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...one of the most frequent fractures presenting to the emergency department and orthopedic trauma teams. # The terms hip fracture and femoral neck fracture both relate to the same type of injury.

'''Education''' regarding weight reduction and exercise; ...of appropriate simple orthoses, aids and appliances to alleviate distress and disability;

...ey have been assessed and treated by other clinicians with limited success and that their symptoms are still present.<ref name=":1">Clinicalsportsmedicine * Non-healing fractures<ref name=":0" />

...l KS .,‘Plantar fasciitis and the calcaneal spur: Fact or fiction?’., Foot Ankle Surg.,18 March 2012 (level of evidence 3B)</ref>&nbsp; [[Image:Intrinsic foot muscles.png|thumb|right|400x200px|Intrinsic foot muscles]]

...[Integumentary System|skin.]] Before treatment, the exact cause, location, and type of wound must be assessed to provide appropriate treatment.<ref name=" ...is a complex physiological process occurring after an injury in the cells and tissues of our bodies to restore function of the tissue.

...name=":10" /> Clinical symptoms that can help with diagnosis include pain and abnormal forefoot sensation. Conservative treatment, including lifestyle ad [[File:Foot Inneravtion.gif|thumb|Foot innervation]]

...from: <nowiki>https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases--conditions/sprained-ankle/</nowiki> (accessed 22/12/2022)</ref>. ...Hong Y, Chan LK, Yung PS, Chan KM. A systematic review on ankle injury and ankle sprain in sports. Sports medicine. 2007 Jan;37(1):73-94.</ref>

...copic treatment of anterolateral impingement of the ankle. Journal of Foot Ankle Surgery [serial online]. May 2010;49(3):219-223. Available from: CINAHL Plu [[Image:493x335 ankle.jpg|center|500px]]

...en describing biomechanics.<ref name="Brukner and Khan">Brukner P. Brukner and Khan's Clinical Sports Medicine. North Ryde: McGraw-Hill; 2012.</ref> ...of Biomechanics">Knudson D. Fundamentals of Biomechanics. Springer Science and Business Media; 2007 May 28.</ref> The following are some of the areas wher

...ghtweight foams and thermoplastics are used, which facilitates new designs and more comfort for the user. ...signed and appropriate orthotic device which is comfortable and functional and meets the user's needs.<ref name=":0" /> Unlike other orthotic devices, man

...nstable. As a result, the talus tilts and other ligaments can be ruptured. Ankle instability or arthritis can be the result of diastasis [8]&nbsp;[9]. ...alleolus lateralis [1].The purpose of these ligaments is to hold the tibia and the fibula together when the joint is loaded [3].&nbsp;<br>

...ed Disorders: Clinical Resource Guide]. South Australian Centre for Trauma and Injury Recovery (2008). ...nes Linked to the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health]. Blanpied PR, Gross AR, Elliott JM, Devaney LL, Clewley D, Walton D

...ility and function and flexor hallucis longus tendon morphology in dancers and non-dancers]. Medical problems of performing artists. 2015 Sep 1;30(3):152- ...dancers&f=false Foot and Ankle Injuries in Dancers]. Baxter's The Foot and Ankle in Sport. 2020 Jan 25:436.</ref>

...Elia C, Saini HS, Miulli DE. A review of lumbar radiculopathy, diagnosis, and treatment. ''Cureus'', 2019;''11''(10):e5934.</ref> Patients may or may not ...hysical therapy on pain, range of motion, endurance, functional disability and quality of life versus routine physical therapy alone in patients with lumb

...:1">Howell, D, Gait Deviation Associated with Pain Syndromes in the Pelvis and Knee. Gait Analysis. Plus. 2022</ref> ...eview [[Gait Deviations|this article]]. To review common gait terminology and definitions, please see [[Gait Definitions|this article]].

...fication|joints]] in the body (Histologically) are fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial. ...small and oval-shaped, or a [[Meniscal Lesions|meniscus]], which is larger and C-shaped.<ref name=":0">Juneja P, Hubbard JB. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

...ity, and validity of the measuring methods, the effect of LLD on function, and its role in various neuromusculoskeletal conditions<ref name=":0" />.<br> ...7(5):66-75. Available from: https://www.podiatrytoday.com/keys-recognizing-and-treating-limb-length-discrepancy Last accessed 12.11.2019)</ref>

[[File:Tibia - frontal view.png|thumb|Pain generally in the inner and lower 2/3rds of tibia.|alt=|240x240px]] ...n early stress injury in the continuum of tibial [[Stress Fractures|stress fractures]].<ref name=":9">McClure CJ, Oh R. Medial Tibial Stress Syndrome. 2019 Avai

[[File:Runner surface and shoes.jpg|right|frameless]] ...>, thus most commonly occur in competitive cross-country runners and track-and-field athletes. <ref name=":0">Roche M, Fredericson M, Kraus E. Bone Stress

...in severity from relatively benign injuries to life-threatening, unstable fractures. ...https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r7ZpRkGK4F4|width}}<ref>Lee Health. Pelvic fractures. Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r7ZpRkGK4F4 (last accessed

...al considerations for multiple limb amputation]. Current physical medicine and rehabilitation reports. 2014 Dec;2(4):273-89.. ...l 1;26:620-2.</ref>. 37% of the patients with peripheral vascular disease and 60% of those with infection also had a diagnosis of diabetes<ref name=":4"

...nd have [[Immunocompromised Client|immunosuppressive]], anti-inflammatory, and vasoconstrictive effects.<ref name=":0">Hodgens A, Sharman T. [https://www. ...arry a risk of various side effects.<ref>Mayo clinic Available: Prednisone and other corticosteroids<nowiki/>https://www.mayoclinic.org/steroids/art-20045

...rmal [[Biomechanics of Foot and Ankle|biomechanics]] of the [[Foot Anatomy|foot]]. * The fascia itself is important in providing support for the arch and providing shock absorption.

...="p4">Suksathien R., A new static progressive splint for treatment of knee and elbow flexion contractures, 2010; 93 (7): 799-804 (C)</ref> In most cases, * Straight line between femoral cortex and tibial cortex (see the image below)

...d conflicts, patients present with multiple injuries, and open and complex fractures are common, which can complicate your rehabilitation plan. ...maintain close contact with the medical team in order to assess those with fractures prior to discharge.<ref name=":3" />

...chain in overhand pitching: its potential role for performance enhancement and injury prevention.] Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach. 2010 Mar 1 * deceleration and

== What is an Ankle Arthroplasty? == ...al and is preferred to ankle arthrodesis (fusion) as the range of movement and function an not compromised. The main objectives of the arthroplasty are to

...sh J. Epidemiology of sports injury in pediatric athletes. Sports medicine and arthroscopy review 2011; 19(1), 2-6. http://journals.lww.com/sportsmedarthr ...13-17 year old age group tend to have more injuries of the pelvis, spine, and chest <ref name="SS" />.

...The native hip joint (as opposed to prosthetic hip) is inherently stable and needs a huge amount of force to cause dislocation, such as in a motor vehic ...(most common ~85%). Caused by combined forces of: hip flexion, adduction, and internal rotation.

...ltiple sports. However, there is an ongoing debate on our ability to truly and confidently prevent injuries. Ultimately, the global aim is to try to reduc ...and movement skill. By influencing these factors, the risk may be modified and, therefore, an individual's predisposition to injury may be reduced.

...is a popular sport with the explosion in climbing gyms, bouldering venues and, bolted sports routes. ...ury patterns, treatments, and prevention is important to diagnose, manage, and counsel the rock-climbing athlete.

[[Image:DVT.jpg|thumb|150px|DVT: R leg with swelling and redness]] ...NBK507708/ (last accessed 25.10.2020)</ref> For those who do develop a DVT and survive, '''post-thrombotic phlebitis''' is a lifelong sequela, which has n

...5359760/ Lower limb stress fractures in sport: optimizing their management and outcome]. World journal of orthopedics. 2017 Mar 18;8(3):242.</ref> ...e of the trabecular which is repaired by a microcallus. In [[Bone Cortical And Cancellous|cortical bone]], the initial response to an increase in mechanic

...ted that definitions of sports injury can be discussed in both theoretical and operational terms.<ref name="Verhagen">Verhagen E, Van Mechelen W, editors. ...llustrated+guide+to+the+management+of+injuries+in+physical+activity.+Wiley+and+Sons.2012&ots=GI98_7BR4d&sig=1sJh7uy7tiVSEG6NGnmQydeS1mA The IOC manual of

....nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6179584/ Knee osteoarthritis: pathophysiology and current treatment modalities. Journal of pain research. 2018;11:2189.]</ref ...ing in some cases.<ref name=":2" /> There is tenderness on joint palpation and reduced joint range of motion due to stiffness.<ref name=":3" />

...0.pdf Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) type I: historical perspective and critical issues]. Clin Cases Miner Bone Metab. 2015 Jan-Apr;12(Suppl 1):4-1 == History and Definition ==

[[File:Running Man and Woman.jpg|thumb|Runners]] ...isk of injury.<ref>Walther M, Reuter I, Leonhard T, Engelhardt M. Injuries and response to overload stress in running as a sport. Der Orthopade. 2005 May

...nwhile, other names are given to HMS, such as joint hypermobility syndrome and benign hypermobility joint syndrome. HMS is a dominant inherited connective ...rders such as Down syndrome and metabolic disorders such as homocystinuria and hyperlysinemia.<ref name="p4" /> Laboratory tests are used to exclude these

'''Original Editor '''- [[User:Josh Williams|Josh Williams]] and [[User:John Rivera|John Rivera]] ...njuries]], [[Ankle Sprain|ankle sprains]], strains, and [[Stress Fractures|fractures]]. Of these injuries, the most common injuries discussed are injuries to th

...agepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/107110079201300810 Achilles tendinitis]. Foot & ankle. 1992 Oct;13(8):482-7. </ref><ref name=":7" /> ...egenerative changes of the affected tendon, eg the tendon fiber structure and arrangement; an increase in glycosaminoglycans (water-binding molecules th

...with a standard set of plain radiographs, with special radiographic views and more elaborate modalities used if indicated. <ref name="Berry" /> ...nalski CS, White LM. MRI of articular cartilage: revisiting current status and future directions. AJR. American journal of roentgenology. 2005;185(4):899-

...''- [[User:Rob Sigler|Rob Sigler]], [[User:Michael Kecman|Michael Kecman]] and [[User:Daniel Alcorn|Daniel Alcorn]] as part of the [[The Jackson Clinics R ...''- [[User:Rob Sigler|Rob Sigler]], [[User:Michael Kecman|Michael Kecman]] and [[User:Daniel Alcorn|Daniel Alcorn]] as part of the [[The Jackson Clinics R

...icles/PMC4338213/ Injuries in runners; a systematic review on risk factors and sex differences]. PloS one. 2015;10(2).</ref>. The key to developing a comp ...rs are prone to different injuries depending on their duration, intensity, and frequency.

...e is a rare but serious injury. If this injury is not promptly recognized and early operated, it may lead to disability.<ref>Popov I, Ristić V, Maljan ...exion. A rupture of this central tendon drastically hinders knee extension and directly effects functionality. The degree that a quadriceps tendon rupture

...rvey, A . Rehabilitation in Sudden Onset Disasters. Handicap International and UK Emergency Medical Team, 2015. p.25.</ref><ref name=":0"/> ...ion, and can often delay initial access to rehabilitation as stump closure and soft tissue coverage are compromised where the dead muscle is missed result

...se''', the pelvis normally tilts downwards on the weight-bearing extremity and hikes up on the non-weight bearing extremity. However, in the presence of ...6th edition, ELBS, 1986. p243.</ref><ref name=":3">Castro WH. Examination and diagnosis of musculoskeletal disorders: Clinical Examination - Imaging Moda

...m/science/article/pii/S0140673602119945 Association of neural tube defects and folic acid food fortification in Canada]. The Lancet. 2002 Dec 21;360(9350) ...its are less likely than with myelomeningocele; structural brain anomalies and [[Arnold Chiari Malformation|Chiari II&nbsp;malformation]] are less likely.

...ury being treated, which can often result in a delay in the identification and treatment of the peripheral nerve injury. ...ehabilitation-in-conflicts-and-disasters Early Rehabilitation in Conflicts and Disasters]. Handicap International: London, UK. 2020.</ref>

== Introduction and Background Information == ...nterior thigh and knee pain<ref name=":2">Kuchera W, Kuchera ML. Diagnosis and manipulative treatment: Thoracic region.</ref>.

...cussed on this page. This is an invasive and advanced assessment technique and should only be performed after demonstrating competency after in-person men ...ord injury in developing countries from 2009 to 2020]: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neuroepidemiology. 2022 May 5;56(4):219-39.</ref>

...e of three and five years and functional level is maintained between three and six years in these children. Symptoms are mild at first but become more sev ...s. The incidence of DMD globally is every 1/3500 male births<ref name="Yiu and Kornberg">Yiu E, Kornberg A. Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy. Neurology India 2

...Finlay]], [[User:Dave Murray|Dave Murray]], [[User:Lynda Bend|Lynda Bend]] and [[User:Hin Ying Chan|Hin Ying Chan]] as part of the [[Nottingham University ...e disease and more overuse and traumatic causes such as:<ref name="Micheli and Wood 1995" />

...erging_Roles_in_Physiotherapy_Practice|Queen Margaret University's Current and Emerging Roles in Physiotherapy Practice Project]]<br>'''Top Contributors'' ...ren and adolescents aged 5-19 were overweight or obese<ref name="McCormick and Stone 2007" />. More than 80% of the world's adolescent population is insuf

...Upper Extremities, Full Body), Vertical (Healthcare, Defense, Industrial) and Region (2021-2026).Available online: https://www.marketsandmarkets.com/Mark .../>. Gait improvement is both a desirable and important outcome for social and vocational reintegration <ref>Esquenazi A., Talaty M. [https://pubmed.ncbi.

...ain and loss of function; however, the disease is clinically very variable and can present merely as an asymptomatic incidental finding to a devastating, ...he cartilage wears away and bone rubs against bone leading to joint damage and more pain.<ref>Arthritis foundation [https://www.arthritis.org/about-arthri

...rauma. Biomechanics of the anterior cruciate ligament: Physiology, rupture and reconstruction techniques]. World journal of orthopedics. 2016 Feb 18;7(2): ...ence/article/pii/S0949265815333947 Roles of the anterior cruciate ligament and the medial collateral ligament in preventing valgus instability]. J Orthop

...string injuries can also occur in recreational sports such as water skiing and bull riding, where the knee is forcefully extended during injury. * The [[semitendinosus]] and

...ne is a degenerative meniscal tear. A meniscal cyst may present with signs and symptoms consistent with typical meniscal pathology. The [[discoid meniscus ...eoarthritis can also lead to a spontaneous meniscal tear through breakdown and weakening of the meniscal structure.

..., [[User:Thomas Allison|Tom Allison]], [[User:Matthew Deakin|Matt Deakin]] and [[User:Anna Mansfield|Anna Mansfield]] as part of the [[Nottingham Universi ...aker L, Smith A. A detailed characterisation of pain, disability, physical and psychological features of a small group of adolescents with non-specific ch

...encompassing many pathologies and these are common injuries in both elite and amateur athletes as well as in the general population<ref>Radiopedia [https ...nt can postpone an athlete’s return to the field with weeks or even months and increase the risk of re-injury.

...larmine University's Pathophysiology of Complex Patient Problems project]] and [[User:Yves Hubar|Yves Hubar]] ...nclude [[allodynia]], hyperalgesia, sudomotor and vasomotor abnormalities, and trophic changes.

...ates Agency for International Development (USAID) funded Learning, Acting, and Building for Rehabilitation in Health Systems (ReLAB-HS) activity would lik ...-HS). The contents are the sole responsibility of Physiopedia and ReLAB-HS and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID or the United States Governme

...dius or minimus tendons<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /> and external coxa saltans<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":29" />. ...with GPTS are the [[Gluteus Minimus|gluteus minimus]], subgluteus medius, and the subgluteus maximus.