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...and [[Intervertebral disc|intervertebral discs]] throughout the length of the vertebral column. From superficial to deep its ligamentous fibers span vary *the deepest fibers are short intersegmental fibers

[[Ligament|Ligaments]] are fibrous bands of connective tissue that attach to bone. ...with the tendons and muscles, provides a natural brace to help protect the spine from injury.

...structurally distinct from more caudal parts of the ligament and is called the '''[[ligamentum nuchae]]'''.<ref name="gray's">Richard L. Drake, A. Wayne V ...nate at L3, although the most common termination site appears to be at L4. The ligament is almost always absent at L5/S1.<ref name=":0">Levangie PK, Norki

...e of the costal tubercle and the costal facet of the transverse process of the corresponding vertebra. ...k articular capsule. This thin capsule is reinforced and strengthened by 3 ligaments:

...[Thoracic Vertebrae|thoracic vertebrae]], enclosing the thoracic cage from the posterior side.[[File:Gray312.png|Costovertebral articulations. Anterior vi Joining of ribs to the vertebrae occurs at two places

...Anterior longitudinal ligament]], its deep fibres are intersegmental while the more superficial fibres can span up to four vertebral levels. ...l end plates, and the margins of the vertebrae. Its cranial counterpart is the tectorial membrane<ref name=":0">http://www.anatomyexpert.com/app/structure

...nature<ref>Nikolai Bogduk. Clinical and Radiological Anatomy of the Lumbar Spine 5th Edition.Churchill Livingstone: Elsevier. Feb 2012.</ref><ref name=":0" ...pinous, interspinous ligaments to ligamentum flavum, causing pretension in the neutral position (interspinous-supraspinous thoracolumbar ligamentous compl

...bar region. The thoracic nerves also supply some of the areas of skin over the abdomen and axilla. ...ilable:https://www.marylandbackandneckpaindoctors.com/symptoms-of-thoracic-spine-nerve-damage/ (accessed 7,2,2022)</ref>.

...n the copyright on these images and request that they are not used outside of Physiopedia without special permission. To use the pictures:

...https://www.physioadvisor.com.au/health/anatomy/ligaments/ligaments-of-the-spine/ (accessed 29 March 2019). ...neck they are often considered part of the nuchal ligament.<ref>Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Interspinous ligament. Available from:

...long the entire length of the vertebral column<ref name=":0" />.It is made of three parts listed below<ref name=":0" /><ref>Study.com Longissimus Availab [[File:Muscles of the Back.png|thumb|401x401px|Back Muscles]]<u>Origins</u><ref name=":0" />:

...or articular process of one vertebra and the inferior articular process of the vertebra directly above it. There are two facet joints in each spinal motio ...and form the articular pillars that act to provide structural stability to the vertebral column as a whole.

...struction and may only be partially complete. Please come back soon to see the finished work! ({{REVISIONDAY}}/{{REVISIONMONTH}}/{{REVISIONYEAR}})</div> ...ch provide cushioning between the vertebrae and absorb pressure put on the spine. It is a nearly universal condition in those who reach advanced age, but it

.../www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19563667?dopt=Abstract Thoracic spine pain in the general population: prevalence, incidence and associated factors in childre ...broad because of many factors eg the different definitions and duration of thoracic back pain included.

...'. Stuttgart; New York: Thieme.</ref> is located at the anterior aspect of the neck. ==Bony Structure of Neck==

...b|alt=|524x524px|Cranial skull- canine]]The Roof of the cranium is made up of frontal and parietal bones. The Floor is made up of sphenoid bone.

...re distinct in shape and function from vertebrae found in other regions of the vertebral column. ...possess articular facets on their sides for articulation with the heads of the ribs.

...png|alt=Overview of the scapula bone - anterior view|300x300px|Overview of the scapula bone - anterior view|thumb]] ...horacic]] cage. It has 2 surfaces, 3 borders, 3 angles and 3 processes<ref>The Skeletal System. [https://www.theskeletalsystem.net/arm-bones/scapula.html

...Karatas|Gülcan Karatas]][[User:Sefora Bakkioui|Sefora Bakkiouias]] part of the [[Vrije Universiteit Brussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universi [[File:SPINE ANATOMY.jpg|thumb]]

...ntly under review and may not be up to date. Please come back soon to see the finished work!!</div> This guide gives a general overview of the anatomy of the thoracic spine. It also includes some facts regarding pathophysiology in this region.

[[File:Rotatores.png|thumb|Rotatores: deepest muscles in the transversospinalis group]] ...ses and are grouped by length of the fascicles, as well as region covered. The groups are rotatores, [[Lumbar Multifidus|multifidus]], and semispinalis.

...n of the SC joint.<ref>ALLMAN JR FL. Fractures and ligamentous injuries of the clavicle and its articulation. JBJS. 1967 Jun 1;49(4):774-84.</ref> '''The SC joint is formed by the articulation of three bones'''<ref name=":3" />''':'''

...rbox"> '''Original Editor '''- [[User:Carin Hunter|Carin Hunter]] based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/rina-pandya/ Rina ...connectivity in musculoskeletal dysfunctions: A narrative review.] Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies. 2020 Oct 1;24(4):423-31.</ref>

[[File:PP Thoracolumbar Fascia.png|thumb|The thoracolumbar fascia is the gray area at bottom center.]] ...separate the [[Paraspinal Muscles|paraspinal muscles]] from the muscles of the posterior [[Abdominal Muscles|abdominal wall]].

...l nerve formation.png|thumb|369x369px|Formation of spinal nerve from roots of spinal cord]] ...with a few exceptions eg [[Cervical Anatomy|neck muscles]] are supplied by the spinal nerves.

...omic burden is another issue as neck pain impacts the employer, as well as the employee's performance, health, productivity, medical costs, and compensati ...nal Safety and Ergonomics. 2007 Jan 1;13(2):215-23.</ref>. This emphasizes the need for workplace interventions to reduce and prevent neck pain in office

...s published in New Zealand Journal of Physiotherapy. He is also the author of two books:<ref name="mulligan-5">Manual therapy NAGS,SNAGS,MWMS,etc by Bria #'Self Treatment for the Back, Neck and Limbs' for Public.

...'''Original Editor '''- [[User:Robin Tacchetti|Robin Tacchetti]] based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/daphne-xuan/ Daphn ...1;12(2):e053999.</ref>[[File:C-spine-picture.jpg|thumb|250x250px|Cervical spine]]

'''Original Editor '''- Your name will be added here if you created the original content for this page. Surfing is enjoyed by many people around the world. Surfing involves dynamic moves on an unstable surface needing good b

...Plos one. 2021 Jul 23;16(7):e0254788.</ref> Those differences emerge from the functions that each breed was originally developed.<ref>Zink C, Schlehr MR. ...ta G, Macrì F. [https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/11/3/813 Four Unusual Cases of Congenital Forelimb Malformations in Dogs. Animals] 2021, 11, 813.</ref>

...nd [[Movement Dysfunction|movement]], this can result in marked alteration of function.</div> ...altered connective tissue biology and a decrease in effective maintenance of tissue homeostasis<ref name=":1" />.

...e particular orientation, structure, and function of the thoracic spine in the vertebral column. ...weight of the of the axial skeleton as compared to the thoracic and sacral spine.

[[File:Muscles of the cervical region multifidus superficial layer Primal.png|right|frameless]] ...ding of this anatomy is essential for assessment and treatment of cervical spine problems.

Because of the rising popularity of media devices such as smartphones and computers, frequent users often exhib ...forward head posture on thoracic shape and respiratory function]. Journal of physical therapy science. 2019;31(1):63-8. Available from:https://www.ncbi.

Side stitch is an acute, localized, pain on the upper side of the abdomen which can occur after exercise. ...Induced Abdominal Pain (E.I.A.P.)'''. <ref name=":0">Eichner ER. Stitch in the side: causes, workup, and solutions. Current sports medicine reports. 2006

...cluding the bony structures, articulations, ligaments, muscles, nerves and the vascular supply. ...ior to superior. The rotation axes of the foot joints are perpendicular to the cardinal planes. Therefore, motion at these joints results in rotations wit

...ae in place, and [[Tendon Anatomy|tendon]]<nowiki/>s attach the muscles to the spinal column. ...cluding the bony structures, articulations, ligaments, muscles, nerves and the vascular supply.

...s, diagnose and manage an equine patient. To do this, a good understanding of equine anatomy is essential. Pelvic hind limb bears 40-45% of the weight and provides the majority of propulsion for locomotion.

...ust about 1cm in diameter) but is crucial in facilitating our [[Activities of Daily Living|daily activities]]. ...m the body, partially processes it, and then transmits that information to the brain.

...rd]] and they control body movements and transmit signals from the body to the [[Brain Anatomy|brain.]] ...gions. The lumbar spine consists of 5 moveable vertebrae (numbered L1-L5). The lumbar vertebrae, as a group, produce a lordotic curve<ref name=":0">Waxenb

...on. It is best used in combination with other specific tests. A synonym is the Vorlauf test. ...s of the Sacroiliac Joint. Physical Therapy. 1985; 65: 1671-1675fckLRLevel of evidence: C</ref>

...rbox"> '''Original Editor '''- [[User:Carin Hunter|Carin Hunter]] based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/donna-fisher/ Donn ...hermoplastics are used, which facilitates new designs and more comfort for the user.

...of Dysfunction and Manual Therapy Guidelines for Assessment and Treatment of These Structures. Topics in Compan An Med; 29, 1: 1–5. </ref> ..., university of johannesburg, 2015 </ref> Together with the thoracic cage, the costovertebral and costotransverse joints provide stability.<ref name=":1"

..."> '''Original Editor '''- [[User:Chelsea Mclene|Chelsea Mclene]] based on the course by '''Equine anatomy''' refers to the gross and microscopic anatomy of horses and other equids (donkeys, and zebras).

There are a number of common [[Posture|postural]] changes that can affect an individual's functio In older adults, the following postural features are commonly observed:<ref name=":0">Banfi M. I

...uxation, spinal cord injury without radiological abnormality, and multiple thoracic compression fracture<ref name=":0">Basu S (2012) Spinal injuries in childre ...cognitive and physical development in the growing child and the impact of the SCI on this complex process<ref name=":1">Powell A, Davidson L. Pediatric S

...ervical]] region (neck), 12 in the thoracic region (middle back), and 5 in the [[Lumbar Anatomy|lumbar region]] (lower back).   ...(NP), the outer, annulus (AF) and the cartilaginous endplates that anchor the discs to adjacent vertebrae.<ref name=":0">Waxenbaum JA, Futterman B. [http

...>Ombregt, L. Applied Anatomy of the Lumbar Spine. Chapter 31 In: A System of Orthopaedic Medicine. Elsevier, 2013.</ref> ...sterior elements that help guide the movement of the vertebrae and protect the spinal cord.

'''Original Editors ''' [[User:Lisa Pernet|Lisa Pernet]] as part of the [[Vrije Universiteit Brussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universi ...idence: 2B)</ref>. Also, peripheral entheses may be affected: peripatellar ligaments, [[Achilles Tendon|Achilles tendon]] insertion, plantar fascia, [[Shoulder|

...]-like condition of the spine caused by degeneration of the joints between the spinal bones. ...ertebrae posteriorly and and help with twisting and turning motions of the spine. <ref name=":0">Brennan D. Facet arthrosis: What is it and what causes it?