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...2016 Jan 1;16(1):26-32.</ref>. This condition is of clinical significance in elderly patients or patients who have chronic [[COPD (Chronic Obstructive P ...s may lead to [[pneumonia]], pulmonary secretion retention and paradoxical chest movement.<ref name=":0" />

...ax.<ref name=":1">Boersma WG, Stigt JA, Smit HJ. Treatment of haemothorax. Respiratory medicine. 2010 Nov 1;104(11):1583-7.</ref> ...horax: an American College of Chest Physicians Delphi consensus statement. Chest 2001 Feb;119(2):590e602.</ref>

...r to operate, and the respiratory system needs instructions from the brain in order to operate. ...respiratory failure]<ref>Hough A. Physiotherapy in respiratory and cardiac care: an evidence-based approach. 4th edition. Andover: Cengage Learning, 2014.

...nd should be managed accordingly.<ref name=":3">Rolfe S. The importance of respiratory rate monitoring. British Journal of Nursing. 2019 Apr 25;28(8):504-8. Avail The respiratory rate, i.e., the number of breaths per minute, is highly regulated to enable

...urce/early-rehabilitation-in-conflicts-and-disasters/ Early Rehabilitation in Conflicts and Disasters.] London, UK: Handicap International. 2020. p209-21 ...urce/early-rehabilitation-in-conflicts-and-disasters/ Early Rehabilitation in Conflicts and Disasters].

...to move his arms and legs. They kept Steven in the position they found him in, covered him with a blanket to maintin his bofy temperature and stayed with ...on Ferno Scoop Stretcher, immobilized his head, and transported him to the trauma center by helicopter. He&nbsp;arrived at the hospital and underwent initial

...st with turning John and to call for an ambulance. John was turned face up in the water. He was awake and had a weak cough, he had swallowed some water b ...her, immobilized his head, provided 100% Oxygen and transported him to the trauma center by helicopter. He arrived at the hospital and underwent an initial a

...ess.p 544</ref>. This occurs when there is a breach of the lung surface or chest wall which allows air to enter the pleural cavity and consequently cause th ...al. [https://thorax.bmj.com/content/55/8/666 Epidemiology of pneumothorax in England]. Thorax 2000;55:666-671</ref><ref>Bascom, R.(2009). <nowiki>''</n

...have been developed, allowing for the bedside placement of a tracheostomy in many patients<ref>Raimonde AJ, Westhoven N, Winters R. Tracheostomy.Availab ...inger technique and dilatation of trachea between rings<ref name=":1">Life in the fast lane Available: https://litfl.com/percutaneous-tracheostomy/ (acce

...urce/early-rehabilitation-in-conflicts-and-disasters/ Early Rehabilitation in Conflicts and Disasters]. London, UK: Handicap International. 2020. p212-21 ...urce/early-rehabilitation-in-conflicts-and-disasters/ Early Rehabilitation in Conflicts and Disasters].

...ntilation, delirium, and the development of disabilities.<ref name=":0" /> In addition to the physical effects, prolonged hospitalisation can have a sign ...itation service for multi-trauma patients: a non-randomized clinical trial in the Netherlands]. PLoS One. 2017 Jan 11;12(1):e0170047. </ref>

...geway; the inflamed membrane secretes excess mucus that may clog the lower respiratory passageway. ...ses, the mechanics of in the upper respiratory tract is affected. And also in cases of tracheostomy where, the upper airway is cut off and this also affe

...Chen H, Shi G. Oscillatory positive expiratory pressure treatment in lower respiratory tract infection. Experimental and therapeutic medicine. 2018 Oct 1;16(4):32 ...ositive pressure devices in a simulated cystic fibrosis model. Respiratory Care. 2017 Apr 1;62(4):451-8.</ref>

...</ref><ref>Cross J, Harden B, Broad MA, Quint M, Paul Ritson MC, Thomas S. Respiratory physiotherapy: An on-call survival guide. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2008 No ...>Hough A. Physiotherapy in respiratory care: a problem-solving approach to respiratory and cardiac management. Springer; 2013 Nov 11.</ref><ref name=":1">Main E,

[[File:Respiratory failure.jpg|right|frameless|632x632px]] ...atory]] system fails to maintain its main function, which is gas exchange, in which PaO2 is lower than 60 mmHg and/or PaCO2 higher than 50 mmHg.

...most cases, a [[Deep Vein Thrombosis|deep venous thrombosis]] (DVT) forms in the leg. Once dislodged, the [[Thrombosis|thrombus]] travels to the lungs w ...tory status, and size and number of emboli affects the severity of changes in pulmonary blood flow and respiration. A small blockage of the pulmonary art

...dual patient data meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials]. Critical Care. 2021 Dec;25(1):1-1.</ref> ..., and sinusitis.<ref name=":0" /><ref>Pingleton SK. Complications of acute respiratory failure. Am Rev Respir Dis 1988; 137(6): 1463-93.</ref>

...ventilator. The [[How We Breathe#Basics of Breathing|diaphragm]], the main respiratory muscle, works constantly throughout the day and performs many different bre ...: Contemporary results and outcomes of the laparoscopic approach to repair in symptomatic infants and children.] Journal of pediatric surgery. 2019 Jul 1

...tic review of necrotising fasciitis in children from its first description in 1930 to 2018. BMC infectious diseases. 2019 Dec;19(1):317.</ref> At first ...cedirect.com/science/article/pii/S073567570700304X Predictors of mortality in patients with necrotizing fasciitis.] American Journal of Emergency Medicin

.../23722822/ Physiotherapy in intensive care: an updated systematic review]. Chest 2013;144(3):825–47.</ref> Early mobilization is the application of physic ...ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26132803/ Effect of early rehabilitation during intensive care unit stay on functional status: systematic review and meta-analysis.] PloS

...essive disorders. SCI leads to serious disability in the patient resulting in the loss of work, which brings psychosocial and economic problems.<ref name ...gth, conservation of bone density, and to ensure normal functioning of the respiratory and digestive system<ref name=":0" />.

...s in patients with chronic airflow limitation: mechanisms and management]. Chest. 1994 Sep 1;106(3):904-12.</ref> ..., assessment, and management: a consensus statement.] Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.. 1999;159:321-40.</ref>

...ive care medicine is 60 years old: the history and future of the intensive care unit.] Clinical medicine. 2014 Aug;14(4):376. </ref> ...tiary care, with the majority of these services delivered in the secondary-care setting.<ref name=":2" />

...cedure involves patient preparation, the suctioning event(s) and follow-up care<ref name=":2">Endotracheal Suction Guidelines ICU Working Party, Clinical I ...oning of Mechanically Ventilated Patients with Artificial Airways.] Respir Care. 2010;55 (6): 758-764</ref>. 

...ation and maintenance of intra-abdominal pressure, and injuries can result in significant ventilatory compromise. Traumatic diaphragmatic injuries (TDI) ...this condition were being undertaken. Despite having been recognised early in the history of surgery, blunt traumatic diaphragm rupture was a rarely repo

Coma is widely encountered throughout health care settings and may occur in the context of a variety of different acute [[Neurological Disorders|neurol ...":1" />. The person is alive and looks like they are sleeping, but unlike in a deep sleep, the person cannot be awakened by any stimulation, including p

....pdf Physiotherapy for Respiratory Conditions]. Advanced nursing & patient care international journal. 2018;1(1):180003. </ref> These general goals can be ...nd physical rehabilitation in critically ill patients]. Acute and critical care. 2019 Feb;34(1):1. DOI: 10.4266/acc.2019.00444 </ref>

...Crew JD, Ferguson AR, McKenna SL. Pulmonary outcomes following specialized respiratory management for acute cervical spinal cord injury: a retrospective analysis. ...cord injury present with [[Respiratory Failure|respiratory complications]] in the acute stage.<ref>Hagen EM. Acute complications of spinal cord injuries.

...36199-Humanity--Inclusion-Clinical-Handbook-web_1.pdf Early rehabilitation in conflicts and disasters.] Handicap International: London, UK. 2020.</ref> ...n of patients who have had a burn injury, but will include important wound care considerations with regards to mobility and positioning.

...&pid=S0104-07072015000401071 Vital signs measurement: an indicator of safe care delivered to elderly patients.] Texto & Contexto-Enfermagem. 2015 Dec;24(4) # [[Respiratory Rate|Respiratory rate]].

...ess.<ref name=":0">Jensen Stochkendahl M, Wulff Christensen H., Chest pain in focal musculoskeletal disorders, Medical Clinics of North America;Elsevier, ...volved costal [[Cartilage|cartilages]] is visible and patients complain of chest wall [[Pain-Modulation|pain]].<ref name=":1">Frontera, W. R. (2015). Essent

...zation and rehabilitation. Among these techniques are purse lip breathing, chest expansion exercises, coughing techniques, oral suction, ankle toe movements ...a and participation restrictions, emphasizing the role of physiotherapists in motivating patients towards a hopeful return to their communities.

...ial workers etc. Family members and support groups should also be involved in the recovery process of these patients. ...hat post-burn rehabilitation entails to both patients and their caregivers in order to carry them along and to encourage cooperation. Generally, the aims

..., Smallwood CD. Pediatric oxygen therapy: a review and update. Respiratory care. 2017 Jun 1;62(6):645-61.</ref>. Oxygen is an expensive medication; thus, i ...>Hough A. Physiotherapy in Respiratory Care; An evidence-based approach to respiratory and cardiac management. 3^rd eds. United Kingdom: Nelson Thomes

Sternum pain is pain or discomfort in the area of the chest that contains the sternum and the cartilage connecting it to the [[ribs]]. ...so many people experiencing sternum pain may confuse it with more general chest pain.<ref name=":20">Medical news today [https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/a

[[File:ARDS chest.jpg|right|frameless|450x450px]] Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) [chest [[X-Rays|Xray]] R]

...iction or radiation) contact<ref name=":2">Hale A. ''et al'' Physiotherapy in Burns, Plastics and Reconstructive Surgery. [Online: Available from: https: ...re should be a focus on both the physical and psychological impacts of the trauma.

...siology of systemic complications and current management.] Journal of Burn Care & Research. 2017 Jan 1;38(1):e469-81.</ref> ...term morbidity. The best way to minimize complications is to manage burns in a dedicated burns center with immediate full multi-disciplinary involvement

...Some MNDs are inherited, however most causes of most MNDs are not known.  In sporadic or noninherited MNDs, environmental, toxic, viral, or genetic fact * In adults, the most common MND is [[Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis |Amyotrophic

Atelectasis is a condition in which there is collapse of [[Lung Anatomy|lung]] tissue ([https://www.ncbi. * Incidence doesn't increase in patient with increased age, [[COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease)|

...]Physiotherapy assessment commences once the patient is medically stable. In view of the complexity of many patients with traumatic brain injury, the as ...of consciousness the individual has before commencing assessment, and bear in mind the following:

...they can also be related to inadequate access to health care and follow-up in emergency situations. Being able to recognise and mitigate for these risks ...include [[Diabetes Mellitus Type 2|diabetes]] , older age and smoking, but in disaster and conflict settings, the following types of injuries and conditi

...1967 in Cape Town, South Africa. Unfortunately, early operations resulted in problems such as infection and rejection, and heart recipients did not surv ...okorná E, Vitko S, Ekberg H. Medical-record review of potential donor pool in the Czech Republic suggests a possible increase to more than double the num

[[File:Respiratory System.png|thumb]] ...ducts of combustion.<ref name=":1">Dries and EndorfScandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine2013,21:31</ref>

...ly life and would benefit from rehabilitation services, which equates to 1 in 3 individuals requiring rehabilitation services throughout the course of th ...needs are concentrated amongst the poorest and most vulnerable populations in low- and middle-income countries and conflict-affected settings, which are

...fference was discovered by Dr. Victor McKusick of Johns Hopkins University in the 1970's. <ref name="IFOP" /><br> ..."Lak" /> However, there have been 800 confirmed cases in the world and 285 in the United States.<ref name="IFOP" />&nbsp;67% undergo invasive procedures

...assessment of a patient is highly valuable to rehabilitation professionals in an emergency setting. It can save time by avoiding duplication later on, bu Whilst each profession, and in some cases each clinical condition, may have their own specific assessment

...ere a role for the Girdlestone resection arthroplasty in modern orthopedic trauma surgery? Case series from a medically underserved region and literature rev The first documented surgery of this kind, in 1928, involved radical excision of the femoral head and neck to drain the t

..., Fabara SP. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8402869/ Locked-in syndrome: A systematic review of long-term management and prognosis.] Cureu ...hagen KS. [https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/9/4/e023185 Locked-in syndrome] in Sweden, an explorative study of persons who underwent rehabilitation: a coh

...this change reflects better medical provision in higher-income countries, in many low-income countries and disaster and conflict settings this situation ...acute phase, respiratory management and prevention of infections are vital in reducing morbidity and mortality.<ref name=":1" />

...García-Vences E. Rehabilitation Therapies in Spinal Cord Injury Patients. In: Arias, J. J. A. I. , Ramos, C. A. C. , editors. Paraplegia [Internet]. Lon ...ink.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13311-018-0632-5.pdf Clinical trials in traumatic spinal cord injury. Neurotherapeutics]. 2018 Jul;15(3):654-68.</r

...the patient's long-term goals and align therapy to these objectives. This, in turn, enhances patient engagement with the treatment plan. ...m helps to streamline subsequent assessments and facilitates continuity of care, both during rehabilitation and upon transition to community settings. This

...from acute respiratory failure: results of a Delphi process.] Monaldi Arch Chest Dis [Internet]. 2020 Jun.23;90(2). Available from: <nowiki>https://www.mona ...from early research that these patients will be in need of rehabilitation in all phases of the disease - acute, post-acute and long-term.

...php?pid=S1015-51632020000100018&script=sci_arttext&tlng=es Cyriax syndrome in a young male professional soccer player: A case report.] South African Jour ...port of an iatrogenic result following video-assisted thoracic surgery and chest tube placement.] Pain Management. 2021 May;11(5):555-9.</ref>

...nce abuse or behavioural issue. This article will focus on rehabilitation in a health context. == Rehabilitation in a Health Setting ==

...pright position - it is characterized by a dramatic and excessive increase in heart rate. POTS is theorized to be due to an autonomic dysregulation regul ...-10 times as common as [[Orthostatic Hypotension|orthostatic hypotension]] in clinical practice. Some studies have indicated estimates of as much as 170/

...occur in the WHO African and South-East Asia regions. Burn injuries occur in all genders, however females have slightly higher rates of death as compare For a list of wound care terminology, please see [https://www.physio-pedia.com/Wound_Care_Terminolog

...than men during both waking and sleeping periods, by an average of 10 bpm in young adults<ref name=":1" />.  ...rically connect the SA node to the right atrium and play an important role in regulating the SA node automaticity, thus the maintenance of the HR<ref nam

...e (COVID-19)|Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)]], caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Corona Virus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), is a single-stranded ribonucleic acid ...patient, rather than ‘airborne spread’ (in which smaller particles remain in the air longer).

...te Care. Pre-operative physiotherapy. AustPAR. Australian Physiotherapists in Amputee Rehabilitation. Available from http://www.austpar.com/portals/acute ...thesis on the first side would facilitate independent transfers and safety in sitting.

In the early days of making orthoses, materials such as metal and leather were ...gh assessment, appropriate goal setting and clear expectations will result in a well-designed and appropriate orthotic device which is comfortable and fu

...he deep [[Cardiovascular System|veins]], usually of the leg, but can occur in the veins of the arms and the mesenteric and cerebral veins. It is a common The majority of lower extremity DVTs develop in the veins of the calf, being the peroneal veins, posterior tibial veins and

...a person’s well-being is paramount. [[Trauma-Informed Care|Trauma-informed care]] appreciates how a person’s life history may have impacted their develop ...tive health care experiences and holistic rehabilitation by working from a trauma-informed perspective and supporting the health and resilience of both patie

...can occur by low-energy mechanism or by high-energy impact. They can range in severity from relatively benign injuries to life-threatening, unstable frac ...ed with open reduction and internal fixation]. Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery 39.5 (1995): 838-845. Accessed 26 May 2022.</ref>&nbsp;<ref name="T

...and interventions are made following an individual patient risk assessment in accordance with professional guidelines for moving and handling. While adeq ...rs that directly impact the patient and assist the healthcare professional in ensuring a patient's safety during moving and handling tasks.

...enhance consciousness along with other forms of treatment and therapy used in [[Traumatic Brain Injury|traumatic brain injury]] neurorehabilitation. Prev ...ions. Although patients with disorders of consciousness demonstrate damage in various areas of the brain eg [[Cerebral Cortex|cortico]]-[[Thalamus|thalam

.../ref><ref name=":0">Marshall, R and Hasnan, N. Chapter.27 Team Based Care. In: Chhabra HS, ISCoS Textbook on Comprehensive Management of Spinal Cord Inju ...e in Spinal Cord Injury Inpatient Rehabilitation and Patient Participation in Therapy Sessions: The SCIRehab Project. The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine

...female body undergoes a variety of anatomical and [[Physiological Changes in Pregnancy|physiological]] changes. Some of these hormonal and cardiovascula ...elvic_Girdle_Pain_in_the_Antepartum_Population__.7.aspx Pelvic girdle pain in the antepartum population: physical therapy clinical practice guidelines li

...Treatment can only be as good as the assessment on which it was based, so in order for us to progress and manage our treatment plan and ensure we are id ...of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) for Rehabilitation Management in Clinical Practice. Eur J Phys Rehabil. 2008;44(3):329-42.</ref>

...of impaired body functions. These include functions of the bladder, bowel, respiratory, and cardiovascular systems. As well as this, social and personal factors, * Initial medical care and rehabilitation are focused on minimising additional neurological damage

...five years and functional level is maintained between three and six years in these children. Symptoms are mild at first but become more severe as the ch ...f> That means that there is approximately 2400 individuals living with DMD in the UK alone<ref name="Muscle Dystrophy UK">Muscular Dystrophy UK. Muscular

...loarthritis Classification Criteria–The debate continues]. Current opinion in rheumatology. 2017 Jul;29(4):317.</ref> ...he joint capsule and cartilage. It causes a decreased range of motion and, in its advanced stages, can give the spine an appearance similar to bamboo, he

...type of fractures vary depending on the type of disaster or conflict. But in general, during disasters and conflicts, patients present with multiple inj ...professionals are required to maintain close contact with the medical team in order to assess those with fractures prior to discharge.<ref name=":3" />

...eleton Filaments|Cytoskeleton]]) These, in turn, result from abnormalities in the genes encoding various proteins that define EB into specific categories ...incidence of EB have been endeavored by many different sampling techniques in numerous populations worldwide, but the most accurate and up to date epidem

...ely due to the population presenting with a number of co-morbidities which in turn makes this a complex caseload to work with. == Homelessness in the UK ==

...an C, Fuller K. Chapter 3: Pain Types and Viscerogenic&nbsp;Pain Patterns. In:DifferentialDiagnosis for Physical Therapists: Screening for Referral. 5th ...me changes. The physical therapist should carefully document these changes in order to recognize discrepancies.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

Breathing affects all body systems; these systems in turn influence breathing. Optimal breathing patterns help to maintain homeo ...is, however, important to understand the science behind optimal breathing in order to recognise and manage the symptoms that occur with dysfunctional br

This page brings to light some medical related issues in sports that it is important to be aware of, namely: == Sudden Cardiac Death in Sports ==

...The energy expenditure can be measured in kilocalories. Physical activity in daily life can be categorized into occupational, sports, conditioning, hous ...hip between physical fitness qualities and sport-specific technical skills in female, team-based ball players: A systematic review.] Sports medicine-open

...owns and various restrictive measures used to curb the spread of COVID-19. In many cases this may be the longest period away from structured training wit ...n the limitations of training from home and to identify the risks involved in returning to training and competitions. It is therefore important to develo

...humb|375x375px|Deshmukh et al (2022) - Prevalence of breathing dysfunction in musculoskeletal complaints]] ...lso known as thoracic breathing” instead involves breathing from the upper chest with greater upper rib cage motion compared to lower rib cage (Chaitow et a

...is an abnormal lateral curvature of the spine. It is most often diagnosed in childhood or early adolescence. ...cal stress during movement. Scoliosis is often defined as spinal curvature in the “coronal” (frontal) plane. While the degree of curvature is measure

* Key types of headaches and causes of dizziness that may be encountered in clinical practice ...nerally begins in childhood to early adulthood although it can start later in life for some perimenopausal / [[Menopause|menopausal]] women<ref name=":2"

...sical therapy management in palliative care.] Indian Journal of Palliative Care. 2011 May;17(2):116.</ref> ...6276.pub3 Transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation (TENS) for cancer pain in adults.] ''The Cochrane database of systematic reviews'', ''2012''(3) </ref

...-evaluate its position. Tibb Institute.] A Science of Medicine. The Art of Care. 2015 Feb;1(1):1-0.</ref> ...rding to Ge Hong (281-341 CE), animal horns were used to drain body fluids in Asia during the Jin dynasty. Additionally, it was popular during the Greek

...ge:ClavicleFracture2.jpg|thumb|right]]&nbsp;The clavicle is the first bone in the human body to begin intramembranous ossification directly from mesenchy ...ntly causes a clavicle fracture. Radiographs confirm the diagnosis and aid in further evaluation and treatment. While most clavicle fractures are treated

...ernational. 2015 Jan;112(3):35.</ref> Patient positioning must not be seen in isolation but rather as one aspect of patient management where the overall ...A, Bölter R, Engeser P, Wensing M, Szecsenyi J, Peters-Klimm F. Challenges in supporting lay carers of patients at the end of life: results from focus gr

...sson E. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17363318 Urinary incontinence in women with low back pain.] Manual Therapy. June 2008;13(3):206-212. ...al_study Association between lumbopelvic pain and pelvic floor dysfunction in women: A cross sectional study]. Musculoskeletal Science and Practice. 2018

...inal cord]]. Autonomic dysfunction can include compromised cardiovascular, respiratory, urinary, gastrointestinal, thermoregulatory, and sexual activities. Mainta ...[[Autonomic Dysreflexia]] and thermoregulation dysfunction is more common in the sub-acute and chronic spinal cord injury.

...hysiotherapy Practice|Queen Margaret University Current and Emerging Roles in Physiotherapy Practice Project]] ...ging population and a result of physiotherapy practice is being undertaken in a variety of untraditional settings that would have originally been unheard

...cs are covered separately on Physiopedia pages but have yet to be combined in one page. This page aims to present the research so clinicians can be more ...tps://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16550446/ European guidelines for prevention in low back pain.] Eur Spine J. 2006 Mar;15 Suppl 2(Suppl 2):S136-68. </ref>

...stem (triggering neuropeptide release, which produces painful inflammation in cranial vessels and the [[Brain Anatomy|dura mater]]).<ref name="Merck Manu ...ache Disorders 3rd edition beta-based field testing of vestibular migraine in China: Demographic, clinical characteristics, audiometric findings and diag

...siotherapy_Practice|Queen Margaret University's Current and Emerging Roles in Physiotherapy Practice Project]] Cerebral palsy is a well recognized neurodevelopmental condition beginning in early childhood and persisting throughout an individual’s life. Mutch et