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...ular motion. <ref name=":0">Clarkson Hazel M. Musculoskeletal Assessment - Joint Motion and Muscle Testing. 3rd Edition. Philadelphia. Lippincott Williams & The patient's shoulder is stabilized by the weight of their trunk, when supine.

...ty of joint functions:''' functions of the range and ease of movement of a joint. ...zed; impairments such as in hypermobility of joints, frozen joints, frozen shoulder, arthritis

...mination-of-the-Unstable-Shoulder.pdf Clinical examination of the unstable shoulder.] Sports Medicine. 2002 Jun;32:447-57.</ref><br> ...er instability and laxity tests in subjects with and without self-reported shoulder problems.] BMJ open. 2018 Mar 1;8(3):e018472.</ref><ref>Dutton, M. (2008).

...t is used to assess the stability of the [[Glenohumeral Joint|Glenohumeral joint]]. ...head, more movement is considered to be a sign of [[Glenohumeral Joint|GH joint]] laxity.<br>

...sess the integrity of the [[Acromioclavicular Joint|acromioclavicular (AC) joint]]. ...across the patient's body, bringing their elbow towards the contralateral shoulder <ref name=":0">Park HB, Yokota A, Gill HS, El Rassi G, McFarland EG. [https

Shoulder abduction ...nrestricted shoulder girdle range.<ref>Norkin CC, White DJ. Measurement of joint motion: a guide to goniometry. FA Davis; 2016 Nov 18.</ref>

...the shoulder to check for posterior instability of the [[Shoulder|shoulder joint]]. <ref name=":0">Hattam P, Smeatham A. Special Tests in Musculoskeletal Ex The patient lies in a supine position with the shoulder at 90° abduction, with some external rotation, so the arm is horizontal wh

...ell R. Diagnostic values of tests for acromioclavicular joint pain. J Bone Joint Surg. 2004; 86(4):807-812.</ref> *If pain is elicited or increased in the region of the acromioclavicular joint, the test is considered positive

...to test for anterior instability of the [[Glenohumeral Joint|glenohumeral joint]]. ...erior glide of the head of the humerus) for risk of [[Shoulder Dislocation|shoulder dislocation]].

...r. Available from http://at.uwa.edu/special%20tests/specialtests/UpperBody/shoulder%20Main%20Page.htm</ref> ...erior shoulder stability]].It assesses [[Humerus|humeral head]] inferior [[Shoulder Subluxation|subluxation.]]<ref name=":2" />

...y of the [[Glenohumeral Joint|glenohumeral]] joint capsule, or to assess [[Shoulder Instability|glenohumeral instability]] in an anterior direction.<br> ...pist will flex the patient's elbow to 90 degrees and abducts the patient's shoulder to 90 degrees, maintaining neutral rotation.&nbsp; The examiner then slowly

Each joint has a normal [[Range of Motion|ROM]] range of values, while each person has ...name=":1">Wem [https://www.wikem.org/wiki/Range_of_motion_by_joint ROM by joint] Available online:https://www.wikem.org/wiki/Range_of_motion_by_joint [acce

Shoulder internal rotation (IR) Shoulder external rotation (ER)

...Joint Replacement Available: https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/treatment/total-joint-replacement/<nowiki/>(accessed 24.12.2023)</ref> ...oplasty), and various other procedures exist which attempt to realigne the joint (e.g. osteotomies) or resurfacing with tissue.<ref>Radiopedia Arthroplasty

Shoulder horizontal abduction Shoulder is abducted to 90 degrees and elbow is flexed to 90 degrees

The examiner places the patient's arm shoulder in 90 degrees of shoulder flexion with the elbow flexed to 90 degrees and then internally rotates the ...int video - © Kenhub https://www.kenhub.com/en/study/anatomy-glenohumeral-joint</ref>

...he shoulder to understand the arthrokinematic movement within the shoulder joint. ...>Dashottar A, Borstad J. Posterior glenohumeral joint capsule contracture. Shoulder Elbow. 2012 Oct;4(4):230-6.</ref>

...tify a superior anterior and posterior glenoid labral tear of the shoulder joint.<br> # The patient lies in supine position with affected shoulder slightly over the edge of the bed.

...used to assess the function of [[Supraspinatus]] muscle and tendon of the shoulder complex. <br> ...patient's thumb should be pointing up. The therapist should stabilize the shoulder while applying a downward force to the arm whilst the patient tries to resi

...reference to anterior and posterior drawer tests]. The Journal of bone and joint surgery. British volume. 1984 Aug;66(4):551-6. </ref> '''Step2.''' Relax the affected shoulder by holding patients arm ( or placing hand on axilla) with therapist one han

...k Pain: Clinical Practice Guidelines|neck]], [[Lumbar Anatomy|back,]] or [[shoulder]] pain.<ref>Ghan GM, Babu VS. Immediate effect of cervico-thoracic mobiliza ...ck Pain: Clinical Practice Guidelines|neck]], [[Lumbar Anatomy|back]] or [[shoulder]] pain.<ref name=":0">Gauri Milind Ghan & V. Sarath Babu. [https://www.tan

[[File:Internal impingement of the shoulder.jpg|thumb|High stressors in throwing motion]] ...s.<ref name="Wilk1">Wilk et al. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19194026/ Shoulder Injuries in the Overhead Athlete]. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2009;39(2):38

...tor cuff muscles. <ref name=":0">Jeno SH, Munjal A, Schindler GS. Anatomy, shoulder and upper limb, arm supraspinatus muscle. StatPearls Publishing; 2023.</ref ==== Shoulder Stability ====

...e of the 4 muscles which comprise the [[Rotator Cuff|Rotator Cuff]] of the shoulder. ...erior aspect of greater tuberosity of humerus, and the capsule of shoulder joint.<ref name="p2">Wheeles CR. [http://www.wheelessonline.com/ortho/infraspinat

<div class="col-xs-12 col-md-6 col-lg-4">[[Image:Elbow joint Primal.png|200px|center]]<br> Elbow Joint

...al Plexus|brachial plexus]].<ref name="aex">Juneja P, Hubbard JB. Anatomy, shoulder and upper limb, arm Teres minor muscle. StatPearls Publishing; 2023. </ref> ...th [[Infraspinatus]], primarily produces external rotation of the shoulder joint.<ref name="aex" />

...PA: Elsevier.</ref> and can be useful in helping differentiate between AC joint and impingement syndromes.<ref name="Frontera book">Frontera WR, Silver JK, #The patient's shoulder is positioned into 90 flexion and internal rotation, with the placed into 9

...g, there are two patterns of range of motion used in the interpretation of joint motion: ...capsular pattern of restriction is a limitation of pain and movement in a joint specific ratio, which is usually present with [[Osteoarthritis|arthritis]],

[[Image:Grays326.JPEG|thumb|right|Anterior view of the left shoulder and acromioclavicular joints, and proper scapular ligaments.]] ...oint <ref>.Christopher C. Dodson, Frank A. Cordasco, Anterior Glenohumeral Joint Dislocations, Orthopedic Clinics of North America,2008:39(4), 507-518. Avai

This test is used to detect postero-inferior instability of the Glenohumeral joint. ...of Success in Nonoperative Treatment of Posteroinferior Instability of the Shoulder.&amp; Am J Sports Med 2004 32: 1849 </ref>

...erve as a treatment procedure and are commonly administered in cases where joint range of motion is restricted. Specific grades of mobilization are describ ...ion assessment techniques and mobilization techniques for the glenohumeral joint will also be demonstrated and discussed.

...ystematic review of aetiology and treatment of post-stroke hand oedema and shoulder-hand syndrome.] Scandinavian Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine. 2000;32(1) |Shoulder

...disorders. 2014 Dec;15(1):1-10. </ref><ref>Jeno SH, Schindler GS. Anatomy, Shoulder and Upper Limb, Arm Supraspinatus Muscle. StatPearls [Internet]. 2019 Jan 4 {{#ev:youtube| uskZIqThlb0|300}}<ref>Young Lae Moon. Shoulder motion with rotator cuff (supraspinatus). Available from: www.youtube.com/w

...ambert SM, Gerber C. Lag signs in the diagnosis of rotator cuff rupture. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 1996;5:307-13.</ref>. The purpose of this clinical diagnostic te ...tion (to avoid elastic recoil of the joint capsule and the scapulothoracic joint). The patient is then asked to maintain the position actively while the exa

* [[Humerus]] and [[Elbow]] joint ...achialis - flexes and adducts the [[Glenohumeral Joint|glenohumeral]] (GH) joint and acts to stabilise the humeral head in the [[Glenoid Labrum|glenoid]] fo

...rmal positioning and movement of the [[scapula]] is linked to glenohumoral joint pathologies. ...at the hip and knee requires extreme stabilization at the scapula-thoracic joint.<ref name=":0">Hong J, Barnes MJ, Leddon CE, Van Ryssegem G, Alamar B. [htt

Stabilize distal end of humerus to prevent flexion of shoulder joint. ...nge of motion due to large biceps.<ref>Norkin CC, White DJ. Measurement of joint motion: a guide to goniometry. FA Davis; 2016 Nov 18.</ref>

...ar distance from the the line of action of a force to the rotation axis of joint. Torque is also called a moment of force and is expressed as ...s acting on opposite sides of an axis of rotation that cause the object or joint to produce rotatory force but without linear translation. These forces are

...ulder Unit’s specialist shoulder physiotherapist Marcus Bateman <ref>Derby Shoulder Unit. Results of Derby Instability Rehab Programme published [Internet]. 20 ...sell RD, Robertson WJ. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21808996/ Anterior shoulder instability: a review of pathoanatomy,]

Mr A has a history of persistent and debilitating pain in his shoulder with significant sleep disturbance following time in detention in his home ...worse from day to day. He has became more and more disabled because of his shoulder pain.

...scia]] that produce a synchronous motion and stability of the glenohumeral joint, scapulothoracic joints and upper extremities. ...name=":0" />. Assessment of the upper quadrant muscles is essential in the shoulder problems of athletes and the general population<ref>Donatelli RA. Sports-Sp

...istance test on subacromial space during static arm elevation.] Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. 2012 May 1;21(5):631-40.</ref>  ...a dyskinesis]] or abnormal scapular movement has been associated with many shoulder pathologies.<ref name=":1">Rabin A, Irrgang JJ, Fitzgerald GK, Eubanks A. [

...ests for the different degrees of subacromial impingement syndrome. J Bone Joint Surg Am, 87(7), 1446-1455.</ref> <br>See [[Test Diagnostics|test diagnostic [[Category:Shoulder]]

...levation. Infrapinatus muscle is often involved in shoulder pathologies as shoulder impingement and rotator cuff tears.<ref name=":0">Hughes PC, Green RA, Tayl ...n clinical and high resolution ultrasonography examinations of the painful shoulder. Journal of ultrasonography. 2015 Mar;15(60):29.</ref>

...p; Tomlinson JE. Clinical Diagnosis of Tears of the Rotator Cuff. J Bone Joint Surg. May 1991;(74):404-405]</ref><ref name="Cleland">Cleland J. Orthopae [[Category:Shoulder]]

...55582&ei=5lywYu_xEsKN6rQP-9Ca6AM&scisig=AAGBfm1zee7umg5uN42e02OpIHG5FnNW6w Shoulder injuries in overhead athletes: the “dead arm” revisited]. Clinics in sp ...ul serving in tennis, or working with the arm in a strained position above shoulder.<ref name="6a" /><ref name="p0" />The symptoms can exacerbate by the loss o

[[File:Shoulder Joint.png|thumb]] The [[Shoulder|shoulder complex]] is a set of 5 highly mobile and stable mechanically interrelated

...ticle/81/2/799/2829545 Measurement of scapular asymmetry and assessment of shoulder dysfunction using the lateral scapular slide test]: a reliability and valid ...est measures the amount of scapular protraction in 3 positions of shoulder joint abduction, by measuring the distance from the midline to the medial boarder

To test the presence of a shoulder full-thickness rotator cuff tear using the [[Codman's Test|Drop-Arm Sign]], ...ests for the different degrees of subacromial impingement syndrome. J Bone Joint Surg AmfckLR2005 July;87(7):1446-55.</ref> study, the combination of the fo

...20</ref> that makes up the front part of the shoulder. It sits between the shoulder blade and the sternum. There are 2 clavicles in a person, one on the right ...s type of articulation is also known as a ‘double plane joint’ – where two joint cavities are separated by a layer of articular cartilage.

*gradual increase in pain at neck and shoulder, progressing down the arm *Pain in neck and shoulder from holding arms elevated but minimal distress in arm or hand.

...al ([[SLAP Lesion|SLAP Lesion]]) or acromioclavicular lesions as cause for shoulder pain. ...A new and effective test for diagnosing labral tears and acromioclavicular joint abnormality. Am J Sports Med. 1998;26:610-613.</ref> ==

...ion while doing Activities of daily living (ADLs). Shoulder being a mobile joint has a high predisposition for Instability.<ref>Kim SH, Ha KI, Jung MW, et a == Classification<ref name=":0">Jaggi A, Lambert S. Rehabilitation for shoulder instability. British journal of sports medicine. 2010 Apr 1;44(5):333-40.</

...sts for the different degrees of subacromial impingement syndrome. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2005 Jul;87(7):1446-55.</ref> == *Testing:&nbsp; Shoulder is flexed to 90 degrees and then internally rotated with elbow flexed to 90

...s over the [[Glenohumeral Joint|glenohumeral joint]] and which gives the [[shoulder]] its rounded contour. ...//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23784480/ The deltoid, a forgotten muscle of the shoulder.] Skeletal radiology. 2013 Oct;42(10):1361-75.Available:https://pubmed.ncbi

== <ref>Norkin CC, White DJ. Measurement of joint motion: a guide to goniometry. FA Davis; 2016 Nov 18.</ref>Anatomical Movem Patient is seated with the shoulder abducted to 90 degrees, elbow flexed to 90 degrees and wrist over the edge

Patient is seated with the shoulder abducted to 90 degrees, elbow flexed to 90 degrees and wrist over the edge ...d range of motion is 0- 70 degrees<ref>Norkin CC, White DJ. Measurement of joint motion: a guide to goniometry. FA Davis; 2016 Nov 18.</ref>

...s a clinical test used to distinguish cervical nerve root compression from shoulder disease in case of doubtful diagnosis.<ref name=":0" /> [[Compression|Nerve ...al nerve root compression from C5 to T1, not when the pain arises from the shoulder.<ref name=":0" />

....nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8861852/ The Relationship Between Generalised Joint Hypermobility and Autism Spectrum Disorder in Adults: A Large, Cross-Sectio To assess general passive joint hypermobility.

Shoulder flexion ...range of motion is 0- 180 degrees<ref>Norkin CC, White DJ. Measurement of joint motion: a guide to goniometry. FA Davis; 2016 Nov 18.</ref>

...inations performed for general orthopedic diseases. Manual examinations of shoulder labral and rotator cuff injuries are scattered, but are not conclusive enou ...was suggested that throwing the ball puts a lot of stress on the shoulder joint.

...rus with one hand while the other hand performs humeral rotation while the shoulder is being elevated in the scapular plane. The test can be repeated in supine ...dity and accuracy of clinical tests used to detect labral pathology of the shoulder-a systematic review. Manual Therapy 2009; 14(2):119-30.</ref> <br>

...al Posterior Anterior Mobilization (UPA) in the treatment of patients with shoulder impingement syndrome: A randomized clinical trial.</u> === ...rmine whether the application of UPA’s to a comparable (or non-comparable) joint in the lower cervical region improves overall self-report of function and p

...injuries like Rotator cuff tear, Anterior dislocation of the shoulder, AC joint injuries and Clavicle fractures.<ref name=":0">Raiman L, Antbring R, Pyne D ...orced abduction and extension at the first Metacarpophalangeal joint (MCP) joint(outstretched hand) when a fall occurs with a ski pole in hand. There is an

[[Image:Scapulothoracic-joint.jpg|center]] ...acic (ST) “joint” is not a true anatomic joint as it has none of the usual joint characteristics (union by fibrous, cartilaginous, or synovial tissues).

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Thoracic Manipulation for Shoulder Dysfunction}} [[File:Shoulder pain.jpg|thumb]]

...nterior part of the force couples of the [[Glenohumeral Joint|glenohumeral joint]].<ref name=":0">Lin L, Yan H, Xiao J, Ao Y, Cui G. [https://link.springer. The patient places the palm of the affected side on the opposite shoulder, with the fingers extended and the elbow anterior to the body. The patient

# Prone Extension "Y" - Prone with palm facing upwards, shoulder abducted to 110° to the thorax while keeping your shoulders retracted but abduction and rotation. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 76:

[[Image:Grays326.JPEG|thumb|right|Acromioclavicular Joint]] ...of the [[scapula]] and is a gliding, or plane style synovial joint. The AC Joint attaches the scapula to the clavicle and serves as the main articulation th

*[[Shoulder Examination|Shoulder Examination]] *[[Shoulder Instability|Shoulder Instability]]

...of [[Shoulder Instability|shoulder instability]], occurs when the shoulder joint partially dislocates. In this condition the [[Humerus|humeral]] head slips ...:0">Vitoonpong T, Chang KV. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507847/ Shoulder Subluxation]. InStatPearls [Internet] 2020 Aug 29. StatPearls Publishing.Av

Patient is seated with the shoulder adducted by their side, elbow flexed to 90 degrees and forearm in the neutr ...range of motion is 80 - 90 degrees<ref>Norkin CC, White DJ. Measurement of joint motion: a guide to goniometry. FA Davis; 2016 Nov 18.</ref>

Patient is seated with the shoulder adducted by their side, elbow flexed to 90 degrees and forearm in the neutr ...range of motion is 80 - 90 degrees<ref>Norkin CC, White DJ. Measurement of joint motion: a guide to goniometry. FA Davis; 2016 Nov 18.</ref>

At the [[Glenohumeral Joint|glenohumeral joint]], the coracobrachialis Symptoms such as pain in the shoulder and arm going down the posterior part of the hand is most likely be due to

...45/4/357/111154/Tibiofemoral-Joint-Positioning-for-the-Valgus Tibiofemoral joint positioning for the valgus stress test]. Journal of Athletic Training. 2010 ...es an abducting force at the the foot, and a valgus force through the knee joint.

...sequential manner in order to determine abnormalities in alignment of bone/joint/muscle to other. <ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">Thompson J, Walton A. [ht == Peripheral Joint Assessment ==

The Shoulder Pain and Disability Index (SPADI) is a patient completed questionnaire with ...>Roach KE, Budiman‐Mak E, Songsiridej N, Lertratanakul Y. Development of a Shoulder Pain and Disability Index. Arthritis Care Res 1991; 4: 143–9.</ref> w

{{#ev:youtube|I1XEPBTjYVY}}<ref>Kenhub-Learn Human Anatomy. Elbow Joint: Bones, Muscles & Movement-Human Anatomy | Kenhub.Available from:https://ww == HumeroUlnar Joint ==

...on during functional activities, thus allowing for the control of abnormal joint translation during functional activities. These activities are designed to ...fness, coordinated motor patterns, and reflex activity to provide enhanced joint stability<ref name=":0" />. The information gathered is processed at three

...factors including the patient's age, medical history, and condition of the shoulder. ...ulder.<ref name=":0" />This device allows for improved biomechanics of the shoulder when the rotator cuff cannot be repaired.<ref name=":0" /> It reduces subac

...ehabilitation program for patients with an unstable shoulder (glenohumeral joint instability), it's important that the follow key factors should be consider ...ame="Wilk" /><ref name="Cutts">Cutts, S., Prempeh, M., Drew, S., 'Anterior shoulder dislocation', Ann R coll Surg Engl, VOL. 91 (2009), p. 2-7 (Level of eviden

...is experiencing an increase in clinical significance due to its role in [[shoulder]] pain and upper limb weakness.<ref name=":0">Kostretzis L, Theodoroudis I, ...ral Joint|glenohumeral]] and [[Acromioclavicular Joint|acromioclavicular]] joint.<ref>Avery BW, Pilon FM, Barclay JK. Anterior coracoscapular ligament and s

...lied to the knee, but there are versions for other joints such as the hip, shoulder and elbow. ...commended after [https://www.physio-pedia.com/Total_Knee_Arthroplasty knee joint replacement] or knee cartilage repair surgery. Uses of the CPM are also re

...ius depresses the clavicle as well as helps stabilize the sternoclavicular joint. The subclavius is enveloped in the clavipectoral fascia along with the pec ...s to aid in preventing dislocation of the clavicle at the sternoclavicular joint. It also can protect the neurovascular structures beneath it in the event o

.... Wiley Blackwell. 2012. p 1-24. </ref> A sprain is usually caused by the joint being forced suddenly outside its usual range of movement and the inelastic ...just a few fibres) to severe (complete rupture of the ligament, leading to joint instability).

...d assist with blocking [[Shoulder Dislocation|shoulder dislocation]] and [[Shoulder Subluxation|subluxation]] at the maximal ranges of motion.<ref name=":0">Ra ...(e.g. shoulder dislocation) or more commonly by repeated microtrauma, e.g. shoulder subluxation.<ref name=":1">Clavert P. [https://www.sciencedirect.com/scienc

...://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3812837/ A proposed evidence-based shoulder special testing examination algorithm: clinical utility based on a systemat ...xamination tests provide clinicians with the most value when examining the shoulder?] Update of a systematic review with meta-analysis of individual tests. Bri

[[File:Anterior-shoulder-dislocation-1.jpeg|thumb|Anterior-shoulder-dislocation|alt=|331x331px]] ...=":1">Abrams R, Akbarnia H. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459125/ Shoulder dislocations overview.] InStatPearls [Internet] 2021 Aug 13. StatPearls Pub

...le (AC) joint. Any patient presenting with AC joint or superior [[Shoulder|shoulder pain]] should be evaluated for distal clavicular osteolysis.<ref name=":0"> ...er joint.svg.png|center|thumb|150x150px|alt=|Anterior view of the shoulder joint]]

...is the art and science of measuring the joint ranges in each plane of the joint.<ref name=":0" /> The term 'goniometry' is derived from the greek words '< ...a patient has altered [[Range of Motion|range of motion]] in a particular joint, the therapist can use a goniometer to assess what the range of motion is a

...oulder-osteoarthritis-inferior-osteophyte-1.jpeg|thumb|GH OA; narrowing of joint space, subchondral sclerosis, inferior osteophyte ]] Please note this article relates to the glenohumeral joint of the shoulder only.

...the <u>Chronic pain management in the extremities</u>. In this technique, joint compression, muscular contraction or stretch is used as an the pain provoki ...the joint using the other. While maintaining the compression, a series of joint movements is tried to see if they produce pain. The movements can be either

...In the anatomical position the body is upright with the arms by the sides, shoulder in neutral rotation, palms facing forward, elbows and fingers extended and ...nderstandable and accurate way of describing human anatomy, physiology and joint planes and axes. It is also the zero position when measuring range of motio

...ten resulting in a fracture of the clavicle before a dislocation of the SC joint.<ref>ALLMAN JR FL. Fractures and ligamentous injuries of the clavicle and i [[Image:SC Joint.jpg|center|750px]]

[[File:Synovial Joint.png|right|frameless|399x399px]] The three [[Joint Classification|joints]] in the body (Histologically) are fibrous, cartilagi

...he arm, if the patient experiences any pain in and around the glenohumeral joint the patient must tell the physiotherapist what they are experiencing. Once ...ests for the different degrees of subacromial impingement syndrome. J Bone Joint Surg Am, 87(7), 1446-1455.</ref>

...d)]]The pisiform is one of eight carpal bones that forms part of the wrist joint. The name pisiform is derived from the Latin word ''pisum'' which means "pe ...12be391373b/Anatomy-Shoulder-and-Upper-Limb-Hand-Carpal-Bones.pdf Anatomy, Shoulder and Upper Limb, Hand Carpal Bones]. StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf. 2018</ref>

...osterior interosseous nerve. <ref name=":2">Khan IA, Varacallo M. Anatomy, Shoulder and Upper Limb, Hand Extensor Pollicis Longus Muscle. StatPearls Publishing ...erior interosseous artery.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">Khan I. Anatomy, Shoulder and Upper Limb, Hand Extensor Pollicis Longus Muscle. In: Varacallo M. edit

...Mudreac A, Kiel J. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513344/ Anatomy, Shoulder and Upper Limb, Subscapularis Muscle.] StatPearls [Internet]. 2020 Aug 10.< ...face of the scapula).<ref name=":2">Aguirre K, Mudreac A, Kiel J. Anatomy, shoulder and upper limb, subscapularis muscle. StatPearls Publishing; 2023.</ref>

...vailable from: https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases--conditions/scapular-shoulder-blade-disorders#:~:text=The%20scapula%2C%20or%20shoulder%20blade,help%20you ...://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/scapula-fracture-shoulder-blade-fracture#:~:text=What%20is%20a%20scapula%20fracture,from%20the%20back