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...odiatry and physiotherapy standardised recording proforma. Journal of Foot and Ankle Research 2016; 9:8</ref> ...endation or involvement in teaching and/or researching within the field of paediatrics in Australia. There were 4 rounds to the delphi study.

This article or area is currently under construction and may only be partially complete. Please come back soon to see the finished w ...e SAQ employs standardized drawings and questions to evaluate how patients and their parents perceive the appearance of their spinal deformity.

'''Original Editor '''- [https://www.physio-pedia.com/User:Hing_Long_Yip Hing Long Yip] ...ng physiotherapist. On the other hand, first-aid officer, manager, coaches and other staff are encouraged to use Concussion Recognition Tool 5 (CRT5).

...sible underlying pathologies which could include cerebral palsy, other tone-influencing pathologies or tarsal coalition. This is an indirect, observational method of assessment.<ref name=":0" />

...ating the child to document how the foot is responding to the manipulation and casting. It also assists in determining when to perform the Achilles Tenoto == Pirani Score Assessment ==

...disturbance in elementary school-aged children]. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics. 2000; 21: 27–36</ref>. It measures the daytime sle ...0 years<ref name=":1">Lewandowski AS, Toliver-Sokol M, Palermo TM. Evidence-Based Review of Subjective Pediatric Sleep Measures. Journal of Pediatric Ps

...Gay C, Cooper BA, Meer CR. The Little Schmidy Pediatric Hospital Fall Risk Assessment Index: A diagnostic accuracy study [Internet]. ResearchGate. Elsevier BV; 2 ...elderly population. For the past many years, a lot of pediatric fall risk assessment methods have been developed.

...he WHO Multicentre Growth Reference Study." Food Nutr Bull 25(1 Suppl): S37-45.</ref>. ...ed States) which aimed to analyse the relationship between physical growth and gross motor development in this culturally mixed cohort.

...]), and adapted for local use. It is accurate, expedient, and inexpensive and has been shown to be a very reliable evaluation instrument<ref name=":0" /> ...ts of clubfoot management in children of walking age, ie mid-term to longer-term results<ref name=":0" />.

...neu:975/fulltext.pdf The relationship of sleep problems, bedtime routines, and hours of sleep to ADHD among elementary school aged children]. Northeastern ...tive sleep profiles in autism spectrum disorder: Associations with anxiety and bedtime routines. Autism. 2016; 21(4): 493–503.</ref>

...is an essential part of the strategy for the prevention of hip dislocation and its sequelae.<br> ...ss of mobility, inability to be correctly positioned, compromised personal and hygiene care<br>4. Decrease in quality of life<br>

<div class="editorbox"> '''Original Editor '''- [https://www.physio-pedia.com/User:Kim_Jackson Kim Jackson] '''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:C ...-ggp&ct=res&cd=0&d=700157534993081780&ei=VY4pZILmGO6N6rQP0_me4AE&scisig=AJ9-iYu81DUJA80YcHInFas5khsg A comparison of outcome measures used to report clu

...he neurodevelopmental examination]. Pediatric neurology. 2004 Jul 1;31(1):1-8.</ref> The persistence of these reflexes beyond the usual ages of integrat * Superior semi-circular canal

...of [http://www.physio-pedia.com/Clubfoot_Content_Development_Project ICRC and GCI Clubfoot Content Development Project] ...cases are treated only by Ponseti method. The most challenging is the post-surgical relapse cases but still with Ponseti method a good result could be

...of [http://www.physio-pedia.com/Clubfoot_Content_Development_Project ICRC and GCI Clubfoot Content Development Project] ...d children with clubfoot find it difficult to access education, employment and experience exclusion from society.

...of [http://www.physio-pedia.com/Clubfoot_Content_Development_Project ICRC and GCI Clubfoot Content Development Project] ...d children with clubfoot find it difficult to access education, employment and experience exclusion from society. [[File:Zameer.jpg|thumb|267x267px]]

...of [http://www.physio-pedia.com/Clubfoot_Content_Development_Project ICRC and GCI Clubfoot Content Development Project] ...d children with clubfoot find it difficult to access education, employment and experience exclusion from society.

The Hypertonia Assessment Tool (HAT) is a standardized clinical tool used to identify different forms ...velopment of the hypertonia assessment tool (HAT)]. Developmental medicine and child neurology. 2010 May 1;52(5):411.</ref>

...f the functional walking test for children with cerebral palsy. Disability and Rehabilitation. 2011:33(25–26): 2397–2403.</ref> ...ross Motor Function Measure (GMFM)]], the Functional Mobility Scale (FMS), and the [[Berg Balance Scale|Berg Balance Scale (BBS)]], all lack qualities tha

...y simple to administer. Unlike its predecessor, the FPS-R's lack of smiles and tears is an advantage as the grimacing faces represent a more accurate expr School-aged/Children older than 4 years old

...the normal term infant using real-time US]. Radiology. 1985 Aug;156(2):379-81.</ref> ...xes]. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry. 2003 May 1;74(5):558-60.</ref>

...uscle tone, consistent one-sided movements with their body, and proper hand-eye [[Coordination Exercises|coordination]] <ref>Arcilla CK, Vilella RC. Ton [[Child Development|Child]] supine lying position,head at mid position and arms beside the body.

...Annular Ligament. The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 2005];33(1):114-118.</ref> ...slipping over and subluxation of the radial head into the supinator muscle and annular ligament.

...ies. It is elicited by pulling off the baby's arm in the supine position and then letting the arms go to produce the sensation of falling. It is easil ...rther does not allow resistance to passive movements. The absence and hyper-response of this reflex are of diagnostic value.<ref name=":1" />

...of [http://www.physio-pedia.com/Clubfoot_Content_Development_Project ICRC and GCI Clubfoot Content Development Project] ...sure sore may occur. The parents may stop bringing the child for treatment and any correction in the deformity may recur, thus taking away any of the bene

...children with cerebral palsy]. Clinical rehabilitation. 2016 Jul;30(7):697-704.</ref> ...ring the alignment of specific structures relative to adjoining structures and the support surface.<ref name=":1" />

...a A, Malviya S. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12401598/ The Reliability and Validity of the Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, Consolability Observational Tool ...FLACC Behavioral Pain Assessment Scale: a comparison with the child’s self-report.] 2003 Jul 3;29(3):195–8.</ref>

....proquest.com/lib/uql/reader.action?docID=1430212&ppg=1 Pediatric Secrets E-Book]. St. Louis: Mosby; 2010.</ref> Placing infant into prone and supine position

...n.org/Education/Content.aspx?ItemNumber=1698#Sensitization https://www.iasp-pain.org/Education/Content.aspx?ItemNumber=1698#Pain] (accessed 16 April 202 ...n, it can be classified by body sites. <ref name=":1">Kahsay H. Assessment and treatment of pain in pediatric patients. Current Pediatric Research. 2017.<

[[File:Wong-Baker scale with emoji.png|thumb|538x538px|Wong-Baker scale with emoji]] ...asuring pain in Children is by using scales of various facial expressions, and associating their pain level to a similar face.

[[File:Runners-knee SAG.jpeg|right|frameless]] ...ifficult or longstanding neuromusculoskeletal symptoms|athlete]]<nowiki/>s and younger individuals are also susceptible.

...raadpleegd op 24/11/2012, http://www.coreconcepts.com.sg/mcr/cobb-angle-and-scoliosis/ 3</ref>&nbsp; [[Image:Scoliosis cobb.gif|right]] ...f name="p2">James, J. (1976) Scoliosis, Churchill Livingstone, London, pg 7-11 1A</ref>&nbsp;

...e original 88-item measure (GMFM-88) and the more recent 66-item GMFM (GMFM-66) <ref name=":1" /> . ...ral Palsy]] (CP). The evaluation of motor function is essential to monitor and adjust therapies to optimize the effect of rehabilitation of children with

...ystem (NBO) for supporting caregivers and improving outcomes in caregivers and their infants]. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2015 Jun 21(6).</r ...Observations''' (NBO) system is the shorter clinical variation of the NBAS and was first published in 2007.

...utzer JS, DeLuca J, Caplan B. eds. [https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-79948-3 Encyclopedia of clinical neuropsychology]. New York, NY ; Heidelberg : Spr This reflex has also been observed in the apes and other mammals.<ref name=":0" />

...-6.</ref> <ref>[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK553125/figure/article-22413.image.f2/ Plantar Reflex]. Contributed from Ashley Arbuckle, Flickr un == Incidence and Prevalence ==

[[File:Child-865116 1920.jpg|frameless|300x300px|right]] ...children|behavioural problems]]. It is available in more than 80 languages and is one of the most widely used tools for measuring child mental health.

...of [http://www.physio-pedia.com/Clubfoot_Content_Development_Project ICRC and GCI Clubfoot Content Development Project] ...acharia JT, Lavy CB, Mead TC. [https://cure.org/downloads/site/clubfoot/ccw-creating_a_countrywide_program_model.pdf Creating a countrywide program mode

...in children.] Advances in Clinical and Experimental Medicine. 2020:29(3):1-10.</ref><ref name=":1">Crellin Dianne, Sullivan Thomas P, Babl Franz E, O'S ...e=":1" /> <ref name=":2" />, and is designed for young children from ages 1-7. <ref name=":0" />

This article or area is currently under construction and may only be partially complete. Please come back soon to see the finished w ...f name=":0">West S, Dunford C, Mayston M.J, Forsyth R. The School Function Assessment: identifying levels

...ased on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/krista-eskay/ Krista Eskay]<br> .../ref> The aim of physiotherapy in the NICU is to promote motor development and bonding in the following ways:<ref name=":2" />

...the Segmental Assessment of Trunk Control (SATCo) is to provide a detailed assessment of trunk control, identifying: ...articles/PMC2927393/ Refinement, reliability and validity of the segmental assessment of trunk control (SATCo).] Pediatric physical therapy: the official publica

...based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/tracy-prowse/ Tracy Prowse]<br> ...ties of a Brazilian version for adolescents and its relationship with brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)]. Journal of pain research. 2019;12:2487.

...itor '''- [[User:User Name|Kim Jackson]] as part of&nbsp;[http://www.physio-pedia.com/ICRC_Cerebral_Palsy_Content_Development_Project#Articles_to_be_dev ...largely due to motor control abnormalities, muscle weakness, contractures, and spasticity. Common deviations can be seen across various stages of the gait

[[File:Little-girl-buttoning-montessori-toy.PNG|thumb|Montessori toy]] ...here are many different kinds of intervention strategies. To help families and therapists make informed decisions about the best possible care for childre

...of [http://www.physio-pedia.com/Clubfoot_Content_Development_Project ICRC and GCI Clubfoot Content Development Project] ...lub foot by the Ponseti method. Bone & Joint Journal. 2006 Aug 1;88(8):1082-4.</ref> 

...Deprivation and Sleep Disorders|parasomnias]], sleep disordered breathing, and daytime sleepiness. ...Children. Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics. 2008; 29(2): 82-88</ref>

...trophy in Taiwan: A medical center experience." Pediatr Neonatol 59(2): 176-183. ...disease and to adapt any appropriate therapy.<ref>Hsu JD, Furumasu J. Gait and posture changes in the Duchenne muscular dystrophy child. Clin Orthop Relat

...comprising three symptom complexes: snoring, excessive daytime sleepiness, and inattentive or hyperactive behaviour. ...in children with uncontrolled asthma. Journal of Asthma. 2021; 58(12): 1589-1596</ref>

...uires only a few minutes to complete, utilizing an open space, a stopwatch and two cones. *Typically developing children and adolescents

...of [http://www.physio-pedia.com/Clubfoot_Content_Development_Project ICRC and GCI Clubfoot Content Development Project] ...RN, Sherman MS. The Pathological Anatomy of Club Foot. JBJS. 1963;45(1):45-52.    </ref>

...in children with cerebral palsy.] Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med. 2012;5(2):126-134.</ref> ...osis and pelvic obliquity<ref name="Wynter" />. It appears that topography and movement disorder are poor predictors of hip subluxation<ref name="Wynter"

...] based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/Pam-Versfeld/ Pam Versfeld]<br></div> ...clude the following disciplines, depending on the family and child’s needs and availability of services:<ref name=":7" />

...of [http://www.physio-pedia.com/Clubfoot_Content_Development_Project ICRC and GCI Clubfoot Content Development Project] ...nt. Individuals with clubfoot experience bone and soft tissues deformation and this abnormality can be presented through a range of abnormal alignments.

...idiopathic toe walking: A systematic review]. Gait Posture. 2019 Jan;67:181-6. </ref> In children aged two or under, toe walking is generally considered ...ing]. Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center. Guideline 040, pages 1-17 (2011).</ref>

...ased on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/krista-eskay/ Krista Eskay]<br> ...&f=false BRACHIAL PLEXUS BIRTH PALSY]. Rockwood and Matsen's The Shoulder E-Book. 2021 Jun 12:39.</ref> The overall incidence of NBPP is decreasing.<ref

...-.</ref> It categorises children with cerebral palsy in terms of their self-initiated gross motor function.<ref name=":3" /> ...classified based on their ability to perform certain functional activities and their need for assistive technology (such as canes, crutches or walkers) or

...RQOL for pediatrics and adolescents, it can be carried by patients himself and their parents, there are different forms for both methods. ...l for the pediatric quality of life inventory. Medical care. 1999 Feb 1:126-39.</ref>.

...uthor in pain treatment and management, describes the complexities of pain assessment in the following words: ...Topical Issues in Pain 4: Placebo and non-placebo pain management, muscles and pain. Author House 2013; Page 194.</ref>'''</blockquote>

...French Sleep Disturbance Scale for Children]. Sleep Medicine. 2017; 32: 56-65</ref>. ...(SDSC) in infants and toddlers (6-36 months). Sleep Medicine. 2021; 81: 62-69</ref>

== International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health Framework (ICF)<ref>https://www.who.int/classifications/en/</ref> == ...is WHO's framework for measuring health and disability at both individual and population levels.&nbsp;

...'''Original Editor '''- [[User:Hagar Ashraf Abdul-Raziq|Hagar Ashraf Abdul-Raziq]] '''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributors/{{FULLPAGENAME}}}}</ [[File:Stock-photo-Antibodies-attacking-neurons-license-free.png|right|frameless]]

...d statistical manual of mental disorders. Am Psychiatric Assoc. 2013;21:591-643.</ref> the diagnostic criteria for DCD includes: ...as clumsiness (e.g., dropping or bumping into objects) as well as slowness and inaccuracy of performance of motor skills (e.g., catching an object, using

...h. 1992; 83: 46-50.</ref><ref name=":1">Piper MC, Darrah J, editors. Motor assessment of the developing infant. 2^nd edition. St. Louis, Missouri: Else ...he expected norms for their age in four categories: prone, supine, sitting and standing.

...of Physical Therapy Musculoskeletal 1 Project]]. This space was created by and for the students at Arkansas Colleges of Health Education School in the Uni ...ons can have a tremendous impact on patient's quality of life, morbidity, and mortality.<ref name=":0">Ataullah AHM, De Jesus O. Gait Disturbances. [Upda

...l rotary subluxation, spinal cord injury without radiological abnormality, and multiple thoracic compression fracture<ref name=":0">Basu S (2012) Spinal i ...y. A Review By Organ System. Phy. Med. and Rehab Clinics, 2015; 26(1); 109-132.

...with the measles.and its incidence is proportional to that of measles. High-income countries have experienced solid declines in SSPE incidence following ...ia]], visual problems, and [[Extrapyramidal and Pyramidal Tracts|pyramidal and extrapyramidal]] symptoms are common in patients.

...NA®. 2019 Nov 3;1(1).</ref>{{#ev:youtube|WiRm0Fj8esw}}<ref>Drs. Viral Jain and James McCarthy. Neuromuscular scoliosis. Available from:https://www.youtube ...sis. Orthopaedics & Traumatology: Surgery & Research. 2013 Feb 1;99(1):S124-39.[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877056812002745]</re

...ased on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/krista-eskay/ Krista Eskay]<br> ...ssociated with CP include movement dysfunction, alterations in muscle tone and posture. A range of secondary conditions also develop over time which can a

...nce. Pediatr Nephrol [Internet]. 2014 Mar 11 [cited 2022 Mar 29]; 30(1): 41-50. Available from <nowiki>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4240 ...te-9.pdf</nowiki> </ref> A child can also have a mix of nocturnal enuresis and daytime urinary incontinence, known as a dual diagnosis.<ref name=":1" /> W

...ased on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/krista-eskay/ Krista Eskay]<br> ...inical presentation and assessment of lower extremity torsional conditions and basic interventions.

...based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/dana-mather/ Dana Mather]<br> ...on of children with cerebral palsy]. Indian J Orthop. 2019 Jan-Feb;53(1):35-44. </ref> Cerebral palsy can also lead to a number of secondary musculoskel

...alongside the [http://www.enablement.nl Enablement] Cerebral Palsy Project and [http://rehabmonitor.org/ Handicap International Group]. Diagnosing [[Cerebral Palsy Introduction|Cerebral Palsy]] takes time and is usually not made until the brain is fully developed. The age of a child

...Population Therapeutics & Clinical Pharmacology, pp. Vol. 30 No. 18. (1713-1719). ...on BF, St. Geme JW III, Schor NF, Behrman RE, editors. Nelson text book of paediatrics. 19. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2011. pp. 314–33</ref>.

...ussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universiteit Brussel's Evidence-based Practice project]]. ...chroeder HP, Botte MJ. Definitions and terminology of compartment syndrome and Volkmann's ischemic contracture of the upper extremity. Hand clinics. 1998

[[File:Doctor-doing-their-work-pediatrics-office.jpg|alt=picture by freepik|thumb]] ...ical-engineering-online.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12938-021-00920-5 Robotic devices for paediatric rehabilitation:] a review of design feature

*have a&nbsp;clearer understanding about development in children and&nbsp;be able to explain this to someone else. *You should be able to observe a / your child with cerebral palsy,&nbsp;and show where on the development chart she is.

...thletes are affected by wrist pain from overuse injuries<ref name=":1" />, and 15% of which involves the growth plate<ref name=":2" />. ...les/PMC3941124/ Brukner and Khan's Clinical Sports medicine] Sydney: McGraw-Hill Education (Australia) Pty Limited; 2016.

...lso use a sleep diary for the sleep of their children. School / work days and weekends should be analyzed separately<ref name=":0" />. ...filled adherence with paper sleep diaries. Sleep Medicine. 2023; 107(1): 31-35</ref>.

This article is currently under review and may not be up to date. Please come back soon to see the finished work! ({{R ...oad MA, Quint M, Paul Ritson MC, Thomas S. Respiratory physiotherapy: An on-call survival guide. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2008 Nov 25.</ref>

...Vos|Geoffrey De Vos]] as part of the [[Vrije Universiteit Brussel Evidence-based Practice Project]] ...condary to repetitive extensor mechanism stress activities such as jumping and sprinting, as well as during sporting activities like Basketball, Volleybal

...the Bayley scales of infant development]. BCM research notes. 2014; 7(1):1-5</ref> ...arious areas of a child's development to gain insight into their strengths and potential challenges.

...sed on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/marissa-fourie/ Marissa Fourie]<br> ...lehealth visits.] Journal of general internal medicine. 2020 Jun;35(6):1751-8.</ref>

...Stenosis|spinal stenosis]], neurologic deficit, cervical spinal deformity and instability. Patients can be polysyndromic in their presentation, as well.< Image 1: [[X-Rays|X-ray]] showing fused cervical vertebrae as seen in Klippel–Feil syndrome

[[File:Gait-Cycle.jpg|right|frameless|558x558px]] .... Finding the source of this disruption is essential to accurate diagnosis and effective treatment.<ref name=":0">Auerbach N, Tadi P. Antalgic Gait in Adu

...rived from the Latin word ''tortus'', meaning <nowiki>''twisted''</nowiki> and ''collum'' meaning <nowiki>''neck.''</nowiki> This condition is, therefore, ...ic reviews and guidance]. Chiropractic & manual therapies. 2020 Dec;28(1):1-1.</ref>

...alford]] and [[User:Simon Lalor|Simon Lalor]] as part of [http://www.physio-pedia.com/ICRC_Cerebral_Palsy_Content_Development_Project#Articles_to_be_dev ...lp us understand how an orthosis achieves improved body position in a safe and comfortable way.

...ldren. Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. 2011;19:350-358.</ref>&nbsp;These fractures can result from a direct hit or a fall onto ...art" />&nbsp;Additionly, this fracture can occur in newborns due to a birth-related injury.<ref name="Hart" />

...f preconception care are: health education and promotion; risk assessment; and intervention before pregnancy - to reduce the chances of poor perinatal out ...at the mother, father, and family can reduce maternal and infant morbidity and mortality.<ref name=":2">Fowler JR, Mahdy H, Jack BW. [https://www.ncbi.nlm

...of the Movement Assessment Battery of Children is the second edition (MABC-2)<ref name=":5" />. ...Movement Assessment Battery for Children—Second Edition (MABC-2): A Review and Critique. Physical & Occupational Therapy In Pediatrics. 2009; 29(1): 86–

...m?] Available:https://thespectrum.org.au/autism/#what-is-asperger%E2%80%99s-syndrome? (accessed 5.1.2023)</ref><ref name=":0" /> ...Available:https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/autism-spectrum-disorders (accessed 5.1.2023)</ref>

...ased on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/krista-eskay/ Krista Eskay]<br> ...disease and treatment. 2020;16:1505.</ref> Despite cerebral palsy being non-progressive in nature, secondary conditions often develop over time that aff

[[File:Little-boy-playing.jpg|thumb]] ...e80cQSUgqCFLNKS26Iuw~~iSlczg__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA Principles and practice of pediatric oncology]. Edited by: Pizzo PAPoplack GD. 2002.</ref>

...al Editor '''- [[User:User Name|Kim Jackson]] as part of [http://www.physio-pedia.com/ICRC_Cerebral_Palsy_Content_Development_Project#Articles_to_be_Dev ...s, speech therapists, nutritionists, paediatricians, orthopaedic surgeons, and neurologists, each playing a distinct yet collaborative role in managing th

...ity, and validity of the measuring methods, the effect of LLD on function, and its role in various neuromusculoskeletal conditions<ref name=":0" />.<br> ...om: https://www.podiatrytoday.com/keys-recognizing-and-treating-limb-length-discrepancy Last accessed 12.11.2019)</ref>

.... Foot drop can therefore hinder walking and increase the risk of tripping and falling. <ref>Stevens F, Weerkamp NJ, Cals JW. Foot drop. BMJ 2015;350:h173 ...ibula.<ref>Palastanga N & Soames R ''Anatomy and Human Movement, Structure and Function.'' 6th ed. China: Elsevier(Churchill Livingstone) Limited; 2012.<

...mans|Tania Appelmans]] as part of the [[Vrije Universiteit Brussel Evidence-based Practice Project]] ...</ref>^&nbsp;That process can lead to pain, loose body formation and joint effusion.<ref name="Erickson et al" />^&nbsp;<br>

...Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2015 Oct;49(2):253-61.</ref> ...RA. [https://ped-rheum.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12969-021-00629-8 Juvenile idiopathic arthritis: from aetiopathogenesis to therapeutic appro

...–a review.] Journal of Human Kinetics. 2015 Nov 22;48:17.</ref> Less than 1-2% of people living with DS who have AAI later develop symptomatic AAI. <ref .... Available at: https://courses.lumenlearning.com/ap1/chapter/the-vertebral-column/ [Accessed 18 May 2021]</ref>]]

..., Khan K. Clinical Sports Medicine: 4th edition. Sydney: McGraw-Hill. p.626-683.</ref> [[Image:336px-Patellaluxation ap 002.jpg|patella dislocation]]