axial_joint?utm_source=physiopedia&utm_me ...rthopaedic: Examination, evaluation, and intervention (2nd ed.). New York: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.</ref>

...struction and may only be partially complete. Please come back soon to see the finished work! ({{REVISIONDAY}}/{{REVISIONMONTH}}/{{REVISIONYEAR}})</div> ...ch provide cushioning between the vertebrae and absorb pressure put on the spine. It is a nearly universal condition in those who reach advanced age, but it

...Anterior longitudinal ligament]], its deep fibres are intersegmental while the more superficial fibres can span up to four vertebral levels. ...l end plates, and the margins of the vertebrae. Its cranial counterpart is the tectorial membrane<ref name=":0">http://www.anatomyexpert.com/app/structure

...sess the integrity of the [[Alar ligaments|alar ligaments]] and thus upper cervical stability.<br> ...Spine. 1987;12:183–189.</ref> to result from tension generated in the alar ligaments.<br>

...https://www.physioadvisor.com.au/health/anatomy/ligaments/ligaments-of-the-spine/ (accessed 29 March 2019). ...neck they are often considered part of the nuchal ligament.<ref>Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Interspinous ligament. Available from:

...s, which serve as attachment points for muscles. The axis articulates with the atlas via its superior articular facets, which are convex and face upward a ...flattened where it articulates with the transverse ligament.<ref>Cervical Spine Anatomy: Overview, Gross Anatomy https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/194

...or articular process of one vertebra and the inferior articular process of the vertebra directly above it. There are two facet joints in each spinal motio ...and form the articular pillars that act to provide structural stability to the vertebral column as a whole.

...It exhibits a slight constriction or neck, where it joins the main body of the vertebra. ...tachment of the [[Alar ligaments]]; these ligaments connect the process to the occipital bone.

...long the entire length of the vertebral column<ref name=":0" />.It is made of three parts listed below<ref name=":0" /><ref>Study.com Longissimus Availab [[File:Muscles of the Back.png|thumb|401x401px|Back Muscles]]<u>Origins</u><ref name=":0" />:

...nature<ref>Nikolai Bogduk. Clinical and Radiological Anatomy of the Lumbar Spine 5th Edition.Churchill Livingstone: Elsevier. Feb 2012.</ref><ref name=":0" ...pinous, interspinous ligaments to ligamentum flavum, causing pretension in the neutral position (interspinous-supraspinous thoracolumbar ligamentous compl

...l nerve formation.png|thumb|369x369px|Formation of spinal nerve from roots of spinal cord]] ...with a few exceptions eg [[Cervical Anatomy|neck muscles]] are supplied by the spinal nerves.

...b|alt=|524x524px|Cranial skull- canine]]The Roof of the cranium is made up of frontal and parietal bones. The Floor is made up of sphenoid bone.

...omic burden is another issue as neck pain impacts the employer, as well as the employee's performance, health, productivity, medical costs, and compensati ...nal Safety and Ergonomics. 2007 Jan 1;13(2):215-23.</ref>. This emphasizes the need for workplace interventions to reduce and prevent neck pain in office

...MC4836940/ Management of typical and atypical Hangman's fractures.] Global spine journal. 2016 May;6(03):248-56.</ref> ...n’s fracture.<ref name=":0">T.G. Williams. Hangman’s Fracture. The journal of bone and Joint surgery, pp. 82-89</ref><ref name=":1" />

[[File:Muscles of the cervical region multifidus superficial layer Primal.png|right|frameless]] ...ding of this anatomy is essential for assessment and treatment of cervical spine problems.

...'''Original Editor '''- [[User:Robin Tacchetti|Robin Tacchetti]] based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/daphne-xuan/ Daphn ...1;12(2):e053999.</ref>[[File:C-spine-picture.jpg|thumb|250x250px|Cervical spine]]

...Shultz]], [[User:Mathilde De Dobbeleer|Mathilde De Dobbeleer]] as part of the [[Vrije Universiteit Brussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universi ...rthopaedic: Examination, evaluation, and intervention (2nd ed.). New York: The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc, 2008.</ref>.

...n of the SC joint.<ref>ALLMAN JR FL. Fractures and ligamentous injuries of the clavicle and its articulation. JBJS. 1967 Jun 1;49(4):774-84.</ref> '''The SC joint is formed by the articulation of three bones'''<ref name=":3" />''':'''

== The Pelvic Floor - Overview and Function == ...e pelvic cavity above from the perineal region below. This cavity encloses the pelvic viscera - bladder, intestines, and uterus(in females).<ref>Bharucha

...e amount of force transferred from the ground and lower extremities to the spine and upper extremities.<ref name=":2" /> ...hree separate bones yet to be fused: ilium, ischium and pubis connected by the tri-radiate cartilage.

...the area of the foramen magnum (dystopic) with no bony link to the body of the axis. The classification of the [[odontoid fractures]] is known as the Anderson/Alonzo classification:

'''Original Editor '''- Your name will be added here if you created the original content for this page. Surfing is enjoyed by many people around the world. Surfing involves dynamic moves on an unstable surface needing good b

...tebrae.png|thumb|right]][[Image:Cervical vertebra.png|thumb|right]][[Image:Cervical Vertebra side view.png|thumb|right]] ...il 2017.</ref><ref name="Gray">Gray H. Gray's Anatomy:The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice. Elsevier Churchill Livingstone, 2005</ref><br>

...re distinct in shape and function from vertebrae found in other regions of the vertebral column. ...possess articular facets on their sides for articulation with the heads of the ribs.

...tended orientation of the head can be achieved by a number of combinations of segmental movements. ...spective - that is the movements will be discussed without considering how the movements are constrained or produced.

...s published in New Zealand Journal of Physiotherapy. He is also the author of two books:<ref name="mulligan-5">Manual therapy NAGS,SNAGS,MWMS,etc by Bria #'Self Treatment for the Back, Neck and Limbs' for Public.

...ust about 1cm in diameter) but is crucial in facilitating our [[Activities of Daily Living|daily activities]]. ...m the body, partially processes it, and then transmits that information to the brain.

...on multifidus intermediate layer Primal.png|thumb|Figure 1. Muscles of the cervical region.]] ...ace and head. The specific sources of CGH are any structures innervated by the C1 to C3 nerve roots.<ref>Biondi DM. Cervicogenic headache: mechanisms, eva

Because of the rising popularity of media devices such as smartphones and computers, frequent users often exhib ...forward head posture on thoracic shape and respiratory function]. Journal of physical therapy science. 2019;31(1):63-8. Available from:https://www.ncbi.

...ntly under review and may not be up to date. Please come back soon to see the finished work!!</div> This guide gives a general overview of the anatomy of the thoracic spine. It also includes some facts regarding pathophysiology in this region.

'''Original Editors ''' - [[User:Demol Yves|Demol Yves]] as part of the [[Vrije Universiteit Brussel Evidence-based Practice Project]] ...[[Cervical Radiculopathy|cervical radiculopathy]] or [[Cervical Myelopathy|cervical myelopathy]].

[[File:PP Thoracolumbar Fascia.png|thumb|The thoracolumbar fascia is the gray area at bottom center.]] ...separate the [[Paraspinal Muscles|paraspinal muscles]] from the muscles of the posterior [[Abdominal Muscles|abdominal wall]].

...Davis|Shannon Davis]], and [[User:Kristen Tsuei|Kristen Tsuei]] as part of the [[Texas State University Evidence-based Practice Project]] '''Top Contribu [[File:Cervical vertebra.png|right|frameless]]

...nd [[Movement Dysfunction|movement]], this can result in marked alteration of function.</div> ...altered connective tissue biology and a decrease in effective maintenance of tissue homeostasis<ref name=":1" />.

...onal effects of pain.<ref>NICE Guidelines (2023). CKS is only available in the UK. [online] NICE. Available at: <nowiki>https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/nec ...at: <nowiki>https://www.umms.org/ummc/health-services/orthopedics/services/spine/patient-guides/anatomy-function</nowiki>.</ref>

...rbox"> '''Original Editor '''- [[User:Carin Hunter|Carin Hunter]] based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/rina-pandya/ Rina ...connectivity in musculoskeletal dysfunctions: A narrative review.] Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies. 2020 Oct 1;24(4):423-31.</ref>

...rbox"> '''Original Editor '''- [[User:Carin Hunter|Carin Hunter]] based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/donna-fisher/ Donn ...hermoplastics are used, which facilitates new designs and more comfort for the user.

[[International Framework for Examination of the Cervical Region]]<br> ...tcome. Stroke 37:2499-2503.</ref>. Evaluation of blood pressure as part of the physical examination may therefore be a valuable test to inform clinical re

...9/neu.2009.1153. Epub 2011 Jun 9. PMID: 21501096; PMCID: PMC3143390.</ref> The typical injuries occurring in children include occipito-atlantal or atlanto ...cognitive and physical development in the growing child and the impact of the SCI on this complex process<ref name=":1">Powell A, Davidson L. Pediatric S

...Karatas|Gülcan Karatas]][[User:Sefora Bakkioui|Sefora Bakkiouias]] part of the [[Vrije Universiteit Brussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universi [[File:SPINE ANATOMY.jpg|thumb]]

...ticle/view/5343/5143 Text-Neck Syndrome-Systemic review]. Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research. 2017;3(7):141-148. Accessed 18 July 2019.</ref> ...pdated 2022]. Available from: <nowiki>https://www.text-neck.com/definition-of-text-neck.html</nowiki> [Last accessed: 7/12/2022]</ref>

...e shoulder, such as bench pressing or overhead lifting, and causes pain at the acromial clavicle (AC) joint. Any patient presenting with AC joint or super ...of the shoulder joint.svg.png|center|thumb|150x150px|alt=|Anterior view of the shoulder joint]]

...]-like condition of the spine caused by degeneration of the joints between the spinal bones. ...ertebrae posteriorly and and help with twisting and turning motions of the spine. <ref name=":0">Brennan D. Facet arthrosis: What is it and what causes it?

...e McCoy|Mary-Kate McCoy]], [[User:Heather Lampe|Heather Lampe]] as part of the [[Temple University Evidence-Based Practice Project|Temple University Evide ...Orthopaedic Section of the American Physical Therapy Association.] Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy. 2017 Jul;47(7):A1-83.</ref>.

...ervical]] region (neck), 12 in the thoracic region (middle back), and 5 in the [[Lumbar Anatomy|lumbar region]] (lower back).   ...(NP), the outer, annulus (AF) and the cartilaginous endplates that anchor the discs to adjacent vertebrae.<ref name=":0">Waxenbaum JA, Futterman B. [http

...0–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. The Lancet Neurology. 2018; 17(11): 954-76.</ref> ...Z, Lipton R, Scher A et al. The global burden of headache: a documentation of headache prevalence and disability worldwide. Cephalalgia. 2007; 27(3):193-

..."> '''Original Editor '''- [[User:Chelsea Mclene|Chelsea Mclene]] based on the course by '''Equine anatomy''' refers to the gross and microscopic anatomy of horses and other equids (donkeys, and zebras).

...|Catherine Stanislas]], [[User:Emily Westwood|Emily Westwood]], as part of the [[Nottingham University Spinal Rehabilitation Project]]<br> ...sive cervical movement causing impingement on the spinal cord, with a risk of severe neurological damage if untreated.<ref name=":1" />

...Plos one. 2021 Jul 23;16(7):e0254788.</ref> Those differences emerge from the functions that each breed was originally developed.<ref>Zink C, Schlehr MR. ...ta G, Macrì F. [https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/11/3/813 Four Unusual Cases of Congenital Forelimb Malformations in Dogs. Animals] 2021, 11, 813.</ref>

'''Original Editors ''' [[User:Lisa Pernet|Lisa Pernet]] as part of the [[Vrije Universiteit Brussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universi ...idence: 2B)</ref>. Also, peripheral entheses may be affected: peripatellar ligaments, [[Achilles Tendon|Achilles tendon]] insertion, plantar fascia, [[Shoulder|

There are a number of common [[Posture|postural]] changes that can affect an individual's functio In older adults, the following postural features are commonly observed:<ref name=":0">Banfi M. I

...rd]] and they control body movements and transmit signals from the body to the [[Brain Anatomy|brain.]] ...gions. The lumbar spine consists of 5 moveable vertebrae (numbered L1-L5). The lumbar vertebrae, as a group, produce a lordotic curve<ref name=":0">Waxenb

...improves immunity. Sleeping postures have a positive or negative effect on the body. == Classification of Sleeping Posture ==

...ae in place, and [[Tendon Anatomy|tendon]]<nowiki/>s attach the muscles to the spinal column. ...cluding the bony structures, articulations, ligaments, muscles, nerves and the vascular supply.

'''Original Editor '''- [[User:Daisy Meffan|Daisy Meffan]] as part of the [[Nottingham University Spinal Rehabilitation Project]]<br> ...body collapses. When this occurs in the paediatric population and because the bones are still developing, this may have severe consequences. A vertebral

...Cervical osteoarthritis can also be referred to as [[Cervical Spondylosis|cervical spondylosis]].<br> ...ine MRI showing degenerative disc disease, osteophytes, and osteoarthritis of C5-C6|thumb]]

...[[flexibility]], all of which significantly improve one's overall quality of life. Nevertheless, it is important to note that engaging in exercise also ...tnessed a 43 percent increase during this period.”<ref>Brad W. The Anatomy of Sports Injuries. Second Edition. Chichester, 2013</ref>

..."editorbox"> '''Original Editor '''- [[User:Jess Bell|Jess Bell]] based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/victoria-reboredo/ ...s in diagnostics and therapeutics]. J Dent Educ. 2008;72(8):930-47. </ref> The translation motion generates more movement.<ref name=":1" />

...e particular orientation, structure, and function of the thoracic spine in the vertebral column. ...weight of the of the axial skeleton as compared to the thoracic and sacral spine.

...name="Goodman & Fuller">Goodman, C, Fuller, K. Pathology: Implications for the Physical Therapist. 3rd ed. St. Louis: Saunders Elsevier, 2009.</ref>&nbsp; ...ion of unilateral pain, ipsilateral diffuse shoulder, and arm pain. ROM in the neck is reduced, and pain is relieved with anesthetic blockades.

...cluding the bony structures, articulations, ligaments, muscles, nerves and the vascular supply. ...ior to superior. The rotation axes of the foot joints are perpendicular to the cardinal planes. Therefore, motion at these joints results in rotations wit

...owledge to the various structures around the elbow as well as distant from the elbow that can contribute to a person's symptoms. ...individualised to the specific problems and contributing factors found in the assessment.

...lnick|Jacob Melnick]], &amp; [[User:Tyler Shultz|Tyler Shultz]] as part of the[[Nottingham University Spinal Rehabilitation Project]]<br> [[File:Neck Pain Diagram.png|alt=|thumb|Pain in the neck.]]

...>Ombregt, L. Applied Anatomy of the Lumbar Spine. Chapter 31 In: A System of Orthopaedic Medicine. Elsevier, 2013.</ref> ...sterior elements that help guide the movement of the vertebrae and protect the spinal cord.

...lated pain:<ref name=":0">Van der Walt A. Managing Disorders of the Canine Spine Course. Plus , 2021.</ref> ...is one of the few conditions that will cause “screaming or crying” pain in the dog

...ey RL, Hall T. Neural tissue evaluation and treatment. Physical Therapy of the Shoulder. New York: Churchill Livingstone. 1997 </ref>. ...used in clinical practice, although it may still be used in some parts of the world.

*You are 16 years of age or older ...unpleasant sensory and emotional experience that the brain uses to protect the neck against a perceived threat

[[File:Compressive myeolopathy C6C7.png|thumb|Cervical myelopathy C6-C7]] ...l cord anatomy|spinal cord]] at the [[Cervical Anatomy|cervical]] level of the spinal column resulting in [[spasticity]], hyperreflexia, pathologic [[refl

...of Dysfunction and Manual Therapy Guidelines for Assessment and Treatment of These Structures. Topics in Compan An Med; 29, 1: 1–5. </ref> ..., university of johannesburg, 2015 </ref> Together with the thoracic cage, the costovertebral and costotransverse joints provide stability.<ref name=":1"

...rbox"> '''Original Editor '''- [[User:Carin Hunter|Carin Hunter]] based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/rina-pandya/ Rina == Anatomy of the Diaphragm ==

...0–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. The Lancet. 2017 Sep 16;390(10100):1211-59.</ref> Pain is not always a bad thing! Pain is the body's way to receive messages that there is a threat or something is wrong

...Editor '''- [[User:Tarina van der Stockt|Tarina van der Stockt]] based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/sasha-chelin/ Sash ...based on functional assessment and palpation skills. This page will cover the following: functional assessment, ROM, palpation, special tests and neurolo

...ditorbox"> '''Original Editor '''- [[User:Liam Cook|Liam Cook]] as part of the [[Nottingham University Spinal Rehabilitation Project]]<br> ...t: <nowiki>https://www.jeremysmithmd.com/cervicogenic-headache-orthopaedic-spine-surgeon-orange-irvine-ca.html</nowiki>

...illian Borms, Haytem Mkichri, Anna Jansma, Yassin Khomsi.&nbsp; as part of the [[Vrije Universiteit Brussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universi ...cromioclaviculaire luxatie, huisarts &amp; wetenschap, november 2010(level of evidence 5)</ref>

...joints]] (also termed zygapophyseal joints) of the spine become a source of [[Pain Behaviours|pain]]. ...isease process (its prevalence increasing with age) and is a common source of disability with significant economic impact.

...2010 Jul; 69(5):425-32 :4: 2C</ref><ref name="p3" /> It is a diverse group of inflammatory arthritides that share certain genetic predisposing factors an The brief video outlines these conditions

.... 2006 Feb;26(4):320-4. Epub 2005 Jun 29</ref>.(Level of evidence 5, Level of evidence 1B) <br> ...rgery, 2014. (level of evidence 4)</ref>&nbsp;(Level of evidence 2B, Level of evidence 4)<br>

...l., Spondyloarthropathies. Am Fam Physician, 2004, 69 (12):2853-2860 Level of Evidence 5</ref>&nbsp;Level 5 ...lus fibrosis of the intervertebral discs, and the apophyseal joints of the spine.<ref name="p1" />

...e system, consists of the vagina, the uterus, the two fallopian tubes, and the two ovaries. ...parasympathetic innervation comes from the cavernous nerves a branch from the uterovaginal plexus<ref>Nguyen J, Duong H. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bo

..."editorbox"> '''Original Editor '''- [[User:Jess Bell|Jess Bell]] based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/tanya-bell-jenje/ ...n [[Spinal Masqueraders|masquerade]] as musculoskeletal thoracic pain. All of these conditions must be considered when assessing patients who have thorac

...allows for significant movement, but this is at the expense of stability. The shoulder is, therefore, susceptible to dysfunction and instability. ...cluding the bony structures, articulations, ligaments, muscles, nerves and the vascular supply.

...e muscles, as well as the bones, ligaments, and nerve and blood supply for the head and jaw. ...ior to superior. The rotation axes of the foot joints are perpendicular to the cardinal planes. Therefore, motion at these joints results in rotations wit

<div class="editorbox"> '''Original Editor '''- The [[Open Physio]] project '''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributors/{{F ...not edit unless you are involved in this project, but please come back in the near future to check out new information!!</blockquote>