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[[File:Muscles of the pelvic diaphragm Primal.png|thumb]] ...sheet of muscle located posterior to the [[Levator Ani Muscle|levator ani muscles]] in the [[Pelvic Floor Anatomy|pelvic floor]]. The coccygeus, together wi

...Available from: https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/inferior-gluteal-artery (Accessed, 28 November 2020)</ref> ...or gluteal artery. Available from: https://www.anatomy.net/inferior-gluteal-artery (Accessed, 28 November 2020)</ref>

...]] (ES) group (the intermediate layer of the intrinsic [[Back Muscles|back muscles]]). The ES is made of three subgroups, with the group divisions occurring b The erector spinae muscles, which spinalis belong to, are the most powerful extensors of the spine.<re

...]], [[Adductor Magnus|adductor magnus]], and [[Gracilis|gracillis]]. These muscles primarily function to move the thigh/lower extremity closer to the body's c ...clelibrary/viewarticle/24169/ . Anatomy, bony pelvis and lower limb, thigh muscles].Available:https://www.statpearls.com/articlelibrary/viewarticle/24169/ (ac

<div class="pp-no-course-suggestions pp-no-article-suggestions"></div> ...hat page. &nbsp; It will look something like this:&nbsp;<br>'''Deep flexor muscles of the forearm Primal.png'''‎

...Adductor Brevis Available: https://radiopaedia.org/articles/adductor-brevis-muscle<nowiki/>(accessed 20.1.2022)</ref> ...atomy Available:https://teachmeanatomy.info/lower-limb/muscles/thigh/medial-compartment/ (accessed 20.1.2022)</ref>

[[File:Gluteal muscles gemelli.webp|alt=|thumb|620x620px]] ...name=":0">Lezak B, Massel DH. Anatomy, bony pelvis and lower limb, gemelli muscles.

[[File:Muscles of the thigh posterior compartment Primal.png|thumb|Muscles of the thigh posterior compartment]] ...ge of Motion hip extension, 0° to 20°.<ref>Musculoskeletal Key Testing the Muscles of the Trunk and Pelvic Floor Available:[[Manual Muscle Testing: Trunk Flex

...teal Muscles] Available: https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/gluteal-muscles<nowiki/>(accessed 11.1.2022)</ref>. Image 1: Rotating image of the anatomy of muscles of the gluteal region. The Maximus (yellow), medius (blue) and minimus (red

== Muscles Involved: == * Grades 0-2 - Patient is supine ('gravity minimal' position)

[[File:Muscles of the thigh posterior compartment Primal.png|thumb|Muscles of the thigh posterior compartment]] ...dy. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation. 2004 Aug 1;85(8):1345-50.</ref>

...lvis (male) 02 - anterior view.png|alt=Image of boney anatomy of the human pelvis |thumb]] ...scle Energy Technique|Muscle Energy Technique (MET)]] used to re-align the pelvis and treat a variety of pelvic dysfunctions.

[[File:Pelvis anterior and posterior, segments highlighted.png|right|frameless]] The ilium makes up the upper portion of the [[Hip Anatomy|hip]] bone and [[pelvis]]. It is the largest and uppermost bone of the hip and is an essential part

...f the femur. |Adductor longus]]The adductor longus is one of the adductor muscles of the medial thigh.<ref name=":0">Moore KL, Dalley AF, Agur AMR. Clinicall This large fan-shaped muscle is situated most anteriorly of this group and covers the middl

== Muscles Involved: == * Grades 3 to 5 - Patient in side lying with top leg (non-test side) abducted 25°. Test side is the bottom leg in side lying.

...hl KD. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537153/ Anatomy, Abdomen and Pelvis, Rectus Sheath].Available:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537153/ (ac ...ub Rectus Sheath Available:https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/rectus-sheath (accessed 19.12.2021)</ref>

...clinician to analyse the ROM and track the hip joint during eg [[Walking - Muscles Used|walking]] or maximum squat. Motion capture devices are mainly used to * Motions of the pelvis on the lumbar spine during measurement of hip flexion or extension can arti

...sevier Health Sciences; 2013.</ref> During [[gait]], the joints within the pelvis work together to decrease the amount of force transferred from the ground a == Bony Pelvis ==

The ischium (Latin: ''os ischii'') is a paired bone of the [[pelvis]] that forms the lower and back part of the [[Hip Anatomy|hip]] bone, as we # Body of the ischium - the portion that forms the posterior one-third of the acetabulum.

[[File:Semispinalis c.jpg|thumb|Deep back muscles]] ...olved muscles are: [[Back Muscles|back extensor miuscles]] (intrinsic back muscles) aided by [[Latissimus Dorsi Muscle|latissimus dorsi]], [[Quadratus Lumboru

...ain the abdominal pressure and movements of the trunk along with the other muscles. ...om/en/library/anatomy/internal-abdominal-oblique-muscle ( accessed on 30-04-2020)</ref>

...ength Test] Available: https://www.topendsports.com/testing/tests/abdominal-strength.htm (accessed 4.1.2022)</ref> ...nosis of spondylolysis or spondylolisthesis. Spine. 1997 Dec 15;22(24):2959-67.</ref>.

[[File:Muscles of the thigh posterior compartment Primal.png|thumb|Muscles of the thigh posterior compartment|alt=]] ...2018 Oct 23.Available:https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/hip-extensors (accessed 21.1.2022)</ref>.

...Varacallo M. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519497/ Anatomy, bony pelvis and lower limb, piriformis muscle]. InStatPearls [Internet] 2021 Oct 11. St ...tery<ref>Accessed from:https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/piriformis-muscle on 14/08/18.</ref>.

# Knee extension ROM is from full flexion to 5-10° hyperextension. ...<ref>Radiopedia Knee Available: https://radiopaedia.org/articles/knee-joint-1?lang=gb<nowiki/>(accessed 18.2.2022)</ref>.

The male pelvic floor muscles support the abdominal contents, are active during breathing, maintain urina Studies have shown that weak pelvic floor muscles compromised normal pelvic floor function and led to urinary incontinence an

...ts Medicine (4th Edition).'' Australia. McGraw-Hill education Pty Ltd. p514-515 </ref> [[File:Gemellus superior.png|thumb]] ...superior originates from the outer (gluteal) surface of the spine of the [[Pelvis|ischium]]<ref name=":0">Palastanga, NIgel; Soames, Roger (November 2011). 

'''Original Editor '''- [https://www.physio-pedia.com/User:Chelsea_Mclene Chelsea Mclene] ...nalogous to [https://www.physio-pedia.com/Scapulohumeral_Rhythm the Scapulo-Humeral Rhythm.][[File:Basics of lumbar spine.jpg|center|thumb|<ref>basics o

...nd basketball athletes<ref name=":2">Bordoni B, Varacallo M. Anatomy, bony pelvis and lower limb, thigh quadriceps muscle. Available:https://www.statpearls.c ...lis muscles is innervated by the anterior branch of the obturator nerve (L2-L4). The anterior branch of the obturator nerve also innervates the [[Adduct

The Quadratus Lumborum (QL) is the deepest [[Back Muscles|back muscle]] and originates from the [[Ilium|iliac crest]] and inserts on ...llo M. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK535407/ Anatomy, Abdomen and Pelvis, Quadratus Lumborum].2018 Availkable: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NB

...ructure made up of muscles, ligaments, nerves and fascia. The pelvic floor muscles form part of the pelvic floor and play a critical role in sexual function a ...and pathology. Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics]. 2011 Sep 1;40(3):565-75.</ref> The urethra exits the bladder and passes through the prostate.

...ominal Muscles|internal&nbsp;oblique, external oblique, and erector spinae muscles]].<ref name="min yong">Min YE,Sin HC,Tae SK. Effects of Bridging Exercise o ...with Hip Adduction on the EMG Activities of the Abdominal and Hip Extensor Muscles in Females. Journal of Physical Therapy Sciences, 2013; 25:1147–1149.</re

...randomized-controlled trial. Physical Therapy in sport. 2005 May 1;6(2):60-6.</ref> == Muscles ==

...hip]] and [[:Category:Knee - Muscles|knee]] that contribute to [[Walking - Muscles Used|walking]] and other propulsive movements.<ref name="Moore">Moore KL, A ..., Hubbard JB. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK532982/ Anatomy, Bony Pelvis and Lower Limb, Femur.] InStatPearls [Internet] 2019 Jul 3. StatPearls Publ

[[File:Minna-hamalainen-Mgx1oe2vlVY-unsplash.jpeg|thumb|390x390px|A great core exercise: [[Plank exercise|Plank] ...hip. Core muscles are essential for proper load balance within the spine, pelvis, and kinetic chain. They spare the spine from excessive load and are essent

[[File:250px-Iliostalis.png|thumb|400x400px|Iliocostalis]] ...ia Erector Spinae Available:https://radiopaedia.org/articles/erector-spinae-group?lang=us (accessed 6.2.2022)</ref>.

...153016392695/Effect-of-standing-postural-deviations-on-trunk-and-hip-muscle-activity.pdf?origin=publication_detail (last accessed 10.12.2019)</ref> ...a M, Kotwicki T. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5836359/ Non-structural misalignments of body posture in the sagittal plane]. Scoliosis a

[[File:Hip abduction-CDC strength training for older adults.gif|thumb|Hip Abduction]] # The primary hip abductor [[Muscle|muscles]] include the [[Gluteus Medius|gluteus medius]], [[Gluteus Minimus|gluteus

...fo/pelvis/bones/sacrum/ Sacrum] Available from:https://teachmeanatomy.info/pelvis/bones/sacrum/ (last accessed 11.6.2020)</ref> * Though the spinal cord ends in the lumbar region (L1-L2), the dura mater extends to S2.

...uctor Longus]], [[Adductor Brevis]], [[Adductor Magnus]], and [[Gracilis]] muscles, which primarily function in hip adduction.. ...s muscle Available: https://www.verywellhealth.com/pectineus-muscle-anatomy-5084562<nowiki/>(accessed 15.1.2022)</ref>

...ts_and_Couples_-_15_-_CHAPTER_2_FORCE_MOMENT_AND_COUPLE_THE_FORCE Chapter 2-Forces, Moments and Couples]. 2023. The serratus anterior and [[trapezius]] muscles (especially the middle and lower muscle fibers) work together as a pair of

[[File:Hip flexors.png|alt=Hip muscles anterior aspect.|thumb|324x324px|Hip muscles anterior aspect.]] ...4.1.2022)</ref>. Every time you take a step, you are using your hip flexor muscles.

...where the [[Thoracic Anatomy|thoracic]] and [[Lumbar|lumbar spine]] and [[pelvis]] stay in a relatively neutral position while the subject bends forward. Th ...ngs]], and low back. This exercise also relies on your [[Core Muscles|core muscles]] to assist in the movement.

...ne in adults, the principal union forming the fused acetabulum (forming one-fifth of the acetabulum). ...atomy-4693390 Pubis] Available:https://www.verywellhealth.com/pubis-anatomy-4693390 (accessed 7.11.2021)</ref>

..., Function & Anatomy | Body Maps www.healthline.com/human-body-maps/iliacus-muscle/male#1 (accessed 17 June 2018)</ref> === Anatomy<ref>Iliacus - UW Radiology https://rad.washington.edu/muscle-atlas/iliacus/ (accessed 18 june 2018)

The disease is more prevalent in multiparous middle-aged women, it may also occur in the younger population. <ref>Brosens, I., e </ref>Adenomyosis is thought to be hormone-sensitive and estrogen, progesterone, prolactin, and follicle stimulating [[

...ussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universiteit Brussel's Evidence-based Practice project]]. ...] The Journal of bone and joint surgery. British volume. 1985 Nov;67(5):741-6.</ref>This is often referred to as the Trendelenburg test but should not b

..., Published in India by arrangement with Baillier Tindall, london 2005 p 33-37 </ref> !Pelvis

...lly and inferiorly across the abdominal wall. This canal is approximately 3-5 cm in length. ...al%20is%20a,in%20the%20external%20inguinal%20orifice. Anatomy, abdomen and pelvis, inguinal region (inguinal canal)]. 2023 July. StatPearls [Internet]</ref>.

[[File:Iliopsoas.png|thumb|A compound muscle composed of the iliac and psoas muscles]] ...diagnosis, and treatment.] Clinics in sports medicine. 2016 Jul 1;35(3):419-33.</ref>.

The paired pyramidalis muscles are small triangular-shaped muscles that lie between the anterior surface of the [[Rectus Abdominis|rectus abdo ...diopedia Pyramidalis Available:https://radiopaedia.org/articles/pyramidalis-muscle (accessed 20.12.2021)</ref>

...Dec. 2020, pp. 2408–2416, <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1007/s00167-020-06354-1</nowiki>. ...tion and internal rotation of the hip. It also acts as a stabiliser of the pelvis.

..., Vilella RC. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK556144/ Anatomy, Bony Pelvis and Lower Limb, Gluteus Minimus Muscle.] InStatPearls [Internet] 2020 Apr 1 ...|350x350px|alt=|thumb|Gluteus minimus of right side: outline and attachment-areas.]]

...e abdominal wall (anterior view)|right|frameless|600x600px|Overview of the muscles of the abdominal wall (anterior view)]] ...ton P. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK551649/ Anatomy, Abdomen and Pelvis, Abdominal Wall.] Available:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK551649/ (

...ased on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/krista-eskay/ Krista Eskay]<br> * Initially, the rib cage in infants is barrel-shaped and rigid; ribs are elevated and perpendicular to the spine

...based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/instructor/ibukun-afolabi/ Ibukun Afolabi]<br> ...text Biotensegrity: what is the big deal?] J Bodyw Mov Ther. 2020;24(1):134-7. </ref> system, it is important that pelvic health physiotherapists consid

...riginal Editor '''- [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/deborah-riczo/ Deborah Riczo], [[User:Wanda van Niekerk|Wanda van Niekerk]]<br> [[File:Muscles of the pelvic diaphragm Primal.png|right|frameless]]

...ese muscles are vital for allowing free movement of the spine.[[Image:250px-Iliostalis.png|Iliocostalis lumborum bottom R, iliocostalis dorsi at centre| ...umborum Available: https://www.rehabmypatient.com/lumbar-spine/iliocostalis-lumborum (accessed 1.12.2021)</ref>

...a hollow muscular, elastic, subperitoneal organ, , located at the lesser [[Pelvis|pelvic]] cavity, it collects the urine that is filtered through the [[kidne ...f the bladder wall is formed of smooth involuntary muscle fibers (detrusor muscles), it contracts at urination to empty the bladder.

...anatomy and function. Neurogastroenterology & Motility. 2006 Jul;18(7):507-19.</ref> The main function of the pelvic floor [[Muscle Energy Technique|muscles]] are:

...pave the way for pain. At the same time, the weakness of the back extensor muscles can also form the basis of the pain as it will put a load on the Quadratus ...r extremity.<ref name=":1">Kassolik K, Rajkowska-Labon E, Tomasik T, Pisula-Lewadowska A, Gieremek K, Andrzejewski W, Dobrzycka A, Kurpas D. Recommendat

...he psoas minor muscle in human fetuses. Int J Morphol. 2012 Mar 1;30(1):136-9.</ref> There is limited research on the psoas minor muscle since its prese ...of psoas minor muscle‐reviewed. J Evolution Med Dent Sci. 2013 Aug 5;2:5867-9.</ref>

...crotuberous lig]. Available: https://radiopaedia.org/articles/sacrotuberous-ligament (accessed 1.9.2021)</ref>. * Is in the shape of a fan located in the posterior pelvis, on both sides and connects the [[sacrum]] to the iliac tuberosities.

...ooks/NBK534842/ Anatomy, bony pelvis and lower limb, thigh adductor magnus muscles.]Available: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534842/<nowiki/>(accessed ...adductor magnus muscle has a dual role being a dynamic stabilizer of the [[pelvis]] and femur as well as a prime mover of the femur into adduction.

...[[ribs]] around and down to the [[pelvis]]. Together, the external oblique muscles cover the sides of the abdominal area, being large and sitting on the top s ...© Kenhub https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/the-lateral-abdominal-muscles</ref>

[[File:Edgar-chaparro-sHfo3WOgGTU-unsplash.jpg|right|frameless|300x300px]] The [[Back Muscles|muscles of the back]] can be arranged into 3 categories based on their location:

[[File:Torso-rectus-abdominis-transversus-abdominis.png|right|frameless]] ...cles, commonly referred to as your "six-pack." It is two flat and parallel muscles separated by linea alba (a connective tissue). It acts to flex the spinal c

...rimary function is of the upper extremity but is also considered to be a [[Muscles of Respiration|respiratory accessory muscle]].<ref name=":4">Jeno SH, Varac ...he latissimus dorsi belongs to the superficial layer of the extrinsic back muscles.

...ologic Oncology Surgery E-Book.] Elsevier Health Sciences; 2018 Jul 1.(pp.3-49)</ref> Its tendon exits the pelvis through the lesser sciatic foramen to insert onto the greater trochanter 

...e femur, patella, fabellae (sesamoid bones), tibia, fibula, tarsus and meta-tarsus and the digital bones. The size of hindlimb bones varies due to the s ...s; their rear legs are fairly rigid and muscular. The pelvic limb bears 40-45% of the dog's weight and provides the majority of the propulsion for loco

...system of ligaments in the vertebral column, combined with the tendons and muscles, provides a natural brace to help protect the spine from injury. ...https://www.coloradospineinstitute.com/education/anatomy/ligaments-tendons-muscles/ (last accessed 11.5.2020)</ref>.

[[File:Curl-up.jpg|curl-up exercise |alt=|right|frameless]] ...ith high [[Endurance Exercise|endurance]] helps prevent [[Low Back Pain|low-back pain]].<ref name=":3" />

...ndrome as well. This imbalance results in an anterior tilt of the [[Pelvis|pelvis]], increased flexion of the hips, and a compensatory hyperlordosis in the l ...ese muscles are inhibited and substituted by activation of the superficial muscles.

...erve and psoas quartus muscle. Anatomy & Cell Biology. 2019 Jun 1;52(2):208-10.</ref>. It controls: ...xors|hip flexor muscles]], as well as [[Quadriceps Muscle|knee extension]] muscles.

[[File:Kitera-dent-jWv1ILisuSc-unsplash.jpeg|right|frameless]] ...ng] Available: https://healthyliving.azcentral.com/muscles-walking-exercise-1837.html<nowiki/>(accessed 21.12.2021)</ref>

...liopsoas Muscle.</ref>. The psoas muscle is one of the [[Core Muscles|core muscles]]. [[File:Anterior Hip Muscles.png|alt=Psoas major muscle (highlighted in green) - anterior view|right|fra

...h lower Quality of Life (QoL), depression and extremely high annual medical-care costs. * Higher body-mass-index (BMI)

...ndal_nerve_territory Colombian Journal of Anestesiology. 2017 Sep;45(3):200-9.</ref>Benjamin Alcock first described it in 1836 while researching the int ...on BW. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554736/ Anatomy, abdomen and pelvis, pudendal nerve.] InStatPearls [Internet] 2021 Sep 13. StatPearls Publishin

...earance. The [[Gluteus Maximus|gluteus maximus]] covers all of the gluteal muscles except for the anterosuperior third of the gluteus medius[[Gluteus Medius| ...enhub https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/gluteus-medius-and-minimus-muscles</ref>

...sed on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/instructor/alexandra-kopelovich/ Alexandra Kopelovich]<br> '''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Con ...xis of the joint, the proximal segment of the joint with move posteriorly. Muscles can contract concentrically or eccentrically to overcome the external momen

...fessional Road Cyclists.] The American journal of sports medicine. 38. 2494-501. 10.1177/0363546510376816. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/ ...de to get sufficient power at bottom of stroke. Putting stress on low back muscles.

...ble:https://musculoskeletalkey.com/deep-dry-needling-of-the-hip-and-pelvic-muscles/ (accessed 28.12.2021)</ref> ...Varacallo M. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537097/ Anatomy, bony pelvis and lower limb, iliotibial band (tract).] StatPearls [Internet]. 2020 Aug 1

...ased on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/pierre-roscher/ Pierre Roscher]<br> <blockquote>Knowing the theory of the anatomy and the physiology of the male pelvis is the first step in becoming clinically competent.

.../www.statpearls.com/articlelibrary/viewarticle/26089/ Anatomy, abdomen and pelvis, obturator nerve]. StatPearls [Internet]. 2021 Jul 26.Available: https://ww ...he [[Lumbar Plexus|lumbar plexus]] on the posterior abdominal wall. Root L2-L4

.... 35.</ref> He developed a form of exercise to strengthen the pelvic floor muscles. ...h urinary incontinence. Journal of Exercise Rehabilitation. 2021;17(6): 379-387</ref>

...1">Florence Peterson Kendall, McCreary E, Provance P, Rodgers M, Romani W. Muscles : Testing and Function with Posture and Pain. 5th ed. Baltimore, Md: Lippin [[File:Muscles of the hip and thigh - Kenhub.png|frameless|600x600px|Overview of the hip a

...13.12.2019)</ref> The image shows starting from the left demonstrates- the pelvis in neutral followed by a posterior tilt through to an anterior pelvic tilt. ...lvis (highlighted in green) - anterior view|right|frameless|500x500px|Bony pelvis (highlighted in green) - anterior view]]

...Nerves|cranial nerves]]) with a few exceptions eg [[Cervical Anatomy|neck muscles]] are supplied by the spinal nerves. ...nerves Available: https://musculoskeletalkey.com/nerves-innervation-of-the-spine/<nowiki/>(accessed 6.2.2022)</ref>

...wska]] based on course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/instructor/rina-pandya/ Rina Pandya] ...lobal (also known as stabiliser and global movers, see [[Core Muscles|core muscles]]).

...ning|core exercise]] that involves maintaining a position similar to a push-up  for the maximum possible time. ...s the traditional plank exercise. Sports biomechanics. 2014 Jul 3;13(3):296-306.</ref>

...alth TrA<nowiki/>https://www.verywellhealth.com/transverse-abdominal-muscle-297289 (accessed 13.12.2021)</ref>. TrA is one of the main [[Core Stability|core muscles]] that support of the lumbopelvic region.

...embers.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/michelle-green-smerdon/ Michelle Green-Smerdon]<br>'''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributors/{{FULLPAGENAME}} ...and are designed to showcase a beautiful work of art."<ref name=":3">Green-Smerdon M. Basic Anatomy of the Dancer’s Ankle and Foot course. Plus , 202

...gether with the semispinalis and rotatores form the [[transversospinales]] muscles group. Multifidusi lies deep to the semispinalis and superficial to the rot ...<ref name=":0">Drake R, Vogl AW, Mitchell AW. Gray's Anatomy for Students E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2009 Apr 4.</ref>

...ciae latae perforator flap. Plastic Reconstructive Surgery: 2009;124(1):181-9. Doi: 10.1097/PRS.0b013e3181ab114c. PMID:19568071</ref> ...A, Pilson H. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499870/ Anatomy, Bony Pelvis and Lower Limb, Tensor Fasciae Latae Muscl]e.Available: https://www.ncbi.nl

'''Original Editor '''- [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/deborah-riczo/ Deborah Riczo], [[User:Wanda van Niekerk|Wanda van Niekerk]]<br> [[File:Pelvis 1.jpeg|right|frameless]]

...nd interphalangeal joints.<ref name=":1">Lezak B, Summers S. Anatomy, Bony Pelvis and Lower Limb: Extensor Hallucis Longus Muscle. In: StatPearls [Internet]. ...d Pain. Florence P,Elizabeth K, Patricia G,Mary M, William A.5th ed.2005.">Muscles: Testing and Function, with Posture and Pain. fckLRFlorence P,Elizabeth K,

...Vacterl/vater association. Orphanet journal of rare diseases. 2011 Dec;6:1-2.</ref> * Vertebral defects – reduced bone volume or absence of one-half of a vertebral structure.

...s a result of the pelvic stress reflex response, in which the pelvic floor muscles actively contract in response to physical, or mental stress.<ref name=":0" ...flex response which can lead to tightness and weakness of the pelvic floor muscles.<ref name=":1" />

...ased on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/claire-robertson/ Claire Robertson]<br> ...cross-sectional analysis.] BMC musculoskeletal disorders. 2020 Dec;21(1):1-7</ref>

...vic-floor exercise]] . It involves frequently contracting and relaxing the muscles that form part of the pelvic floor. ...f these exercises is to strengthen [[Pelvic Floor Anatomy|the pelvic floor muscles]] which have many functions in our body.