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[[File:Internal impingement of the shoulder.jpg|thumb|High stressors in throwing motion]] ...me="Wilk1">Wilk et al. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19194026/ Shoulder Injuries in the Overhead Athlete]. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2009;39(2):38-54. Arti

...SH, Choi HJ. Biceps load test II: a clinical test for SLAP lesions of the shoulder. ''Arthroscopy'' 2001 February; 17(2):160-164.</ref><br> ...eps Load II test is designed to detect [[SLAP_Lesion|SLAP lesions]] in the shoulder.<ref name="Kim" />

...ation of diagnostic criteria and a rehabilitation program for rotator cuff injuries. American Journal of Sports Medicine. 10, 336-339</ref> == ...tient were pouring liquid out of a can. The therapist should stabilize the shoulder while applying a downwardly directed force to the arm, the patient tries to

* Competitors must use an over the shoulder throwing motion to throw the javelin into the sector * The competitor uses any throwing technique that is not over their shoulder

...backward force is applied to the proximal arm. A sudden onset of posterior shoulder pain indicates a positive test result, regardless of accompanying posterior ...ed">1. SH Kim et al. A Novel Test for Posteroinferior Labral Lesion of the Shoulder—A Comparison to the Jerk Test Am J Sports Med - 01-AUG-2005; 33(8): 1188-

...of Success in Nonoperative Treatment of Posteroinferior Instability of the Shoulder.&amp; Am J Sports Med 2004 32: 1849 </ref> ...dity and accuracy of clinical tests used to detect labral pathology of the shoulder]- a systematic review. Man Ther. 2009 Apr;14(2):119-30</ref> The reported d

Mr A has a history of persistent and debilitating pain in his shoulder with significant sleep disturbance following time in detention in his home ...worse from day to day. He has became more and more disabled because of his shoulder pain.

...al Plexus|brachial plexus]].<ref name="aex">Juneja P, Hubbard JB. Anatomy, shoulder and upper limb, arm Teres minor muscle. StatPearls Publishing; 2023. </ref> ...along with [[Infraspinatus]], primarily produces external rotation of the shoulder joint.<ref name="aex" />

...ly.<ref>Zacharopoulos AN, Tzanakakis NE, Douka MI. Skiing and snowboarding injuries in Greece: a two-year case-control study. Journal of ASTM International. 20 ...d also be considered.<ref>Koehle MS, Lloyd-Smith R, Taunton JE. Alpine ski injuries and their prevention. Sports Medicine. 2002 Oct;32(12):785-93.</ref>

...rus with one hand while the other hand performs humeral rotation while the shoulder is being elevated in the scapular plane. The test can be repeated in supine ...dity and accuracy of clinical tests used to detect labral pathology of the shoulder-a systematic review. Manual Therapy 2009; 14(2):119-30.</ref> <br>

...5lywYu_xEsKN6rQP-9Ca6AM&scisig=AAGBfm1zee7umg5uN42e02OpIHG5FnNW6w Shoulder injuries in overhead athletes: the “dead arm” revisited]. Clinics in sports medi ...ul serving in tennis, or working with the arm in a strained position above shoulder.<ref name="6a" /><ref name="p0" />The symptoms can exacerbate by the loss o

*[[Shoulder Examination|Shoulder Examination]] *[[Shoulder Instability|Shoulder Instability]]

...name=":0" />. Assessment of the upper quadrant muscles is essential in the shoulder problems of athletes and the general population<ref>Donatelli RA. Sports-Sp ...avours, and for all populations, to avoid potential upper limb soft tissue injuries.

...ns] 2018. Available from: https://patient.info/bones-joints-muscles/sports-injuries/sprains-and-strains (last accessed 5.12.2019)</ref> A ligament rupture can ...2012). Treating Sports Injuries. In Bahr R. (Ed). The IOC Manual of Sports Injuries. Wiley Blackwell 2012.p 25-39. </ref>

...d assist with blocking [[Shoulder Dislocation|shoulder dislocation]] and [[Shoulder Subluxation|subluxation]] at the maximal ranges of motion.<ref name=":0">Ra ...(e.g. shoulder dislocation) or more commonly by repeated microtrauma, e.g. shoulder subluxation.<ref name=":1">Clavert P. [https://www.sciencedirect.com/scienc

...ef name=":5" />. Acupuncture is commonly utilised to treat musculoskeletal injuries of the extremities. <ref name=":5" /> Its scientific credibility is still s Used for forearm/hand paresthesia and pain, tremors, elbow injuries and neck stiffness.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

[[File:Frozen shoulder..jpg|thumb|Fibrosis in “Frozen Shoulder”]] ...]] capsule may lead to [[Adhesive Capsulitis|adhesive capsulitis]] (frozen shoulder).<ref>New Medical Types of Fibrosis Available: https://www.news-medical.net

=== Shoulder === *[[Frozen Shoulder|Adhesive Capsulitis]]

== Shoulder == ...nd_exercises_following_shoulder_surgery.pdf Advice and Exercises Following Shoulder Surgery] from the Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital (2006).

...a subset of [[Shoulder Instability|shoulder instability]], occurs when the shoulder joint partially dislocates. In this condition the [[Humerus|humeral]] head ...:0">Vitoonpong T, Chang KV. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507847/ Shoulder Subluxation]. InStatPearls [Internet] 2020 Aug 29. StatPearls Publishing.Av

Many [[Lumbar Anatomy|lower back]] injuries come about as a result of poor lifting techniques, something that physiothe ...heavy items is one of the leading causes of [[Work-Related Musculoskeletal Injuries and Prevention|injury in the workplace]].

...rts training. During the time away from National Training Alan had 2 major injuries. ...n, that remained in place for 3 months. He felt a subluxation at the right shoulder with significant pain and had to stop playing. Rested for 1-2 weeks with on

...bert SM, Gerber C. Lag signs in the diagnosis of rotator cuff rupture. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 1996 Jul-Aug:5(4):307-313]</ref><ref name="Miller">[http://www ...youtube|3pzE4Uptx6o|300}}<ref>CRTechnologies. Internal Rotation Lag Sign - Shoulder Test. Available from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3pzE4Uptx6o, last acce

== Common injuries == ...<ref>Meron, A., & Saint-Phard, D. (2017). Track and Field Throwing Sports: Injuries and Prevention. ''Current sports medicine reports'', ''16''(6), 391–396.

...thopedic diseases. Manual examinations of shoulder labral and rotator cuff injuries are scattered, but are not conclusive enough to warrant surgery. ...kness. It was suggested that throwing the ball puts a lot of stress on the shoulder joint.

...t act around the [[Glenohumeral Joint|glenohumeral joint]] to facilitate [[shoulder]] movement<ref name=":0">Radiopedia [https://radiopaedia.org/articles/teres ...limbing, tennis, wood-chopping, [[Swimming: Freestyle|swimming]], [[Rowing Injuries Project|rowing]].<ref name="Travell">Travell JG, Simons DG, Simons LS (1998

...2) [[shoulder]] impingement, (3) rotator cuff injuries, (4) Glenoid labrum injuries, (5) [[clavicle]] fracture and (6) [[Nerve Injury Rehabilitation|nerve]]-re ...he scapular position<ref>Morais N, Cruz J. The pectoralis minor muscle and shoulder movement-related impairments and pain: Rationale, assessment and management

[[File:Anterior-shoulder-dislocation-1.jpeg|thumb|Anterior-shoulder-dislocation|alt=|331x331px]] ...=":1">Abrams R, Akbarnia H. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459125/ Shoulder dislocations overview.] InStatPearls [Internet] 2021 Aug 13. StatPearls Pub

...Mudreac A, Kiel J. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513344/ Anatomy, Shoulder and Upper Limb, Subscapularis Muscle.] StatPearls [Internet]. 2020 Aug 10.< ...face of the scapula).<ref name=":2">Aguirre K, Mudreac A, Kiel J. Anatomy, shoulder and upper limb, subscapularis muscle. StatPearls Publishing; 2023.</ref>

...d can occur as either isolated injuries, or combined with other structural injuries <ref>Aronson PA, Gieck JH, Hertel J, Rijke AM, Ingersoll CD. [https://merid ...al collateral ligament: magnetic resonance imaging findings and associated injuries]. Canadian Association of Radiologists journal= Journal l'Association canad

...ar Joint, or AC Joint, is one of four joints that comprises the [[Shoulder|Shoulder]] complex. The AC Joint is formed by the junction of the lateral clavicle a ...<ref>Inman VT, Saunders JB, Abbott LC. Observations of the function of the shoulder joint. 1944. ''Clin Orthop Relat Res''. 1996;(330):3-12.</ref> Motion of th

[[File:Overhead shoulder.jpg|thumb|alt=|shoulder overhead sport ]] ...://www.scielo.br/j/rbfis/a/7XDTVZYkJK6sQJLhSvGJQFz/ Prevention of shoulder injuries in overhead athletes: a science-based approach.] Brazilian journal of physi

...d their tendons, which provide strength and stability during motion to the shoulder complex. They are also referred to as the SITS muscle, with reference to th ...n each of the four muscles are vital to maintain functioning of the entire shoulder girdle.&nbsp;

...vailable from: https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases--conditions/scapular-shoulder-blade-disorders#:~:text=The%20scapula%2C%20or%20shoulder%20blade,help%20you ...://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/scapula-fracture-shoulder-blade-fracture#:~:text=What%20is%20a%20scapula%20fracture,from%20the%20back

...ace with reference to quadrilateral space syndrome] [Internet]. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. Mosby; 2007 [cited 2021Nov16]. Available from: <nowiki>h *** innervates deltoid, teres minor, provides sensation to lateral shoulder

...ck M, Varacallo M. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519538/ Anatomy, Shoulder and Upper Limb, Biceps Muscle.] [Updated 2021 Aug 11]. In: StatPearls [Inte ...ntz MA, Bordoni B. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK551630/ Anatomy, Shoulder and Upper Limb, Brachialis Muscle.] Available: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

[[File:Shoulder dislocation, anteroposterior after reduction, with Bankart and Hill-Sachs l ...r S (2006). Correlation between Bankart and Hill-Sachs lesions in anterior shoulder dislocation. ANZ J Surg 76 (6): 436–8.</ref>

...n (also known as the arm pit) is a pyramid-shaped area located between the shoulder girdle and thorax. It serves as a space for neurovascular and lymphatic str ...r subscapular,''' and '''thoracodorsal nerves,''' supplying muscles of the shoulder girdle and chest as well as sensation to certain areas of the upper extremi

[[File:Shoulder bursa.jpg|357x357px|alt=|thumb|The shoulder joint has many ligaments]] Ligaments are most often torn in traumatic joint injuries that can result in either partial or complete ligament discontinuities. The

...s In Sport|biomechanics]]. The most common swimming injury regions are the shoulder, neck, lower back and knee. ...SA. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3435931/ Epidemiology of injuries and prevention strategies in competitive swimmers]. Sports health. 2012 May

Isolated injuries of the Musculocutaneous Nerve are rare. It may become injured by<ref name=" * [[Shoulder Dislocation|Dislocation of the shoulder]]

* Most commonly caused by blunt, anterior chest-wall trauma and deceleration injuries, with a reported incidence of 3% to 6.8% in motor vehicle collisions. * Athletic injuries, [[falls]], and assaults are the frequent causes of the remaining cases.

== Injuries == ...e <ref>Bengtsson, V., Berglund, L., & Aasa, U. (2018). Narrative review of injuries in powerlifting with special reference to their association to the squat, b

...perience multiple types of pain. Areas of musculoskeletal pain include the shoulder, wrists, and back, resulting from an acute or chronic injury to musculature == Back to [[Pharmacological Management of Spinal Cord Injuries]] ==

...earlier in earlier than in the population without the injury. <ref>Spinal Injuries Association. Aging Well With SCI. Available from; https://www.spinal.co.uk/ * Avoid sleeping on your shoulder.

...tween body asymmetry and unilateral load accumulation, as well as specific injuries.<ref name=":2">Żuk B, Sutkowski M, Paśko S, Grudniewski T. [https://www.n * [[Thoracic Hyperkyphosis|Kyphosis]] in the [[Swimming Overuse Injuries|swimmer]] is also common.[[File:Arisa-chattasa-9HLURpkNpXI-unsplash.jpg|rig

...uscular Training: A Multi-level Approach to Rehabilitation of the Unstable Shoulder] [Internet]. PubMed Central (PMC). 2022 [cited 30 May 2022]. Available from ...ntributes to repetitive injuries and the progressive decline of the joint. Injuries to the muscles may also lead to a compromise of the afferent feedback from

[[Triceps brachii|Triceps]] tendon injuries are an uncommon clinical entity poorly described in the literature. Managem ...csm-csmr/Fulltext/2020/09000/Triceps_Tendon_Injuries.9.aspx Triceps Tendon Injuries]. Current sports medicine reports. 2020 Sep 1;19(9):367-72.Available: https

...ne (1.1 - 3.4 injuries per squad per season) and the lower limb (0.3 - 5.9 injuries per squad per season (Orchard, 2006). * Shoulder internal rotation

*[[Triangular Fibrocartilage Complex Injuries]] *[[Frozen Shoulder]]

...ia C, Skelton P, Clift Z, Chapter.7 Early Rehabilitation of Acquired Brain Injuries. Lathia C, Skelton P, Clift Z. [https://resources.relabhs.org/resource/earl ...r-old female ten days post poly-trauma with traumatic brain injury, facial injuries and multiple fractures pulled from the rubble of a collapsed building 3 hou

...nt and [[Dynamic Stabilisers of the Shoulder Complex|stability of both the shoulder girdle and scapula]]. Both rhomboids receive innervation from the dorsal sc ...ity and [[Dynamic Stabilisers of the Shoulder Complex|stabilization of the shoulder]] through articulation with the trunk.

...lesions, they are not usually (20%) associated with [[Shoulder Instability|shoulder instability]].<ref name=":2">Radiopedia Superior labral anterior posterior ...port Injury Epidemiology|sports medicine]] centres and approximately 6% of shoulder arthroscopy procedures show SLAP tears.<ref name=":3" />

...ith injuries related to cycling may also increase. But many common cycling injuries of the lower extremity are preventable. ...ponsible for injury.<ref name=":0">MP Schwellnus & EW Derman (2005) Common injuries in cycling: Prevention, diagnosis and management, South African Family Prac

...inesiology. FA Davis; 2012.</ref>. Although the focus has been more on the shoulder, the entire body movement is required to perform the act of throwing. Throw ...cs">Escamilla R, Andrews JR. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19530752 Shoulder Muscle Recruitment Patterns and Biomechanics during Upper Extremity Sports.

...20</ref> that makes up the front part of the shoulder. It sits between the shoulder blade and the sternum. There are 2 clavicles in a person, one on the right ...the acromion of the scapula. It enables slight gliding movement about the shoulder region. It is a synovial joint surrounded by a capsule of articular carti

...d prevent pain with activities of daily living in clients with spinal cord injuries. ...aring for mobility''. Additional risk factors in patients with spinal cord injuries include:

...of the driving force provided primarily by the torque generated from the [[shoulder]]<ref name=":0">Davis DD, Nickerson M, Varacallo M. [https://europepmc.org/ ...e onset of shoulder pain (see [[Swimming Overuse Injuries|Swimmers overuse injuries]]).  An absolute or sudden increase in training [[Load Management|load]] a

...2020 Jul;17(14):4962.</ref> [[Hemiplegic Shoulder Subluxation|Hemiplegic shoulder subluxation]] is more common with left sided hemiplegia.<ref name=":1" /> ...ew of pathophysiology, assessment and management strategies of post stroke shoulder subluxation.] Pakistan Journal of Neurological Sciences (PJNS). 2016;11(3):

It can also be applied to larger joints such as the shoulder: <ref>Therapy Voodoo Floss for Shoulder Mobility @ Pro Chiropractic. Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?

...ural Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), there are four types of brachial plexus injuries that cause Klumpke’s : # shoulder dystocia,

...ent got several instructions like: ice, elevation and active motion of his shoulder, wrist and fingers. Seven to ten times in every walking hour, the patient w ...ten days there was a progression to resistance exercises, including active shoulder and wrist motion against the resistance of elastic bands.<ref name="Mich" /

...ue injuries. They may also be used as definitive management to treat these injuries. In some cases, Educating patients regarding splint care and return precaut |Shoulder or Axilla

====Upper Limb <ref name=":3">Harvey L. Management of Spinal Cord Injuries: A Guide for Physiotherapists. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2008 Jan 10</ref>= | rowspan="25" |'''Shoulder'''

...and they reported about 13.8 injuries per 1000 A-E in games, and about 4.0 injuries per 1000 A-E in practice.&nbsp; ...on and fitting of the equipment, as this can play a key role in preventing injuries<ref>Reese RC Jr, Burruss TP, Patten J. Athletic training and protective equ

...97)70047-8 Influence of rotator cuff tearing on glenohumeral stability]. J Shoulder Elb Surg. 1997;6(5):413–22.</ref> Rotator cuff tears may be caused by rep ...s [[Dynamic Stabilisers of the Shoulder Complex|dynamic stabilisers of the shoulder complex]], are important for maintaining the stability of the glenohumeral

...assessing abnormalities in the kinetic chain of upper extremity leading to shoulder pain in patients with throwing disorder<ref>Somu K, Noriaki M, Yukio U, Jun Combined abduction test for assessment of posterior shoulder tightness. The examiner completely prevents any movement of the scapula by

* Biceps also contribute 10 percent of the total power in [[shoulder]] abduction when the arm is in external rotation<ref name=":11">Varacallo M [[File:Shoulder Pain.png|right|frameless]]

...s such as age, body composition, completeness of spinal cord injury, other injuries and motor planning.  This makes describing expected functional capacity o [[Category:Shoulder]]

...aged by physiotherapists, and the trapezius plays an important role in the shoulder. * Appropriate kinematics of the scapula is crucial for optimal shoulder joint function, eg enabling repetitive movements of the hand over the head.

...jump-landing biomechanics. It is used to identify the risk of non-contact injuries during jumping and landing movements. It assesses 9 landing concepts and ha The LESS is used to identify the risk of non-contact injuries in athletes especially involved in sports with a lot of jumping and landing

The cervical sprain from whiplash is one of the injuries that occurs most frequently in minor or moderate traffic accidents. Where t ...cal spine followed by abrupt hyperflexion. It can cause different types of injuries. In the cervical sprain or whiplash grade I. The lesions that stand out are

== '''Classification of Peripheral Nerve Injuries''' == ...shers, Rockville, MD 1989</ref><ref name=":1">Hershman EB. Brachial plexus injuries. Clin Sports Med 1990; 9:311.</ref>. Axonal integrity is preserved, and rem

...1ppGzcX2h5nyVTU_3IDA Diagnosis and Management of Ulnar Collateral Ligament Injuries in Throwers, Current Sports Medicine Reports:] September 2011 - Volume 10 - ...2.''' Patient's forearm is supinated and elbow is flexed to 70 degree with shoulder in adduction and external rotation.

...players to perform at their peak, while reducing the likelihood of overuse injuries and musculoskeletal strain. ...es in preparation for the shot. This typically involves a stance with feet shoulder-width apart, knees slightly bent, and the body balanced and aligned towards

...l "Practical Orthopaedic Sports Medicine & Arthroscopy, 1st edition: Elbow Injuries"]</ref> and the wrist, resulting in varying degrees of motor and sensory lo * Shoulder-girdle depression

...24cm) and superficial course of this nerve makes it susceptible to various injuries<ref name=":0" />. The long thoracic nerve has an upper (C5 and C6 ) and low ...tus Anterior|serratus anterior muscle]] which is primarily responsible for shoulder protraction. It also works with [[trapezius]] to provide sustained upward r

...and flexors, cervical spine deep muscles, and any tight muscles in chest, shoulder and upper back. Often this will include mobilisation of a stiff upper thora ...pper cervical flexors, spinal extensors, scapular (scapular retractors)and shoulder stabilisers.

...interventions. J Hand Ther. 2006; 19(2):82-97.</ref>&nbsp;For a traumatic injuries, specific symptoms can be highly useful in determining a diagnosis. For exa # Do your symptoms change (better or worse) with any movements of the neck or shoulder?<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

...>Sawyer E, Tadi P. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK539760/ Anatomy, Shoulder and Upper Limb, Forearm Extensor Carpi Ulnaris Muscle.] [Updated 2019 Mar 1 ...eep lymphatic vessels. <ref name=":4">Sawyer E, Sajjad H, Tadi P. Anatomy, shoulder and upper limb, forearm extensor carpi ulnaris muscle. StatPearls Publishin

...Therapy_Management_.28current_best_evidence.29 Internal Impingement of the Shoulder] <br> ...n <ref name="p2">Hyde TE, Gengenbach MS. Conservative management of sports injuries. Jones &amp; Bartlett Learning; 2007. Available from: http://bit.ly/1OreHbG

...utic Modalities|ice application]], is the simplest and oldest way to treat injuries. Its worldwide use spread because of its effectiveness, convenience, low co * Acute soft tissue injuries (e.g., [[Ankle Sprain|ankle sprain]], muscular strain, ligament sprain)

== Injuries == ...om transient nerve dysfunction to complete upper extremity weakness. These injuries can be a challenge to diagnose due to the anatomical variant sof the brachi

...6(3):64.</ref> It replicates the streamline position in [[Swimming Overuse Injuries|swimming]] required to reduce drag force and is commonly used to assess: * shoulder (glenohumeral joint and scapulo-thoracic joint) and thoracic spine flexibil

...f the joint in which a displacement of the clavicle occurs relative to the shoulder.<ref>Heijmans E, Eekhof J; Neven AK. Acromioclaviculaire luxatie, huisarts ...d or elbow, direct blows to the shoulder, or falling onto the point of the shoulder.<ref name="p7">Magee DJ, Zachazewski JE, Quillen WS. Pathology and Interven

...cle. The supraspinatus is part of the [[Rotator Cuff|rotator cuff]] of the shoulder. Most of the time, it is accompanied by another [[Rotator Cuff Tears|rotato ...ps it in place. These muscles help to lift and rotate the arm. Visit the [[shoulder]] for more detailed information.

...d bilateral Xray- Rt shoulder having early degenerative changes while left shoulder Xray was normal. ...er with walking. She had Known OA knee bilateral. She also had Hx of right shoulder dislocation that she told was alright- reported no recent episode. She also

...abrum|glenoid]] in the dislocated position, causing [[Shoulder Instability|shoulder instability]].<ref name="provencher 2">Provencher MT, Frank RM, Leclere LE, ...ns]] that can occur with a shoulder dislocation and contribute to further shoulder instability (2 minutes)

...e%20Long%20Head%20of%20Biceps%20Brachii%20Tendon%20.pdf Anatomy, function, injuries, and treatment of the long head of the biceps brachii tendon.] Arthroscopy: ...ccurs in individuals between 40 and 60 years who already have a history of shoulder problems.

...lied to the knee, but there are versions for other joints such as the hip, shoulder and elbow. ...y. Uses of the CPM are also reported in pediatric orthopaedic surgeries or injuries for maintaining hip and knee range of motion.<ref name=":0">Guidera K.J., H

...Johal P, Martin D, Broadhurst N, Johal P, Martin D, Broadhurst N. Managing shoulder pain in general practice—assessment, imaging and referral. Aust Fam Physi ...and physical examination are the most important instruments in evaluating shoulder pain, musculoskeletal imaging can be an important adjunct.<ref name=":3">Mc

...[[Therapeutic Exercise|exercise]] also increases metabolism, helps prevent injuries, strengthens the [[Core Muscles|core]], and improves [[balance]] and [[post “Please stand upright with feet shoulder width apart. Squat down until you believe that the top of your thighs are p

...e function.<ref name="mm">M.T. Hirschmann, B. Wind et al.; “Reliability of Shoulder Abduction Strength Measure for the Constant-Murley Score”; Clin Orthop Re ...minutes. <ref name="ll">F. ANGST, H.-K. SCHWYZER et al.; Measures of adult shoulder function.” ; Arthritis Care &amp; Research November 2011; 63 (S11); 174-1

...IJEAT). 2017;6:40-43.</ref>[[File: Scaption.png|thumb|<ref>Reinventing the Shoulder - Blog (core advantage.com.au)</ref>|alt=]]A concept to consider and apprec ...[[Sitting Ergonomics And The Impact on Low Back Pain|back pain]], falls / injuries.

...usted Life Year|QOL]]). This page outlines the main issues arising from BP injuries and the rationale behind their management.<ref name=":2" /> ...nd preventing him from wielding his bow.<ref>Luo TD, Li Z. Brachial Plexus Injuries. [Updated 2018 Dec 29]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): St

...Max%20Gehrman%20MD%20UCL%20Paper%20JHS.pdf Elbow ulnar collateral ligament injuries in throwing athletes: diagnosis and management]. The Journal of Hand Surger ...of Ultrasound in the Evaluation of Elbow Medial Ulnar Collateral Ligament Injuries in Throwing Athletes]. Current Reviews in Musculoskeletal Medicine. 2022 No

...le (AC) joint. Any patient presenting with AC joint or superior [[Shoulder|shoulder pain]] should be evaluated for distal clavicular osteolysis.<ref name=":0"> ...he shoulder joint.svg.png|center|thumb|150x150px|alt=|Anterior view of the shoulder joint]]

...=onepage&q&f=false BRACHIAL PLEXUS BIRTH PALSY]. Rockwood and Matsen's The Shoulder E-Book. 2021 Jun 12:39.</ref> The overall incidence of NBPP is decreasing.< ....<ref name=":3" /> This traction force widens the angle between the baby's shoulder and neck, resulting in an overstretched ipsilateral brachial plexus.<ref na

Pectoralis major tendon rupture is a rare shoulder injury, most commonly seen in weight lifters.  This injury is being seen m ...le (PMM) is a very powerful shoulder muscle during its function – that of shoulder adductor, internal rotator, and flexor of the humerus. Origins of the pect

...hrowing the javelin. Poor technique consists of throwing with insufficient shoulder abduction (90° - 100°), where the elbow is too low resulting in a valgus ...p3">KYLE J. and AMELIA C. Childhood and Adolescent Sports-Related Overuse Injuries. Journal of the American Academy of Family Physicians (level: A1) 2006.</re