Carers Guide to Dementia: Difference between revisions

No edit summary
(Removed resource section)
 
(31 intermediate revisions by 5 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
<div class="editorbox">
<div class="editorbox">
'''Original Editor '''- [[User:Aileen Lambe|Aileen Lambe]], [[User:Aisling Kavanagh|Aisling Kavanagh]], [[User:Carla Ellis|Carla Ellis]], [[User:Claire Hagan|Claire Hagan]] as part of the [[Current and Emerging Roles in Physiotherapy Practice|QMU Current and Emerging Roles in Physiotherapy Practice]] Project
'''Original Editor '''- [[User:Aileen Lambe|Aileen Lambe]], [[User:Aisling Kavanagh|Aisling Kavanagh]], [[User:Carla Ellis|Carla Ellis]], [[User:Claire Hagan|Claire Hagan]] as part of the [[Current_and_Emerging_Roles_in_Physiotherapy_Practice|Queen Margaret University's Current and Emerging Roles in Physiotherapy Practice Project]]


'''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributors/{{FULLPAGENAME}}}} &nbsp;  
'''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributors/{{FULLPAGENAME}}}} &nbsp;  
</div>
</div>
== Introduction  ==
== Introduction  ==
Currently, Dementia neurodegenerative disease has no known cure and is not part of the normal ageing process. It is characterised by changes in '''reasoning, memory, comprehension, problem-solving, and/or attention'''<ref name="NHS Choices 2012">NHS Choices 2012. www.nhs.uk/conditions/dementia/pages/introduction/apsx (accessed 21/10/2012)</ref><span style="line-height: 1.5em; font-size: 13.2799997329712px;">.&nbsp;</span>
[[File:Old-age.jpg|alt=|right|frameless|340x340px]]
Currently, [[Dementia]], a [[Neurodegenerative Disease|neurodegenerative disease]], has '''no known cure''' and is not part of the normal [[Ageing and the Brain|ageing]] process. It is characterised by changes in '''reasoning, [[memory]], comprehension, problem-solving, and/or attention'''<ref name="NHS Choices 2012">NHS Choices 2012. www.nhs.uk/conditions/dementia/pages/introduction/apsx (accessed 21/10/2012)</ref><span style="line-height: 1.5em; font-size: 13.2799997329712px;">.</span>


Some statistics;
* Currently more than 55 million people live with dementia worldwide, and there are nearly 10 million new cases every year.
* Dementia results from a variety of diseases and injuries that primarily or secondarily affect the [[Brain Anatomy|brain]]. [[Alzheimer's Disease|Alzheimer's disease]] is the most common form of dementia and may contribute to 60-70% of cases.
* Dementia is currently the seventh leading cause of death among all diseases.
* Dementia has physical, psychological, social and economic impacts, not only for people living with dementia, but also for their carers, families and society at large.<ref>WHO Dementia Available:https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/dementia (accessed 13.9.22)</ref>


*750,000 people are living with dementia in the UK at present.
*  
*This number is expected to double over the next 30 years. &nbsp;
*  
*As of 2010, 35.6 million people worldwide have dementia <ref>Alzheimers UK (2012) The Global Voice on Dementia. Available online at: www.alz.co.uk/research/statistics Accessed on 12/11/2012</ref>.&nbsp;
 
*25% of hospital beds are occupied by people over the age of 65 with dementia&nbsp;<ref name="CSP 2012">Chartered Society of Physiotherapy 2012 http://www.csp.org.uk/publications/physiotherapy-works-dementia-care (accessed 21/10/2012)</ref>.&nbsp;
*
*
== Types of Dementia ==
== Types of Dementia ==
[[Image:Old-age.jpg|frame|right|75px]]There are many types of dementia. Below is a list of the most common forms of dementia, with their prevalence. In some cases, the cause may be another disease (eg. Huntington's disease) or from a head injury.&nbsp;
[[File:Epidemiology of young-onset dementia 2010 en.jpeg|thumb|396x396px|Epidemiology young-onset dementia 2010]]
* '''Dementia with Alzheimer's disease = 62%:''' This is the most common form of dementia. Loss of nerve tissue along with changes in the chemistry and structure of the brain leads to the death of brain cells.&nbsp;
There are many types of dementia. Types of dementia include:
* '''Vascular dementia = 17%: '''This is more common following a stroke or a series of small strokes. The blood - and oxygen supply to the brain are affected, causing&nbsp;brain cells to&nbsp;die. The person may start to forget or have trouble planning ahead. Balance problems can also occur.&nbsp; &nbsp;
* '''Dementia with Lewy Bodies = 4%:''' This is caused by the breakdown of brain tissue following the formation of abnormal structures in nerve cells. The individual will generally have slower movement patterns and increased risk of falling.
* '''Fronto-temporal dementia = 2%: '''This is due to damage to the anterior part of the brain, leading to personality - and behaviour changes.&nbsp; Memory is less likely to be affected in the early stages.&nbsp; &nbsp;
* '''Mixed dementia = 10%: This form of dementia '''has the&nbsp;characteristics of both Alzheimer's Disease and vascular dementia. <br>
 
=== Less&nbsp;common&nbsp;causes of dementia: ===
*Motor Neurone Disease.
*Multiple Sclerosis.
*Huntington's Disease.
*Parkinson's (2%).
*HIV related cognitive impairment.
*Creutzfeldt-Jakobs Disease.&nbsp;&nbsp;
*Korsakoff's Syndrome: caused by heavy drinking over a long period that leads to brain cell death and short-term memory loss.&nbsp; Although not strictly classified as dementia, it is included here as symptoms are similar.&nbsp; &nbsp;
For more information and fact sheets on the different types of dementia visit this site: http://alzheimers.org.uk/site/scripts/documents.php?categoryID=200362
 
== Alzheimer's Disease ==
As explained above Alzheimer's Disease is the most common form of dementia with approximately 62% of dementia cases involving Alzheimer's Disease equating to more than 520,000 people in the UK<ref name="ALZ">ALzhimer's Society. What is Alzheimer's Disease? [ONLINE] available from http://www.alzheimers.org.uk/site/scripts/documents_info.php?documentID=100 [Accessed] 19/04/2015</ref>. During the course of the disease proteins called 'plaques' and 'tangles' build up within the nerve cells of the brain causing death to nerve cells and loss of brain tissue. There is also a shortage of neurotransmitters causing ineffective nerve conduction. As these 'plaques' and 'tangles' increase in numbers so does the severity of symptoms with different areas of the brain being involved.&nbsp;
 
=== Symptoms  ===
 
Symptoms of Alzheimer's can be said to progress through 7 stages<ref name="ALZH">ALZ.org. Disease stages. [ONLINE] Accessed from http://www.alz.org/alzheimers_disease_stages_of_alzheimers.asp 19/04/2015</ref>
 
*Stage 1 - '''No impairment''' - The person does not experience memory, movement or cognitive difficulties.
*Stage 2 - '''Very Mild Cognitive Decline'''
*Stage 3 - '''Mild Cognitive Decline''' - Family and friends begin noticing cognitive difficulties at this stage, there are common difficulties including; difficulties finidng names, difficulties retaining new information, social and work interactions are challenging, losing and misplacing valuable items and difficulty planning or organising.
*Stage 4 - '''Moderate Cognitive Decline''' - At this stage clear symptoms are evident in several areas; forgetful of recent events, difficulty with challenging mental arithmetic, complex planning tasks are nearly impossible, forgetful of the persons own history, mood swings, withdrawn and frustration set in.
*Stage 5 - '''Moderately Severe Cognitive Decline''' - Day-to-day activites become a challenge, recaling addresses, phone number, orientation to place, choosing clothing and remembering significant details about themselves all decline into almost impossible tasks however eating and toileting are still independent.
*Stage 6 - '''Severe Cognitive Decline''' - Memory and personality changes worsen and individuals need help with daily activites. Individuals may; lose awareness of recent experiences, difficulty remembering their own name, unable to remember familiar faces, need help dressing, making mistakes with buttons, major changes in sleep patters, need help with toiletig including incontinence, major personality changes and wandering becomes commonplace with a subsequent increase in falls. Hallucinations and delusions may also become troubling for the person with dementia.
*Stage 7 - '''Very Severe Cognitive Decline''' - In this final stage of the disease process individuals lose the ability to respond to their environments, all daily activites need to be assisted, muscles grow rigid and swallowing becomes impaired.
 
Most people who develop Alzheimer's Disease are over the age of 65 but younger people can develop the disease, currently it is estimated the 40,000 under the age of 65 in the UK have early-onset Alzheimer's<ref name="ALZ" />.
 
== Vascular Dementia  ==
 
This is the second most common type of dementia affecting approximately 150,000 people in the UK<ref name="ALZ" />. In vascualr dementia the person suffers similar symptoms to other types of dementia, such as Alzheimer's Disease, but the cause of the cognitive decline is different. These symptoms occur when the brain is damaged because of problems with blood supply to the brain. Nerve cells need perfusion, just like any other cell in the body, and they die when blood does not reach them. The death of the nerve cells then causes the brain to decrease in abilities and performance leading to dementia. There are different types of vascualr dementia.
* Stroke-related Dementia - A [http://www.physio-pedia.com/Stroke stroke] happens when there is a sudden cut off in the blood supply to the brain causing death to a large are of the brain, depending on the location the symptoms can vary greatly.
* Post-stroke Dementia - Not everyone who has a stoke will develop dementia but around 20% do<ref name="ALZ" />&nbsp;and it will develop within 6 months of the cerebrovascular event.&nbsp;
* Single-infarct and Multi-infarct Dementia - This occurs when a single stroke is large enough to cause cognitive impairment or when several strokes cause cognitive impairment.&nbsp;
* Subcortical Dementia - This is the most common form of vascualr dementia, the blood vessels which lie deep within the brain tissue become sclerotic causing impaired circulation to smaller nerves. These nerves which are damaged are known as the white matter and lie deeper within the brain so the symptoms of this type of dementia are different.
 
=== Symptoms  ===


The symptoms caused by vascular dementia varies greatly between individuals, with relies upon which type and the severity of the vascular damage done to the individual. The symptoms may be similar to other dementia types and also to Alzheimer's Disease. the most common symptoms are:  
* [[Alzheimer's Disease|Alzheimer's disease]]: most common type<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-:3_6-0"></span><span class="reference" id="cite_ref-:4_5-1"></span> It accounts for 60-70% of cases of dementia<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-:4_5-2"></span>


*Problems with plannins, organising, decision making and solving problems
* Vascular dementia: second most common type (following [[Stroke|cerebrovascular accident).]]<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-:3_6-1"></span> See also [[Subcortical Vascular Dementia: Case Study]]
*Slower thought processes
*Poor concentration
*Memory difficulties when recalling events
*Speech may become less fluent
*Problems percieving and solving problems involving visuospatial skills
*Apathy and mood changes
*Stroke related movement and sensory impairments
*Early loss of bladder control


=== Risk Factors  ===
* [[Lewy Body Disease|Lewy body dementia]]


*Age is the strongest risk factor with risk doubling every 5 years over the age of 65.
* [[Frontotemporal Dementia|Fronto-temporal]] lobar degeneration dementia
*Men are at slightly increased risk
* [[Huntington Disease|Huntington's disease]]
*Stroke or diabetes sufferes are at double the risk
* [[Alcoholism|Alcohol]] related dementia (Korsakoff's syndrome)
*Sleep Apnoea
*Depression
*Cardiovascular disease
*Genetic factors
*Ethnicity
 
== Dementia with Lewy Bodies  ==
 
Dementia with Lewy Bodies(DLB) shares symptoms of Alzheimer's Disease and Parkinson's accounting for approximately 10% of all dementia cases. Lewy bodies are tiny deposits of protein in nerve cells and has been linked to a reduction in acetylcholine and dopamine. Over time there is a progressive death in the nerve cells and loss of brain tissue. Depending on where the Lewy bodies are located the symptoms can vary, if they are deep in the brain then movement symptoms are likely and if they are in the outer layers of the brain then cognitive problems arise. Movement and cognitive problems can occur together with around 33% of Parkinson's patients developing dementia later on in the disease process. Around 66% of DLB sufferers having movement disorder symptoms at some stage.&nbsp;
 
=== Symptoms ===
 
The initial symptoms of DLB include difficulties with attention and alertness and fluctuate greatly throughout the day. There may be difficulties percieving objects in three dimensions and judging distances along with planning and organising. The symptoms are very individual, in keeping with the pathological process, and can vary day-to-day. Visual hallucinations and delusions occur greatly in DLB patients and can be very distressing, they can be very detailed in nature and need to be handled sensitively. Up to two thirds of DLB patients have movement disorders in keeping with Parkinsonism such as; rigidity, tremor, reduced blink rate, lack of facial expression and stooped postures. These movement symptoms are why persons with DLB are prone to falls. At night symptoms persist with restless legs and impaired REM sleep leading to fatigue during the day. As DLB is progressive symptoms worsen and cognitive decline sets in with similar cognitive difficulties as mid-late stage Alzheimer's dementia. On average someone might live for 8 years after DLB symptoms onset.


*[[Motor Neurone Disease MND|Motor Neurone Disease]].
*[[Multiple Sclerosis (MS)]]..
*[[Parkinson's]] (2%).
*[[Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)|HIV]] related cognitive impairment.
*Creutzfeldt-Jakobs Disease (CJD), degenerative [[Brain Anatomy|brain]] disorder that leads to dementia and it belongs to  [[Prion Diseases (or Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies)|prion]] diseases.<ref>Gubbels S, Bacci S, Laursen H, Høgenhaven H, Cowan S, Mølbak K, Christiansen M. Description and analysis of 12 years of surveillance for Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease in Denmark, 1997 to 2008. Eurosurveillance. 2012 Apr 12;17(15):20142.</ref> &nbsp;
== Normal Ageing Vs Early&nbsp;Signs of Dementia&nbsp;  ==
== Normal Ageing Vs Early&nbsp;Signs of Dementia&nbsp;  ==


It is sometimes difficult to tell the difference between what is&nbsp;normal ageing and what is the&nbsp;early onset of dementia. You may be concerned that an elderly relative&nbsp;or friend is developing dementia. So,&nbsp;how&nbsp;will you know? In normal ageing, the term Mild Cognitive Impairment&nbsp;describes problems with mental abilities such as thinking, knowing and remembering. People with mild cognitive impairment often have difficulties with day-to-day memory, however&nbsp;these signs do not mean that the person is suffering from dementia <ref>Alzheimers UK (2012) Available online at: http://www.alzheimers.org.uk/site/scripts/documents_info.php?documentID=120 Accessed on 12/11/2012</ref>.&nbsp; You can use this table to compare the&nbsp;signs of early onset dementia and normal ageing.&nbsp;  
It is sometimes difficult to tell the difference between what is&nbsp;normal ageing and what is the&nbsp;early onset of dementia (see [[Perceptions about Ageing and Ageism]]). You may be concerned that an elderly relative&nbsp;or friend is developing dementia. So,&nbsp;how&nbsp;will you know? You can use this table to compare the&nbsp;signs of early-onset dementia and normal ageing.<ref>Alzheimers UK (2012) Available online at: http://www.alzheimers.org.uk/site/scripts/documents_info.php?documentID=120 Accessed on 12/11/2012</ref>&nbsp;  


[[Image:Early Dementia & Aging Table 4.png]]<br>  
[[Image:Early Dementia & Aging Table 4.png]]<br>  
Line 98: Line 46:
== The&nbsp;3 Stages of Dementia  ==
== The&nbsp;3 Stages of Dementia  ==


This table shows the 3 generalised 'main stages' of the different types of dementia. It is important to consider each type specifically as they each have their own characteristic symptoms. It is available here as a document if you wish to print it off or save it for future reference. To open this document click on this link and then the file name&nbsp;[[Image:The Three Main Stages of Dementia Download 2.pdf]]&nbsp; &nbsp;<br>  
This table shows the 3 generalised 'main stages' of the different types of dementia.<br>  


[[Image:Stages of dementia 3.png]]<br>  
[[Image:Stages of dementia 3.png]]<br>  


Some symptoms may appear earlier or later than indicated on this table and the stages may overlap. Progression through the stages varies from person to person and depends on many factors including:<br>&nbsp;
Some symptoms may appear earlier or later than indicated on this table and the stages may overlap. Progression through the stages varies from person to person and depends on many factors including:


1. The type of dementia <br>2. Age of onset <br>3. The presence of other illnesses <br>4. The level of support and care available  
# The type of dementia  
# Age of onset  
# The presence of other illnesses  
# The level of support and care available


<ref>Psychiatry 24 7 (2012) Available online at:http://www.psychiatry24x7.com/bgdisplay.jhtml?itemname=dementia_symptoms#stages Accessed 12/11/2012)</ref>
<ref>Psychiatry 24 7 (2012) Available online at:http://www.psychiatry24x7.com/bgdisplay.jhtml?itemname=dementia_symptoms#stages Accessed 12/11/2012)</ref>


== What Else To Expect? ==
== What else to expect? ==
People with dementia may suffer from depression and/or behavioural problems. They may often become annoyed easily or act aggressively towards a family member or friend. Behaviour management is one strategy that is used to decrease depression in people with dementia and can&nbsp;be&nbsp;carried out by carers. Reducing&nbsp;the repitition of words, managing aggression and the eating behaviours in people with dementia has a positive effect on their behaviour and overall well-being <ref name="Marshall 2005" />.<br>


Mood is usually affected in individuals coping with dementia. Individuals can often become flustered and distressed and in some cases can become aggressive and depressed. Regular movement will balance their mood help to reduce depression and keep them calm. Activity can help improve sleep pattern which can often be disturbed by dementia. Regular routines can include household activities, exercise classes, resistance training and stretching <ref>Dementia Physiotherapist (2012) Available online at: http://www.healthcentre.org.uk/physiotherapists/physiotherapist-dementia.html Accessed 12/11/2012)</ref>.&nbsp;&nbsp;
# [[Depression]]: People with dementia may suffer from depression and/or behavioural problems. They may often become easily irritated/ frustrated or act aggressively towards a family member or friend. Behaviour management is one strategy that is used to decrease depression in individuals with dementia and can&nbsp;be&nbsp;carried out by carers. For example, reducing&nbsp;the repetition of words, managing aggression and the eating behaviours in people with dementia has a positive effect on their behaviour and overall well-being <ref name="Marshall 2005" />.
# Mood: Mood is also commonly affected in individuals with dementia. Individuals can often become flustered and distressed and in some cases can become aggressive and depressed. Regular movement will balance their mood, help to reduce depression and keep them calm. Physical activities can help improve sleep pattern which can often be disturbed by dementia. Regular routines can include household activities, exercise classes, [[Strength Training|resistance training]] and [[stretching]] <ref>Dementia Physiotherapist (2012) Available online at: http://www.healthcentre.org.uk/physiotherapists/physiotherapist-dementia.html Accessed 12/11/2012)</ref>.&nbsp;&nbsp;


== What Can Physiotherapy Offer? ==
== What Can Physiotherapy Offer? ==
Physiotherapists use&nbsp;movement of the body to help bring about&nbsp;physical, psychological and social well-being. &nbsp;Physiotherapy plays an important role in promoting and maintaining mobility in&nbsp;people with dementia as well as&nbsp;improving their quality of life&nbsp;and reducing the burden of care.<br>
[[Image:Dementia Walking Picture.jpg|alt=|thumb|Dementia- walking, a good exercise.]]Physiotherapists use&nbsp;movement of the body to help bring about&nbsp;physical, psychological and social well-being. &nbsp;Physiotherapy has an important role in promoting and maintaining mobility in&nbsp;people with dementia as well as&nbsp;improving their [[Quality of Life|quality of life]]&nbsp;and reducing the burden of care.


More information&nbsp;on dementia and physiotherapy&nbsp;can be found by&nbsp;following this [http://www.csp.org.uk/professional-union/practice/evidence-base/physiotherapy-works/physiotherapy-works-dementia-care link]&nbsp;
'''Fall prevention:''' Poor balance is known to increase the risk of falls. Physiotherapy can lower&nbsp; an individual's risk of falling by providing exercises specifically for improving [[Balance Training|balance]].[[Falls and Dementia|&nbsp;Fall prevention]] programmes can also address their fear of falling to ensure they maintain independence and safety with ADLs. For more information see here [[Falls and Dementia]]


=== Prevention of Falls  ===
'''Benefits of Exercise:''' Exercise has been shown to:


Poor balance is known to increase the risk of falls. Physiotherapy can lower&nbsp; a persons their risk of falling by giving the person with dementia exercises specifically for improving their balance.&nbsp;Falls prevention programmes can be set up&nbsp; to reduce the persons risk of falls as well as their fear of falling and keep them safe and independent at home.<br>
* Reduce the risk of coronary heart disease, stroke, certain types of cancers and diabetes.  
 
* Prevent post-menopausal osteoporosis and therefore reduce the risk of osteoporotic fractures.  
==== Some Facts and Figures:  ====
* Reduce the complications of immobility
 
* Reduce the risk of accidental falls
In those over the age of 65.....<br>.....1 in 3 women will fall <br>.....1 in 5 men will fall <br>.....The risk of falling&nbsp; increases if the person is also suffering from dementia <ref>O'Loughlin, JL; Robitaille, Y; Boivin, JF &amp; Suissia, S. 1993. Incidence of and risk factors for falls and injurious falls amoung the community dwelling elderly. American Journal of Epidemiology. Vol 137 (3) 342-354</ref>.
* Improve mental/cognitive function, reduces stress/anxiety and improve self- confidence
 
<br>It is important that the fear of falling does not cause the person with dementia to stop&nbsp;being active as inactivity can lead to complications in physical health. To help avoid inactivity you&nbsp;can focus on:
 
*&nbsp;Improving the person's mobility and
*&nbsp;Maintaining their independence and confidence.<br>
 
The ultimate aim is to '''reduce the fear of falling '''and '''maintain function'''.&nbsp; <br>
 
More information about falls can be found [http://www.physio-pedia.com/Falls here].
 
=== Benefits of Exercise&nbsp; ===
Exercise prevents and reduces the risk of developing&nbsp;heart conditions. [[Image:Dementia Walking Picture.jpg|frame|right|100px]] Examples of heart conditions are:
 
*Angina
*Hardening of the arteries- often due to cholesterol
*High Blood Pressure
*Palpitations
Exercise&nbsp;is also recommended in people with&nbsp;Type&nbsp;2 Diabetes <ref>Diabetes and Exercise (2012) Available online at: http://www.diabetes.org.uk/Documents/Position%20statements/ABCD%20position%20statement%20on%20exercise%5b1%5d.pdf Accessed on 12/11/2012</ref>.&nbsp;
 
Exercise has also been linked with improving bone density and preventing osteoporosis <ref name="Heyn et al 2004">Heyn, P., Abreu, B.C. and Ottenbacher, K.J. 2004. The Effects of Exercise Training on Elderly Persons With Cognitive Impairment and Dementia: A Meta-Analysis. Archive of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. Vol 85, pp. 1694-1704</ref>.&nbsp;&nbsp;This is&nbsp;especially&nbsp;important in women. Exercise should be weight bearing, this means any exercise where&nbsp;the hands and feet support your weight <ref>NHS (2012) Osteoporosis prevention Available online at http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Osteoporosis/Pages/Prevention.aspx Accessed 12/11/2012</ref>.&nbsp;Examples are&nbsp;walking, dancing&nbsp;and lifting weights. Although cycling and swimming are good forms of exercise they are <u>not</u> weight bearing and so will not help improve bone density.&nbsp;Taking part in physical exercise&nbsp;also enhances mood and improve&nbsp;mental function <ref name="Toulette et al. 2003">Toulette, C., Fabre, C., Dangremont, B., Lensel, G. and Thevenon, A. 2003. Effects of physical training on the physical capacity of frail, demented patients with a history of falling: A randomised controlled trial. Age and Ageing. Vol 32, pp. 67-73</ref>.&nbsp;This in turn may decrease the need for&nbsp;management&nbsp;with drugs &amp; medications <ref name="Heyn et al 2004" />.&nbsp;


=== Physiotherapy &amp; Exercise ===
=== Physiotherapy &amp; Exercise ===
Physiotherapy can provide;  
Physiotherapy can provide;  


*Strengthening exercises: to increase bone strength and decrease risk of osteoporosis.  
*Strengthening exercises: to increase bone strength and decrease the risk of osteoporosis.  
*Balance: to prevent falls and increase confidence in everyday tasks.  
*Balance: to prevent falls and increase confidence in everyday tasks.  
*Flexibility &amp; stretching: to prevent muscle tightening and make movement easier.  
*Flexibility &amp; stretching: to prevent muscle tightening and make movement easier.  
*Maintenance of&nbsp;independence: to stay as involved as possible for as long as possible in everyday life.  
*Maintenance of&nbsp;independence: to stay as involved as possible for as long as possible in everyday life.  
*Postural management: Regular change in body position is essential for comfort and prevention of poor posture which may lead to muscle tightness and spasms, decreased movement of joints and pressure sores <ref>NHS Postural Management Survey 2012</ref>.&nbsp;  
*[[Postural Assessment Scale for Stroke|Postural management]]: Regular change in body position is essential for comfort and prevention of poor posture which may lead to muscle tightness and spasms, decreased movement of joints and pressure sores <ref>NHS Postural Management Survey 2012</ref>.&nbsp;
*Help and advice on aids for the house: Equipment and adaptations at home will help make life easier for your loved one with dementia and keep them independent for as long as possible
*Help and advice on aids for the house: Equipment and adaptations at home will help make life easier for your loved one with dementia and keep them independent for as long as possible


It is also assess everyday activities such as walking, going up and down stairs, getting out of a chair and getting in and out of bed. If someone is struggling to do any of these activites appropriate exercises should be incorporated into the treatment plan.
It is also assessed everyday activities such as walking, going up and downstairs, getting out of a chair and getting in and out of bed. If someone is struggling to do any of these activities appropriate exercises should be incorporated into the treatment plan.


=== Physiotherapy and Pain  ===
=== Physiotherapy and Pain  ===


Physiotherapy can help manage pain. Pain affects&nbsp;mental function, &nbsp;motivation and will affect how the person with dementia responds to any rehabilitation programme.&nbsp;People living with dementia who&nbsp;have difficulty speaking&nbsp;will not be able to easily report pain. These people&nbsp;are at risk of receiving inadequate medication and treatment of pain. It is important that pain&nbsp;is&nbsp;addressed before and during&nbsp;therapy to allow for better rehabilitation <ref name="Marshall 2005">Marshall, M. 2005. Perspectives on Rehabilitation and Dementia. [Online book] London: Jessica Kingsley. Available at: http://books.google.co.uk/books/about/Perspectives_On_Rehabilitation_And_Demen.html?id=KqhaW28SZ8oC [Accessed November 05 2012]</ref>.  
Physiotherapy can help manage [[Pain Assessment|pain]]. Pain affects&nbsp;mental function, &nbsp;motivation and will affect how the person with dementia responds to any rehabilitation programme.&nbsp;People living with dementia who&nbsp;have difficulty speaking&nbsp;will not be able to easily report pain. These people&nbsp;are at risk of receiving inadequate medication and treatment of pain. It is important that pain&nbsp;is&nbsp;addressed before and during&nbsp;therapy to allow for better rehabilitation <ref name="Marshall 2005">Marshall, M. 2005. Perspectives on Rehabilitation and Dementia. [Online book] London: Jessica Kingsley. Available at: http://books.google.co.uk/books/about/Perspectives_On_Rehabilitation_And_Demen.html?id=KqhaW28SZ8oC [Accessed November 05 2012]</ref>.  
=== Education ===
=== Education ===
By teaching carers about the disease, they will know what to expect and be better able to handle the challenges associated with dementia.&nbsp; Some suggestions are:  
By teaching carers about the disease, they will know what to expect and be better able to handle the challenges associated with dementia.&nbsp; Some suggestions are:  
* Create a daily routine with small rituals&nbsp;- Predictability can be calming. This may help to relax the person.&nbsp;
* Create a daily routine with small rituals&nbsp;- Predictability can be calming. This may help to relax the person.


* Allow&nbsp;the person do as much as they can&nbsp;independently  
* Allow&nbsp;the individual do as much as they can&nbsp;independently  
** Give the person a role/task; doing the washing up, peeling the vegetables, pairing socks.
** Give the individual a role/task; doing the washing up, peeling the vegetables, pairing socks.
** Do less for them while encouraging them to do more for themselves.
** Do less for them while encouraging them to do more for themselves.
** If motivation is an issue, make the tasks functional: walk to the kitchen to get a drink instead of carrying it to them.&nbsp;
** If motivation is an issue, make the tasks functional: walk to the kitchen to get a drink instead of carrying it to them.&nbsp;
Line 175: Line 106:
* If it is realistic to do so, encourage them to take the person for a walk each day.&nbsp; It will burn off energy and the fresh air will do them both good.
* If it is realistic to do so, encourage them to take the person for a walk each day.&nbsp; It will burn off energy and the fresh air will do them both good.
* Encourage other activities such as gardening, baking, listening to music, singing, dancing or playing cards. What is important is that the person is participating in an activity that makes him/her feel useful.&nbsp;
* Encourage other activities such as gardening, baking, listening to music, singing, dancing or playing cards. What is important is that the person is participating in an activity that makes him/her feel useful.&nbsp;
* Assess the&nbsp;home&nbsp;- The home can be full of potential hazards contributing to falls. Make sure there is nothing around the house that the person could trip&nbsp;on. For example&nbsp;carpets,&nbsp;rugs, doorway thresholds.&nbsp;&nbsp;
* Assess the&nbsp;home&nbsp;- The home can be full of potential hazards contributing to falls. Make sure there is nothing around the house that the person could trip&nbsp;on. For example&nbsp;carpets,&nbsp;rugs, doorway thresholds.&nbsp;
See also [[Preventing Dementia and Cognitive Decline]]


== Improve Communication  ==
== Improve Communication  ==
Line 182: Line 114:
# If the individual doesn't appear to understand your request, try rephrasing it.
# If the individual doesn't appear to understand your request, try rephrasing it.
# Don't chat whilst the person is trying to perform a task, this will likely be a distraction.
# Don't chat whilst the person is trying to perform a task, this will likely be a distraction.
# Make sure communication problems are not due to problems with the persons sight or hearing.&nbsp;Check that glasses and hearing aids are in good working order.
# Make sure communication problems are not due to problems with the individual's sight or hearing.&nbsp;Check that glasses and hearing aids are in good working order.
# Use names and explain&nbsp;phrases where possible, such as "Your son, John."<br>
# Use names and explain&nbsp;phrases where possible, such as "Your son, John."<br>


==== Other forms of communication that may be useful&nbsp;  ====
==== Other forms of communication that may be useful&nbsp;  ====


'''Touch''' can be used to help movement during walking by placing a hand on their shoulder or by taking their hand.<br>'''Sounds''' can provide an extra stimulation to encourage normal movement or to trigger a response to an instruction.&nbsp;Walking can improve by providing an rhythm, for example counting aloud or by playing music with a rhythm&nbsp; the person can walk to.<br>'''Visual communication '''can be used to&nbsp;show&nbsp;tasks or give&nbsp;instructions. When performing exercises it is better &nbsp;to show the exercise than to&nbsp;say the&nbsp;instructions <ref name="Marshall 2005" />.&nbsp;  
'''Touch''' :can be used to help movement during walking by placing a hand on their shoulder or by taking their hand.<br>'''Sounds''' :can provide extra stimulation to encourage normal movement or to trigger a response to an instruction.&nbsp;Walking can improve by providing rhythm, for example counting aloud or by playing music with a rhythm&nbsp; the person can walk to.<br>'''Visual communication: '''can be used to&nbsp;show&nbsp;tasks or give&nbsp;instructions. When performing exercises it is betting o show the exercise than to&nbsp;say the&nbsp;instructions <ref name="Marshall 2005" />.&nbsp;<br>  
 
==Resources  ==
[http://www.mentalhealth.org.uk www.mentalhealth.org.uk] - A charity that works across&nbsp; all age ranges and all aspects of mental health. Type “Dementia” in to the search box for helpful information and publications relating to dementia.
 
http://www.alz.co.uk/ADI-publications - An international website dedicated to Alzheimer’s Disease. Contains information and support networks for those suffering from the disease and those who are care for loved ones
 
For NHS information about dementia follow this [http://nhs.uk/conditions/dementia/pages/introduction.aspx link]<br>For NHS information about support for carers, care homes and financial support follow this [http://www.nhs.uk/carersdirect/Pages/CarersDirectHome.aspxhttp://www.nhs.uk/carersdirect/Pages/CarersDirectHome.aspx link]
 
For information about Alzheimer' Disease follow this [http://alzheimers.org.uk/http://alzheimers.org.uk/ link] 
 
For information about the Lewy Body Dementia Association follow this [http://lbda.org/ link] &nbsp;
 
For information about the Parkinson's Foundation and research into the disease follow this [http://pdf.org/ link]
 
For information about Parkinson's and support available follow this [http://parkinsons.org.uk/ link] 
 
For information about Huntingtons's disease and support in England &amp; Wales follow this [http://hda.org.uk/ link] 
 
== Carers Support Networks&nbsp;  ==
 
Carers UK is a charity set up to help carers. This website provides information and advice about caring, alongside practical and emotional support for carers. There is an online community network where you can chat online with other carers and share your experiences.<br>http://www.carersuk.org&nbsp;
 
This is an international carers support network that provides support and friendship between carers online.<br>http://www.carersconnectint.com/Home.aspx?pid=10&nbsp;
 
Alzheimer's and Dementia Support Services (ADSS) is a charity that provides support for carers including a 24 hour help line (0800 500 3014). Calls are free from a landline within the UK&nbsp;but a charge may be incurred from moblies.<br>[http://www.alzheimers-dementia.org.uk www.alzheimers-dementia.org.uk]<br>  


== References  ==
== References  ==
Line 224: Line 131:
[[Category:Head]]  
[[Category:Head]]  
[[Category:Head - Guidelines]]
[[Category:Head - Guidelines]]
[[Category:Queen Margaret University Project]]
[[Category:Current and Emerging Roles in Physiotherapy Practice]]

Latest revision as of 11:11, 17 September 2022

Original Editor - Aileen Lambe, Aisling Kavanagh, Carla Ellis, Claire Hagan as part of the Queen Margaret University's Current and Emerging Roles in Physiotherapy Practice Project

Top Contributors - Carla Ellis, Aisling Kavanagh, Scott Buxton, Claire Hagan, Aileen Lambe, Kim Jackson, Lucinda hampton, Shaimaa Eldib, Admin, Gillian Condy, Eugenie Lamprecht, 127.0.0.1, Vidya Acharya, Lauren Lopez and Tony Lowe  

Introduction[edit | edit source]

Currently, Dementia, a neurodegenerative disease, has no known cure and is not part of the normal ageing process. It is characterised by changes in reasoning, memory, comprehension, problem-solving, and/or attention[1].

  • Currently more than 55 million people live with dementia worldwide, and there are nearly 10 million new cases every year.
  • Dementia results from a variety of diseases and injuries that primarily or secondarily affect the brain. Alzheimer's disease is the most common form of dementia and may contribute to 60-70% of cases.
  • Dementia is currently the seventh leading cause of death among all diseases.
  • Dementia has physical, psychological, social and economic impacts, not only for people living with dementia, but also for their carers, families and society at large.[2]

Types of Dementia[edit | edit source]

Epidemiology young-onset dementia 2010

There are many types of dementia. Types of dementia include:

Normal Ageing Vs Early Signs of Dementia [edit | edit source]

It is sometimes difficult to tell the difference between what is normal ageing and what is the early onset of dementia (see Perceptions about Ageing and Ageism). You may be concerned that an elderly relative or friend is developing dementia. So, how will you know? You can use this table to compare the signs of early-onset dementia and normal ageing.[4] 

Early Dementia & Aging Table 4.png

[5] [6]

The 3 Stages of Dementia[edit | edit source]

This table shows the 3 generalised 'main stages' of the different types of dementia.

Stages of dementia 3.png

Some symptoms may appear earlier or later than indicated on this table and the stages may overlap. Progression through the stages varies from person to person and depends on many factors including:

  1. The type of dementia
  2. Age of onset
  3. The presence of other illnesses
  4. The level of support and care available

[7]

What else to expect?[edit | edit source]

  1. Depression: People with dementia may suffer from depression and/or behavioural problems. They may often become easily irritated/ frustrated or act aggressively towards a family member or friend. Behaviour management is one strategy that is used to decrease depression in individuals with dementia and can be carried out by carers. For example, reducing the repetition of words, managing aggression and the eating behaviours in people with dementia has a positive effect on their behaviour and overall well-being [8].
  2. Mood: Mood is also commonly affected in individuals with dementia. Individuals can often become flustered and distressed and in some cases can become aggressive and depressed. Regular movement will balance their mood, help to reduce depression and keep them calm. Physical activities can help improve sleep pattern which can often be disturbed by dementia. Regular routines can include household activities, exercise classes, resistance training and stretching [9].  

What Can Physiotherapy Offer?[edit | edit source]

Dementia- walking, a good exercise.

Physiotherapists use movement of the body to help bring about physical, psychological and social well-being.  Physiotherapy has an important role in promoting and maintaining mobility in people with dementia as well as improving their quality of life and reducing the burden of care.

Fall prevention: Poor balance is known to increase the risk of falls. Physiotherapy can lower  an individual's risk of falling by providing exercises specifically for improving balance. Fall prevention programmes can also address their fear of falling to ensure they maintain independence and safety with ADLs. For more information see here Falls and Dementia

Benefits of Exercise: Exercise has been shown to:

  • Reduce the risk of coronary heart disease, stroke, certain types of cancers and diabetes.
  • Prevent post-menopausal osteoporosis and therefore reduce the risk of osteoporotic fractures.
  • Reduce the complications of immobility
  • Reduce the risk of accidental falls
  • Improve mental/cognitive function, reduces stress/anxiety and improve self- confidence

Physiotherapy & Exercise[edit | edit source]

Physiotherapy can provide;

  • Strengthening exercises: to increase bone strength and decrease the risk of osteoporosis.
  • Balance: to prevent falls and increase confidence in everyday tasks.
  • Flexibility & stretching: to prevent muscle tightening and make movement easier.
  • Maintenance of independence: to stay as involved as possible for as long as possible in everyday life.
  • Postural management: Regular change in body position is essential for comfort and prevention of poor posture which may lead to muscle tightness and spasms, decreased movement of joints and pressure sores [10]. 
  • Help and advice on aids for the house: Equipment and adaptations at home will help make life easier for your loved one with dementia and keep them independent for as long as possible

It is also assessed everyday activities such as walking, going up and downstairs, getting out of a chair and getting in and out of bed. If someone is struggling to do any of these activities appropriate exercises should be incorporated into the treatment plan.

Physiotherapy and Pain[edit | edit source]

Physiotherapy can help manage pain. Pain affects mental function,  motivation and will affect how the person with dementia responds to any rehabilitation programme. People living with dementia who have difficulty speaking will not be able to easily report pain. These people are at risk of receiving inadequate medication and treatment of pain. It is important that pain is addressed before and during therapy to allow for better rehabilitation [8].

Education[edit | edit source]

By teaching carers about the disease, they will know what to expect and be better able to handle the challenges associated with dementia.  Some suggestions are:

  • Create a daily routine with small rituals - Predictability can be calming. This may help to relax the person.
  • Allow the individual do as much as they can independently
    • Give the individual a role/task; doing the washing up, peeling the vegetables, pairing socks.
    • Do less for them while encouraging them to do more for themselves.
    • If motivation is an issue, make the tasks functional: walk to the kitchen to get a drink instead of carrying it to them. 
    • If the person is wandering around or restless, then think about why this might be happening.  Some people walk because they are bored, have excess energy or it may be a reaction to an hallucination.
  • By doing as much as possible by themselves, they will be more likely to retain their self esteem.  
  • Plan activities that you can both enjoy 
  • If it is realistic to do so, encourage them to take the person for a walk each day.  It will burn off energy and the fresh air will do them both good.
  • Encourage other activities such as gardening, baking, listening to music, singing, dancing or playing cards. What is important is that the person is participating in an activity that makes him/her feel useful. 
  • Assess the home - The home can be full of potential hazards contributing to falls. Make sure there is nothing around the house that the person could trip on. For example carpets, rugs, doorway thresholds. 

See also Preventing Dementia and Cognitive Decline

Improve Communication[edit | edit source]

  1. Keep commands simple- one request at a time.  
  2. Allow extra time for a response to your question before repeating it.
  3. If the individual doesn't appear to understand your request, try rephrasing it.
  4. Don't chat whilst the person is trying to perform a task, this will likely be a distraction.
  5. Make sure communication problems are not due to problems with the individual's sight or hearing. Check that glasses and hearing aids are in good working order.
  6. Use names and explain phrases where possible, such as "Your son, John."

Other forms of communication that may be useful [edit | edit source]

Touch :can be used to help movement during walking by placing a hand on their shoulder or by taking their hand.
Sounds :can provide extra stimulation to encourage normal movement or to trigger a response to an instruction. Walking can improve by providing rhythm, for example counting aloud or by playing music with a rhythm  the person can walk to.
Visual communication: can be used to show tasks or give instructions. When performing exercises it is betting o show the exercise than to say the instructions [8]. 

References[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ NHS Choices 2012. www.nhs.uk/conditions/dementia/pages/introduction/apsx (accessed 21/10/2012)
  2. ↑ WHO Dementia Available:https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/dementia (accessed 13.9.22)
  3. ↑ Gubbels S, Bacci S, Laursen H, Høgenhaven H, Cowan S, Mølbak K, Christiansen M. Description and analysis of 12 years of surveillance for Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease in Denmark, 1997 to 2008. Eurosurveillance. 2012 Apr 12;17(15):20142.
  4. ↑ Alzheimers UK (2012) Available online at: http://www.alzheimers.org.uk/site/scripts/documents_info.php?documentID=120 Accessed on 12/11/2012
  5. ↑ http://www.onmemory.ca/en/signs_symptoms/aging_vs_alzheimers/ (accessed on 21/10/2012)
  6. ↑ http://www.psychiatry24x7.com/bgdisplay.jhtml?itemname=dementia_memoryloss
  7. ↑ Psychiatry 24 7 (2012) Available online at:http://www.psychiatry24x7.com/bgdisplay.jhtml?itemname=dementia_symptoms#stages Accessed 12/11/2012)
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Marshall, M. 2005. Perspectives on Rehabilitation and Dementia. [Online book] London: Jessica Kingsley. Available at: http://books.google.co.uk/books/about/Perspectives_On_Rehabilitation_And_Demen.html?id=KqhaW28SZ8oC [Accessed November 05 2012]
  9. ↑ Dementia Physiotherapist (2012) Available online at: http://www.healthcentre.org.uk/physiotherapists/physiotherapist-dementia.html Accessed 12/11/2012)
  10. ↑ NHS Postural Management Survey 2012
Retrieved from "https://www.physio-pedia.com/index.php?title=Carers_Guide_to_Dementia&oldid=316863"