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...&nbsp;resulting in degenerative joint changes and forming the uncovertbral joints. == <span style="line-height: 1.5em;">Motions Available</span> ==

...ch provide cushioning between the vertebrae and absorb pressure put on the spine. It is a nearly universal condition in those who reach advanced age, but it ...023, July 12. Available from: https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/249036-overview]</ref>. Although some people experience no symptoms, others may fee

...t Classification|pivot]]''' [[Joint Classification|joint]] and the lateral joints are '''[[Joint Classification|plane]]''' [[Joint Classification|articulatio ...are two '''lateral atlanto-axial joints''' which are concave in an anterior-posterior direction, this allows rotation.

...trachea)<ref name=":0">Lang, J., 1993. ''Clinical anatomy of the cervical spine''. Stuttgart; New York: Thieme.</ref> is located at the anterior aspect of ...Lee, S. and Kim, I., 2013. ''Surgical Anatomy and Techniques to the Spine E-Book''. Elsevier Health Sciences.</ref>

...olled trial. Journal of Manual & Manipulative Therapy. 2021 May 4;29(3):147-57.</ref> ...re applied at varying speeds and amplitudes, including small-amplitude/high-velocity therapeutic movements”<ref>American Physical Therapy Association

...tion: historical basis and scientific analyses]. Pain Physician. 2003;6:199-205</ref> ...e management of cervical radiculopathy.] J Ortho Sports PT. 2000;30(12):728-744.</ref>

...nt]] Stress Test for hypermobility of the [https://physio-pedia.com/Atlanto-axial_joint?utm_source=physiopedia&utm_medium=search&utm_campaign=ongoing_in ...: Examination, evaluation, and intervention (2nd ed.). New York: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.</ref>

Vertebra prominens is the name of the seventh cervical vertebra. ...rocess that protrudes posteriorly toward the [[skin]] at the back of the [[Cervical Anatomy|neck]].

...r articular process of the vertebra directly above it. There are two facet joints in each spinal motion segment. The facet joints are situated between the pedicle and lamina of the same vertebra and form t

...<ref name=":0">Drake R, Vogl AW, Mitchell AW. Gray's Anatomy for Students E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2009 Apr 4.</ref> .... Its attachment sites are the thoracic vertebrae (semispinalis thoracis), cervical vertebrae ([[Semispinalis Cervicis|semispinalis cervicis]]) and occipital b

...ght|frameless]]The Kemp test (also known as the quadrant test and extension-rotation test) is a provocative test useful for diagnosing pain related to [ ...e (used for the [[Cervical Anatomy|cervical spine]] or the [[Lumbar|lumbar spine]]).

[[Cervical Anatomy|Cervical]] spine injury (CSI) in children is unique in both the wide anatomic differences an ...c patients]. Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery. 2007 Feb 1;62(2):389-96.</ref>.  

...pital articulations function as bilaterally symmetrical ellipsoid synovial joints between C0 and C1. *[[Posterior atlanto-occipital ligament]]

...he Cervical Flexion-Rotation Test. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2008;31:293-300</ref> ...ve common manual neck pain provocating tests. Scand J Rehab Med 1995;27:131-136</ref> However, these tests involve a high degree of skill on the part of

...tebral joint]: a comprehensive review. Clinical Anatomy. 2014 Apr;27(3):431-40.</ref>. ...able from: <nowiki>https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/uncovertebral-joints</nowiki></ref>.

[[File:Cervical vertebrae lig flavum.png|right|frameless|492x492px]] ...with the tendons and muscles, provides a natural brace to help protect the spine from injury.

== [[Image:532px-Vertebral artery 3D AP.jpg|thumb|right]]Description == ...hough the foramina of the transverse processes of the [[Cervical Vertebrae|cervical vertebrae,]] usually starting at C6 but entering as high as C4<ref name="Ma

.... Below are generally accepted values for a normal ROM for some individual joints as measured in degrees: ...online:https://www.wikem.org/wiki/Range_of_motion_by_joint [accessed 25-10-2021]</ref>

[[File:250px-Longissimus.png|thumb|Longissimus]] ...ilable:https://study.com/academy/lesson/longissimus-muscle-origin-insertion-function.html (accessed 5.2.2022)</ref>:

...control study.] Brazilian journal of physical therapy. 2019 Jul 1;23(4):346-54. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6630105/#bi * Stiff upper thoracic spine or rounded upper spine causing cervical spine to hyperextend to see ahead.

[[File:Osteoarthritic Spine (48605563867).png|right|frameless|alt=|476x476px]] ...and intervertebral disc degeneration: Quite different, quite similar.] JOR spine. 2018 Dec;1(4):e1033.Available:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PM

...sculoskeletal assessment]. Nursing made incredibly easy. 2004 May 1;2(3):46-50.</ref> ...University of Western Ontario. Available from: <nowiki>https://rheum.ca/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/The_Musculoskeletal_Screening_Examination_Booklet.pd

...spine. ''journal of orthopaedic & sports physical therapy'', ''40''(8), 455-463.</ref>. This can cause difficulty in finding accurate data at times. ...verse response. ''Journal of Manual & Manipulative Therapy'', ''29''(1), 51-58.</ref>:

...region (see [[Cranial Nerves|cranial nerves]]) with a few exceptions eg [[Cervical Anatomy|neck muscles]] are supplied by the spinal nerves. ...nerves Available: https://musculoskeletalkey.com/nerves-innervation-of-the-spine/<nowiki/>(accessed 6.2.2022)</ref>

...Contributors''' -{{Special:Contributors/{{FULLPAGENAME}}}}<span style="line-height: 1.5em;">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> ...eophyte-2 Osteophyte] Available:https://radiopaedia.org/articles/osteophyte-2 (accessed 7.9.2022)</ref>

=== Joints and Ligaments of the Skull === Temporo-mandibular joint:<ref name=":1" />

[[File:Muscles of the cervical region multifidus superficial layer Primal.png|right|frameless]] ...ding of this anatomy is essential for assessment and treatment of cervical spine problems.

...sess the integrity of the [[Alar ligaments|alar ligaments]] and thus upper cervical stability.<br> ...anjabi<ref>Dvorak J, Panjabi MM. Functional anatomy of the alar ligaments. Spine. 1987;12:183–189.</ref> to result from tension generated in the alar liga

...oney V . [https://www.elsevier.com/books/movement-stability-and-lumbopelvic-pain/9780443101786 Movement, Stability & Lumbopelvic Pain 2nd Edition] . Ph ...ligamentum flavum, causing pretension in the neutral position (interspinous-supraspinous thoracolumbar ligamentous complex)<ref name=":0" />

...ons]] that are applied Antero- cranially along the treatment planes of the joints selected. ...raded according to the tolerance of the patient. They should always be pain-free for the patients. If these are painful despite applying correctly, then

...ased on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/daphne-xuan/ Daphne Xuan]<br> ...1;12(2):e053999.</ref>[[File:C-spine-picture.jpg|thumb|250x250px|Cervical spine]]

...al of Physiotherapy. He is also the author of two books:<ref name="mulligan-5">Manual therapy NAGS,SNAGS,MWMS,etc by Brian R.Mulligan, 5th edition, 2004 ...of the extremities and SNAGS (sustained natural apophyseal glides) of the spine were first coined by Brian R. Mulligan <ref>Mulligan, BR: Manual Therapy �

[[File:250px-Longissimus.png|thumb|Longissimus]] ...ilable:https://study.com/academy/lesson/longissimus-muscle-origin-insertion-function.html (accessed 5.2.2022)</ref>

...ation of joint range of motion, alleviation of [[Pain Assessment|pain]] in joints and muscles, and restoring strength due to muscle weakness. This case study ...ns in patients with thyroid disease. Clinical Endocrinology. 2003;59(2):162-7</ref>&nbsp;<br>

...capitis posterior major and the dura mater. Spine. 2011 Dec 1;36(25):E1612-4.</ref> Suboccipital nerve or dorsal ramus of cervical spinal nerve (C1).<ref name="AE" />

...153016392695/Effect-of-standing-postural-deviations-on-trunk-and-hip-muscle-activity.pdf?origin=publication_detail (last accessed 10.12.2019)</ref> ...a M, Kotwicki T. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5836359/ Non-structural misalignments of body posture in the sagittal plane]. Scoliosis a

...ysiological Intervertebral movements (PPIVMs) and [[PAIVMs of the Cervical Spine - Assessment|Passive Accessory Intervertebral Movements]] (PAIVMs). Althoug .... Journal of Manual & Manipulative Therapy (Maney Publishing). 2013;21(1):7-17.</ref> In order to specifically target treatment, it is necessary to loca

...a good rehabilitation program incorporating stretches, strengthening and co-ordination and postural training. ...ion (whilst paddling) increases the demands on the structures of the upper spine and associated soft tissues.

[[File:Facet Joints.png|thumb|150x150px]] ...ul [[arthritis]]-like condition of the spine caused by degeneration of the joints between the spinal bones.

The carotid arteries originate posterior to the sternoclavicular joints and in the neck, they are contained within the carotid sheath posterior to ...er of the thyroid cartilage (typically at the level of the fourth or fifth cervical vertebra), the common carotid arteries bifurcate into the ECA and ICA.

...tebrae.png|thumb|right]][[Image:Cervical vertebra.png|thumb|right]][[Image:Cervical Vertebra side view.png|thumb|right]] ...ical Center. http://www.umm.edu/programs/spine/health/guides/cervical-spine-anatomy. Accessed 21 april 2017.</ref><ref name="Gray">Gray H. Gray's Anatom

...ter how healthy an individual is, as they age their [[Joint Classification|joints]] will show some changes in mobility, due in part to changes in the [[Conne == Age-related Changes in Connective Tissue ==

...fractures: an anatomical approach. Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol 2008;18:189-195 [Level2]</ref> ...known as the axis, is one of three atypical vertebrae. The axis shows a peg-like odontoid process that projects itself superiorly from the body. The odo

...1. 1981.</ref>. As stated in Maitland's Article , when assessing extremity joints you should try a compression test to see if this produces pain. To do this ...wn within 15-20 seconds (for smaller joints) and 25-30 seconds (for larger joints).

[[File:Chris-benson-yx-iJFybOBQ-unsplash.jpg|right|frameless|400x400px]] ...ture (FHP) is a poor habitual neck posture. It often co-exists with [[Upper-Crossed Syndrome|Upper Crossed Syndrome]]

...he ULTT's are equivalent to the straight leg raise designed for the lumbar spine. ...e diagnosis of [http://www.physio-pedia.com/CPR_for_Cervical_Radiculopathy cervical radiculopathy] is made, the tests can be done to mobilise the entrapped ner

This guide gives a general overview of the anatomy of the thoracic spine. It also includes some facts regarding pathophysiology in this region. The sagittal plane alignment of the Thoracic spine is on average 35% (normal range is 20° to 50°).<ref name=":2" />

...ussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universiteit Brussel's Evidence-based Practice project]] [[File:SPINE ANATOMY.jpg|thumb]]

...[https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/tanya-bell-jenje/ Tanya Bell-Jenje]<br> [[Category:Thoracic Spine]]

...study. Journal of orthopaedic & sports physical therapy. 2014 Jul;44(7):475-87.</ref> '''Range of Motion ([https://physio-pedia.com/Range_of_Motion ROM]):'''

...rom disorders of the hip or knee joint. Examination of proximal and distal joints in the same region of the reported pain and dysfunction is vital to the con ...k pain: a distal link to a proximal problem. J Sport Rehabil. 2009;18(1):24-32.</ref>

...''Original Editor '''- [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/petra-zikmann/ Petra Zikmann] '''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributors/{{FU ...:e0222822.</ref> However, it is often difficult to distinguish whether the spine or limb is the primary cause of lameness in a horse as spinal problems are

...s injuries of the clavicle and its articulation. JBJS. 1967 Jun 1;49(4):774-84.</ref> ...ers. Orthopaedics & Traumatology: Surgery & Research. 2014 Nov 1;100(7):727-31.</ref>. The first compartment lies between the manubrium and the disc and

..., Published in India by arrangement with Baillier Tindall, london 2005 p 33-37 </ref> !Spine

...' - [[User:Camila Trujillo|Camila Trujillo]] as part of [https://www.physio-pedia.com/Category:The_University_of_Waterloo_Clinical_Biomechanics_Project ...tissue injuries lacking evidence for fractures.<ref>Bragg KJ, Varacallo M. Cervical Sprain. Available from: <nowiki>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK54101

..., Márquez-Vera MA, Vila-Chã C, Méndez-Sánchez R. [https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/20/10704/htm Effects of global postural reeducation versus specific ...eck pain (VAS 8-9/10). He noted a pinching sensation in his lower cervical spine. Because of this pain, he was unable to continue bowling and became a wicke

...sten Tsuei|Kristen Tsuei]] as part of the [[Texas State University Evidence-based Practice Project]] '''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributors/{{ [[File:Cervical vertebra.png|right|frameless]]

...based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/shala-cunningham/ Shala Cunningham ]<br> ...s). It also introduces the Proposed Classification System for the Cervical Spine.

...tion|range of motion]] in assessment. There are multiple types of joint end-feels all of which are different for each individual. ...therapist, as resistance or a barrier to further motion, is called the end-feel<ref name=":0">Susan B.O'Sullivan, Thomas J. Schmitz, George D. Fulk. Ph

...CT]] image guidance (cervical, thoracic or most commonly lumbosacral facet joints can be injected) ...int injections] Available from:https://radiopaedia.org/articles/facet-joint-injection (last accessed 10.9.2020)</ref>.

...class="editorbox"> '''Original Editor '''- [[User:Cindy John-Chu|Cindy John-Chu]] <br> ...Séquard syndrome]. The Indian Journal of Medical Research 2014; 140(4): 572-573.</ref>. It typically presents with paralysis (hemiparaplegia) on the sid

...PV. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2953347/ Alternative pop-up for surfers with low back pain.] North American journal of sports physica ...'(4), pp.394-401. Available from: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S1809-29502016000400394&script=sci_arttext&tlng=en#B3 (last accessed 16.9.2019)</r

...Spinal Manipulation Available: https://www.spine-health.com/glossary/spinal-manipulation (accessed 13.6.2021)</ref>. ...rapy,” Journal of Orthop Sports Physical Therapy 37, no. 6 (June 2007): 290-302.</ref> &nbsp;:

...Brussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universiteit Brussel Evidence-Based Practice Project]] ...: Examination, evaluation, and intervention (2nd ed.). New York: The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc, 2008.</ref>.

...ce soft tissue swelling, inflammation, or restriction”. It describes hands-on techniques used in rehabilitation to treat various conditions, such as: ...w. Journal of back and musculoskeletal rehabilitation. 2022 Jan 1;35(3):463-77.</ref>.

...column. There are 23 discs in the human spine: 6 in the [[Cervical Anatomy|cervical]] region (neck), 12 in the thoracic region (middle back), and 5 in the [[Lu ...at deal of strength. They also provide a shock-absorbing effect within the spine and prevent the vertebrae from grinding together. They consist of three maj

...rs speaks of primary headaches. The primary headaches are migraine, tension-type headache, cluster headache and other trigeminal autonomic cephalgias an ...ther primary headaches are clinically heterogeneous. According to the (ICHD-III) the pathogenesis of other primary headaches is still poorly understood.

...s: an interdisciplinary challenge.] Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2013 Apr;110(16):278-84 (Level of evidence 2A)</ref><br>A difference exists between subjective an ...rospective randomized controlled study. J Psychosom Res. 2010 Sep;69(3):299-304 (Level of evidence 1B)</ref>

...pain and dysfunction of lateral epicondylalgia.] Pain. 1996 Nov 1;68(1):69-74.</ref>Neural mobilization, as a treatment technique, was introduced nearl ...s/261-neural-manipulation.pdf https://www.iahe.com/docs/articles/261-neural-manipulation.pdf.] (Accessed 31 May 2022) </ref>

...the muscles, ligaments, discs, nerves, or joints, but most neck pain is non-specific meaning there is no known cause ...r: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2011;92:824-9.</ref>

...Cervical osteoarthritis can also be referred to as [[Cervical Spondylosis|cervical spondylosis]].<br> ...RI showing degenerative disc disease, osteophytes, and osteoarthritis of C5-C6|thumb]]

...litation settings refers to the measurement of angles in each plane at the joints of the body. #* The short arm goniometer is used for smaller joints like the wrist, elbow, or ankle,

'''Original Editor '''- [https://www.physio-pedia.com/User:Shreya_Pavaskar Shreya Pavaskar] ...spinal decompression, such as open or minimally invasive laminectomy, hemi-laminectomy (half laminetomy), [[laminotomy]] and laminoplasty. Decompressio

[[File:3d-medical-image-with-female-holding-neck-pain.jpg|right|frameless]] ...also be defined based on its duration (acute, subacute, [https://www.physio-pedia.com/Chronic_Neck_Pain chronic]) or reason for onset.

...]]This page outlines some Manual Techniques and Exercises for the Thoracic Spine. ...ater stages of life. Additionally, reduced ROM or strength in the thoracic spine will affect the entire kinetic chain.

...ort], Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies, Volume 20, Issue 4, P:722-727,</ref> ...Some Basic Science Aspects], Physiotherapy, 1997, Volume 83, Issue 4, P:186-189,</ref>&nbsp;

...e amount of force transferred from the ground and lower extremities to the spine and upper extremities.<ref name=":2" /> ...parate bones yet to be fused: ilium, ischium and pubis connected by the tri-radiate cartilage.

...based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/donna-fisher/ Donna Fisher]<br>'''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributors/{{F ...nal braces are off-the-shelf, although certain situations call for a custom-made device.<ref name=":0" />

...files: overview and current state of art. Acta Biomed. 2017 Apr 28;88(1):11-16. doi: 10.23750/abm.v88i1.5309. PMID: 28467328; PMCID: PMC6166197.]</ref>. ...of injury due to compressive loading. J Athl Train. 2005 Jul-Sep;40(3):155-61. PMID: 16284634; PMCID: PMC1250253.]</ref>.

...emple University Evidence-Based Practice Project|Temple University Evidence-Based Practice Project]] ...ation.] Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy. 2017 Jul;47(7):A1-83.</ref>.

...ussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universiteit Brussel's Evidence-based Practice project]] ...plantar fascia, [[Shoulder|shoulders]], olecranon and metacarpophalangeal joints <ref name="p1" /><ref name="p4" /> <ref name="p5" />.

[[File:Cervical Spondylosis.jpg|right|frameless]] ...ific as there is no known pathoanatomical cause.<ref name=":0">Jull, G. Non-specific neck pain: The case for specific treatment (Webinar). IFOMPT. 2019.

...emic review]. Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research. 2017;3(7):141-148. Accessed 18 July 2019.</ref> ...2022]. Available from: <nowiki>https://www.text-neck.com/definition-of-text-neck.html</nowiki> [Last accessed: 7/12/2022]</ref>

...lobal Burden of Disease Study 2016. The Lancet Neurology. 2018; 17(11): 954-76.</ref> ...headache prevalence and disability worldwide. Cephalalgia. 2007; 27(3):193-210.</ref>

...e [[Facet Joints|facet joints]] (also termed zygapophyseal joints) of the spine become a source of [[Pain Behaviours|pain]]. Facet syndrome is an articular disorder related to the facet joints and their innervations, and produces both local and radiating pain.

...omponents of the cervical spine (i.e., intervertebral discs, facet joints, joints of Luschka, ligamenta flava, and laminae). It is a natural process of aging ....nih.gov/pubmed/25674751 Tetraplegia after thyroidectomy in a patient with cervical spondylosis: a case report and literature review.] Medicine (Baltimore) 2

The [[Lumbar Anatomy|lumbar spine]] supports much of the upper body's weight. [[Intervertebral disc|Intervert ...ls (Myocyte)|muscle]]. It provides coverage for the organs, generates intra-abdominal pressure, and moves the vertebral column. This article discusses t

[https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/petra-zikmann/ Petra Zikmann] This page introduces the Anatomy of Equine Spine and Head.

...ebrae in place, and tendons attach the muscles to the spinal column. Thirty-one pairs of nerves are rooted to the [[Spinal cord anatomy|spinal cord]] an ...ral regions. The lumbar spine consists of 5 moveable vertebrae (numbered L1-L5). The lumbar vertebrae, as a group, produce a lordotic curve<ref name=":0

...so comes with a slight downside, namely an elevated vulnerability to sports-related injuries. ...tly affect the musculoskeletal system, which comprises the muscles, bones, joints, and related tissues like ligaments and tendons. Here is a concise explanat

...itor '''- [[User:Lorenza Perez|Lorena Perez]] as part of [http://www.physio-pedia.com/ICRC_Cerebral_Palsy_Content_Development_Project#Articles_to_be_dev ...: Dyskinetic and Ataxic. Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3s-n4eFypPc [last accessed 13/08/16]</ref>

[[File:Sam-burriss-zHSX9o2 B7Y-unsplash.jpg|right|frameless]] ...ted to the particular orientation, structure, and function of the thoracic spine in the vertebral column.

...lishing. Available from:https://www.health.harvard.edu/pain/7-faces-of-neck-pain [accessed 4/3/2023]</ref> ...ce workers: a 1-year longitudinal study.] Eur Spine J. 2009 Oct;18(10):1532-40.</ref>

...etching (neuropraxia,), tearing (called “avulsion” when the tear is at the spine, and “rupture” when it is not), or scarring (neuroma) of the brachial p The main mechanism of injury is hyper-abduction traction and depending on the intensity, cause signs and symptoms

...ed Anatomy of the Lumbar Spine">Ombregt, L. Applied Anatomy of the Lumbar Spine. Chapter 31 In: A System of Orthopaedic Medicine. Elsevier, 2013.</ref> === <span style="line-height: 1.5em;">Vertebral Foramen</span> ===

...ocephalic syndrome (CCS) includes pain and stiffness of the upper cervical spine with associated [[Cervicogenic Headache|headache]]. The syndrome frequentl ...-occipital]](jointC0-C1), the [[Atlanto-axial joint|atlanto-axial]] (1joint-C2) and the superior aspect of C2.

...tion of the Arthritis Research UK Musculoskeletal Health Questionnaire (MSK-HQ) for use across musculoskeletal care pathways. BMJ Open 2016 Aug;6(8):e01 ...ss and meaningful changes for the Musculoskeletal Health Questionnaire (MSK-HQ) for use across musculoskeletal care pathways. BMJ open 2019;9(10):e02535

'''Top Contributors''' -&nbsp;{{Special:Contributors/{{FULLPAGENAME}}}} Laure-Anne Callewaert en Farrie Bakalli</div> ...zed, double-blind, sham-controlled trial. Rheumatol Int. 2006 Feb;26(4):320-4. Epub 2005 Jun 29</ref>.(Level of evidence 5, Level of evidence 1B) <br>

...tic AAI. <ref name=":0" /> Symptomatic AAI occurs as a result of excessive cervical movement causing impingement on the spinal cord, with a risk of severe neur .... Available at: https://courses.lumenlearning.com/ap1/chapter/the-vertebral-column/ [Accessed 18 May 2021]</ref>]]

...cipital joint|atlanto-occipital]] and [[Atlanto-axial joint|upper cervical joints]] and perceived in one or more regions of the head and/or face.<ref name="G ...headache type that is hypothesized to originate due to nociception in the cervical area. <ref name="IHS">Headache Classification Subcommittee of the Internati