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...n strategies or techniques for patients with selected upper extremity (UE) disorders.   ...ment. In other words what are the "key impairments" that result from these disorders and how can you as a therapist address these.

...segment or spinal region. They are used to treat different types of spinal disorders ranging from low back pain to complex spine trauma and deformity. ...reasons: congenital disorders, trauma, various disease conditions such as ligamentous, osseous or musculotendinous diseases, and in pain management.

...Adam CJ. Effects of surgical joint destabilization on load sharing between ligamentous structures in the thoracic spine: A finite element investigation. Clinical The [[Costotransverse Disorders|Costotransverse disorders]] and pathologies that involve the Costotransverse ligaments directly inclu

A positive test is usually suggestive of AC joint osteoarthritis or a ligamentous injury to the AC joint (i.e., ligament sprain or joint separation). ...rthritis, and is very uncommonly associated with [[Acromioclavicular Joint Disorders|AC joint pathology]] <ref name=":2">Owens BD. Acromioclavicular joint injur

...amination procedures including sensory-motor function, vascular status and ligamentous integrity ...ropriate for physical therapy management and prevention of musculoskeletal disorders of the cervical spine.

...translation and the eventual weakening of the end feel, changing from hard ligamentous to weak elastic, is observed. An anterior translation greater than 1 cm com ...3D stress MRI in chronic mechanical ankle instability. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. 2021 Dec;22(1):1-3.</ref>.<br>

* spinal disorders * Provide suitable immobilisation for fractures and ligamentous injury such as backslabs, moon boots and splints <ref>Makal K & Alkhouri H.

...w.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6487254/ Clinical investigation of back disorders in horses: A retrospective study (2002-2017)]. ''Vet World''. 2019;12(3):37 Primary disorders relate to lesions in the spinal structures, including muscle, ligament, oss

Ligamentous structures in the fovea region when the forearm is in a neutral position fo ...st. The severity of the soreness of a positive ulnar fovea sign copies the disorders of the patient <ref name=":0" />

...used to screen for intra-articular hip pathologies including labral tears, ligamentous laxity, and impingement.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":0" /> ...tears include but are not limited to, femoracetabular impingement, trauma, ligamentous laxity, and abnormal bone structure.<ref>Su T, Chen GX, Yang L. Diagnosis a

...rlene Hertling, Randolph M. Kessler, “Management Of Common Musculoskeletal Disorders: Physical Therapy Principles and Methodes” (fourth edition), LippinCott W === 3. Ligamentous injury ===

.../19251687/ Tendon disorders of the foot and ankle, part 1: peroneal tendon disorders]. Am J Sports Med. 2009;37(3):614-25. doi: 10.1177/0363546508331206. (level ...D. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8976936/ MR imaging of peroneal tendon disorders]. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1997;168(1):135-40. doi: 10.2214/ajr.168.1.8976936.

...processing of type 1 collagen, and therefore, impacts [[Connective Tissue Disorders|connective tissue]] and [[bone]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">Subramania OI can also cause laxity of ligamentous, joint [[Hypermobility Syndrome|hypermobility]], short stature and individu

...icle before a dislocation of the SC joint.<ref>ALLMAN JR FL. Fractures and ligamentous injuries of the clavicle and its articulation. JBJS. 1967 Jun 1;49(4):774-8 ...oint into two compartments<ref name=":3">Horsley I. Sternoclavicular joint disorders Course. Plus 2020 </ref><ref>Negri JH, Malavolta EA, Assunção JH, Gracite

...C, Pike JM, Goel DP. Diagnoses and imaging utilization for common shoulder disorders by referring physicians in British Columbia. How would you like to die?. 20 ...al complaints in adults—an evidence-based approach—part 2: upper extremity disorders. Journal of manipulative and physiological therapeutics. 2008 Jan 31;31(1):

...rk-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSD), are any range of inflammatory disorders resulting from injury sustained while completing work duties<ref>McLeod G, ...s://www.cdc.gov/workplacehealthpromotion/health-strategies/musculoskeletal-disorders/index.html</nowiki></ref>.

...cribe this entity as primarily an instability of the subtalar joint due to ligamentous injuries that results in a synovitis and infiltration of fibrotic tissue in ...vement of the foot and ankle and that sinus tarsi syndrome may result from disorders of nociception and proprioception in the foot.<ref name="Akiyama et al.">Ak

...ystems <ref name="Bravo">Bravo JF, Wolff C. [[Clinical study of hereditary disorders of connective tissues in a Chilean population: joint hypermobility syndrome ...ria, in that it measures hamstring flexibility and anatomic proportions to ligamentous laxity <ref name="Frontera" />. According to the Beighton and Horan criteri

...standard changed? Br J Sports Med. 2010;44:355-360.</ref> Due to a lack of ligamentous support and [[Dynamic Stabilisers of the Shoulder Complex|dynamic stabiliza ...in internal rotation while the arm is abducted. Causes include: Convulsive disorders (most common cause in adults, often bilateral); electrocution; road trauma.

Other research shows that the most important ligamentous structure to maintain correct shoulder position and also to prevent shoulde * [[Acromioclavicular Joint Disorders|Acromioclaviculair joint injuries]]: common and often seen after bicycle wr

...chromosome, making Klinefelter syndrome one of the most common chromosomal disorders seen among newborns. Variants of Klinefelter syndrome (such as 48, XXXY, 49 ...lung disease, varicose veins, and osteoporosis as well as some autoimmune disorders such as systemic lupus erythematosus<ref name=":4" />, [[Rheumatoid Arthrit

....N. Physical injury: Spine. In: Resnick D, ed. Diagnosis of Bone and Joint Disorders. W.B. Saunders Co.; 2002; 2964-2967</ref>. ...racture can be made using x- ray and CT scan. MRI can be done to check for ligamentous and/or soft tissue injury.

Most of the ligamentous injuries are managed by immobilisation. ...der Dislocation|anterior shoulder dislocation]], [[Acromioclavicular Joint Disorders|acromioclavicular joint injury]], and [[Clavicular Fracture|clavicular frac

...Dunning 2001">Dunning CE, Zarzour ZDS, Patterson SD, Johnson JA, King GJW. Ligamentous stabilizers against posterolateral rotatory instability of the elbow. J Bon #'''Ligamentous constraints''': Injury to or laxity of the LUCL was initially thought to be

...disc disease]], [[osteoarthritis]], facet joint degeneration/hypertrophy, ligamentous hypertrophy, [[spondylolisthesis]], or a combination of these factors. Ra ...physical examination for chronic lumbar radiculopathy. BMC musculoskeletal disorders. 2013 Dec;14(1):1-9.</ref>.

...ndylolisthesis]], [[Scoliosis|Scoliosis]], Hypermobility, Various uncommon disorders. ...rauma''': [[Fracture]], [[Stress Fractures|Stress fracture]], Subluxation, Ligamentous injury.

...ral condyles, the balance between vastus lateralis and medialis and by the ligamentous support of the medial and lateral retinaculum<ref name="p3" />^. Patellar malalignment may be the underlining cause for certain disorders like patellofemoral pain syndrome<ref name="p8" /><ref name="p9">Ng GY, Che

== Prevalence of Musculoskeletal Disorders in Down Syndrome == ...their knees stiff and their feet turned out. They do so because hypotonia, ligamentous laxity and weakness make their legs less stable. Physiotherapy should start

* The spinal cord can be directly compressed by osteophytic bones and ligamentous hypertrophy. ...nisms. The spinal cord can be directly compressed by osteophytic bones and ligamentous hypertrophy. Compression of local vascular structures can lead to ischemia

...icans ligamentosa, senile ankylosing hyperostosis, physiological vertebral ligamentous calcification and others <ref name="p9">Giles LGF, Singer KP, Vol.3: Clinic ...1007/s00586-008-0764-0 Spinal fractures in patients with ankylosing spinal disorders: a systematic review of the literature on treatment, neurological status an

...the midshaft of the clavicle is the thinnest segment and does not contain ligamentous attachments, it is the most easily fractured location.<ref name=":0" /> ...ator Cuff Tendinopathy|rotator cuff injury]], and [[Sternoclavicular Joint Disorders|sternoclavicular]] joint injury.

...Developmental''': [[Scoliosis|Scoliosis]], Hypermobility, Various uncommon disorders. *'''Trauma''': Fracture, Stress fracture, Subluxation, Ligamentous injury.

...ntarflexion and dorsiflexion(sagittal plane).The talocrural joint receives ligamentous support from a joint capsule and several ligaments, including the anterior ...). It also has an important role as a shock absorber<ref name=":0" />. The ligamentous support of the subtalar joint is extensive, it is divided into 3 groups: (1

...s not a good tool to evaluate change in the clinic for patients with elbow disorders because it is not responsive and specific to the symptoms that the patient <br> Ligamentous Tests:

...ficant disease burden for the individual and the wider community. Headache disorders are ranked as the third most disabling condition in people aged under 50 ye ...Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/headache-disorders (accessed 1/12/2020).</ref> While there are regional variations, headaches

...r axial rotation at the AC joint.<ref>Turnbull JR. Acromioclavicular joint disorders. Med Sci Sports Exerc.1998;30:S26-32.</ref> ...tal shear<ref>Fukuda K, Craig EV, An KN, et al: Biomechanical study of the ligamentous system of the acromioclavicular joint. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1986; 68:434–

...[Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome|Ehlers-Danos Syndrome]] can be prone to congenital ligamentous laxity.<ref name=":3" /> * Other cases tend to be associated with disorders such as [[Spina Bifida]], [[Cerebral Palsy Introduction|Cerebral Palsy]] an

An avulsion fracture is where a fragment of bone is pulled away at the ligamentous or tendinous attachment. It can be caused by traumatic traction (repetitive ...nd Lower Limbs.] Clinical Medicine Insights: Arthritis and Musculoskeletal Disorders. 2018; 11:1179544118809050.</ref>. The typical cause of injury is an invers

.... (LoE:4)</ref> While no tools exists for the assessment of upper cervical ligamentous instability, an approach that takes into account risk factors, patient hist ...pine. Part II. Neutral Zone and Instability Hypothesis.” Journal of Spinal Disorders 5, no. 4: 390–397, December 1992 (LoE:5)</ref><ref name="Olson et al" /><

=== Ligamentous Trigger Points === * Neurological Disorders

...r WO. Scientific monograph of the Quebec Task Force on Whiplash-Associated Disorders: redefining" whiplash" and its management. Spine. 1995;20:1S-73S.</ref><ref Whiplash and whiplash-associated disorders (WAD) affect a variety of anatomical structures of the cervical spine, depe

* Ligamentous laxity ...gration: observations of children with Down syndrome and Autistic spectrum disorders. Disability Solutions 1999;3:31-35.</ref> When sensory feedback is limited,

'''1. Compression disorders''': Entrapment syndromes of the fibular nerve at various locations along it ...the L5 nerve from disc herniations and bony (osteophytes or sacral ala) or ligamentous (sacroiliac ligament and lumbosacral band) compression is known to occur.<r

Tibiofibular diastasis is often associated with extensive ligamentous tears [11]. Consequently, this decreased stability leads to ankle instabili ...uently a physical examination, including the palpation of the malleoli and ligamentous area, is important. So you can exclude some injuries. Afterwards, you can s

...sease|neurodegenerative]], neoplastic vascular, idiopathic and nutritional disorders that result in myelopathy. These causes are much less common than discogeni ...inal cord infarct and epidural hematoma)<ref name=":0" /><br>• Nutritional disorders<ref name=":0" />

...omalies in the growth or texture of bone and cartilage. These rare genetic disorders, collectively termed skeletal dysplasia, impact bone growth and development ...so known as osteochondrodysplasias, constitute a distinct group of genetic disorders characterized by widespread skeletal abnormalities.<ref>Geister KA, Camper

...it velocity (most frequent gait deviation for patients with [[Neurological Disorders|neurological]] deficits) ...lager R. [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00508-016-1096-4 Gait disorders in adults and the elderly]. Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift. 2017 Feb;129(3)

...AS use and an increased likelihood of musculoskeletal injury, specifically ligamentous injuries <ref name="Horn">Horn S, Gregory P, Guskiewicz KM. Self-reported a ...erbate anxiety disorders, [[schizophrenia]], and [[Eating Disorders|eating disorders]]<ref name="Piacentino" />.&nbsp; The psychopathology of AAS is theorized t

...y related to body structure can be attributed to intrinsic factors such as ligamentous laxity, hormonal influences, biomechanical alignment, and intercondylar not *Ligamentous laxity has overall been found to be more prevalent in females versus males.

Predominantly seen in young women, jumping sports and ligamentous laxity are also considered to be risk factors for Hoffa's disease<ref name= ...to other pathologies such as [[Meniscal Lesions|meniscus injuries]] and or ligamentous tear. Prevalence is not widely investigated, however, two studies reported

...lex is the connection of the upper arm and the thorax. Comprising numerous ligamentous and muscular structures, composed of the clavicle, scapula, humerus and ste ...importance of proper spinal alignment in the prevention of shoulder joint disorders.<ref>Hosseinimehr SH, Anbarian M. The Relationship between Thoracic Kyphosi

...rough an osseoligamentous tunnel; the compression is typically between the ligamentous canal and adjacent bony surfaces. ...solve the symptoms. Entrapment neuropathies can also be caused by systemic disorders, such as [[Rheumatoid Arthritis|rheumatoid arthritis]], [[Pregnancy Related

...lateral Ligament of the Knee|MCL]]), normally associated with considerable ligamentous disruption.<ref name=":1" /><ref name="p1">Howells NR, Brunton LR, Robinson ...tion can be suspected based on physical exam findings of joint instability/ligamentous injuries, but also based on hemarthosis and tenderness to palpation.<ref na

...ess and to feel for the crepitus and signs of clicking or locking. Lateral ligamentous stability should also be examined.<ref name="p3" /> Reduced ROM usually per ...7 cm anteromedial or anterolateral incision.<ref>Jung, HG, Foot and Ankle Disorders: An Illustrated Reference; 2016, Springer Berlin Heidelberg; p.129 </ref>

...include trauma, fractures, orthopedic degenerative diseases, and surgical disorders such as joint replacement. A systemic review evaluating the prevalence of L *Degenerative disorders

...without progressive quadriparesis.<br>The identification of a periodontoid ligamentous degenerative mass suggests the presence of instability of the atlantoaxial ...identify degeneration of joints, the presence of trauma, and bone related disorders. However, radiologic findings of osteaoarthritis do not correlate to the se

....ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3571318 Surgical versus non-surgical treatment of ligamentous injuries following dislocation of the elbow joint. A prospective randomized ...al complaints in adults—an evidence-based approach—part 2: upper extremity disorders.] Journal of Manipulative & Physiological Therapeutics. 2008 Jan 1;31(1):2-

...ain: a review of the literature and two case reports.] BMC musculoskeletal disorders. 2014 Dec;15(1):100. ...difficult but is important for a good intervention. Baker’s cyst, lateral ligamentous instability, meniscal tears, and proximal tibiofibular joint hypomobility s

...ted in the joint-capsule, ligaments, muscles, tendons, and skin. Trauma to ligamentous tissues that contains mechanoreceptors may result in partial differentiatio ...should be recorded and peroneal muscle strength should be tested. Signs of ligamentous laxity need to be checked. Stability tests like the anterior drawer and tal

There are several known ligamentous attachments to the distal radius. These often remain intact during distal r ...istal radius fractures, a randomised controlled trial. BMC Musculoskeletal disorders 2014, 15:90.</ref>

...SI-joint ligaments.Two thirds of the joint includes the posterior superior ligamentous section and one third of the joint includes the anterior inferior synovial ...njury. They should be differentiated from, or could be accompanied by many disorders like: <ref name=":0">PELTIER LF. [https://journals.lww.com/jbjsjournal/Abst

*Blood clotting disorders / alterations in blood properties (e.g. hyperhomocysteinemia) The following risk factors are associated with the potential for bony or ligamentous compromise of the upper cervical spine<ref>Cook C, Brismee JM, Fleming R, e

...1">Haussler KK. Review of the examination and treatment of back and pelvic disorders. AAEP Focus Meeting - Lameness and Imaging. 2007.</ref> * Horses who have pain in this area (usually ligamentous in origin) will dip away from the pressure

...https://www.chestmed.theclinics.com/article/S0272-5231(18)30012-1/fulltext Disorders of the diaphragm.] Clinics in chest medicine. 2018 Jun 1;39(2):345-60.</ref ** Passive structural components (osseous and ligamentous elements)

...id outcome measure for patients with ankle fractures]. BMC musculoskeletal disorders. 2013 Dec;14(1):1-8.</ref> ...ical reconstruction of the joint surface and the protection of the injured ligamentous structures to enable early postoperative functional therapy of the joint. A

...ult-acquired flatfoot deformity. Failure of the tendon affects surrounding ligamentous structures and will eventually lead to bony involvement and deformity. #Ligamentous laxity <ref name="Kong et al." />

...t Joints|zygapophyseal joints]], abnormal bone formation in the [[Ligament|ligamentous system]], and in severe cases, complete fusion of the spine.<ref name=":0" Cardiovascular disease in patients with autoimmune rheumatic disorders may remain asymptomatic or present with only a few atypical symptoms, leadi

* Patellofemoral disorders #'''Ligamentous Trigger Points:''' Evidence suggests that trigger points can also develop i

* [[Endocrine Disorders|Endocrine]] factors<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":0" /> ...of motion restrictions in the subtalar and talonavicular joints, impaired ligamentous ankle stability and hindfoot malalignment.<ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":5"

...re often confusing for the therapist.<ref>Distefano, M. John P. Fulkerson. Disorders Of The Patellofemoral Joint. Ed. 3. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1998. ...l ligament (MPML) and patellotibial ligament (MPTL): These are the primary ligamentous structures constraining lateral movement of the patella, the MPFL is the mo

...such problems and other people are born with amputations due to congenital disorders (see&nbsp;[[Paediatric limb deficiency]]) ...ation of the 2nd through 4th ray disrupts the transverse arch because the ligamentous structure is removed

...radius. Some common associated injuries with this type of fracture can be ligamentous such as a lateral collateral ligament (LCL) or medial collateral ligament ( ...bility based on responses within the full-length dash. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. 2006;7(1). </ref> The QuickDASH contains only 11 questions and utilizes th

# Integrity of the posterior ligamentous complex (PLC) ...uries: the importance of injury morphology, the integrity of the posterior ligamentous complex, and neurologic status]. Spine. 2005 Oct 15;30(20):2325-33.</ref><b

...involves synovial and cartilaginous joints, as well as sites of tendon and ligamentous attachment.<ref name="p0" /><ref name="p2" /> Early diagnosis and treatment Common disorders to consider as differential diagnoses with AS are:

...eral (GH) joint is ensured by a neuromuscular interaction between capsular ligamentous receptors, the central nervous system (CNS), and the stabilizing muscles of ...misalignments and contribute to shoulder dysfunctions such as: impingement disorders, bursitis, instabilities, scapular dyskinesia or chronic conditions associa

...the SC joint<ref name="Higginbotham">Higginbotham TO, Kuhn JE. Atraumatic disorders of the sternoclavicular joint. Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaed ...my.jpg|535x286px|Figure adapted from: Higginbotham TO, Kuhn JE. Atraumatic disorders of the sternoclavicular joint. Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaed

There are four types of mechanoreceptors found within ligamentous tissues. As all the types of mechanoreceptors are myelinated and rapidly tr ...CL injuries, shoulder dislocations and tendinopathies, whiplash associated disorders (among others).

...opathy Epidemiology, Etiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment. Journal of Spinal Disorders &amp;Techniques. April 2015; 28:5. </ref><ref name="Rad">Radhaknshnank et a *Ligamentous Instability

...he central avascular region, gonoarthrosis, joint infection and local skin disorders. <ref name="”32”" />&nbsp; ...al recovery in total knee arthroplasty. A pilot study” BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders 2010 11:119</ref>

...oint|sacroiliac joint]] consists of a cartilaginous part and a fibrous (or ligamentous) compartment with very strong anterior and posterior sacroiliac ligaments. ...ies based on the experience gained from their use in other musculoskeletal disorders <ref name="p2" />&nbsp;Level 5

..., mostly as a result of sport, they mainly occur in conjunction with other ligamentous injuries<ref>Schlumberger M, Schuster P, Eichinger M, Mayer P, Mayr R, Imme * Combination with other ligamentous injuries:

...n lesions: acute neck strain, postural neck ache, or [[Whiplash Associated Disorders|whiplash]] ...vere degenerative changes, fracture or dislocation, infection, malignancy, ligamentous instability and vertebrobasilar insufficiency which have to be taken into c

...goniometer and electronic inclinometer. A pilot study. BMC musculoskeletal disorders. 2011 Dec;12:1-8.</ref> <ref>Van Rijn SF, Zwerus EL, Koenraadt KL, Jacobs W ...:4" /> Common end feels include hard (bony), firm (capsular, muscular, and ligamentous) and soft (soft tissue approximation). We expect a firm end feel when asses

...postulated as a possible antigen, but not proven) lead to an [[Autoimmune Disorders|autoimmune]] response that is directed against [[Synovial Fluid Analysis|sy ...and upper limb exercise intervention-ISRCTN89936343]. BMC musculoskeletal disorders. 2012 Dec;13(1):1-0.</ref>

...izzutillo P. [https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-5898(05)70098-5 Cervical spine disorders in children.] Orthop Clin North Am. 1999 Jul 1;30(3):457-66.</ref> <ref nam *The immature spine is hypermobile because of ligamentous laxity, shallow and angled facet joints, underdeveloped spinous processes,

...an increase of chondromalacia-like cartilage lesions mostly combined with ligamentous laxity. This can have its origin in genetic defaults of the collagen synthe ...ed on suspicion of an articular cartilage defect or in persistent, unclear disorders of the knee. With arthroscopy there is a direct visualization of the actual

...echanical changes during pregnancy and puerperium. Whereas weight gain and ligamentous laxity can cause an increase in the foot's length and width.<ref>Wittkopf P * [[The Relationship of Low Back Pain and Disorders of the Pelvic Floor (ie - Urinary Stress Incontinence)|Urinary incontinence

...tern of carpal instability occurring separately and as part of other wrist disorders.<ref name=":0">Andersson JK. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC

...uations where return to play is allowed too early, compromising sufficient ligamentous repair.<ref>Hubbard TJ, Hicks-Little CA. Ankle ligament healing after an ac ...f>Balduini FC, Vegso JJ, Torg JS, Torg E. Management and rehabilitation of ligamentous injuries to the ankle. Sports medicine. 1987 Sep;4(5):364-80.</ref>. The PR

*Changes in ligamentous &amp;&nbsp;joint capsule tension&nbsp; ...>MacLennan A, Taylor A, Wilson D, Wilson D. The prevalence of pelvic floor disorders and their relationship to gender, age, parity and mode of delivery. British

*Tough, ligamentous outer '''annulus''' A combination of intervertebral pressure and degeneration of the ligamentous fibres can lead to a tear in the annulus - allowing herniation of the nucle

...fractures are caused by trauma, osteoporosis, infection and [[Oncological Disorders|neoplasm]].<ref name="p2" /><ref name="p6">Gertzbein SD, Khoury D, Bullingt #* Flexion compression with damage in posterior ligamentous structures.

...syndromes, myofascial pain syndromes, entrapment neuropathy, ganglia, and ligamentous injury.&nbsp; ...ing any contraindications which include joint infections, sepsis, bleeding disorders, recent trauma, hypersensitivity to steroids ao anaesthetic, prosthetic joi

...ndon)<ref name="Bekerom" />. The ankle has a limited plantar flexion and a ligamentous instability with thickening of the soft tissue.<ref name="Robinson" /> ...d region-specific measure appropriate for individuals with musculoskeletal disorders of the hip, knee, ankle, or foot. Can be used to evaluate disorder of one o

[[Cervical Instability|Ligamentous Instability]] *MCID is 9.5 (19%)—Cleland and colleagues for patients with mechanical neck disorders

...t I. Function, dysfunction, adaptation, and enhancement. Journal of Spinal Disorders, Volume 5, Issue 4, 1992. Pages 383-389.</ref>. This is depicted in the dia ...packed position created through nutation will also increase tension in key ligamentous structures like the sacrotuberous, sacrospinous and interosseous ligaments.

...asuring knee range of motion: a methodological study.] BMC musculoskeletal disorders. 2011 Dec;12(1):1-0.</ref> Reliability depends on the joint and motion bein |Ligamentous End Feel

...-fold in concentration during pregnancy, softening the collagen and causes ligamentous laxity and discomfort. The sacroiliac ligaments, but also other ligaments w ...nt’s health problems and needs. Knowledge of the anatomical and functional disorders, activity limitations and restriction of participation will help the therap

...olve the posterior half of the VB and do not involve the posterior osseous ligamentous complex. The former distinguishes a compression fracture from a burst fract * '''Sleep disorders''' may occur and decreased self esteem +/- depression.

...e cause can be congenital / acquired, due to trauma, infection, metabolic disorders, or nervous / circulatory system disease. Lameness in horses is a clinical * Horses with pain in this area (usually ligamentous in origin) will dip away from the pressure

...ion]. J ISAKOS. 2004:22-5.</ref> Bone contusions may occur in isolation to ligamentous or meniscal injury.<ref>Rick W. Wright, Mary Ann Phaneuf, Thomas J. Limbird ...osterolateral rotatory instability, are usually associated with concurrent ligamentous injuries elsewhere in the knee.<ref>Chen FS, Rokito AS, Pitman MI. [https:/

#Neurological disorders or recurrent infection .../u>: mobile bearing segment may dislocate, more involved surgery, abnormal ligamentous stress due to malalignment of the axis of rotation<ref name="Saltzman, CL"

...l collagenous remodelling, which can lead to stiffening of the capsule and ligamentous structures.<ref name="Kelley" /> ...tis and dynamic splinting: a controlled, cohort study. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders 2009;10:111. </ref>