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| [[Image:Atlanto-occipital joint anterior.png|thumb|Anterior Longintudinal Ligament - AP view ...":0">http://www.coloradospineinstitute.com/subject.php?pn=anatomy-ligaments-17</ref>

...of the spinous processes from the seventh cervical vertebra to 3rd or 4th lumbar vertebrae. From vertebra C7 to the skull ligament becomes structurally dist The supraspinous ligament is well developed only in the upper lumbar region and may terminate at L3, although the most common termination site a

...https://www.physioadvisor.com.au/health/anatomy/ligaments/ligaments-of-the-spine/ (accessed 29 March 2019). ...in the thoracic region, broader, thicker, and quadrilateral in form in the lumbar region, and only slightly developed in the neck. In the neck they are often

...ch provide cushioning between the vertebrae and absorb pressure put on the spine. It is a nearly universal condition in those who reach advanced age, but it ...023, July 12. Available from: https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/249036-overview]</ref>. Although some people experience no symptoms, others may fee

...iometer and video tracking methods.] Procedia Engineering. 2013 Jan 1;68:77-82. Available: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877705813 Obliterate lumbar curve by flexing other hip and holding.

<div class="pp-no-course-suggestions pp-no-article-suggestions"></div> <div class="flex-row row">

...has a uniform width over the bodies and discs, but in the [[Lumbar Anatomy|lumbar]] region the ligament is widest at the levels of the intervertebral discs w ...a serrated edge<ref>https://radiopaedia.org/articles/posterior-longitudinal-ligament</ref>.

...oney V . [https://www.elsevier.com/books/movement-stability-and-lumbopelvic-pain/9780443101786 Movement, Stability & Lumbopelvic Pain 2nd Edition] . Ph ...ligamentum flavum, causing pretension in the neutral position (interspinous-supraspinous thoracolumbar ligamentous complex)<ref name=":0" />

...lateral facet joints transfer loads and guide and constrain motions in the spine due to their geometry and mechanical function<ref>Nicolas V. Jaumard, Willi ...is rather flat in the cervical and thoracic regions and more convex in the lumbar region. The opposing inferior facet of the superior vertebra is concave and

...lysis. journal of orthopaedic & sports physical therapy. 2018 Jun;48(6):476-90.</ref> Single knee-to-chest is part of the exercise concept developed for individuals with [[Chron

[[File:250px-Longissimus.png|thumb|Longissimus]] ...ilable:https://study.com/academy/lesson/longissimus-muscle-origin-insertion-function.html (accessed 5.2.2022)</ref>:

...onnect the spine to the pelvis, facilitating load transfer from the lumbar spine to the lower extremities. The majority of low back pain (LBP) is perceived to arise from the lumbar spine, but another likely source of LBP that is largely overlooked is the SIJ.

...acrospinous ligament]]<nowiki/>s. They help stabilise the&nbsp;lumbosacral spine on the [[pelvis]].<ref>A STUDY OF ITS ANATOMY. DEVELOPMENT AND CLINICAL SIG ....<ref>http://www.medic8.com/healthguide/sports-medicine/iliolumbar-ligament-injury.html</ref>[[Image:IMG_9766.jpg|right|300x300px]]

=== Joints and Ligaments of the Skull === Temporo-mandibular joint:<ref name=":1" />

[[File:Spine anatomy.jpg|thumb|Lumbosacral spine]] ...an come from various structures, notably facet joints, spinal muscles, and ligaments. [[Low Back Pain|Low back pain]] is a major clinical and socioeconomic burd

...ebral nerve with clinical applications]. ''Anat Cell Biol''. 2019;52(2):128-133.</ref>. Innervate multiple meningeal and non-meningeal structures. Is a somatic and vegetative nerve.

...h of the fascicles, as well as region covered. The groups are rotatores, [[Lumbar Multifidus|multifidus]], and semispinalis. ...alis] Available: https://radiopaedia.org/articles/transversospinalis-muscle-group?lang=us<nowiki/>(accessed 30.1.2022)</ref>

'''Original Editor '''- [http://www.physio-pedia.com/User:Wendy_Walker Wendy Walker] ...thoracolumbar fascia?Available: https://askinglot.com/what-is-thoracolumbar-fascia<nowiki/>(accessed 14.2.2022)</ref>

...tematic review and meta-analysis. The Spine Journal. 2018 Dec 1;18(12):2266-77.</ref> ...rapist]] can be accessed in Physiopedia where [[MRI Scans|MRI]], [[X-Rays|X-rays]], [[CT Scans|CT scans]], and bone scans are discussed.

* The sacrum is made of five fused [[Lumbar Vertebrae|vertebrae]] configured as an inverted triangular bone that is con * Though the spinal cord ends in the lumbar region (L1-L2), the dura mater extends to S2.

...nerves Available: https://musculoskeletalkey.com/nerves-innervation-of-the-spine/<nowiki/>(accessed 6.2.2022)</ref> ...inal Nerves Available: https://www.verywellhealth.com/spinal-nerves-anatomy-4682599<nowiki/>(accessed 6.2.2022)</ref>

...with increasing lordosis and with hyperlordosis. The pull of muscle on the lumbar vertebrae also creates an increasing shear strength on the vertebrae.<ref>T ...trength may create a fracture <u>+</u> injury in the collateral or crossed ligaments (e.g. ACL ruptures).

[[Image:Lumbar vertebra.jpg|thumb|right|350px|Lumbar Vertebrae]] ...ed Anatomy of the Lumbar Spine">Ombregt, L. Applied Anatomy of the Lumbar Spine. Chapter 31 In: A System of Orthopaedic Medicine. Elsevier, 2013.</ref>

...ghout the spinal column to cushion the bones as the body moves. [[Ligament|Ligaments]] hold the vertebrae in place, and [[Tendon Anatomy|tendon]]<nowiki/>s atta ...ertebrae and abdominal wall, including the bony structures, articulations, ligaments, muscles, nerves and the vascular supply.

...ussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universiteit Brussel's Evidence-based Practice project]] [[File:SPINE ANATOMY.jpg|thumb]]

...ck Pain Authority. Available from: https://www.cure-back-pain.org/fractured-coccyx.html (last accessed 4.12.2019)</ref> ...7. Available from: https://online.boneandjoint.org.uk/doi/full/10.1302/0301-620X.92B12.25486 (last accessed 4.12.2019)</ref>.

...n the superior [[Cervical Anatomy|cervical]] spine and the inferior lumbar spine. It consists of 12 vertebrae that are distinct in shape and function from v ...e thoracic vertebrae are medium sized and heart shaped. They are all weight-bearing and generally increase in size from superiorly to inferiorly with an

...Joints|Facet]] arthrosis is a painful [[arthritis]]-like condition of the spine caused by degeneration of the joints between the spinal bones. ...Available from: https://www.verywellhealth.com/facet-arthropathy-treatment-190440</ref> [[File:Facet Joints Anatomy.jpeg|thumb|200x200px]]

...ailable from:https://www.coloradospineinstitute.com/education/wellness/body-mechanics/ (last accessed 25.5.2020)</ref>. ...ps://www.ongwanada.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Body-Mechanics-and-Injury-Prevention.pdf (last accessed 25.5.2020)</ref>.

...al of Physiotherapy. He is also the author of two books:<ref name="mulligan-5">Manual therapy NAGS,SNAGS,MWMS,etc by Brian R.Mulligan, 5th edition, 2004 ...of the extremities and SNAGS (sustained natural apophyseal glides) of the spine were first coined by Brian R. Mulligan <ref>Mulligan, BR: Manual Therapy �

...ebrae in place, and tendons attach the muscles to the spinal column. Thirty-one pairs of nerves are rooted to the [[Spinal cord anatomy|spinal cord]] an ...Futterman B. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459278/ Anatomy, back, lumbar vertebrae.] InStatPearls [Internet] 2018 Dec 13. StatPearls Publishing. Ava

...systematic review and meta-analysis. Physical therapy. 2018 Jan 1;98(1):40-62.</ref>. ...ational Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics. 2007 Jan 1;13(2):215-23.</ref>. This emphasizes the need for workplace interventions to reduce an

...464x464px|FABERs test.  Attribution to "Dr. Donald Corenman, MD - Colroado Spine Doctor".]] ...ith musculoskeletal hip pain]. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2008 Feb;38(2):71-7. Epub 2007 Sep 21.</ref><br>

This guide gives a general overview of the anatomy of the thoracic spine. It also includes some facts regarding pathophysiology in this region. The sagittal plane alignment of the Thoracic spine is on average 35% (normal range is 20° to 50°).<ref name=":2" />

...patients with degenerative lumbar conditions. Phys Ther. 2005 Feb;85(2):120-33. Evidence level: 2a grade of recommendation: B</ref> ...ension, abduction, adduction, internal rotation and external rotation. The ligaments of the hip joint act to increase stability. They can be divided into two gr

...ac joint (commonly referred to as SIJ) is the joint connection between the spine and the pelvis. ..., diagnosis, and treatment]. Anesthesia & Analgesia. 2005 Nov 1;101(5):1440-53.</ref> made up of the [[sacrum]] and the two innominates of the [[pelvis]

...e amount of force transferred from the ground and lower extremities to the spine and upper extremities.<ref name=":2" /> ...parate bones yet to be fused: ilium, ischium and pubis connected by the tri-radiate cartilage.

[[File:SPINE ANATOMY.jpg|right|frameless|300x300px]] ...">IC Lumbar Instability Available:https://www.institutoclavel.com/en/lumbar-instability (accessed 16.6.2021)</ref>

...k), 12 in the thoracic region (middle back), and 5 in the [[Lumbar Anatomy|lumbar region]] (lower back).   ...at deal of strength. They also provide a shock-absorbing effect within the spine and prevent the vertebrae from grinding together. They consist of three maj

...ginal Editor '''- [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/rosanne-le-jeune/ Rosanne Lejeune] '''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributors/{{FU Pelvic hind limb bears 40-45% of the weight and provides the majority of propulsion for locomotion.

...tps://www.spine-health.com/wellness/exercise/exercise-and-fitness-help-your-back (accessed 1.2.2022)</ref> ...ack pain and physical fitness in adolescents. Spine. 2006 Jul 1;31(15):1740-4.Available: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16816772/ (accessed 1.2.2022)</

[[File:Normal-sacro-iliac-joints-ct.jpeg|right|frameless]] ...ed Clinical Tests of the Sacroiliac Joint. Physical Therapy. 1985; 65: 1671-1675fckLRLevel of evidence: C</ref>

...extends downwards from the [[brainstem]] through the central column of the spine. It is a relatively small bundle of tissue (weighing 35g and just about 1cm ...ate neural circuits for many of our [[reflexes]]. Some reflexes eg the knee-jerk are built into the nervous system and bypass the brain, while others ca

== Age-related Changes in Connective Tissue == # Age-associated alterations in matrix molecule cross-linking

[[File:Lumbar aponeurosis.jpeg|right|frameless|399x399px]] ...during muscle contraction]. Journal of biomechanics. 2016 Jun 14;49(9):1812-7. Available:https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27155748/ (accessed 15.12.2021)

...ased on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/daphne-xuan/ Daphne Xuan]<br> ...1;12(2):e053999.</ref>[[File:C-spine-picture.jpg|thumb|250x250px|Cervical spine]]

...ns]] and [[User:Marie Avau|Marie Avau]] Debby Decock, Farrie Bakalli, Laure-Anne Callewaert '''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributors/{{FULLPAGEN [[File:Lumbar spondylosis2.JPG|right|frameless|400x400px]]

...is syndrome, ischiofemoral impingement and sciatic nerve release. Muscles, ligaments and tendons journal. 2016 Jul;6(3):384.</ref>: ...utm_medium=search&utm_campaign=ongoing_internal Radicular pain from Lumbar spine origin]

...of muscles, joints, and soft tissues to move through an unrestricted, pain-free range of motion. It involves the capacity of these structures to stretc ...of stretching, especially when combined with activity, can lead to fatigue-induced soft tissue shortening over time.<ref>UC Davis health [https://healt

...based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/donna-fisher/ Donna Fisher]<br>'''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributors/{{F ...nal braces are off-the-shelf, although certain situations call for a custom-made device.<ref name=":0" />