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...ment, and pre and post-operative care. We can treat work related injuries, sports injuries and motor vehicle accident injuries. We accept extended health ben

[[File:Friction massage for supraspinatus tendinitis.png|thumb|Deep Friction Massage]] ....013573 Cyriax physiotherapy for tennis elbow/lateral epicondylitis.] Br J Sports Med. 2004 Dec;38(6):675-7.</ref><br>

[[Image:Sports.jpg|300x300px|right]] ...and other sport injury courses; we still can offer as much if not more, to sports teams. Working with teams will give expose to numerous opportunities includ

...ng tension in specific muscles that have built up due to injury or stress. Massage therapy help you to get the blood flowing which speeds up the recovery proc Your ability to administer a good massage will depend largely on your own comfort, therefore maintaining a good [[pos

...lammatory response: friend or enemy for muscle injury?. British Journal of Sports Medicine. 2003;37(4):284-286.</ref><ref name=":2">Knight K, Brucker J, Ston ...hen X. [https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2017.00747/full Massage alleviates delayed onset muscle soreness after strenuous exercise: a system

...by physiotherapists at major athletics events between 1987 and 1998.] Br J Sports Med 2004; 38 (2): 235-7</ref>. Cyriax, who is seen as the founder of the fr ...ction massage is to influence cell behaviour in all soft tissues. Friction massage is supposed to induce<ref name="cyriax">Cyriax, Coldham M: Textbook of Orth

...ar Heel Pain|plantar heel pain syndrome]] (PHPS) refers to [[Deep Friction Massage]] therapy, which is based on the teachings of Dr James Cyriax.<ref>Cyriax J ...three principles:<ref name=":0">Bernice Saban. The Theory and Practice of Massage and Exercise for Plantar Heel Pain. Plus Course. 2021</ref>

...y in patients with unilateral plantar heel pain]. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy. 2019 Sep;49(9):640-6. </ref> ...ciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1356689X13001471?via%3Dihub Deep massage to posterior calf muscles in combination with neural mobilization exercises

...ciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1356689X13001471?via%3Dihub Deep massage to posterior calf muscles in combination with neural mobilization exercises ...y and Practice of Massage and Exercise for Plantar Heel Pain|deep friction massage]] of the calf muscles for at least 10 minutes<ref name=":4" />

...rts-Active and Nonsports-Active Patients With 5-Year Follow-up. ''Orthop J Sports Med''. 2020;8(1):2325967119898118. </ref><ref>Punnoose A, Norrish A, Pak K == Manual Therapy and Massage&nbsp; ==

...usually [[posture]] related eg in correct shoulder placement when playing sports, carrying heavy objects, [[Thoracic Hyperkyphosis|thoracic hyperkyphosis]], | {{#ev:youtube|Rph0_lwn3DY|380}}<ref>Texas Massage Education. Rhomboids. Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rph0_

...24472/ Understanding acute ankle ligamentous sprain injury in sports]. BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2009 Dec 1;1(1):14.</ref> The anterio ...es) as well as electrical stimulation (TENs), pulsed ultrasound, antiedema massage and low-level laser may help in reducing inflammation.

...ssion of physiotherapy/physical therapy has from its beginning encompassed massage, manipulation and exercise. PTs have a long history of providing exercise r J Sports Med. 2009 Feb;43(2):99-101. doi: 10.1136/bjsm.2008.053801. Epub 2008 Oct 6

* Massage ...physiotherapy for tennis elbow/lateral epicondylitis. ''British Journal of Sports Medicine''. 2004;38(6):675–677</ref> Figures 1 and 2 and the accompanyin

...its influence on the extensor apparatus of the knee joint.] Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy. 2018 Mar 1;26(3):727-38.</ref>. It is one of the ...ior compartment muscles; thus, it cannot be isolated for stretching and/or massage.

* Gentle [[massage]] * Massage, Joint mobilization

...ry'' 41 (1997), 487-495.</ref> [[Image:Shoulder massage.jpg|thumb|Shoulder Massage: Relief at Museum in Cyrene Libya thought to be 2000 years old]] ...who founded the Royal Central Institute of Gymnastics (RCIG) in 1813 for [[massage]], manipulation, and [[Exercise Therapy in the Rehabilitation of Spondyloli

...of eliciting muscle pump (active gentle muscle contractions), soft tissue massage, elevation and compression''''' ...of eliciting muscle pump (active gentle muscle contractions), soft tissue massage, elevation and compression'''''

...d Strains] 2018. Available from: https://patient.info/bones-joints-muscles/sports-injuries/sprains-and-strains (last accessed 5.12.2019)</ref> A ligament ru * Pain relief through joint mobility techniques, soft tissue massage, electrotherapy

*Hands-on treatments such as joint mobilisations, manipulation and massage ...ate practice may include are acupuncture, ergonomics, orthotics, podiatry, sports injury management and women’s health can be seen on The Physio Company’

...Applying ice initially helps reduce pain and inflammation.<ref name="www">Sports Injuries - [https://www.sportsinjuryclinic.net/sport-injuries Foot - Lower ...ting, then release the tension and start to massage it. Make sure you only massage the muscle and not your nerves. Otherwise you are likely to end up with som

...ystematic review of randomized controlled trials.] The American journal of sports medicine. 2004 Jan;32(1):251-61.</ref><ref name="ab">Dykstra JH, Hill HM, M [[File:Ice Massage.jpg|thumb|154x154px|''Application of ice massage'']]

== What is a Sports and Exercise Physiotherapist? == ...ole of the sports physiotherapist as follows: ''"The essential role of the sports physiotherapist is to provide treatment and rehabilitation of injuries and

...y a systematic review, expert clinical reasoning and patient values]. Br J Sports Med. 2021 Oct;55(19):1106-18. </ref> ...pain: a systematic review with network meta-analysis]. British Journal of Sports Medicine. 2019 Feb 1;53(3):182-94. </ref><ref name=":3">Saban B, Masharawi

...ly seen in sporting activities such as rowing or canoeing, skiing, racquet sports, and horseback riding. ...tion syndrome, managed by taping: a case series]. journal of orthopaedic & sports physical therapy. 2011 Jul;41(7):514-9. Available from:https://www.ncbi.nlm

...paedia of sports medicine and science. TD Fahey (Ed). Internet society for sports science: <nowiki>http://sportsci</nowiki>. org. 7th March. 1998 Mar.</ref> ...ential to ensure optimal range of movement and flexibility. The aim of the massage is to fight the formation of heterotopic ossification<ref name="p6">Samuel

...oat shop (lots of standing and lifting work). The patient reports seeing a massage therapist and then his GP following the incident. He was prescribed some mu ...nt with physiotherapy. This included manual therapy - joint mobilisations, massage, etc. and an home exercise programme. However, secondary to the patients mo

...ruth. How To Do Trigger Point Massage Therapy Techniques, Back Pain Relief Massage ASMR Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KFbsjPHfJKw [last acce ...typically used. It is particularly suited for nervous patients, children, sports injuries, sensitive areas and ears. This form of acupuncture may be availab

.../10.2165/00007256-200535110-00005 An overview of hip injuries in running]. Sports medicine. 2005 Nov 1;35(11):991-1014. ...nic bursal problems.<ref>Hammer, W. (1993). The use of transverse friction massage in the management of chronic bursitis of the hip and shoulder. Journal of M

[[File:Massage image.jpg|right|frameless|200x200px]] Include techniques from: [[Maitland's Mobilisations|Maitland]] mobilisations, massage ball techniques ( a ball release exercises on the upper torso can help all

..., Fernhall B, et al. Exercise and type 2 diabetes: the American College of Sports Medicine and the American Diabetes Association: joint position statement. 

...cessary for a number of daily activities and sports such as golf, throwing sports, tennis, and rowing. Dysfunction of the thoracic spine can also play a role ...horacic spine] Available from: https://www.lifecare.com.au/clinic/northern-sports-physiotherapy-clinic/news/thoracic-spine/ (last accessed 16.4.2020)</ref>

...em: a new paradigm for understanding intrinsic foot muscle function]. Br J Sports Med. 2015 Mar;49(5):290</ref> The idea of the "foot core" explains the role ...on knee proprioception: implications for dynamic stabilization]. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2001;31:598–605.</ref> muscle fatigue can negatively affect joi

Musculoskeletal symptoms, participation in specific sports, ...ma (such as a whiplash injury caused by a car accident or as a result of a sports injury).

...FOOSH). It can also occur because of trauma such as road traffic accident, sports injuries or even a non accidental trauma (child hitting an object).<ref nam * Massage and Heat Therapy: Employed for the purpose of alleviating persistent discom

{{#ev:youtube|v=jNdBq3eR-eY|300}} <ref>Massage nerd. Orthopedic Test - C / SPINE KEMP'S TEST. Available from: https://www. [[Category:Sports Medicine]]

...ice guidelines for rehabilitation professionals.] International journal of sports physical therapy. 2019 Jul;14(4):670.</ref> ...lization In the Treatment of Lateral Epicondylitis.Medicine and science in sports and exercise.1995;27(5).</ref><br>

...no definitive time frame.<ref name=":2">Horsley, I. Injury and Healing in Sports Physiotherapy Course. Plus. 2022. ...portant that physiotherapists involved in the prevention and management of sports injuries understand the biological and mechanical nature of [[Tendon Physio

...f EIMD commonly arise 24-48 hours after muscle damage occurs<ref name=":1">Sports Science for Coaches [https://sportsscienceforcoaches.wordpress.com/2015/01/ EIMD has been a topic of intense focus in exercise and sports science research for more than 30 yr. It is a condition characterised by tr

...is defined as: "the therapeutic use of physical agents or means, such as [[massage]] or [[Therapeutic Exercise|exercises]], to treat disease or injury".<ref n * Sports medicine

...y for pain relief. Combining ultrasonography with deep transverse friction massage or corticosteroids is no better than ultrasonography alone. Ultrasonography ...picondylitis. 2011 Nov;39(11):2429-35. doi: 10.1177/0363546511417096. Am J Sports Med. Case series. Level of evidence: 4.</ref>

...style modifications and preventive activities include avoidance of contact sports eg rugby. ...ial symptoms and [[radiculopathy]], physiotherapists can use soft tissue [[massage]] and soft tissue [[Manual Therapy|mobilisation techniques]]. Avoid spinal

...Physiology Sandy Fritz MS, NCTMB, ... Glenn M. Hymel EdD, LMT, in Clinical Massage in the Healthcare Setting, 2008Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.c ...he autonomic nervous modulation in older persons]. Medicine and science in sports and exercise. 2003 Dec 1;35(12):1972-6.Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi

...he autonomic nervous modulation in older persons]. Medicine and science in sports and exercise. 2003 Dec 1;35(12):1972-6.Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.

...hnson JE. Posterior Tibial Tendon Dysfunction. Journal of Orthopedic &amp; Sports Physical Therapy. 2000; 30(2): 68-77</ref>&nbsp;<br> ...1993)<br>Phase I:<br>• Ice<br>• Non steroidal anti inflammatory drugs<br>• massage

...ska D. Pectoralis major tendon repair post surgical rehabilitation. N Am J Sports Phys Ther 2007; 2(1): 22–33. ...:0" /> Research studies show total ruptures of the PMM are associated with sports like weight lifting, wrestling, artistic gymnastics, and windsurfing.<ref n

...distal to the site of rupture in acute Achilles tendon ruptures. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2010.</ref><ref>Maffulli N, Longo UG, Franceschi F, Rab ...vinnen M. Basic science of tendons. Principles and practice of orthopaedic sports medicine. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2000. p 21-37. </r

...therapy will help to hasten the healing process via electrical modalities, massage and exercise. ...and under high stress with any change of direction sports or full contact sports. The [[Shoulder Instability|shoulder]], being inherently unstable, also has

...tion of an anatomic reconstruction: “the fifth ligament of the knee”, Am J Sports Med., 2010;38:543</ref><br> ...auses an external rotation of the tibia<ref>SAFRAN M. R. et al., Manual of sports medicine. First edition, Lippincott-Raven, 1998; 450;

...y, quadriceps contusions are a major disabling injury. Better [[Protective Sports Equipments|protective equipment]] may decreasing the frequency of this inju Athletes: football, soccer, rugby most common sports; more common during competition than practice.

...tendon tears, which commonly occur before age 40, and are often related to sports injuries. <ref name=":3" /><br>A muscle rupture often happens during a high ...both quadriceps tendons in a patient with chronic renal failure; KneeSurg Sports TraumatolArthrosc; 2006; 14: 55–59. Evidence level:D</ref> <ref>Kricun R.

* Sports injuries, ...2003 and many professionals such as medical doctors, physical therapists, massage therapist, acupuncturists and veterinarians have received training ever sin

... GillIII PT, DSC, Cert MPT, OCS, FAAOMPT, Physical Therapy Modalities  The Sports Medicine Resource Manual, 2008 Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.co '''Treatment Methods:''' Transverse massage, functional massage, post-isometric relaxation, joint mobilisation, joint manipulation and neur

...3–S88. doi:10.4103/0972-2327.100023</ref>. Cervical exercises, relaxation, massage, postural exercises, cranio-cervical techniques, thermotherapy, vertebral m |No benefit of other Manual Therapy - massage, dry needling, mobilisations.

...may be present. These symptoms place the ability to walk, work and perform sports at risk.<br> ...ochondral lesions of the talus after arthroscopic microfracture. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2015 Mar;23(3):860-7. </ref>

...ef>Rhon DI, Deyle GD. Manual therapy: always a passive treatment? J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2021;51(10):474-7.</ref>. I would like to thank my colleague Dr

...treat many diseases with different conditions that include improvement of sports performance<ref name=":0" />. ...cups</u> and the sixth category is <u>other cupping types</u> for example sports, cosmetic, and aquatic cupping<ref name=":3" />.

...uxation in athletes: new exam technique, case reports, and review. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1999; 31(Suppl 7): s487-92</ref>. There can be also subluxation of t ...bluxation and dislocation of the peroneal tendons. Operative Techniques in Sports Medicine, Vol 7, No 1 (January), 1999: pp 2-6</ref>. The tendons are stabil

It represents a comprehensive approach to managing sports injuries and promoting recovery. This protocol emphasizes the importance of ...s a contemporary approach used for the treatment of [[Soft Tissue Injuries|sports injuries]]. It is a comprehensive strategy that focuses on promoting healin

...sound of self-reported snapping hip syndrome in elite ballet dancers. Am J Sports Med. 2007;35:118-126.</ref> The clinical exam should consist of basic tests ...177/036354658401200504 The snapping hip syndrome.] The American Journal of Sports Medicine 1984;12(5):361-5.</ref> Overall, it was shown that self-reported s

# Lowe, W. "Pronator Teres Syndrome." Massage Today 7, no 5 (May 2007). [[Category:Sports Medicine]]

* [[Activities of Daily Living|Daily activities]] such as household tasks, sports and other recreational activities can be challenging for people with CLBP. ...rthopaedic Section of the American Physical Therapy Association]. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2012;42(4):A1-A57. </ref>

...fatigued and irritated resulting in an inflammatory response and swelling. Sports like football, motorcross, running, tennis and gymnastics can be risk facto [[Massage|Soft tissue massage]]<ref name="BRON 8" /> may be used to provide lymphatic drainage. Passive m

...What Is It and What Are the Benefits? https://bestoahumassage.com/cupping-massage-therapy-what-is-it-and-what-are-the-benefits/</ref> ...|yvA8g4B1Ces |250}} <ref>ICAHT Centre Of Integrative Medicine. Dry Cupping Massage Treatment At ICAHT Centre Leicester . Available from https://www.youtube.co

...sports environment, the physiotherapist may be part of a larger network of sports medicine professionals looking after the team and athletes. == What is Sports Medicine? ==

...resent in patients that are young, active, and in those who participate in sports such as football, soccer, and running. Injury to the peroneus longus tendon ** Manual techniques such as massage, specific soft tissue mobilizations and myofascial release

...s Capitis can get strained due to a blow to the head or neck region during sports, being assaulted, or during a motor vehicle crash. Prolonged overhead activ * Soft tissue massage

...Hamilton WG. Cuboid subluxation in ballet dancers. The american journal of sports medicine. 1992 Mar;20(2):169-75.</ref> ...f/jssm-05-597.pdf Cuboid syndrome: a review of the literature.] Journal of sports science & medicine. 2006 Dec;5(4):597.</ref>

...seous ankle configuration on chronic ankle instability. British journal of sports medicine. 2007 Jul 1;41(7):420-4.</ref> ...ing to an increased chance of anterior impingement syndrome (AIS). These 2 sports together with dance are the majority of AIS patient’s.<br>Epidemiological

...Comittee Publication in collaboration with the International Federation of Sports Medicine. Blackwell Science Ltd. 2003</ref>&nbsp; ...l capacity, fitness and performance<ref name="p9" /><ref>Rehabilitation of Sports Injuries: Scientific Basics.https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002

* Massage * [https://www.physio-pedia.com/Massage Massage]

...alence reported as high as 84%.” <ref name=":0" /><ref>American College of Sports Medicine. ACSM’s Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription, 11th e ...cal:'' Regular [[Physical Activity|physical activity]], [[acupuncture]], [[massage]], adequate [[Sleep: Regulation and Assessment|sleep]]

...l morphology and its relationship to maltracking]. The American journal of sports medicine. 2020 Feb;48(2):341-50.</ref> ...scent patellofemoral pain: a cluster randomised trial]. British journal of sports medicine. 2015 Mar 1;49(6):406-12.</ref> 62% of adolescents report continui

...onduction velocity, pain threshold and pain tolerance.] British journal of sports medicine. 2007 Jun 1;41(6):365-9.</ref> ...herapy in sports medicine. ''Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports'', ''6''(4), 193–200. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.1996.tb00090.x<

...ge.com/the-lumbopelvic-rhythm/ The lumbopelvic rhythm. Academy of clinical massage], published july 1,2015. Accessed Sept 2020</ref>(fig.4) Also, it was found ....ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19142076/ Spine Injuries in sport of Gymnastics. Current Sports Medicine Reports.] 2009;8(1):20-28</ref>

* It is prevalent in children participating in quadriceps dominant sports, i.e. running, kicking and jumping<ref name=":0" /> * Ice massage - this will provide symptomatic relief

...Management: A Review of Rehabilitation Concepts. Journal of Orthopedic and Sports Physical Therapy. 2004; 34:781-791.(level of evidence 5)</ref> ...actures commonly occur during athletic activities, particularly in contact sports. Almost one-fourth of cases occur during athletic events.

...with patellar tendinopathy. Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports. 2011;21(6):e405-11.</ref> and [[Knee Osteoarthritis|osteoarthritis]]<ref>C ..., Treatment, and Rehabilitation Implications of the Infrapatellar Fat Pad. Sports health. 2016;8(2):167-71.</ref>.

...r 5days. Hereafter physiotherapy is started for 4-8 weeks. Afterwards full sports activities can be resumed. It will take up to 6 months until full recovery. Rest, ice, massage and ultrasound treatment will reduce inflammation.<ref name="p1" /><ref nam

...10.1007/978-3-319-50512-1_91 Lumbosacral Muscle Strain 91. Musculoskeletal Sports and Spine Disorders: A Comprehensive Guide.] 2018 Feb 8:395.</ref><ref name * In the United States 7-13% of all sports injuries in intercollegiate athletes are low back injuries. The most common

...t syndrome: is it time for a new method of assessment?. British Journal of Sports Medicine. 2009;43(4):259-264.</ref><ref>Dickens V, Williams J, Bhamra M. Ro ...Y IMPINGEMENT SYNDROME: A MULTI-SITE CASE SERIES. International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy. 2018;13(1):121-130.</ref>. This is where SNAGs are define

#Massage to the residual limb
 ...Am J Med Rehabilitation. 81:321-325
Nolan L. (2009) Lower-limb strength in sports-active transtibial amputees. Prosthet Orthot Int. Sep; 33(3):230-41.</ref>.

...r follow-up of the UEFA Champions League injury study]. British journal of sports medicine. 2013 Aug 1;47(12):743-7.</ref> ...rstretch of the muscle involved.<ref name=":2">Brukner P, Khan K. Clinical sports medicine.3rd ed. Sydney: McGraw Hill, 2006.</ref>

Once a diploma is received, the physiotherapist can specialize in sports, pediatrics, respiratory, geriatrics etc. Another common specialization rou ...following rehabilitation needs: massage, lymph drainage, respiratory care, sports rehabilitation, sensory motor rehabilitation, equilibrium disorders, neurom

.../7186838/ Operative management of ligamentous injuries to the ankle]. Clin Sports Med. 1982 Mar;1(1):117-30.</ref> ...evaluation of a dynamic test for lateral ankle ligament laxity.] Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2010 May;18(5):628-33. </ref>.<br><br>

...nagement of paitents with neck pain: a randomized clinical trial. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2009;39(1):20–7.</ref> ==== | T:&nbsp;Spinal manipulation and massage to the cervical and thoracic spine and exercise therapy <br>C: <br>

...tes: diagnostic, assessment, and management strategies]. The Physician and sports medicine. 2018</ref> ...plints in sports: a systematic review of literature. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 2002; ''34''(1): 32-40.</ref><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /

...Pathogenesis and Management of Tendinopathies in Sports Medicine. ''Transl Sports Med''. 2018;1(1):5-13.</ref> People who struggle with tendinopathy or pain ...ring Tendinopathy: Clinical Aspects of Assessment and Management. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2016;46(6):483-93.</ref>

* Patients often want a massage, but find that it only relieves symptoms temporarily # Self-massage, a few times per day, especially Deep Stroking Massage, done rhythmically and in only one direction

[[File:Sports injuries1.jpg|alt=Athlete injured|thumb|Sports injuries]] ...ise also comes with a slight downside, namely an elevated vulnerability to sports-related injuries.

...hine was initially used to try to ease the pain. 
It was also important to massage the stump, continue the rehabilitation programme and to wear an elastic stu ...suffered traumatic amputation and wish to return to high level competitive sports, especially since the increase of war conflicts in the past twenty years, c

...ef>Puddu G et al. (1976) A classification of Achilles tendon disease. Am J Sports Med 4: 145–150</ref>&nbsp;hence the terminology 'tendonitis' is outdated. ...tics and swimming. The repetitive nature of the movements in some of these sports and the constant change of direction in others heavily stresses the adducto

...>Orthopedic Associates. Dehydration and joint pain. Orthopedic Surgery and Sports Medicine. Available from: <nowiki>https://orthopedicassociates.org/dehydrat ...unding the painful joints where studies have showed that the use of manual massage have decreased pain threshold in RA patients<ref>Dhondt, T Willaeys, L. A V

...prove the pliability of scars. The video below shows different scar tissue massage techniques. {{#ev:youtube|oKszhYKy-9w|300}}<ref>APROQUEN. Massage Techniques-Burned Patient Rehabilitation. Available from: http://www.youtu.

...ly been involved in high impact trauma or have fallen, e.g. during contact sports, skiing, horse riding<ref name=":0" />, motorcycle accidents, falls from a ==== '''Massage''' ====

...Power Deficits: Midportion Achilles Tendinopathy Revision 2018]. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2018 May;48(5):A1-A38.</ref> ...atients With Achilles Tendinopathy: a Randomized Controlled Study.] ''Am J Sports Med.'' 2007;35(6):897-906. PubMed PMID: 17307888.</ref>

*Traumatic injury may arise from penetrating or sports-related injuries, falls, work-related injuries, radiation therapy and iatro *Managing chronic oedema - compression garments, advice, [[Massage|massage therapy]]

...y hamstring strains: a review of the literature]. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy. 1984 Jan 1;5(4):184-95.</ref> ...name="Sutton et al." /> Hamstring injuries can also occur in recreational sports such as water skiing and bull riding, where the knee is forcefully extended

...res of the anterior cruciate ligament in soccer.] International journal of sports medicine. 2009 May;30(05):372-8.</ref> Most injuries occur when the opposit ...nterior cruciate ligament at risk during soccer: a gender-based analysis.] Sports health. 2015 May;7(3):244-9.</ref> The difference between male and female a

...Bfm1x3fZGpaQbQHhRrhj3kJc8mQJDLA Nuclear Medicine and Radiologic Imaging in Sports Injuries]. Springer, 2015, 259-260</ref> ...f a trauma or muscle spasm <ref>Thomas E. Hyde, Conservative Management of Sports Injuries. Jones and Barlett Publishers, 2007, p440. </ref>