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...everyone including children, adolescents, adults, older adults, and people with a disability across all ethnic groups and importantly has been shown to red ...v:youtube| RbJ0K75SmMM |250}} <div class="text-right"><ref>National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine. Peter Carruthers | The Importance of Exercise.

...f><ref name="gabel2013">Charles P. Gabel, Simon Mendoza, 2013, Slacklining for Lower Extremity Rehabilitation and Injury Prevention, IJATT Volume 18, Issu ...esponse strategies that occur during slacklining are suited to individuals with deficiencies in four areas:

...s for monitoring exercise intensity in able-bodied participants, and those with paraplegia and tetraplegia. ''Spinal Cord'' 59, 1162–1169 (2021)</ref> B ...org/wiki/Rating_of_perceived_exertion<nowiki/>(accessed 24 May 2019)</ref> for rating exertion, breathlessness and fatigue during [[physical activity]]; t

...hairs, walking aids, orthotics, and pressure-relieving devices in patients with traumatic spinal cord injury.] Eur J Phys Rehabil Med 2020;56:160-8. ...228 Need and use of assistive devices for personal mobility by individuals with spinal cord injury]. Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine. 2016; 39(4): 461–47

...ted research on the psoas minor muscle since its presence can vary between individuals. Distally, the psoas minor muscle blends with the iliopsoas fascia.<ref name=":0" />Various studies have concluded where

...rd injury began to decline, and improved functional outcomes were achieved with physical and occupational therapy, and more holistic care. <ref name=":2">W ...over a relatively short period of time should be a reason to be optimistic for other parts of the world. <ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

...the value of keeping away from people who are suffering from an infection for many generations. It is an action taken to minimise contact with other individuals.

== Types of Sports for Athletes with Disabilities == ...these sports if needed. Athletes with disabilities are able to compete in sports at elite levels. These levels can be only fractions behind athletes without

...t of lack of appropriate wheelchairs and services, limited knowledge about SCI among health care staff, limited access to health care and rehabilitation s ...than for the average population and also with respect to individuals with SCI in high income countries <ref name=":0" />

...on function and tends to occur as disuse atrophy or insufficient strength for the demands of novel functional tasks. ...oad of the muscle.<ref name=":1">Kent M, Kent DM. The Oxford Dictionary of Sports Science and Medicine. New York: Oxford University Press; 2006.</ref>

...these sports if needed. Athletes with disabilities are able to compete in sports at elite levels. These levels can be only fractions of athletes without dis == History of Sport for Spinal Cord Injury ==

...juries]]&nbsp;course&nbsp;that ran in Physiopedia in 2014 in collaboration with Lisa Harvey and Joanne Glinsky. We hope to run this course again in the fut ...of completion to help you evidence your learning through your involvement with this project.

...hysical Inactivity: A Resource for Raising Awareness in Physiotherapists]] for more information. ...o-pedia.com/Coronary_Artery_Disease_(CAD) coronary heart disease] than men with sedentary jobs (e.g. bus drivers or clerical workers)<ref>Paffenbarger RS J

...n activity during action observation and motor imagery: Their relationship with motor learning. ''Prog Brain Res''. 2017;234:189-204. doi:10.1016/bs.pbr.20 ...ation of kinesthetic motor imagery compared with visual motor imageries. ''Sci Rep'' 11, 3751 (2021). <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-82241-0</

...stance training, including bodyweight exercises, dragging sledges, running with parachutes, and even movement in the water. More resistance also means your ...sor strength and functional mobility in a group of elderly women. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 1997 Dec</ref> ''

'''Original Editor '''- [[User:Vidya Acharya|Vidya Acharya]] for '''BC Physical Therapy Tendinopathy Task Force:''' ...as been found that splinting, bracing, and taping are useful interventions for protecting, stabilising, or immobilising injured or inflamed areas.

...erapists%20Repository%20Version.pdf Physical activity promotion for people with spinal cord injury: physiotherapists’ beliefs and actions]. Disability an ...-Cheung A et al. [https://www.nature.com/articles/sc2016181.pdf Are adults with spinal cord injury meeting the spinal cord injury-specific physical activit

...(COM) within the [[Base of Support|base of support]]. Falls are correlated with the displacement of the COP at the limits of stability, highlighting the va ...g of biomechanics and optimise performance in various applications such as sports and physical therapy.

...f course, makes it difficult to fathom that these individuals can struggle with the same health problems and illnesses of the general population. Elite ath ...edia has reported a rising number of elite athletes suffering from MHD, as for example Michael Phelps (Olympic swimmer), Marcus Trescothick (international

...involving adults over the age of 60. Those over 60 years of age who suffer SCI have considerably worse outcomes than younger patients their injuries usual ...ame="Frederick et al.">Frederick M Maynard et al., International Standards for Neurological and Functional Classification of Spinal Cord Injury, American

...xercises on Dynamic Balance Ability of Normal Healthy Adults]. J Phys Ther Sci. 2013 Jun;25(6):671–4.</ref> ...litation Following Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction]. J Phys Ther Sci. 2014 Dec;26(12):1875–8.</ref>

...index card placed along the inside of the foot and then measure the change with a ruler. ...nz HB. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9542353 Alternative techniques for the clinical assessment of foot pronation.] J Am Podiat Med Assn 1998;88:11

...e this a public health priority as this will have significant implications for reducing long-term consequences of musculoskeletal injuries, such as early ...h CF, Kemp JL, Clapperton AJ. The incidence and burden of hospital-treated sports related injury in people aged 15+ years in Victoria, Australia, 2004 - 2010

...mobility loss. State-of-the-art technology provides mechanical assistance for patients to relearn walking or moving their arms. * Paul of Aegina (AD 625–690) uses a windlass for spine dislocation and suggests [[laminectomy]].

...without identifying the cause of the pain and dysfunction, as is the case with other syndromes such as chronic fatigue syndrome and irritable bowel syndro ...perior angle and the root of the scapular spine. Its function is to assist with various neck, arm and shoulder movements such as shoulder elevation and cer

...vascular function, aerobic capacity, and exercise tolerance in individuals with a spinal cord injury, often resulting in improved independence in activitie ...stained exercise".<ref name=":0">Kent M, Kent DM. The Oxford Dictionary of Sports Science and Medicine. New York: Oxford University Press; 2006.</ref>

...proprioceptive system in skeletal biology.] Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2018 Sep 24;373(1759):20170327. </ref> They respond to touch, vibration, p ...ption of the ankle Course. Plus2022</ref> Because of its direct connection with the [[Brain Anatomy|brain]] through the [[Central Nervous System Pathways|n

...hronic disease]] and disabling conditions. There is also emerging evidence for significant psychological and [[Cognitive Impairments|cognitive]] benefits ...e: Official Journal of the American College of Sports Medicine. Med Sci '''Sports''' Exerc. 2009. 41 (7): 1510-1530. Available from https://www.bewegenismed

..., Chan KM, So CH, Yuan WY. An epidemiological survey on ankle sprain. Br J Sports Med 1994 Jun;28(2):112-116.</ref> ...E. Treatment of common deficits associated with chronic ankle instability. Sports Med 2009;39(3):207-224.</ref> <br>

...Score (KOOS)--development of a self-administered outcome measure.J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 1998 Aug;28(2):88-96.</ref>.<br> ...ortant, moderately important, somewhat important, or not important at all. For each subscale examples of questions within the subscale were given. Over 90

# It is often prescribed for patients with back pain , and increases the activities of trunk stabilization muscles suc ...n mi">Eun-Mi Jang, Mi-Hyun Kim,Jae-Seop Oh. Effects of a Bridging Exercise with Hip Adduction on the EMG Activities of the Abdominal and Hip Extensor Muscl

...health professional advised it?<ref>Physical Activity and Health. Centres for Disease Control and Prevention. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/physical Physical activity is crucial for a child’s health an wellbeing, here are a few other benefits:

...many situations, the range of motion in the foot can be used to compensate for a disruption of equilibrium. If the ankle mobility is limited, balance prob ...s of lower extremity passive stretching: Pilot study of children and youth with sever limitations in self-mobility. Pediatr Phys Ther 2003; 15:167-175</ref

.../ref> reported that these injuries are responsible for about 10–25% of all sports-related injuries. ...om the Academy of Orthopaedic Physical Therapy and the American Academy of Sports Physical Therapy. JOSPT 2018 Sep;48(9):A1-42.</ref> and updated in 2023. <r

* More activity is associated with a lower risk of developing cardiovascular disease when compared to less phy ...hysician evaluation prior to starting an exercise program) mitigates risks for eg totally sedentary people or weekend warriors.

...(2015). Concussion-related protocols and preparticipation assessments used for incoming student-athletes in National Collegiate Athletic Association membe ...r chiropractor.<ref name="Sanders" /> In general, there are two strategies for administration of a pre-participation exam: group based and office based.<r

...ease|cardiovascular disease]]. However, many other changes that are common with ageing are due to or worsened by modifiable factors. ...:] Official Journal of the American College of Sports Medicine. Med Sci '''Sports''' Exerc. 2009. 41 (7): 1510-1530. Available from https://www.bewegenismedi

*Allow for adjustments of the scapula (tipping and internal/external rotation) outside ...e="Neu">Neumann DA. Kinesiology of the musculoskeletal system: Foundations for Physical Rehabilitation. Elsevier Health Sciences, 2009.</ref>

...d, it undergoes stress that leads to inflammation. The primary explanation for Sever's injury involves excessive mechanical strain caused by repeated impa ....1177%2F1071100717750889 Foot Mobility Magnitude and Stiffness in Children With and Without Calcaneal Apophysitis]. Foot Ankle Int. 2018 May;39(5):585-590.

...ng the initial injury<ref>Fernández-de-las-Peñas C, editor. Manual therapy for musculoskeletal pain syndromes: An evidence-and clinical-informed approach. ...fter ankle inversion trauma. Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports. 2002 Jun;12(3):129-35.</ref>.

Burner’s syndrome is a common injury in contact sports and reflects an upper cervical root injury or a peripheral nerve dysfunctio ...e, MD 1989</ref><ref name=":1">Hershman EB. Brachial plexus injuries. Clin Sports Med 1990; 9:311.</ref>. Axonal integrity is preserved, and remyelination fo

...ealthy adults: guidance for prescribing exercise.] Medicine and science in sports and exercise. 2011 Jul 1;43(7):1334-59.</ref>. * Exercise is a physical activity that is planned and is performed with the goal of attaining or maintaining physical fitness. Physical fitness is

...ell has 23 pairs of chromosomes.<ref name=":33" /> However, in individuals with Down syndrome, there is a full or partial extra copy of chromosome 21 in so ...demand on health services, such as physiotherapy, and increased challenges for families to overcome.

...ew|burns]], [[Stroke|strokes]], [[Spinal Cord Injury|spinal cord injuries (SCI)]], [[amputations]], joint replacements, and [[Overview of Traumatic Brain * The most common presentation is with pain around the ossification site<ref>Radiopedia [https://radiopaedia.org/a

....au/reports/disability/people-with-disability-in-australia/contents/people-with-disability/prevalence-of-disability. Accessed 14.11.2021</ref> The World Ba ...lls, mental well-being, and social interactions.<ref name="p3">CDC Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Disability Overview. 2015 [cited 22/02/2017

...tion. This page provides an overview of this evaluation and includes links for more information. When assessing patients with low back pain, age can help us formulate hypothetical diagnoses about the p

...onsider the role of the anterior neck when assessing and treating patients with CGH. For more information on the role of the upper cervical spine, please click [htt

...e, context), there is no standardised [[Outcome Measures|outcome measure]] for physical activity, hence, the choice of assessment/proxy measure of physica Physical activity can be measured across all age groups and health spectrum, with choice of tool dependent on the type of activity being examined:

==Developmental Milestones in Children with Down Syndrome== ...cks B, Buckley S. What do we know about the movement abilities of children with down syndrome. Down Syndrome News and Updates 2003;2:131-141. https://libra

...ial infarction]] (MI), and/or [[Heart Failure|heart failure]]. It accounts for one-third to one-half of the cases of CVD. ...sures aimed to prevent the progression of atherosclerosis are the hallmark for primary prevention of CVD.

...ral exercise. General exercise is essentially a “work out”. It is exercise for wellness, overall health, appearance, fun, leisure etc.<ref name=":0">Jacks Therapeutic exercise is specifically for individuals who have a physical problem / impairment, which is often painful.<ref name=

'''Original Editor '''- Uploaded by [[User:Kim Jackson|Kim Jackson]] for Jerome Smith ...es/PMC3445254/</ref><ref>Fett D, Trompeter K, Platen P. Back pain in elite sports: A cross-sectional study on 1114 athletes. PLoS One [Internet]. 2017 Jun 1

...y. 2013;52(12),1272-80.</ref>As the number of people receiving medications for ADHD is expanding, physical therapists must understand how these medication ...it hyperactivity disorder and the athlete: an American Medical Society for Sports Medicine position statement. Clin J Sport Med. 2011;1(5):392-401.</ref>. Fr

...e Ferreira|Suzanne Ferreira]] as part of the [[World Physiotherapy Network for Amputee Rehabilitation Project]] ...etailing the adverse effects of prolonged sitting in able bodied bi-limbed individuals (ABBLs), should be stressed, as IWAs frequently prolong periods of sitting

...one. 2015;10(2).</ref>. The key to developing a comprehensive plan of care for any runner is to systematically examine all the contributing factors that m For setting up an ideal and custom plan of care, it is important to understand

...cal activity, exercise, and physical fitness: definitions and distinctions for health-related research. Public Health Rep 1985; 100: 126–131.</ref> ...me=":0">Berntsen S, Carlsen KC, Anderssen SA, et al. Norwegian adolescents with asthma are physical active and fit. Allergy 2009;64:421–6.</ref>

...le: https://www.stack.com/a/what-is-load-management-and-why-does-it-matter-for-athletes/ (accessed 27.11.2021)</ref> ...nsensus statement on load in sport and risk of injury.] British Journal of Sports Medicine 2016;50:1030-1041.

...t, such as walking, cycling, wheeling, sports, active recreation and play. Individuals of any skill level can enjoy physical activity.<ref>World Health Organizati ...cal activity, exercise, and physical fitness: definitions and distinctions for health-related research]. Public Health Rep. 1985;100(2):126-31. </ref>

...tor Learning Theory to Practice: A Scoping Review of Conceptual Frameworks for Applying Knowledge in Motor Learning to Physical Therapist Practice]. Phys ...healthy adults; distributed practice versus massed practice.] J Phys Ther Sci. 2015;27(3):769-772. </ref> However, the best method to enable learning to

'''Original Editor '''-[[User:Elsa Ptsi|Elsa Ptsi]] as an assignment for the [[Physiotherapy, Exercise and Physical Activity Course|Physical Actviti ...1195–1201.</ref> This study outlines the case of a hypertensive obese man with [[Body Mass Index|a BMI]] of 30 kg/m². The BMI test was used to

...ange with Fitness Technology in Sedentary Adults: A Review of the Evidence for Increasing Physical Activity. Front. Public Health 4:289. doi: 10.3389/fpub ...fer L. Greer, Jesse Vezina, Melicia C. Whitt-Glover, Arthur S. LeonMed Sci Sports Exerc. 2011 Aug; 43(8): 1575 1581. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e31821ece12</r

...hension in the ankle, “giving way” and recurrent ankle sprains, persisting for a minimum of six months after the initial sprain.<ref name=":1" /> Symptoms ...ci Sports. 2002 Jun;12(3):129-35.</ref> conducted a study that followed-up with patients seven years post-ankle inversion trauma. They found the following:

...itor '''- Your name will be added here if you created the original content for this page. This page brings to light some medical related issues in sports that it is important to be aware of, namely:

...mpston J. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35378630/ UK clinical guideline for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.] Arch Osteoporos. 2022 Apr 5; ...C2811354/ The effects of exercise on bone. Basic concepts and implications for the prevention of fractures.] Clin Cases in Miner Bone Metab. 2009 Sep;6(3)

...s are applied and managed during rehabilitation interventions is essential for optimizing treatment strategies and promoting recovery. ...address specific force-related challenges and facilitate optimal outcomes for patients recovering from injury, surgery, or neurological conditions.

...aging individuals with low back pain with or without lumbar radiculopathy. For more information on this system, please see: * [[Treatment-based Classification System for Low Back Pain]]

...rapy|evidence-based]] and supported judgement when selecting interventions for an individual. When doing a literature review, it is also important to use ...ef name=":0" /><ref>American College of Sports Medicine. ACSM’s Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription, 11th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwe

.... J Nutr. 1997;127(suppl 5):990S-991S.</ref>, derived from the Greek words for flesh (sarcos) and loss (penia) and its definition includes loss of muscle </ref>.&nbsp;It occurs with increasing age, and is a major component in the development of [[Introducti

...f life]]. Despite the obvious benefits to older people from being active, for example, preventing [[falls]], remaining independent, reducing isolation, a ...Life Year|disability]], and enhance the overall quality of life for older individuals.

...therapeutic positioning, exercise and recreation for a wide range of users with additional needs. It is used to enhance movement patterns, develop and prom ...t, remedial gymnast and headteacher Eddy Anderson who worked with children with both physical and learning disabilities.<ref name="Eddy Anderson">Eddy Ande

...al standards, support education, guide curriculum planning and development for entry-level healthcare professionals and help to establish individual and s ...stem set up, the resources available locally and the specific needs of the individuals.<ref name=":0">Marshall, R and Hasnan, N. Chapter.27 Team Based Care. In: C

* There is a linear increase in heart rate with workload and oxygen consumption (VO₂) during dynamic exercise ...control of individual heart rate responses to exercise—Basics and options for wearable devices.] Frontiers in physiology. 2018 Jun 25;9:778.</ref>:

...ntly abused by adolescents and athletes for aesthetic purposes, as well as for improvement of their endurance and performance<ref>Bertozzi G, Sessa F, Alb ...name="Modlinski" />. The latter effect is why many individuals abuse AAS, with the intent of increasing lean muscle mass.<br>

..., [[Therapeutic Exercise|exercise]] poses a substantial increase in demand for the body. * This response works to maintain an appropriate level of homeostasis for the increased demand in physical, metabolic, respiratory, and cardiovascula

...n integrative strategies can be used to help manage pain and fear in these individuals, including mindfulness, mindful movements, breathing techniques and graded ...o lasting harm to the skin.<ref name=":6">Blaney D. Integrative Approaches for Pelvic Pain in Trauma Recovery Course. Plus, 2024.</ref> These analogies ca

...en of migraine and tension-type headache, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. The Lancet Neurology. 2018; 17(11) ...ref name=":0" /> The highest rates for headache are found in North America with 85 to 90 percent of people reporting that they have experienced a headache

...s is quite an uncommon pathology which often occurs in athletes and people with a history of other knee ligament injuries after trauma. It is a relatively ...tion of an anatomic reconstruction: “the fifth ligament of the knee”, Am J Sports Med., 2010;38:543</ref><br>

..., & Khan, K. (2010). Chapter 3: Pain: Where is it coming from? In Clinical Sports Medicine. Rev 3rd Ed. McGraw-Hill Australia. North Ryde. </ref> A thorough evaluation of the area is needed for an accurate diagnosis.

...Reducing stress before competition allows for adequate sleep, which allows for optimal performance <ref name="Pesta" />&nbsp;. ...espite the increase in maximal work capacity, the utilization of marijuana with exercise has a negative correlation that greatly affects overall health.&nb

...Anticipatory Postural Adjustment in Improving Sitting Balance in Children with Spastic Diplegic Cerebral Palsy]. IJHSR 2018;8(11):116-125. ...in the Treatment of Soft Tissue Injuries in a Horse: A Case Study]. J Vet Sci Med Diagn 2017; 6:4. </ref> and two special tapes are used: Kinesio Equine

...are: a retrospective chart review of integrated clinics in Hong Kong]. Med Sci Monit. 2022 Sep 27;28:e938042.</ref> Vertebral fracture is the most common ...<ref name=":0" /> Identifying serious pathology early on is very important for a number of reasons:

...n identify meaningful risk factors for sports injuries. British journal of sports medicine. 2018 Oct 1;52(19):1223-4.</ref> ...in sport.] Br J Sports Med 2005: 39: 324-329.</ref> described risk factors for injury and mechanisms of injury. Internal risk factors that may predispose

...thought to result from excessive forces at the [[Hip Anatomy|hip joint]]. For example, a tear could decrease the acetabular contact area and increase str ...hip. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1991;73:423– 429.</ref> They frequently occur in individuals in European countries and the United States.

...ealth benefits of fruit and vegetable consumption: preventive implications for non-communicable diseases in Ethiopia.] Advanced Techniques in Biology & Me Other dietary features associated with mortality include suboptimal intake of:<ref name=":1">Micha R, Peñalvo JL,

...Europe’s European Sports Charter <ref>Council of Europe (2001) ''European Sports Charter'' [online], available: <nowiki>https://wcd.coe.int/View</nowiki> Do ...Sport;'' An overriding emphasis on the social and health aspects of sport, with fun and friendship being ‘key components’.

...cians Intercollegiate Stroke Working Party. ''National Clinical Guidelines for Stroke''. 3rd ed. London,UK: Royal College of Physicians; 2008. ...proved, only two studies so far were able to demonstrate a meaningful link with changes in gait.<ref name=":7" />

...in community and outpatient settings. http://www.bgs.org.uk/index.php/fit-for-frailty (accessed 12 Oct 2015)</ref> ..., Twisk J, Nieboer AP. Self-management abilities and frailty are important for healthy aging among community-dwelling older people; a cross-sectional stud

...ately 3.2 million people (~6% of the total deaths) annually and accounting for approximately 32.1 million disability adjusted life years (DALYs; ~2.1% of ...vans below provides a stimulating and compelling overview of the evidence, with some key points highlighted in the box to the right:<div class="coursebox">

...ands for Optimizing Performance Through Intrinsic Motivation and Attention for Learning.<ref name=":1" /> ...50/ Short-term learning effects of a cardiopulmonary resuscitation program with focus on the relationship between learning effect and trainees' perceived c

..., Niels Ryberg Finsen (1860-1904) earned a Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1903 for his work on phototherapy to treat diseases such as lupus vulgaris.<ref>Grzy ...ive of SARS-CoV-2 and four other common human coronaviruses in the U.S.] ''Sci Total Environ''. 2021;751:141816. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141816</ref>

...an ultrasound-guided palpation intervention for palpation skill training.] Sci Rep. 2022 Jan 24;12(1):1189.</ref> This article discusses the key anatomica ...provides passive and active stability and may even form articular surfaces for the joint.<ref>Ralphs JR, Benjamin M. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/art

...k JW, Vergouwe Y, Bouter LM, van der Heijden GJ. Clinical prediction rules for the prognosis of shoulder pain in general practice. Pain. 2006 Feb 1;120(3) ...y: navigating the diagnosis-management conundrum. journal of orthopaedic & sports physical therapy. 2015 Nov;45(11):923-37.</ref>.

...the upper limb and prevent pain with activities of daily living in clients with spinal cord injuries. ...'' to ''weight bearing for mobility''. Additional risk factors in patients with spinal cord injuries include:

...rgery [serial online]. May 2010;49(3):219-223. Available from: CINAHL Plus with Full Text, Ipswich, MA. Accessed July 2, 2011.</ref> Impingement syndromes in the ankle include a broad spectrum of pathology with varying etiologies. Although no official classification exists, these syndr

...This case study focus on physical exercise is important as the typical aim for Alzheimer’s revolves around cognitive rehabilitation. ...pairments as a part of the aging process, and those with AD must also deal with cognitive impairments that affect their ability to live independently.

...the medial or lateral aspect of the joint. This is suggested to correlate with degenerative pathology of the articular joint cartilage or compromised inte ...s normal range of motion. <ref name="Stephen" /> Symptoms that may coexist with joint tenderness are joint stiffness, joint swelling, joint redness, joint

...nts: Internal derangement of the temporomandibular joint]. Kaohsiung J Med Sci. 2018;34(4):223-30. </ref> ...ef name=":0" /><ref>Starr CL, McGrew C. TMJ Disorders in Athletes. Current Sports Medicine Reports. 2023 Jan 1;22(1):10-4.</ref>

...tes rely on their mental health and strength to “provide a necessary basis for efficient practice and competition performance."<ref name=":0" /> ...ealth influences the way we think, feel and act. It determines how we cope with stress, how we relate to others, and it influences our decision-making proc

...and [[Physical Activity|physical activity]] (PA). Smokers’ increased risks for [[Oncology|cancer]] and heart and respiratory diseases are well known. In t ...enal glands,<ref name="Fernhall" />. Acute cigarette smoking is associated with a significant decrease in vagal cardiac modulations which may increase the

...tion program for chronic mid-portion Achilles tendinopathy: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial]. BMC musculoskeletal disorders. 2021 Dec;22( .... They also found that around 45% of patients didn’t improve significantly with exercise programmes. So, while we can make some recommendations, there is s