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...portant for the prevention of ligamentous injuries at the [[Ankle and Foot|ankle]]. ...joint angle, and contraction velocity can alter the expression of muscular strength.

To plantarflex and invert the [[Ankle & Foot|ankle]]. It also plays an important role in stabilising the medial longitudinal [ ...and function with specific reference to electromyographic studies. J Foot Ankle Res. 2009;2:24. doi: 10.1186/1757-1146-2-24. </ref>.

[[File:Figure 3-Ankle ligaments.PNG|thumb|363x363px|Ankle tendon attachment]] ...are more sensitive to these type of fractures than others, such as at the ankle which mostly occurs at the lateral aspect of the medial malleolus or in the

...Stöggl T. Tissue flossing as a recovery tool for the lower extremity after strength endurance intervals. Sportverletzung Sportschaden: Organ der Gesellschaft f ...<ref name=":0">Driller MW, Overmayer RG. The effects of tissue flossing on ankle range of motion and jump performance. Physical Therapy in Sport. 2017 May 1

...ain (CKC) [[Therapeutic Exercise|exercises]] or closed chain exercises are exercises or movements where the distal aspect of the extremity is fixed to an object ...med.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24259825/ The Effect of Open and Closed Kinetic Chain Exercises on Dynamic Balance Ability of Normal Healthy Adults]. J Phys Ther Sci. 2013

...the metatarsophalangeal joint. Aids with plantarflexion of the foot at the ankle.&nbsp; When the ankle is plantarflexed, the muscle is unable to perform its flexion action of the

.../pmc/articles/PMC5963550/#B18 Gluteus medius and minimus muscle structure, strength, and function in healthy adults: brief report.] Physiotherapy Canada. 2017; ...in in the [[Lumbar Anatomy|lumbar spine]] and ends at the [[Ankle and Foot|ankle]], following a similar pain pathway of [[Sciatic Nerve|sciatic nerve]] but

...n.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deltoid_ligament#/media/File:Gray354.png|thumb|Medial Ankle Ligament]] ...www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545158/ Anatomy, Bony Pelvis and Lower Limb, Ankle Joint.] 2020 Aug 16. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatP

...le to: avoid injurious falls; to prevent sports injuries especially to the ankle and knee and for rehabilitation.<ref>Wikipedia. [https://en.wikipedia.org ...ts of balance training using wobble boards in the elderly]. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. 2011 Sep 1;25(9):2616-22. Available from: https://

*Tibialis anterior is the primary dorsiflexor of the [[Ankle & Foot|ankle]] with synergistic action of [[Extensor Hallucis Longus|extensor hallicus l ...one of the muscles that tend to be inhibited and underactive<ref>Advantage strength. Therapy Thursday: You’ve been crossed over. Available from: http://advan

[[File:Ankle-Sprains.jpg|right|frameless|460x460px]] ...of bone with it on injury). The image shows an example of a sprain of the ankle.

...s a week by the older adult in the home, outpatient, or community setting. Exercises can be done individually or in a group setting. Studies demonstrate OEP par ...(PT) assess and prescribe the initial exercises. The older adult does the exercises independently three times a week and completes a series of 4 visits with th

...and laterally extending from her ankle up to her mid-calf region, a stiff ankle and an oedematous foot. It was initially presumed that this was the type of *Wound on medical and lateral side of ankle extending 15cm up leg

...understanding the implications will help you design [[Therapeutic Exercise|exercises]] that are more efficient and less injurious. Both active and passive insuf ...the muscle is elongated to long lengths during normal [[Strength Training|strength training]], and also during eccentric training.<ref>Askinglot Length tensio

...e side of the tendinopathy . Some movements you may be asked to do include ankle dorsiflexion and heel raises <br> == Exercises ==

== Strength Training in Evidence == ...ance training has been found to improve muscle [[Strength and Conditioning|strength]]<ref>Royal College of Physicians Intercollegiate Stroke Working Party. ''N

...netic chain exercises provide their own benefits. The key advantage of OKC exercises is their capability to isolate a specific muscle. === Use of OKC VS CKC Exercises===

...sure to different experiences and movements will influence the make-up and strength of neural signals in the central nervous system. This is referred to experi *Improve muscle activation and [[Muscle Strength Testing|strength]]

...ular cartilage may occur. One example of this is a Tillaux fracture of the ankle, which is a fracture of the anterolateral aspect of the growth plate andepi ...son AN. Pediatric ankle fractures: concepts and treatment principles. Foot Ankle Clin 2015;20(4):705-719.</ref> Radiographs may be negative, especially with

...ng in and out of bed, impaired proprioception and coordination, diminished strength, unstable sitting, and difficulty walking. The ability to perform activitie * Improve sitting balance and strength

...f Motion for bilateral upper limbs was decreased and patient had grade 2/5 strength in all movements. He had no movement in his left lower limb *Right hip range of motion was decreased and grade 2/5 strength was noted for all movements.

The most common mechanism is a dorsiflexion force on the ankle associated with a rapid, strong contraction of the peroneal tendons and wit ...th JA, Taylor WC, Whalen J. Peroneal tendon subluxation: the other lateral ankle injury. Br J Sports Med. 2010 Nov;44(14):1047-53.</ref>.

**Ankle DF4/5N/A **Ankle PF4/5N/A


...who is a business student who was diagnosed with osteosarcoma of the left ankle and bilateral breast cancer. Patient has no known chronic illnesses had sev ...sted went back to the doctor X-rays done revealed osteosarcoma of the left ankle. A week later was admitted for 2 months biopsy done &amp; Left BKA. A month

...ment of functional deficits and technical factors that limit performance]. Strength and conditioning journal. 2014 Dec 1;36(6):4.Available: https://www.ncbi.nl ...s a valuable primary physical training exercise, being a single [[Compound Exercises|compound exercise]] that is highly sensitive to highlight [[Biomechanics|bi

* STRENGTH ...KA, Greising SM. Mechanisms behind estrogens’ beneficial effect on muscle strength in females. Exercise and sport sciences reviews. 2010;38.</ref>

The goal of physiotherapy is to improve strength in the large muscle groups and prevent scoliosis and contractures. According to the literature, the role of strengthening exercises for muscular dystrophy is controversial for two reasons:<ref>Physiospot. [h

...ndividuals with a history of [[Ankle Sprain|ankle sprain]] develop chronic ankle instability. ...<ref name=":1" /> It has, therefore, become essential to base the model of ankle rehabilitation on the perceptual-interdependence framework to successfully

...r rupture includes: falling from a height, forceful plantar flexion of the ankle (as in jumping with an extended knee), or using the foot to break a fall if ...ed ends of the tendon are sutured together. The surgeon will then take the ankle through complete range of motion to look at the integrity of the repair. A

...March. 1998 Mar.</ref> and straining or rupture of the muscles around the ankle (e.g. [[Calf Strain|calf]], [[Peroneal Tendinopathy|peroneii]], [[Tibialis ...and lateral malleoli provide additional articulations and stability to the ankle joint. The inferior tibiofibular joint is formed by the articulation of the

...maximal extension in stance as well as knee flexion in swing while both of ankle dorsiflexion in early stance and planterflexion in late stance are dropping ...hanges e.g. decrease in the hip extensor moment in midstance as well as in ankle power during push off phase, increase in rectus femoris muscle activation t

...feet: This can cause foot and ankle instability issues which may result in ankle sprains. **Loss of dexterity &amp; overall hand strength

...n passes downwards, deep to the flexor retinaculum, crossing the posterior ankle joint, lateral to [[Flexor Digitorum Longus|flexor digitorum longus]]. The Aids in plantarflexion at the [[Ankle and Foot|ankle joint]].<ref name="salad" />

...by 4 weeks in a below-knee cast. Initially, the physiotherapist focused on ankle and knee range of movement. Occupational Therapy provided an adaption for h ...jury. Alan returned to gym-based training to work on range of movement and strength with guidance from the National Team physiotherapist.

The purpose of the SLS is to measure the [[Muscle Strength Testing|strength]] of the lower body, particularly the [[Quadriceps Muscle|quadriceps]] and ...[[Range of Motion|PROM]]. Individuals with MKD benefit from rehabilitation exercises focused on

...o one sprain per 10 000 people daily<ref>The gender issue: epidemiology of ankle injuries in athletes who participate in basketball. ...h ankle sprains: a prospective examination of an athletic population. Foot Ankle Int. 1998;19:653–660.</ref>.

[[Spasticity]] and [[dystonia]] lead to difficulties in coordination, strength and selective motor control, and they are the most common movement disorder * Multilevel surgery of the ankle and foot

...muscles that fill the space between the metatarsal bones of the [[Foot and Ankle Structure and Function|foot]]. Their function lies in spreading the toes ap An [[Muscle Strength Testing|Oxford scale muscle strength assessment]] can be done as follows for the scales of 0/1 and 2/3.<ref name

...son's]] five years ago. His treatment program was based on medications and exercises which has helped him in managing well. John is an active family man who still works, attends a gym for regular exercises and does a lot of community work.

...vealed M0 for toe flexion (ie. no activity), and for toe extension M2, and ankle dorsal flexors and plantar flexors could not be tested due to fracture immo '''PROM Toes:''' Complete, but with pain. ROM ankle and knee unable to test due to fracture immobilisation

...ir injury and of pain‐monitoring model<br>'''Treatment program:''' Perform exercises every day *Circulation exercises (moving foot up/down)

diabetes, bilateral amputation, trans-tibial, ankle disarticulation ...disease currently managed with beta-blockers. This patient had a previous ankle disarticulation of the RLE with current prosthetic. No gait training was pr

This gives the appearance of a short leg with the foot on backwards. Foot & ankle then function as knee joint, allowing the patient to wear more functional & * Therefore, minimal over length of the ankle of the operated leg is retained.

...measurement of upper body strength and overall [[Strength and Conditioning|strength]]. It is most useful when multiple measurements are taken over time to trac ...prognostic indicator for health outcomes, as further discussed below. Grip strength is normally measured by a handheld dynamometer.

...rches of the Foot|medial longitudinal arch]], regulates movement about the ankle, and distributes forces evenly across the foot during loading.<ref name=":1 ...tensile strength. [[Collagen]] fibers are stable and provide great tensile strength because of their microscopic structure; the triple helix. Additionally, the

...n the criterion used.<ref name=":1">Health and fitness journal Flexibility Exercises and Performance Available: https://journals.lww.com/acsm-healthfitness/Full * The trunk lift (or prone on hand) assesses both muscle strength and flexibility by measuring the height of the chin from the floor when lif

...Davis IM. [https://www.jospt.org/doi/epdf/10.2519/jospt.2003.33.11.671 Hip strength in females with and without patellofemoral pain]. Journal of orthopaedic & ...urs, as well as isolate the problematic structure, targeted rehabilitation exercises can be prescribed.

[[File: Anatomy ankle and foot 2.jpg|right|frameless]] ...]] [[bone]]<nowiki/>s. Together, the three borders (listed below) form the ankle mortise.

...f normal walking. Instr Course Lect 1990;39:291–303.</ref> Weakness in the ankle and foot dorsiflexors results in an equinovarus deformity. Sometimes referr ...ee dislocations]. Journal of athletic training. 2004 Oct;39(4):365.</ref>, Ankle inversion injury.<ref name=":5" />Sciatic neuropathy commonly resulting fro

...e for symptomatic accessory navicular and its relation to pes planus, Foot Ankle 16:500,1995</ref> ...permitted.<ref name="p7" /><ref name="p9" />. Once the cast is removed, a strength and conditioning programme is highly recommended. <ref name="p8" />

'''Turf toe''' is an injury of the [[Foot and Ankle Structure and Function|first metatarsophalangeal]](MTP) articulation, due t ..., MD -Management of Common Sports-related Injuries About the Foot and Ankle, Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons 2010; 18: 546-556

...of the Calcaneus. In: Saxena, A. (eds) International Advances in Foot and Ankle Surgery, London:Springer. 2012. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-8572 ...https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19251687/ Tendon disorders of the foot and ankle, part 1: peroneal tendon disorders]. Am J Sports Med. 2009;37(3):614-25. do

After an infected ankle surgery occurred, a semi-retired farmer underwent a trans tibial amputation ...tears in his Right infra/supraspinatus. The following week he underwent an ankle replacement surgery with plans to repair his rotator cuff when weight beari

Patient will have no loss of motion, no pain with motion, no loss of strength or function. Very rarely seen in the clinic due to the resolution of sympto ...nts performed at regular intervals to load the affected tissues. The given exercises are to reduce and abolish pain symptoms, and/or restore normal joint functi

...ent<ref name=":0">Mosca M, Grassi A, Caravelli S. Osteochondral Lesions of Ankle and Knee. Will Future Treatments Really Be Represented by Custom-Made Metal == Osteochondral Lesions of the Ankle ==

...ases.<ref name=":0" /> Fractures of the fibula sometimes occur with severe ankle sprains. The fracture can happen anywhere along the fibula. Although the fi ...equired in many sports. Disruption of the syndesmosis (syndesmotic or high ankle sprain) contributes to instability of the tibiotalar joint.<ref name=":0" /

...make a big difference by partly off-loading the arthritic joint.. Foot and ankle orthoses, such as shoe wedging or insoles can be hugely beneficial again by ...tive than range of motion or wax therapy alone in improving grip and pinch strength, reducing pain and maintaining hand function

...to partial or complete detachment of the fragment. The defects cause deep ankle pain associated with weightbearing. Impaired function, limited range of mot ...he medial aspect. It is relatively prevalent and are an important cause of ankle morbidity.<ref name="1(2A)">Durur-Subasi I, Durur-Karakaya A, Yildirim OS.

...ulbous shape. Client would benefit from ongoing PT intervention to address strength, mobility, and phantom sensation; to provide education to client and family ...ed bilat hip abd, knee ext, supine SLR, R ankle DF; standing strengthening exercises in SLS on R w UE support.

...and management. The following are key considerations when managing lateral ankle sprains: delay the detailed assessment for a few days; understand of the me ...cians should understand the basic guidelines for the management of lateral ankle sprains, which include the following:

...deficits such as balance impairment, decreased gait speed, and lower limb strength can persist, with increases in fall rates.<ref name=":0" /> ...d exercise protocols which involved endurance, [[Strength and Conditioning|strength]] and sensorimotor training.<ref name=":0" /> As well, exercise sessions le

...es|Ageing]], neurovascular problems, weak [[Muscle Strength Testing|muscle strength]], limited [[Range of Motion|range of motion]], and [[Cognitive Impairments ...Conditioning|strength]], [[Aerobic Exercise|aerobic]] and [[flexibility]] exercises to improve health and physical ability<ref>American Heart Association. A[ht

...) Dislocation: A Case Report [electronic version]. The Journal of Foot and Ankle Surgery, Vol. 48, No.4 , 462-465. B</ref> The bones which form the Chopart ...ttek, C., Schratt, H.E., Hufner, T., &amp; Thermann, H. (2001). Foot &amp; Ankle International, Vol. 22, No. 5, 392-379. 5 november, 2011. http://olc.metroh

...s tarsi. Some characteristics are pain at the anterior lateral side of the ankle (anterior to the lateral mallelous) and a feeling of instability or difficu ...calcaneus that contains structures that contribute to the stability of the ankle and to its [[proprioception]] but can get damaged in the sinus tarsi.

...e ankle in the talocrural joint. Due to repeated micro trauma’s little the ankle, the body will respond to this by building extra bone tissue called “oste ...anga A, Pereda T, García-Valtuille R, Pérez-Carro L, Cruz A. MR imaging of ankle impingement syndromes. American Journal of Roentgenology. 2003 Aug;181(2):5

** Prolonged rest compromises tissue strength and quality<ref name=":2">Bleakley CM, Glasgow P, MacAuley DC. [https://sch ...BySKIqad3cbf4xDlMN-0orj2Mw Treatment and prevention of acute and recurrent ankle sprain:] an overview of systematic reviews with meta-analysis. British jour

...over, injuries which are higher up in the chain will have an effect on the ankle and foot. The foot is essential to a dancer; it acts as their base of suppo * Poor training resulting in poor muscular strength<ref name=":1">Skwiot M, Śliwiński Z, Żurawski A, Śliwiński G. [https:/

...and in severe injuries or pain, it may go down to the calf and into the [[Ankle Joint|heel]]<ref name=":1">https://www.massagetoday.com/articles/14188/Pain [[File:Core stability exercises.gif|right|frameless|399x399px]]

...ulcer and foul smelling discharge from the leg. Stiffness of the knee and ankle joint.
 Absent of sensation to deep and light touch from the knee joint d *Core strengthening and stabilization exercises to strengthening trunk muscles

...lm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7336189/pdf/eor-5-334.pdf Prognostic factors in ankle sprains: a review.] EFORT Open Rev. 2020 Jun 1;5(6):334-338. </ref> These f [[File: Ligaments of the ankle lateral aspect Primal.png|thumb|Lateral Ligaments|alt=]]

...Bilat.; Wrist Flexion: 3+/5 Bilat.; Wrist Extension: 3+/5 Bilat.; and Grip strength: 3+/5 Bilat. ...Bilat.;&nbsp;Knee Extension: 2+/5 Bilat.;&nbsp;Ankle DF: 2/5 Bilat.;&nbsp;Ankle PF: 2+/5

...me="yeung">Yeung MS, Chan KM, So CH, Yuan WY. An epidemiological survey on ankle sprain. Br J Sports Med 1994 Jun;28(2):112-116.</ref> ...Holmes A, Delahunt E. Treatment of common deficits associated with chronic ankle instability. Sports Med 2009;39(3):207-224.</ref> <br>

...GJ. Closed kinetic chain exercise: a comprehensive guide to multiple joint exercises. Human Kinetics; 2001. Available From: http://bit.ly/1NunaL7</ref> === Characteristics of Open Kinetic Chain Exercises&nbsp;===

...signed to target these known impairments, helping to restore normal muscle strength, joint motion, and flexibility.<ref>Paterno MV, Archdeacon MT. Is there a s ...urgery because the quadriceps help provides stability in the knee. Flexion exercises also need to start as soon as possible, provided the fracture is adequately

Any joint in the [[Ankle and Foot|ankle]], [[Foot Anatomy|foot]] and toes can be affected by an arthropathy (arthro ...re more than 100 forms of [[arthritis]], many of which affect the foot and ankle, causing [[Joint Classification|joint]] [[Pain Behaviours|pain]], swelling

== Replacement of Exercises to Avoid Tendon Load == * These loads should be replaced with other appropriate strengthening exercises

...iziene I, Sipaviciene S, Klizas S, Imbrasiene D. Effects of core stability exercises on multifidus muscles in healthy women and women with chronic low-back pain ...t is thought that the unique design of the multifidus endows it with extra strength.

...physio-pedia.com/Pressure_Ulcers pressure sores] to develop in the foot or ankle. An open [[Wound Healing|wound]] with foot deformity can lead to an infecti * '''Swelling''' or '''redness''' of the foot or ankle.

...types of injury. Soft boots give the snowboarder nearly twice the risk of ankle injury compared with hard boots.<ref>Mahmood B, Duggal N. [https://cdn.mded ...e posterior subtalar joint. As the lateral process is involved in both the ankle and subtalar joints, it is significant in almost all foot movements.<ref>Su

...terdam Wrist Rules’, like we already know the ‘[[Ottawa Ankle Rules|Ottawa ankle rules]]’. The purpose of their study is to set up guidelines that should * you can do a resistance examination, to examine whether the muscle strength is still normal. You should do this for flexion (Fig.5), extension and ulna

...joint]] consists of two [[Synovial Joints|synovial joints]], namely the [[Ankle Joint|talocrural joint]] and the [[Subtalar Joint|subtalar joint]]. In both ...usative factors include arthropathies, [[Chronic Ankle Instability|chronic ankle instability]], malalignment, and certain medical conditions, such as [[haem

...generally considered a normal gait variation; children usually demonstrate ankle dorsiflexion at heel strike by the age of five years.<ref name=":7" /> ...rsiflexion passive range of motion, which can predispose these children to ankle injuries.<ref name=":9">Davies K, Black A, Hunt M, Holsti L. [https://www.s

...JY, Choi JL, Kang SB, Lee BH. Comparison of three different surface plank exercises on core muscle activity. Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science. 2016;5(1) ...tion of spine stabilizers in healthy adults during prone on elbow planking exercises with and without a fitness ball. Physiotherapy Theory and Practice.2018:34:

'''Gross Changes:''' Increased stiffness; Decreased strength; Reduction in water content # [[Ankle & Foot|Ankle]] - dorsiflexion ROM is reduced with age.

...his patient population. Patients demonstrate greater improvement in muscle strength, functional mobility, gait speed, and quality of exercise performance. * Increase strength

...hird part is the hindfoot consisting of the [[talus]] (lower [[Ankle Joint|ankle]]) and the [[calcaneus]] (heel). For a more detailed and review of the [[Ankle and Foot|ankle and foot anatomy]].<br>

== Definition of Chronic Ankle Instability (CAI) == ...fers to a feeling of apprehension in the ankle, “giving way” and recurrent ankle sprains, persisting for a minimum of six months after the initial sprain.<r

...tible to injury as it is a biarthrodial muscle extending over the knee and ankle. Sudden bursts of acceleration can precipitate injury as well as a sudden e .... If the knee is flexed, gastrocnemius cannot produce maximum power at the ankle joint and vice versa.</span></span><ref name=":0" />

...be accompanied by a popliteal artery injury. If the pulses are weak or the ankle-brachial index is ≤0.8, an intimal tear should be suspected and arteriogr ...es secondary to increased dependence and excessive loading. Proprioceptive exercises are advanced from double to single limb, and on varying unstable surfaces.

...activities such as hobbies and socialising, utilising various techniques, exercises, and interventions to enhance independence and functional abilities, <ref>R ...range of motion. They design personalised rehabilitation plans to restore strength, coordination, and functional mobility, enabling patients to navigate their

...ost of your weight and is an essential part of both the [[knee]] joint and ankle joint. The tibial spine is a specialized ridge of bone in the tibia where t !'''Exercises'''

...s of the toes.<ref name=":1">Green-Smerdon M. Biomechanics of the Dancer’s Ankle and Foot Course. Plus , 2022.</ref> When repeating the test, Ms E's bottom The pencil test assesses the overall plantar flexion range of the ankle-foot complex.<ref>Richardson M, Liederbach M, Sandow E. [https://www.ingent

...able to maintain muscle strength and fatigue. The stretching and mobility exercises were successful at maintaining ROM and preventing the development of contra * Myotomes: decrease strength through L4- S1 bilaterally.

...h a combination of targeted movements, [[Rehabilitation Phases|appropriate exercises]], pain management, and [[Rehabilitation in Sport|specific treatments]]. ...ng by increasing blood flow to the injured area. The type and intensity of exercises prescribed will vary depending on the type and severity of the injury, as w

...between diagnosis of plantar fasciitis and Windlass test results]. Foot & ankle international. 2003 Mar;24(3):251-5. </ref>, and is == Exercises for Plantar Heel Pain ==

...tablish transfer skills, and regain social cognition skills. Also, restore strength, sensitivity, reduce edema, reduce pain and establish relaxation techniques *Increase strength in LUE and RLE -Strengthening exercises (theraband, free weights, etc.)<ref name="p3" />

...evaluation validated these complaints. The patient’s goals were to improve strength, aerobic endurance, balance, and flexibility. Patient education was emphasi *⅘ (B) ankle dorsiflexion

...ioception]] and how it can be used in the rehabilitation of [[Ankle Sprain|ankle injuries]]. ...ware of his or her body's activities.<ref name=":1" /> When changes in the ankle's muscle length, joint position or movement velocity occur, the CNS uses th

...tudy with special reference to release of the calcaneal compartment.] Foot Ankle 1990;10:267–275.</ref><ref name="Myerson et al.">Myerson MS. [https://eur ...partment syndrome, being severe and spontaneous or occurring during active exercises, often increasing in intensity as the activity continues, only resolving on

...consists of relieving the pain by resting for a few days and strengthening exercises with modification of activities. There is no definite protocol or treatment Lower extremity strength needs to be tested, especially at the ankle and the hip to find any muscle weaknesses that may be contributing to the o