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...nerves Available: https://musculoskeletalkey.com/nerves-innervation-of-the-spine/<nowiki/>(accessed 6.2.2022)</ref> ...inal Nerves Available: https://www.verywellhealth.com/spinal-nerves-anatomy-4682599<nowiki/>(accessed 6.2.2022)</ref>

...with increasing lordosis and with hyperlordosis. The pull of muscle on the lumbar vertebrae also creates an increasing shear strength on the vertebrae.<ref>T ...trength may create a fracture <u>+</u> injury in the collateral or crossed ligaments (e.g. ACL ruptures).

[[Image:Lumbar vertebra.jpg|thumb|right|350px|Lumbar Vertebrae]] ...ed Anatomy of the Lumbar Spine">Ombregt, L. Applied Anatomy of the Lumbar Spine. Chapter 31 In: A System of Orthopaedic Medicine. Elsevier, 2013.</ref>

...ghout the spinal column to cushion the bones as the body moves. [[Ligament|Ligaments]] hold the vertebrae in place, and [[Tendon Anatomy|tendon]]<nowiki/>s atta ...ertebrae and abdominal wall, including the bony structures, articulations, ligaments, muscles, nerves and the vascular supply.

...ussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universiteit Brussel's Evidence-based Practice project]] [[File:SPINE ANATOMY.jpg|thumb]]

...ck Pain Authority. Available from: https://www.cure-back-pain.org/fractured-coccyx.html (last accessed 4.12.2019)</ref> ...7. Available from: https://online.boneandjoint.org.uk/doi/full/10.1302/0301-620X.92B12.25486 (last accessed 4.12.2019)</ref>.

...n the superior [[Cervical Anatomy|cervical]] spine and the inferior lumbar spine. It consists of 12 vertebrae that are distinct in shape and function from v ...e thoracic vertebrae are medium sized and heart shaped. They are all weight-bearing and generally increase in size from superiorly to inferiorly with an

...Joints|Facet]] arthrosis is a painful [[arthritis]]-like condition of the spine caused by degeneration of the joints between the spinal bones. ...Available from: https://www.verywellhealth.com/facet-arthropathy-treatment-190440</ref> [[File:Facet Joints Anatomy.jpeg|thumb|200x200px]]

...ailable from:https://www.coloradospineinstitute.com/education/wellness/body-mechanics/ (last accessed 25.5.2020)</ref>. ...ps://www.ongwanada.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Body-Mechanics-and-Injury-Prevention.pdf (last accessed 25.5.2020)</ref>.

...al of Physiotherapy. He is also the author of two books:<ref name="mulligan-5">Manual therapy NAGS,SNAGS,MWMS,etc by Brian R.Mulligan, 5th edition, 2004 ...of the extremities and SNAGS (sustained natural apophyseal glides) of the spine were first coined by Brian R. Mulligan <ref>Mulligan, BR: Manual Therapy �

...ebrae in place, and tendons attach the muscles to the spinal column. Thirty-one pairs of nerves are rooted to the [[Spinal cord anatomy|spinal cord]] an ...Futterman B. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459278/ Anatomy, back, lumbar vertebrae.] InStatPearls [Internet] 2018 Dec 13. StatPearls Publishing. Ava

...systematic review and meta-analysis. Physical therapy. 2018 Jan 1;98(1):40-62.</ref>. ...ational Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics. 2007 Jan 1;13(2):215-23.</ref>. This emphasizes the need for workplace interventions to reduce an

...464x464px|FABERs test.  Attribution to "Dr. Donald Corenman, MD - Colroado Spine Doctor".]] ...ith musculoskeletal hip pain]. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2008 Feb;38(2):71-7. Epub 2007 Sep 21.</ref><br>

This guide gives a general overview of the anatomy of the thoracic spine. It also includes some facts regarding pathophysiology in this region. The sagittal plane alignment of the Thoracic spine is on average 35% (normal range is 20° to 50°).<ref name=":2" />

...patients with degenerative lumbar conditions. Phys Ther. 2005 Feb;85(2):120-33. Evidence level: 2a grade of recommendation: B</ref> ...ension, abduction, adduction, internal rotation and external rotation. The ligaments of the hip joint act to increase stability. They can be divided into two gr

...ac joint (commonly referred to as SIJ) is the joint connection between the spine and the pelvis. ..., diagnosis, and treatment]. Anesthesia & Analgesia. 2005 Nov 1;101(5):1440-53.</ref> made up of the [[sacrum]] and the two innominates of the [[pelvis]

...e amount of force transferred from the ground and lower extremities to the spine and upper extremities.<ref name=":2" /> ...parate bones yet to be fused: ilium, ischium and pubis connected by the tri-radiate cartilage.

[[File:SPINE ANATOMY.jpg|right|frameless|300x300px]] ...">IC Lumbar Instability Available:https://www.institutoclavel.com/en/lumbar-instability (accessed 16.6.2021)</ref>

...k), 12 in the thoracic region (middle back), and 5 in the [[Lumbar Anatomy|lumbar region]] (lower back).   ...at deal of strength. They also provide a shock-absorbing effect within the spine and prevent the vertebrae from grinding together. They consist of three maj

...ginal Editor '''- [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/rosanne-le-jeune/ Rosanne Lejeune] '''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributors/{{FU Pelvic hind limb bears 40-45% of the weight and provides the majority of propulsion for locomotion.

...tps://www.spine-health.com/wellness/exercise/exercise-and-fitness-help-your-back (accessed 1.2.2022)</ref> ...ack pain and physical fitness in adolescents. Spine. 2006 Jul 1;31(15):1740-4.Available: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16816772/ (accessed 1.2.2022)</

[[File:Normal-sacro-iliac-joints-ct.jpeg|right|frameless]] ...ed Clinical Tests of the Sacroiliac Joint. Physical Therapy. 1985; 65: 1671-1675fckLRLevel of evidence: C</ref>

...extends downwards from the [[brainstem]] through the central column of the spine. It is a relatively small bundle of tissue (weighing 35g and just about 1cm ...ate neural circuits for many of our [[reflexes]]. Some reflexes eg the knee-jerk are built into the nervous system and bypass the brain, while others ca

== Age-related Changes in Connective Tissue == # Age-associated alterations in matrix molecule cross-linking

[[File:Lumbar aponeurosis.jpeg|right|frameless|399x399px]] ...during muscle contraction]. Journal of biomechanics. 2016 Jun 14;49(9):1812-7. Available:https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27155748/ (accessed 15.12.2021)

...ased on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/daphne-xuan/ Daphne Xuan]<br> ...1;12(2):e053999.</ref>[[File:C-spine-picture.jpg|thumb|250x250px|Cervical spine]]

...ns]] and [[User:Marie Avau|Marie Avau]] Debby Decock, Farrie Bakalli, Laure-Anne Callewaert '''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributors/{{FULLPAGEN [[File:Lumbar spondylosis2.JPG|right|frameless|400x400px]]

...is syndrome, ischiofemoral impingement and sciatic nerve release. Muscles, ligaments and tendons journal. 2016 Jul;6(3):384.</ref>: ...utm_medium=search&utm_campaign=ongoing_internal Radicular pain from Lumbar spine origin]

...of muscles, joints, and soft tissues to move through an unrestricted, pain-free range of motion. It involves the capacity of these structures to stretc ...of stretching, especially when combined with activity, can lead to fatigue-induced soft tissue shortening over time.<ref>UC Davis health [https://healt

...based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/donna-fisher/ Donna Fisher]<br>'''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributors/{{F ...nal braces are off-the-shelf, although certain situations call for a custom-made device.<ref name=":0" />

...riginal Editor '''- [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/deborah-riczo/ Deborah Riczo], [[User:Wanda van Niekerk|Wanda van Niekerk]]<br> ...e amount of force transferred from the ground and lower extremities to the spine and upper extremities.<ref name=":2" />

[https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/petra-zikmann/ Petra Zikmann] This page introduces the Anatomy of Equine Spine and Head.

...sten Tsuei|Kristen Tsuei]] as part of the [[Texas State University Evidence-based Practice Project]] '''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributors/{{ ...ine stenosis.] Available from: https://www.webmd.com/back-pain/guide/spinal-stenosis#1 (last accessed 10.4.2019)</ref> This can lead to squeezing or com

.... Mechanical low back pain. American family physician. 2018 Oct 1;98(7):421-8.</ref> ...low back pain and does age play a role? Pain medicine. 2011 Feb 1;12(2):224-33.</ref>

...ussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universiteit Brussel's Evidence-based Practice project]] ...idence: 2B)</ref>. Also, peripheral entheses may be affected: peripatellar ligaments, [[Achilles Tendon|Achilles tendon]] insertion, plantar fascia, [[Shoulder|

...acic vertebrae and rib cage, including the bony structures, articulations, ligaments, muscles, nerves and the vascular supply. ...ere are four types of bursae: adventitious, subcutaneous, synovial, and sub-muscular.

...''Original Editor '''- [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/mauro-banfi/ Mauro Banfi] '''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributors/{{FULLPA * Lordosis of the [[Cervical Anatomy|cervical spine]] inhibits laryngeal elevation and affects swallowing<ref>Sato K, Chitose S

...based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/rina-pandya/ Rina Pandya]<br>'''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributors/{{FU ...lumbar spinal stability. This task is accomplished through increased intra-abdominal pressure (IAP), minimising displacement of the abdominal contents

...e [[Facet Joints|facet joints]] (also termed zygapophyseal joints) of the spine become a source of [[Pain Behaviours|pain]]. ...t 1: anatomy, biomechanics, and grading. Skeletal Radiol. 2011 Jan;40(1):13-23..</ref>

...tps://www.smn.scot.nhs.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Vertebral-fractures-in-children.pdf [Accessed 11/3/2023].  </ref> === Cervical spine ===

*Does the knee give way? (instability/rupture of ligaments) *Past Medical History (PMH) (Pre-existing medical conditions)

...ical Center. http://www.umm.edu/programs/spine/health/guides/cervical-spine-anatomy. Accessed 21 april 2017.</ref><ref name="Gray">Gray H. Gray's Anatom ...ly specialized and are given unique names: atlas and axis, respectively. C3-C7 are more classic vertebrae, having a body, pedicles, laminae, spinous pro

...emol Yves|Demol Yves]] as part of the [[Vrije Universiteit Brussel Evidence-based Practice Project]] ...[[Cervical Spondylosis|spondylosis]] (degenerative changes in the cervical spine) but can also be the result of traumatic (fractures and instability) and in

...tion Of ERGONOMICS. Merriam-webster.com. Available from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ergonomics [last accessed 11/11/2020]</ref>. The stud ...iotherapists and one in which we regularly address due to having a rich, in-depth understanding and knowledge of these factors.

'''Original Editor '''- [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/deborah-riczo/ Deborah Riczo], [[User:Wanda van Niekerk|Wanda van Niekerk]]<br> ...uses of pain.] International journal of spine surgery. 2020 Feb 1;14(s1):S3-13.</ref>

...]] (SI joint). It is usually caused by abnormal motion (i.e. hyper- or hypo-mobile) or malalignment of the sacroiliac joint. Sacroiliac joint syndrome i ...ac Joint Syndrome. Pain Physician. Vol. 4, N° 2, p 143-152, 2001. ISSN 1533-3159</ref>

[[File:Sam-burriss-zHSX9o2 B7Y-unsplash.jpg|right|frameless]] ...ted to the particular orientation, structure, and function of the thoracic spine in the vertebral column.

# Increased lumbar lordosis and ...e=":5">Czaprowski D, Stoliński Ł, Tyrakowski M, Kozinoga M, Kotwicki T. Non-structural misalignments of body posture in the sagittal plane. Scoliosis an

...roiliac joint. Part 1: Clinical anatomical aspects. Spine 1990a; 15(2): 130-132</ref> .... 1998; 3(1): 12-20</ref>.&nbsp; This normally occurs during increased load-bearing situations e.g. standing and sitting, to increase stability<ref name

...n children include occipito-atlantal or atlanto-axial dissociation, atlanto-axial rotary subluxation, spinal cord injury without radiological abnormalit ...y. A Review By Organ System. Phy. Med. and Rehab Clinics, 2015; 26(1); 109-132.