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== Clinical Examination == *[[Lumbar Examination|Lumbar Examination]]

...et al">Flynn T, Cleland J, Whitman J. User's Guide to the Musculoskeletal Examination: Fundamentals for the Evidence-based Clinician. Buckner, Kentucky: Evidence ...lature is contracted.<ref name="Flynn et al" /><ref>Dutton, M. Orthopaedic Examination, Evaluation, and Intervention. New York: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.; 2

...teau of the injury, which is usually between 6 - 12 months in the complete spinal cord injury, there are a number of reconstructive surgery options available ...inal Cord Medicine; 1999.</ref> It is therefore important that a thorough examination of the upper limb with regarding to muscle strength, sensation and function

[[International Framework for Examination of the Cervical Region]]<br> ...nt of a package of care offered by physical therapists to individuals with spinal pain.

...quake <ref>Lathia C, Skelton P, Clift Z, Chapter.8 Early Rehabilitation of Spinal Cord Injuries. Lathia C, Skelton P, Clift Z. [https://resources.relabhs.org ...to a Spinal Injury Rehabilitation Centre 3-weeks after sustaining a T12-L1 Spinal Cord Injury managed surgically following Nepal Earthquake.

...e Organization of the Spinal Cord. In: Watson C, Kayalioglu G, editors.The Spinal Cord: A Christopher and Dana Reeve Foundation Text and Atlas. London: Acade ...s by association with parasympathetic neurons in the sacral segment of the spinal cord.<ref name=":1" />

== Examination == On examination, she was found to have reduced range of motion of her lumbar spine, positiv

...f flexibility and can even lead to chronic pain when a spinal nerve or the spinal cord becomes irritated or constricted as a result of the deterioration<ref === Examination ===

...to A. [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0161475408001760 Spinal palpation for lumbar segmental mobility and pain provocation: an interexami [[Category:Sacroiliac Examination]]

...e adjacent vertebral lamina and prevents buckling of the ligament into the spinal canal during extension, preventing canal compression. The lateral portion o ...causes hypertrophy and can lead to spinal canal stenosis (narrowing of the spinal canal), which can sometimes cause pain.

...as [[Facet Arthrosis|facet arthropathy]], [[Lumbar Spinal Stenosis|lumbar spinal stenosis,]] and [[Sacroiliac Joint|sacroiliac joint pain]]. There is a high ...deformity or pathology of the other. This means that hip pathology causes spinal pathology or vice versa.

A complete musculoskeletal examination of the patients gives an over view of patients body structure and function. ...loskeletal_Screening_Examination_Booklet.pdf The Musculoskeletal Screening Examination booklet]. University of Western Ontario. Available from: <nowiki>https://rh

...Main M, Mazzone ES, Montes J, et al. (2017) Revised Hammersmith Scale for spinal muscular atrophy: A SMA specific clinical outcome assessment tool. PLoS ONE [[Category:Paediatrics - Assessment and Examination]]

...rts: of these, the posterior and larger serves for the transmission of the spinal cord, its membranes, and the accessory nerves; the anterior and smaller con ...iew of the literature. Case reports in medicine]. 2011;2011.</ref>, causes spinal cord [[myelopathy]] that may need surgical intervention.

...o evaluate how patients and their parents perceive the appearance of their spinal deformity. [[Category:Paediatrics - Assessment and Examination]]

...for use in patients with [[stroke]]<ref name=":0" />, [[Spinal Cord Injury|spinal cord injury]] and [[Cerebral Palsy Introduction|cerebral palsy]]<ref name=" ...in Spinal Cord Injury|contractures]] and/or a clasp-knife response before examination<ref name=":1" />.

...eads to interruption of normal function of nerve tracts in one half of the spinal cord<ref name=":1">Ranga U, Aiyappan SK. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/ See the video below to further understand the anatomy of the spinal cord in relation to BSS.<br>

...s for Neurological Classification of Spinal Cord Injury, Revised 2011. Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil 2012;18(1):85-99.</ref> '''Sensory Examination'''

...ow back pain which can come from various structures, notably facet joints, spinal muscles, and ligaments. [[Low Back Pain|Low back pain]] is a major clinical ...matomal numbness), along side, with interventional spinal procedures (e.g. spinal epidural injection, facet joint injection, transforaminal injection) is nec

...this area. This page will give us an overview of assessment of ageing with spinal cord injury to bridge some of the existing gap in the literature. ...ttps://www.physio-pedia.com/Assessment_of_Spinal_Cord_Injury assessment of spinal cord injury]).

...tman JM, Cleland JA, Flynn TW. Regional Interdependence: A Musculoskeletal Examination Model Whose Time Has Come. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2007;37(11):658-660. P == Examination&nbsp; ==

...and Measures for the Physical Therapist Assistant. Chapter 9 Neuromuscular examination. Stacie J. Fruth, Carol Fawcett ...ber of causes like [[Stroke|cerebral hemispheric]] or [[Spinal Cord Injury|spinal cord]] damage. 

...ion of the Lumbar Spine Available: https://musculoskeletalkey.com/physical-examination-of-the-lumbar-spine/ (acessed 20.11.2022)</ref> ...cite_ref-:0_1-2"></span>Tape measure: inexpensive instrument for measuring spinal motion, and possibly the easiest to use.

...of the space where nerve roots exit the spine, which can be a result of [[Spinal Stenosis|stenosis]], bone spurs, [[Thoracic Disc Syndrome|disc herniation]] * 12 pairs of spinal nerve roots,

...ce each skeletal muscle is innervated by nerves derived from more than one spinal cord level.<ref>Earths lab Myotomes Available:https://www.earthslab.com/ana == Spinal Nerves ==

...a [https://radiopaedia.org/articles/osteoarthritis-of-the-vertebral-column Spinal OA] Available: https://radiopaedia.org/articles/osteoarthritis-of-the-verte ..., also contribute to osteoarthritic degeneration.<ref>Lindsey T, Dydyk AM. Spinal Osteoarthritis. Available:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK553190/ (ac

...ich is that portion of a peripheral nerve that “connects” the nerve to the spinal cord. Nerve roots arise from each level of the spinal cord (e.g., C3, C4), and many, but not all, intermingle in a plexus (brachi

..., S., The Human Extremities: Mechanical diagnosis and therapy. Wellington: Spinal publications New-Zealand, 2000.</ref> ...Supp G, Robbins SM. A study exploring the prevalence of Extremity Pain of Spinal Source (EXPOSS). J Man Manip Ther. 2020 Sep;28(4):222-230.</ref>

...axial skeleton. The first two laws solely apply to the lumbar and thoracic spinal regions, but the third applies to the entire vertebral column&nbsp;<ref nam [[Category:Cervical Spine]] [[Category:Cervical Spine - Assessment and Examination]]

...tion, however, 1-2% of cases of low back pain are caused by non-mechanical spinal disorders or visceral diseases such as a [[Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm|abdomi ==Examination Findings==

# Most commonly by a disturbance of the brain or spinal cord (the central nervous system, or CNS), or ...on with infection, [[Traumatic Brain Injury|head]] or [[Spinal Cord Injury|spinal cord injury]], [[stroke]], brain tumors, kidney or liver failure, chemical

.... [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4303793/ Rehabilitation of spinal cord injuries.] World journal of orthopedics. 2015 Jan 18;6(1):8. Available ...L. GUTTMANN, O.B.E., M.D., M.R.C.P.;1953</ref><ref name="Sedgwick et al.">Spinal cord potentials in traumatic paraplegia and quadriplegia; E M SEDGWICK, E E

...considered rare. It encompasses numerous associated pathologies including spinal stenosis, degenerative spondylolisthesis, osteoarthritis, aging, trauma, an ...usually be diagnosed based on a patient's history of symptoms, a physical examination, and imaging tests<ref>[https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/Pages/conditions

...Spinal Cord Injuries|spinal cord injury]]. An individual with this form of spinal cord injury (SCI) will have intact motor function and sensations of pain, l ...and tabes dorsalis, but both tend to be generalized to PCS:<ref>Medmaster. Spinal Cord Syndromes: Clinical Recognition & Anatomy Review. Available from: <now

...tion tests for the assessment of sacroiliac joint dysfunction.] Journal of spinal disorders. 1998 Aug;11(4):341-5.</ref><ref name="Vier">P Vercellini. Chroni ...ests and acceptable intertester reliability to be included in the clinical examination: <ref name="Drie" /><ref name="Zes" />

...D.L.+Skaggs,+J.M.+Flynn.+Staying+out+of+trouble+in+pediatric+orthopaedics.+Examination+of+the+spine.+Philadelphia,+2006.+P20-21.+Level+of+evidence:+D&ots=d_mu8QW6 ...column vertebrae. The examiner looks for indicators of scoliosis, such as spinal asymmetry, unlevel shoulders, scapula asymmetry, unlevel hips, and the head

...ion of the ANS sympathetics, which originate from T1-L2 afferents from the spinal cord.<ref>Benhamou CL, Roux C, Tourliere D, Gervais T, Viala JF, Amor B. Ps ...l O. Angina pectoris symptoms caused by thoracic spine disorders. Clinical examination and treatment. Acta Med Scand Suppl 1981;644:84-86</ref> (Heart surgery, im

...rotational horizontal plane motion. Many nerves innervate the muscles for spinal rotation. * The [[Spinal Manipulation|rotational manipulative technique]] is commonly used for patie

...pain]]. Thoracic back pain is more often due to [[The Flag System|serious spinal pathology]] than neck or low back pain but thoracic back pain is also preva === Examination ===

...ons in nonprimary motor areas may cause a release of inhibitory control by spinal interneurons, leading to a reappearance of the [[Reflexes|reflex]].<ref nam ...ns.pdf Primitive reflexes and postural reactions in the neurodevelopmental examination. Pediatric neurology.] 2004 Jul 1;31(1):1-8.</ref>

These tracts (fibers) cross over upon entering the spinal cord and ascend to the brainstem centers. ...anatomy|nervous system,]] lies anteriolaterally to the ventral horn of the spinal grey matter. This pathway comprises of three neutron sets and forms part of

...z JM, Brennan GP. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17374633 Preliminary examination of a proposed treatment-based classification system for patients receiving Beyond identifying serious pathology [[Red Flags in Spinal Conditions|( red flags]])such as fractures, diagnostic imaging is not often

...cond line of defense, preventing the odontoid process from compressing the spinal cord and by doing so, secondarily limits movement of the craniocervical jun == Examination ==

...M takes into the account the shape of the spinal coloumn. Extension of the spinal column facilitates inhalation in a vertical direction,while slumped posture ...two sides of the body. In case of scoliosis or sideways distortion of the spinal column there is a marked difference in breathing movement between the left

...in the body and its effect on the spine.&nbsp;<ref>Functional Soft Tissue Examination and Treatment by Manual Methods by Warren I Hammer Third Edition.</ref> ...stem and the posture is derived from the fine postural system, through the spinal cord.

== Subjective Examination == == Objective Examination ==

== Spinal Reflex/The Reflex Arc == ...ark Hallett, 'Tendon Reflexes and Pathological Reflexes', ''The Neurologic Examination: Scientific Basis for Clinical Diagnosis'', 1 edn (New York, 2016; online e

...ty, and multiple thoracic compression fracture<ref name=":0">Basu S (2012) Spinal injuries in children. Front. Neur. 3:96. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2012.00096</ref ...SCI on this complex process<ref name=":1">Powell A, Davidson L. Pediatric Spinal Cord Injury. A Review By Organ System. Phy. Med. and Rehab Clinics, 2015;

...complaint.<ref name="Manipulations, Inc">Wainner RS, Flynn TW, Whitman JM. Spinal and Extremity Manipulation: The Basic Skill Set for Physical Therapists. Sa ...n|LBP]] may actually be suffering from disorders of the hip or knee joint. Examination of proximal and distal joints in the same region of the reported pain and d

...ts a deep sulcus on its upper surface for the passage of the corresponding spinal nerve. Vertebral Causes of Spinal Pain:<ref name="Maitland">G.D. Maitland. Vertebral Manipulation. Fourth Edi

This page follows on the [[International Framework for Examination of the Cervical Region]]<br> and is based upon Section 10 Teaching OMT for ...OMPT%20cervical%20framework%20final%202020.pdf International Framework for Examination of the Cervical Region for potential of vascular pathologies of the neck pr

...diagnosis-based clinical decision rule for the management of patients with spinal pain.] BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2007;8:75.</ref> The reverse of centralizat ...ted to contribute to the assessment of the underlying acuity and nature of spinal symptoms, <ref>Kuhnow A, Kuhnow J, Ham D, Rosedale R. [https://pubmed.ncbi.

...st.<br> <br>An applicant who has not previously taken the physical therapy examination or an applicant who has not previously held an interim or temporary permit ...der of the interim permit ceases practice immediately upon notification of examination failure; or

...[Motor Neurone|motor neuron]] facilitation) acting on alpha motor neurons; spinal reflex mechanisms are typically normal.<ref name=":0">O'Sullivan SB, Schmit ...nal drive (upper motor neuron facilitation) acting on alpha motor neurons; spinal reflex mechanisms are typically normal.<ref name=":0" /> There is a disrupt

...l stimulation therapy for patients with neurogenic bowel dysfunction after spinal cord injury. Medicine. 2018 Oct;97(41).</ref> The clinical symptoms of neur The symptoms of neurogenic bowel in [[Spinal Cord Injury]] can be broadly divided into two headings:

.... </ref> It is a common pathological life-threatening condition after a [[Spinal Cord Injury]] (SCI), usually occurring if the SCI is at or above the T6 lev ...17472540/ Recognition and effective management of autonomic dysreflexia in spinal cord injuries. Expert opinion on pharmacotherapy.] 2007 May 1;8(7):945-56.<

...n in rheumatoid arthritis. British J Rheum 1998;37:417-420.</ref> Cervical spinal cord compromise due to atlantoaxial subluxation can have serious neurologic ...ynn">Flynn TW, Cleland JA, Whitman JM. User's Guide to the Musculoskeletal Examination--Fundamentals for the Evidence-Based Clinician. Evidence in Motion;2008:94.

...t is a rare neurogenic disease. As the cyst gets larger, it presses on the spinal cord and interferes with the transmission of [[Neurone|nerve]] impulses. S ...lar and Genetic Disorders|congenital]] brain defects, [[Spinal Cord Injury|spinal cord trauma]] and [[Infectious Disease|infection]].

...17; 18: 188.</ref>. For a schedule of which signs to look for in different spinal diseases follow this [https://bmcmusculoskeletdisord.biomedcentral.com/arti

Avoiding over-stressing the spinal tissues ...t should be allocated between dynamic spinal flexion exercise to allow the spinal tissue, muscles and [[Intervertebral disc|intervertebral discs]] to remodel

* [[Shoulder Examination|Shoulder]]: *[[Thoracic Examination|Thoracic spine]]:

...e notches form the intervertebral foramina for the passage of the thoracic spinal nerves. ...ative to another in the thoracic region run a huge risk of compressing the spinal cord and leading to damage of the cord.

* Spinal anaesthesia over epidural anaesthesia<ref name=":4" /> ...s, the largest spinal nerve plexus. It consists of nerves originating from spinal segments L1 to S4, lumbar plexus taking its origin from L1 to L4 and sacral

...ospt.2020.9971 International framework for red flags for potential serious spinal pathologies.] journal of orthopaedic & sports physical therapy. 2020 Jul;50 ===== You should know the following after the initial examination: =====

...es in people with spinal cord injury: a systematic review.] The journal of spinal cord medicine. 2010 Jan 1;33(4):353-70.</ref><br> ...the 'locked-in' syndrome, the persistent vegetative state and brain death. Spinal cord. 1998 Nov;36(11):741-3.</ref><ref>Hamou C, Shah NR, DiPonio L, Curtin

The Trendelenburg sign is a quick physical examination that can assist the therapist in assessing for any hip dysfunction.<ref nam ...Trendelenburg sign can be used to assess other mechanical, neurological or spinal disorders, such as the Congenital dislocation of the hip or hip subluxation

[[File:Spinal Cord Segments and body representation.png|thumb|'''Figure. 1''' Spinal Cord ]] ...Nicholson Perry K. Managing Pain for adults with spinal cord injury. Rural Spinal Cord Injury Project. 2002 Jun.</ref>

...rrent literature as it pertains to the reliability of the manual segmental examination of the lumbar spine and how it plays into the management of patients with l ...ing keywords: motion palpation, reliability AND palpation, reliability AND spinal motion palpation, intervertebral motion, and validity AND motion palpation.

...psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.944.1147&rep=rep1&type=pdf Preliminary Examination of a Proposed Treatment-Based Classification System for Patients Receiving ...stic triage has taken place and the individual has been cleared of serious spinal pathology neck pain is often refer simply classified as having neurological

...amplitude) may be applied. The latest research demonstrates that thoracic spinal manipulation yields a decrease in shoulder pain and overall improvements in ...e J, Kilbreathe SL, Hooman L, York S. Scapulohumeral rhythm and associated spinal motion. Clin Biomechan. 2008; 23: 184-192.</ref>

[[File:Spinal-cord-injury-symptoms.png|right|frameless|691x691px]] ...rezaee S. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6439316/ Traumatic spinal cord injury: an overview of pathophysiology, models and acute injury mechan

...ior elements that help guide the movement of the vertebrae and protect the spinal cord. Vertebral Causes of Spinal Pain:<ref name="Maitland" />

...d to the [[Cerebral Cortex|cerebral cortex]]. In the [[Spinal cord anatomy|spinal cord]], this pathway travels in the dorsal column, and in the [[brainstem]] ...teral branches that will terminate in the spinal gray matter to facilitate spinal reflexes. The majority of the central axonal process, however, will leave t

...erse ligaments of the axis are responsible to maintain the diameter of the spinal cord and to stabilise the atlantoaxial joint. The insufficient and unstable ...blades, neck stiffness, headaches and pain radiating in the arms. Serious spinal cord compression might present as weakness, paresthesia or even paralysis i

...y not know much about them. The clinicians must conduct a profound medical examination and check the family history of the patient. It is vital that the patient's ** muscle biopsy and examination of the level of CK (creatine kinase) in the tissues

...j/article-abstract/81/5/1135/2857622 Using published evidence to guide the examination of the sacroiliac joint region.] Physical therapy. 2001 May 1;81(5):1135-43 ...tion tests for the assessment of sacroiliac joint dysfunction]. Journal of spinal disorders. 1998 Aug;11(4):341-5.</ref><ref name="Tien">M Laslett. Pain prov

.... [https://academic.oup.com/rheumatology/article-abstract/43/6/750/2899121 Spinal mobility in ankylosing spondylitis: reliability, validity and responsivenes ...r Heijde D. [https://www.jrheum.org/content/31/9/1779.short Measurement of spinal mobility in ankylosing spondylitis: comparison of occiput-to-wall and tragu

...to individuals who have not taken and passed the National Physical Therapy Examination (NPTE).&nbsp; This is a&nbsp;license that&nbsp;can be used for up to six mo <blockquote>An examination waiver may be sought if the applicant can provide proof that&nbsp;he or she

...to obturator internus, which is formed from portions of the L5, S1, and S2 spinal nerves. ...the hip. Testing of the external rotators would be done in a normal [[Hip Examination|hip assessment]].

...his anatomical structure due to its proximity to the [[Spinal cord anatomy|spinal cord]] and [[brainstem]].<ref>S.K. Demetrios et al. It is time to reconside ...itself superiorly from the body. The odontoid process lies anterior to the spinal cord and is used as the pivot for the rotation of the head. The C1 vertebra

This page follows on the [[International Framework for Examination of the Cervical Region]]<br> and is based on Section 9 Safe OMT Practice fr ...OMPT%20cervical%20framework%20final%202020.pdf International Framework for Examination of the Cervical Region for potential of vascular pathologies of the neck pr

...esult in [[Spinal Stenosis|spinal stenosis]], neurologic deficit, cervical spinal deformity and instability. Patients can be polysyndromic in their presentat * Fusion of two or more spinal bones in the neck

...lumn Medial Lemniscal Pathway|dorsal column]] of the [[Spinal cord anatomy|spinal cord]] (the dorsal column is responsible for [[proprioception]]).<ref>Healt ...terior cord syndrome (Posterior spinal artery infarction); Hemi-section of spinal cord ([[Brown-Sequard Syndrome|Brown Sequard syndrome]])<ref name=":0">Epom

...isruption of the pathways between this region to the caudal portion of the spinal cord.<ref name=":0">Castro‐Diaz D, Taracena Lafuente JM. Detrusor‐sphin ...reflex. The PMC provides excitatory impulses to the bladder and blocks the spinal guarding reflexes. The detrusor contracts with synergistic relaxation of th

...from the anterior rami of the  T1 to T11 [[Thoracic Spinal Nerves|thoracic spinal nerves]] ...ra and abdominal peritoneum and differ from the anterior rami of the other spinal nerves in that each pursues an independent course without plexus formation.

...e.<ref name="Dutton">Dutton M. The shoulder complex. Dutton M. Orthopaedic Examination, Evaluation, and Intervention. 2nd ed. New York, NY: McGraw Hill Companies. ...o the pelvis.<ref name="cook 2013">Cook C, Hegedus EJ. Orthopedic physical examination tests: An evidencebased approach. Upper Saddle River: Rearson Education.</r

* Central nervous system lesions (stroke, multiple sclerosis, spinal cord injury) ...items and 2 clinical examination items<ref name=":0" />. For the clinical examination, a cotton wool and 23 gauge needle is required. A score of 12 or above is i

...ub, 2021. Available at: https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/clinical-examination-of-the-optic-nerve Accessed on October, 4, 2021</ref> === Fundoscopy Examination ===

</div>'''''Disclaimer:''' digital rectal examination involving deep anal pressure and voluntary anal contraction is discussed on [[File:Spinal-cord-injury-symptoms.png|thumb|518x518px]]

...ion: female, 66 years old, currently on disability for back surgery due to spinal stenosis *Co-morbidities: diabetes type 2, spinal stenosis, IV drug user, smoker


...ss frequently.<br>Gliomas, ependymomas, and other cerebral, cerebellar, or spinal cord lesions that may result in neurologic deficits, seizures, and/or hydro ...Bonne NX, Schapira S, Vincent C, et al. Prognostic value and management of spinal tumors in neurofibromatosis type 2 patients. Acta Neurochir (Wien). May 201

...[Cervical Radiculopathy|radiculopathy]] and [[Cervical Myelopathy|cervical spinal myelopathy]] respectively. ...ge of 40;<ref name="Meyer">Meyer F, Borm W, Thome C. Degenerative cervical spinal stenosis: current strategies in diagnosis and treatment. Dtsch Arztebl Int

...ons: [[stroke]], [[Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation in Northern Sri Lanka|spinal cord injury]], [[Multiple Sclerosis (MS)|multiple sclerosis]], [[Cerebral P [[Category:Neurological - Assessment and Examination]]

...disorder of the dorsal column and dorsal root of the [[Spinal cord anatomy|spinal cord]]. Tabes dorsalis is caused by demyelination as a result of an untreat ...ry information is transmitted through the dorsal (posterior) column of the spinal cord and through the medial lemniscus in the brainstem. [[Dorsal Column Med

...inology''': Discitis is discouraged as a term as isolated infection of the spinal disc rarely occurs. Normally the initial infection is the vertebral endplat * spinal instrumentation or [[Spinal Cord Injury|trauma]]

The following steps<ref name=":0">DeJong’s The Neurologic Examination: Sixth edition; Lippincott Williams and Wilkins 2005, pp 495-496.</ref><ref ...corticospinal tract dysfunction localized to the cervical segments of the spinal cord.<ref name=":0" /> In this regard, it is analogous to the [[Babinski Si

...the [https://www.physio-pedia.com/Brachial_plexus brachial plexus] (C8, T1 spinal nerves) [[Wrist and Hand Examination]]

...iotherapy clinics. The physiotherapy assessment aims to screen for serious spinal conditions and identify impairments that may have contributed to the onset Once [[An Introduction to Red Flags in Serious Pathology|serious spinal pathology]] and [[Specific Low Back Pain|specific causes of back pain]] hav

...8 years of age.<ref name=":4">Howard J, Sees J, Shrader MW. Management of spinal deformity in cerebral palsy. JPOSNA®. 2019 Nov 3;1(1).</ref>{{#ev:youtube| According to the [https://www.srs.org/ Scoliosis Research Society], the spinal deviation can be<ref name=":3">Vialle R, Thévenin-Lemoine C, Mary P. Neuro

...vital for the clinician to perform a detailed medical history and physical examination to rule out more serious conditions. ...e arising from the central nervous system (CNS), the [[Spinal cord anatomy|spinal cord]] or nerve root compression, or the peripheral nervous system. It can