The tips of transverse process of all thoracic vertebrae and the lower 9 or 10 ribs between the tubercles and angles <ref
Dorsal rami of thoracic and lumbar spinal nerves (T7 to L5) <ref name="p3">http://www.anatomyexpert
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...d intrinsic [[Back Muscles|back muscles]] of the thoracolumbar region. The thoracic nerves also supply some of the areas of skin over the abdomen and axilla.
...amage Available:https://www.marylandbackandneckpaindoctors.com/symptoms-of-thoracic-spine-nerve-damage/ (accessed 7,2,2022)</ref>.
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When testing the thoracic and lumbar spine strength a few differences are noted:
...or spine extension are different for the [[lumbar]] and [[Thoracic Anatomy|thoracic]] spines. Beginning at Grade 3, the tests for both spinal levels are combin
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== Thoracic Ligaments ==
The [[Thoracic Anatomy|thoracic spine]] is strengthened by the presence of numerous ligaments.
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These joints run from the first thoracic vertebra (T1) to the tenth thoracic vertebra (T10) and are surrounded by a weak articular capsule. This thin ca
...applications: a comprehensive review with application to approaches to the thoracic spine]. Cureus. 2016 Nov 11;8(11).</ref>
4 KB (510 words) - 18:42, 30 December 2023
...es</ref> Often penetrated by the dorsal scapular<ref name=":0" /> and long thoracic nerves<ref name=":1">Bordoni B, Varacallo M. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
...s in the ipsilateral upper limb<ref name=":1" />. Please see the page on [[Thoracic Outlet Syndrome (TOS)|TOS]] for more information regarding this syndrome.
3 KB (443 words) - 14:39, 16 December 2022
...icial of the transversospinalis muscle group. Its attachment sites are the thoracic vertebrae (semispinalis thoracis), cervical vertebrae ([[Semispinalis Cervi
...pans the whole length of the vertebral column, it is most developed in the thoracic region. It consists of 2 part long and short rotatores.
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It is thicker and broader in the lumbar than in the thoracic region, it merges to thoracolumbar fascia.<ref name=":0" />
[[Category:Thoracic Spine]] [[Category:Thoracic Spine - Anatomy]] [[Category:Thoracic Spine - Ligaments]]
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The ribs are the bony framework of the thoracic cavity.
...he main structure of the [[Thoracic Anatomy|thoracic]] cage protecting the thoracic organs, however their main function is to aid [[Breathing Pattern Disorders
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Thoracic back pain is more likely to be caused by serious underlying pathology than
* Thoracic spine pain often has a musculoskeletal origin related to poor posture or ov
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...s in the axial skeleton. The first two laws solely apply to the lumbar and thoracic spinal regions, but the third applies to the entire vertebral column <
*In the thoracic spine, there is capability for both neutral and non-neutral coupling.
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...nts with elbow pain may benefit from treatment directed at the cervical or thoracic spines, and/or wrist.
...p; -[[Thoracic Examination|Thoracic Examination]] <br>
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...eir corresponding [[Thoracic Vertebrae|thoracic vertebrae]], enclosing the thoracic cage from the posterior side.[[File:Gray312.png|Costovertebral articulation
...with the load-bearing, protection, posture and scaffolding roles that the thoracic cage provides with their stabilization properties .
6 KB (952 words) - 13:30, 9 April 2024
...ius cervicis is one of the deep (or intrinsic) muscles of the cervical and thoracic spine. <ref name="gray">Gray's Anatomy of Human Body, Bartleby.com edition.
...tid artery. Dorsal branches of the posterior intercostal arteries from the thoracic aorta. <ref name=":1">Kenhub. 2021. ''Splenius cervicis muscle''. [online]
2 KB (257 words) - 12:45, 26 November 2021
...LM, Bragge P. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19563667?dopt=Abstract Thoracic spine pain in the general population: prevalence, incidence and associated
...broad because of many factors eg the different definitions and duration of thoracic back pain included.
7 KB (983 words) - 13:53, 29 January 2024
...ine rotation and lateral flexion combined motion in the examination of the thoracic outlet. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1990; 71: 343-344.</ref><ref>Lindgren KA, Lei
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...olumn inferior to the 6th cervical (C6) vertebra and superior to the first thoracic (T1) <ref name=":0" />.
...al and thoracic regions, the C7 has some features of both the cervical and thoracic vertebrae.
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# Muscles that are helpful in expanding the [[Thoracic Anatomy|thoracic]] cavity are called the inspiratory muscles because they help in inhalation
# Those that compress the thoracic cavity are called expiratory muscles and they induce exhalation.
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{{DISPLAYTITLE:Thoracic Manipulation for Shoulder Dysfunction}}
...queira-Junior AL, Ribeiro IL, Camargo PR. Scapular kinematics pre–and post–thoracic thrust manipulation in individuals with and without shoulder impingement sy
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* Longissimus thoracis (thoracic part): L1-L5 spinous and transverse processes, sacral posterior surface an
* Longissimus thoracis (thoracic part): T1-T12 transverse processes and the angles of ribs 7-12
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# Lower 6 [[Thoracic Spinal Nerves|thoracic nerves]] and accompanying branches of the posterior intercostal vessels
3 KB (317 words) - 11:51, 23 December 2021
...adiculopathy]] refers to a compressed nerve root in the [[Thoracic Anatomy|thoracic area]] of the spine. This is the least common location for radiculopathy. T
* The pinched nerve can occur at different areas along the thoracic spine
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...scle originates along the lateral aspect of the vertebral body of the 12th thoracic vertebrae and the 1st lumbar vertebrae, and the intervertebral disc between
[[Category:Thoracic Spine]]
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...f> The ribs form the main structure of the thoracic cage that protects the thoracic organs. There are 12 pairs of ribs which are separated by intercostal spac
* The only rib that articulates with one thoracic vertebra only (T1).<ref name=":2" />
9 KB (1,331 words) - 07:29, 19 March 2024
Adson's test is a provocative test for [[Thoracic Outlet Syndrome (TOS)|Thoracic Outlet Syndrome]] accompanied by compression of the subclavian artery by a
...68EYtTAO4z2yATZiLfgDQ&scisig=AAGBfm0jy9K80svS37dDKXUPOe782UsRhw Diagnosing thoracic outlet syndrome:] Contribution of provocation tests, ultrasonography, elect
9 KB (1,284 words) - 08:27, 10 February 2022
Not attached to the thoracic spine, but an important group of muscles in this region is the Intercostal
...the ligamentum nuchae of the neck, to the spinous processes of C7 and the thoracic spine down to T12. It connects the shoulder blade with the vertebral column
9 KB (1,326 words) - 13:28, 9 April 2024
...the sternum and their relationship to chest wall structure and function]. Thoracic surgery clinics. 2007 Nov 1;17(4):473-89.</ref>
...om internal thoracic (mammary) artery; deep to the sternum is the internal thoracic artery laterally
6 KB (825 words) - 12:23, 29 September 2022
...egion, the ligaments are thin, but broad and long; they are thicker in the thoracic region, and thickest in the lumbar region.
...ee-dimensional imaging analysis for the diagnosis of dural ossification in thoracic ossification of the ligamentum flavum: a multicenter study.] ''Quantitative
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In the [[Cervical Anatomy|cervical]] and thoracic regions it has a uniform width over the bodies and discs, but in the [[Lumb
It is broader above than below, and thicker in the thoracic than in the cervical and lumbar regions. The ligament is more narrow at
6 KB (897 words) - 12:23, 29 January 2020
* Front limb - the thoracic or pectoral limb
'''Terminology referring to the thoracic or forelimb:'''<ref name=":1" />
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*[https://thorax.bmj.com/content/74/Suppl_1/1.abstract British Thoracic Society Guideline for Bronchiectasis in Adults - 2019] Hill AT, Sullivan AL
*[http://thorax.bmj.com/content/65/Suppl_1/i1.full.pdf British Thoracic Society Guideline for non-CF Bronchiectasis - 2010]. Pasteur MC, Bilton D,
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=== Thoracic Spine ===
*[[Thoracic Spine Fracture|Thoracic Spine Fracture]]
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...osterior tilt of the [[pelvis]] and the trunk and [[Thoracic Hyperkyphosis|thoracic kyphosis]] in comparison to neutral posture. See image second from left as
.... thoracic kyphosis extended to the upper part of the lumbar spine (longer thoracic kyphosis is observed) 3. apparently shorter lumbar lordosis 4. normal or sl
8 KB (1,044 words) - 14:03, 21 May 2020
...massagematters.ca/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/chest-wall.pdf Anatomy of the thoracic wall, axilla and breast]. Int. J. Morphol. 2006;24(4):691-704.</ref>
...axillary artery include the '''superior thoracic, thoracoacromial, lateral thoracic, subscapular, anterior humeral circumflex''' and '''posterior humeral circu
7 KB (1,052 words) - 18:59, 8 March 2024
...thoracic wall muscles]], muscles of the upper limb, abdomen, and back. The thoracic spine lies between the superior [[Cervical Anatomy|cervical]] spine and the
The bodies of the thoracic vertebrae are medium sized and heart shaped. They are all weight-bearing an
13 KB (1,793 words) - 12:44, 27 May 2023
...ience/article/abs/pii/S1360859219302207 Physiotherapist survey: Increasing thoracic spine movement within the management of chronic subacromial impingement syn
...t tissue compliance). In this scenario, the aim of treatment is to improve thoracic extension, especially during the identified provocative activity or activit
7 KB (1,027 words) - 15:02, 1 December 2022
...sment include:<ref name=":0">Bell-Jenje T. Assessment and Treatment of the Thoracic Spine Course. Plus , 2021.</ref>
...ning and Pathologies of the Thoracic Spine|masquerade]] as musculoskeletal thoracic pain
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# '''Thoracic vertebral pressure'''
=== Thoracic Vertebral Pressure ===
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...t bends forward. The movement comes from the hips rather than allowing the thoracic and lumbar spines to flex or round. The inability to perform this movement
...nd other behind the low back with the dowel rod touching back of the head, thoracic Spine (upper middle back) and sacrum (base of the spine)<ref>Michaud F, Pé
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...ever, other causes such as atrial septal defect, patent ductus arteriosus, thoracic aortic aneurysm, aortic dissection, and pulmonary embolism have been report
* Thoracic aortic dissection
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...many elements including [[Cervical Anatomy|cervical]], [[Thoracic Anatomy|thoracic]], and [[lumbar]] motion. Measurement is difficult and may be done in a var
3 KB (378 words) - 04:21, 31 January 2022
<br>The Lyons brace initially used for the thoracic infantile rachitic scoliosis is now adapted to the thoraco-lumbar and lumba
1 KB (184 words) - 16:57, 23 May 2014
...t to Wall Distance is a routine clinical test for [[Thoracic Hyperkyphosis|thoracic kyphosis]] and [[Cervical Examination|cervical]] mobility. It is also known
The OWD may be abnormal in kyphosis (forward curvature of the upper thoracic spine) due<ref name=":1" />
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# Semispinalis cervicis muscle - fascicles cover the cervical and thoracic [[Lumbar Multifidus|multifidus]] muscles
...uscle - thin, fleshy fascicles with long tendons at either end. Covers the thoracic multifidus muscle
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...-pedia.com/Low_Back_Pain Low Back Pain] through interventions aimed at the thoracic spine and the hip joints.
Interventions directed at the [http://www.physio-pedia.com/Thoracic Thoracic Spine] and the [http://www.physio-pedia.com/Hip Hip Joints] have been found
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...[[trapezius]] to form parallel bands that pass inferolaterally from the [[Thoracic Vertebrae|vertebrae]] to the medial border of the [[scapula]]. Rhomboi
...of the scapula, keeping it in position at the posterior [[Thoracic Anatomy|thoracic]] wall.
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*[[Cyclist's Back|Cyclists]] may develop a [[Thoracic Hyperkyphosis|kyphotic thoracic spine]].
* [[Thoracic Hyperkyphosis|Kyphosis]] in the [[Swimming Overuse Injuries|swimmer]] is al
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...portion arises from the front of the bodies of the first two or three thoracic vertebræ
Vertical portion arises from the front of the bodies of the upper three thoracic and lower three cervical vertebræ
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The thorax is formed by the thoracic vertebrae ,the ribs and the sternum.
...various bones and muscle. Bones involved are sternum, 12 pairs of Ribs, 12 Thoracic vertebrae.
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[[Category:Thoracic Spine]]
The [[Thoracic Anatomy|thorax]] is an area of the spine that has, historically, been under
15 KB (2,158 words) - 16:17, 13 January 2023
...superior facet of the inferior vertebra is rather flat in the cervical and thoracic regions and more convex in the lumbar region. The opposing inferior facet o
'''Thoracic Region''' = 60 degrees; frontal plane; lateral flexion and rotation; no fle
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...ent. Available from https://patient.info/bones-joints-muscles/cervical-rib-thoracic-outlet-syndrome [last accessed 05/11/2020]]</ref> because of pressure on th
* [[Thoracic Outlet Syndrome (TOS)|Thoracic outlet syndrome]] due to compression of the lower trunk of the brachial p
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*Thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) is often seen and associated with double crush syndro
...82) <ref name="carroll">Carroll RE, Hurst LC. The relationship of the thoracic outlet syndrome and carpal tunnel syndrome. Clin Orthop 1982;164:149-53.</r
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This guide gives a general overview of the anatomy of the thoracic spine. It also includes some facts regarding pathophysiology in this region
The sagittal plane alignment of the Thoracic spine is on average 35% (normal range is 20° to 50°).<ref name=":2" />
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...ed [[bone]] placed on the postero-lateral aspect of the [[Thoracic Anatomy|thoracic]] cage. [[Scapular Dyskinesia|“'''SICK'''” Scapula Syndrome]] refers to
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# The descending thoracic aorta travels down through the [[Thoracic Anatomy|chest]]. Its small branches supply blood to the [[ribs]] and some c
...c form is caused by the deterioration of the aortic valve, aneurysm in the thoracic aorta, rheumatic fever, infective endocarditis, and trauma, which typically
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..., thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and caudal. There are 7 cervical vertebrae, 13 thoracic vertebrae, 7 lumbar vertebrae and 3 sacral vertebrae. The number of caudal
...ts the spinous processes of cervical vertebrae to the spinous processes of thoracic vertebra (from C1 to T1).<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> The canine liga
17 KB (2,488 words) - 06:40, 17 October 2022
...frameless]]This page outlines some Manual Techniques and Exercises for the Thoracic Spine.
...in the later stages of life. Additionally, reduced ROM or strength in the thoracic spine will affect the entire kinetic chain.
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...ustus A. White. "A biomechanical study of the ligamentous stability of the thoracic spine in man." Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica 52.3 (1981): 315-326. </ref
...ation of the cephalad vertebra on the caudal one).<br>Lateral listheses in thoracic spines are rare, possibly due to restraints provided by the rib cage and th
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...ane deformity that is found in patients with idiopathic scoliosis (loss of thoracic kyphosis, loss of lumbar lordosis, flat back deformity).
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...e lateral branches of the posterior primary divisions (dorsal rami) of the thoracic spinal nerves.
...he lower cervical region and is innervated by the dorsal rami of the upper thoracic and lower cervical spinal nerves.
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Span the whole length of the vertebral column, being most developed in the thoracic region. It consists of 2 part long and short rotatores.
* First pair is between [[Thoracic Vertebrae|T]]1 and T2, and the last is between T11 and T12. The first or la
6 KB (794 words) - 10:17, 14 July 2023
* Stiff upper thoracic spine or rounded upper spine causing cervical spine to hyperextend to see a
...or extended reach, forward tip of saddle, elbow joints locked out, lack of thoracic flexibility, hunched upper back, hyper extended cervical spine - all point
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...ere is a direct implication with the thoracic aorta, azygos veins, greater thoracic canal, and intraspinal venous plexus. There are many further indirect
4 KB (551 words) - 07:44, 14 October 2016
...elderly|falls]], assaults - most common injury is blunt [[Thoracic Anatomy|thoracic]] trauma, occurring in 50% of cases
...rams|home exercise plan]] eg postural exercises, deep breathing exercises, thoracic rotation exercises.
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...client’s chest pain, upper back pain, shoulder pain, radiating arm pain or thoracic outlet syndrome, wrist pain, and hand pain complaints.
*[[Thoracic Outlet Syndrome (TOS)|Thoracic outlet syndrome]]
9 KB (1,366 words) - 21:58, 21 March 2023
...ning more or less vertically throughout the [[lumbar]], [[Thoracic Anatomy|thoracic]] and [[Cervical Anatomy|cervical]] regions. It lies in the groove to the s
...nuchae]] (C4 to C6) and spinous process of [[Vertebra Prominens|C7]] to [[Thoracic Vertebrae|T2]] <ref name=":03">spinalis muscle | anatomy [Internet]. Encycl
13 KB (1,715 words) - 13:29, 9 April 2024
...s attributed to the particular orientation, structure, and function of the thoracic spine in the vertebral column.
...to bear most of the weight of the of the axial skeleton as compared to the thoracic and sacral spine.
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*Thoracic Flexion=30 deg
*Thoracic Extension=18 deg
4 KB (654 words) - 19:43, 13 October 2019
...7-243. </ref>,<ref>Asif M & Sarkar, P. Three-Digit Allen's Test. Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 2007; 84 (2):686-687. </ref>
...upper limb such as in thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) <ref name=":0" />. In thoracic outlet syndrome and specifically vascular TOS, one possible cause can be th
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...ilization of the scapula by pulling it downward and anteriorly against the thoracic wall.<ref name=":3">Baig MA, Bordoni B. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books
...[[Scapulohumeral Rhythm]]; can also cause [[Thoracic Outlet Syndrome (TOS)|thoracic outlet syndrome]]<ref name=":3" />.<ref name=":0">kenhub.Pectoralis minor m
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...able from: https://www.hss.edu/conditions_spondylosis-overview.asp]</ref>. Thoracic spondylosis is considered rare. It encompasses numerous associated patholog
...osis can affect any of the three main spinal segments—cervical (the neck), thoracic (the middle/upper back), and lumbar (the lower back)—but it most frequent
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...ent sessions there is a large likelihood of improved patient outcomes when thoracic manipulation is coupled with cervical active range of movement exercises<re
10 KB (1,439 words) - 21:17, 14 April 2021
...forward bending range involves pelvic, [[hip]], [[Thoracic Spine Fracture|thoracic spine]], dural and shoulder mobility</u>. However pure lumbar flexion activ
4 KB (565 words) - 07:49, 24 November 2022
...ulatory motions such as walking or running, which cause movements in the [[Thoracic Anatomy|torso]]<ref>Health Line External Oblique Available: (accessed 14.12
The upper two-third of external abdominal oblique supplied by lower [[Thoracic Spinal Nerves|intercostal nerves]] T7-T11 and subcostal nerve T12.
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Intercostal muscle strain may be mistaken for [[Thoracic Back Pain|upper back pain]], it is relatively hypomobile and injury is rare
...4339/ . Effect of a combined thoracic and backward lifting exercise on the thoracic kyphosis angle and intercostal muscle pain]. Journal of physical therapy sc
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...ms associated with dysfunction in this line include: rounded shoulders / [[Thoracic Hyperkyphosis|kyphotic spine]] (i.e. office workers) with hypomobility, nec
# [[Thoracic Vertebrae|Thoracic spinous process]]
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...lving upper limb parathaesia, weakness with reduced [[Thoracic Examination|thoracic movement]] and tenderness on palpation of the T4 vertebra.<ref>Miyuki Hirai
A typical [[Thoracic Anatomy|thoracic]] vertebra has a total of six joints with neighboring vertebrae: four [[Joi
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[[File:Latissimus+Dorsi+Origin+Spinous+processes+of+inferior+6+thoracic+vertebrae,+thoracolumbar+fascia,+iliac+crest,+and+inferior+3+or+4+ribs..jpg
...s a broad, flat muscle that occupies the majority of the lower posterior [[Thoracic Anatomy|thorax]]. The muscle's primary function is of the upper extremity b
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*[[Thoracic Examination|Thoracic Spine Examination]]<br>
4 KB (577 words) - 12:17, 2 August 2021
.../science/article/abs/pii/S1547412707000072 The management of flail chest]. Thoracic surgery clinics. 2007 Feb 1;17(1):25-33.</ref>It can occur when 3 or more [
* [[Thoracic Anatomy|Thoracic]] epidural
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...n they happen in the upper part of the aorta, in the chest, it is called a thoracic aortic aneurysm.
[[File:Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm.png|right|frameless|399x399px]]
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It is innervated by the dorsal rami of the upper thoracic and lower cervical spinal nerves.<ref name=":1" />
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...ey RA. Physiotherapy for enhanced recovery in thoracic surgery. Journal of Thoracic Disease [Internet]. 2016 Feb 1;8(Suppl 1):S107–10. /
...ng.<ref>Li WWL, Lee TW, Yim APC. Shoulder function after thoracic surgery. Thoracic Surgery Clinics. 2004 Aug;14(3):331–43.
8 KB (1,041 words) - 11:45, 20 November 2023
...ue originally developed by Blanch that involves a synchronized movement of thoracic extension, [[Glenohumeral Joint|glenohumeral joint]] (GHJ) flexion, scapula
* shoulder (glenohumeral joint and scapulo-thoracic joint) and thoracic spine flexibility. <ref name=":0" />
6 KB (903 words) - 09:53, 3 January 2020
* 11th and 12th [[Thoracic Vertebrae|thoracic vertebrae]],
Dorsal rami of thoracic and lumbar spinal [[Neurone|nerves]] (T7 to L3)<ref name="p3">Iliocostalis
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...at cover the [[Back Muscles|back muscles]] in the lower [[Thoracic Anatomy|thoracic]] and lumbar area before passing through these muscles to attach to the [[s
...lly manifests as tightness, [[spasticity]] and increased tone in the lower thoracic spine and lumbar spine / paraspinal regions causing severe [[Pain Behaviour
11 KB (1,671 words) - 14:33, 1 September 2023
...rior scalene muscle,]] passes over the dome of the pleura and enters the [[Thoracic Anatomy|thorax]] posterior to the subclavian vein. The right and left phren
...al pleura and can be injured while dissecting near the area of an internal thoracic artery.
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...bit visible lateral rib expansion and no visible superior migration of the thoracic cage.<ref name=":0" />
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* The [[sternum]] is a flat bone, located in the center of the anterior thoracic wall. It consists of three segments; manubrium (uppermost part)
* Patients with severe thoracic kyphosis, [[Osteoporosis disease|osteoporosis]], or osteopenia can develop
9 KB (1,311 words) - 05:36, 19 November 2021
...ed [[bone]] placed on the postero-lateral aspect of the [[Thoracic Anatomy|thoracic]] cage. It has 2 surfaces, 3 borders, 3 angles and 3 processes<ref>The Skel
...rotate, while the clavicle must elevate, retract and posteriorly roll. The thoracic spine must extend. The muscle synergists for upward rotation are the upper
11 KB (1,564 words) - 13:34, 26 August 2023
...w.atsjournals.org/doi/full/10.1164/rccm.201303-0437ST An official American Thoracic Society clinical practice guideline: exercise-induced bronchoconstriction].
According to American Thoracic Society /European Respiratory Society guidelines, FEV1 maneuvers are record
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== Thoracic Spine ==
=== Thoracic Active ROM ===
17 KB (2,705 words) - 11:32, 18 August 2022
...Bryan JM. Dysfunction, evaluation, and treatment of the cervical spine and thoracic inlet (1994). Donatelli R, Wooden MJ (Eds.), Orthopaedic Physical Therapy (
6 KB (866 words) - 19:26, 31 January 2021
...03-520.pdf Etiology and management of spontaneous haemothorax]. Journal of thoracic disease. 2015 Mar;7(3):520.</ref>
...<ref>Lowdermilk GA, Naunheim KS. Thoracoscopic evaluation and treatment of thoracic trauma. Surg Clin North Am 2000;80: 1535e42.</ref> Patients who present wit
6 KB (920 words) - 09:20, 8 May 2020
...nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK531500/]</ref> Usually, the eighth cervical and first thoracic nerves are injured either before or after they have joined to form the lowe
...ttps://www.hindawi.com/journals/scientifica/2014/248163/abs/ Understanding thoracic outlet syndrome.] Scientifica. 2014 Jul 20;2014.</ref>.
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Long Thoracic C5-C6-C7
| rowspan="2" align="center" width="25%" | Long Thoracic C5-C6-C7
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...ed by the compression of neurovascular structures as they pass through the thoracic outlet, leading to a spectrum of symptoms ranging from mild pain to limb-th
...nor RJ, Brasher PM, Travlos A. Botulinum toxin injection for management of thoracic outlet syndrome: a double-blind, randomized, controlled trial. Pain. 2011 S
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...nsists of the surrounding bony structures ([[Ribs|rib]] cage, cervical and thoracic spine, upper pelvic area) as well as the [[Muscles of Respiration|muscles o
...ally ventilated patients without pneumonia—a narrative review.] Journal of thoracic disease. 2017;9(1): E44. DOI: 10.21037/jtd.2017.01.32 </ref>
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...ht [[Cervical Anatomy|cervical]] spinal nerve pairs, 12 [[Thoracic Anatomy|thoracic]] pairs , five [[lumbar]] pairs, five [[Sacrum|sacral]] pairs, and one cocc
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