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*[[Lumbar Examination|Lumbar Examination]] **Lumbar shear test

...ch provide cushioning between the vertebrae and absorb pressure put on the spine. It is a nearly universal condition in those who reach advanced age, but it ...023, July 12. Available from: https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/249036-overview]</ref>. Although some people experience no symptoms, others may fee

...scopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery. 2022 Apr 1;38(4):1189-92.</ref> ...e.] Current Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Reports. 2019 Sep 15;7:264-74.</ref>

.... It is a test that is simple to administer with excellent inter and intra-rater reliability, validity, and responsiveness. <br> Musculoskeletal conditions of the lumbar-pelvic region eg

...ght|frameless]]The Kemp test (also known as the quadrant test and extension-rotation test) is a provocative test useful for diagnosing pain related to [ ...e (used for the [[Cervical Anatomy|cervical spine]] or the [[Lumbar|lumbar spine]]).

...onnect the spine to the pelvis, facilitating load transfer from the lumbar spine to the lower extremities. The majority of low back pain (LBP) is perceived to arise from the lumbar spine, but another likely source of LBP that is largely overlooked is the SIJ.

...2012, Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins, SPINE vol 37, Number 19, pp E1189-E1196 (level of Evidence: 1B)</ref>. ...fications Revisited-What Are We Actually Measuring? Computerized Tomography-Based Analysis]. J Clin Med. 2022;11(23).</ref>.

...ral shift is often seen with an acute onset of back pain with or without [[Lumbar Radiculopathy|radicular]] symptoms. The shift can occur towards the side of ...enzie method. ''The spine journal : official journal of the North American Spine Society'', ''8''(1), 134–141. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spinee.20

...y combining the anterior rami of the L1 and L2 spinal nerves at the lumbar spine. Descending through the retroperitoneum, it divides into genital and femora [[File:Lumbar Plexus Gray.png|none|thumb]]

...has a uniform width over the bodies and discs, but in the [[Lumbar Anatomy|lumbar]] region the ligament is widest at the levels of the intervertebral discs w ...a serrated edge<ref>https://radiopaedia.org/articles/posterior-longitudinal-ligament</ref>.

...nt Biomechanics and Mechanotransduction in Normal, Injury and Degenerative Conditions. J Biomech Eng. 2011 July; 133(7): 71010–NaN.</ref>. ...is rather flat in the cervical and thoracic regions and more convex in the lumbar region. The opposing inferior facet of the superior vertebra is concave and

[[File:Spine anatomy.jpg|thumb|Lumbosacral spine]] [[File:Annular-bulge-disc-rev.jpg|thumb|Annular IV disc bulge]]

...linician. Therapeutic advances in musculoskeletal disease. 2012 Apr;4(2):61-76. Available: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3383520/ (access ...ystems-1417/bone-development-1497/bone-tissue-and-the-effects-of-aging-1500-11222/</ref> The reasons for this are multi factorial, including:.

...oney V . [https://www.elsevier.com/books/movement-stability-and-lumbopelvic-pain/9780443101786 Movement, Stability & Lumbopelvic Pain 2nd Edition] . Ph ...ligamentum flavum, causing pretension in the neutral position (interspinous-supraspinous thoracolumbar ligamentous complex)<ref name=":0" />

...Contributors''' -{{Special:Contributors/{{FULLPAGENAME}}}}<span style="line-height: 1.5em;">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> ...eophyte-2 Osteophyte] Available:https://radiopaedia.org/articles/osteophyte-2 (accessed 7.9.2022)</ref>

...PV. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2953347/ Alternative pop-up for surfers with low back pain.] North American journal of sports physica ...'(4), pp.394-401. Available from: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S1809-29502016000400394&script=sci_arttext&tlng=en#B3 (last accessed 16.9.2019)</r

..., Published in India by arrangement with Baillier Tindall, london 2005 p 33-37 </ref> !Spine

In your small groups (max 4), which you will have self-selected at the start of the module, you will work collaboratively to develo ...xercise compliance in patients with low back pain – could look at specific conditions, and look at barriers and facilitators <br>14. The relationship between fit

<div class="pp-no-course-suggestions pp-no-article-suggestions"></div> ==Disease and Conditions==

...(osteoligamentous spine), and neural components is necessary to prevent [[Lumbar Instability|instability]]. [[File:Testing lumbar flexion.jpg|thumb|Lumbosacral flexion]]

...rtant to be able to recognise the red flags that could point towards these conditions. ...l causes of back pain. Cleveland Clinic journal of medicine 2007;74(12):905-13.</ref> summarised examples of medical causes of back pain, and the sympto

...nerves Available: https://musculoskeletalkey.com/nerves-innervation-of-the-spine/<nowiki/>(accessed 6.2.2022)</ref> ...inal Nerves Available: https://www.verywellhealth.com/spinal-nerves-anatomy-4682599<nowiki/>(accessed 6.2.2022)</ref>

...acrospinous ligament]]<nowiki/>s. They help stabilise the&nbsp;lumbosacral spine on the [[pelvis]].<ref>A STUDY OF ITS ANATOMY. DEVELOPMENT AND CLINICAL SIG ....<ref>http://www.medic8.com/healthguide/sports-medicine/iliolumbar-ligament-injury.html</ref>[[Image:IMG_9766.jpg|right|300x300px]]

...tematic review and meta-analysis. The Spine Journal. 2018 Dec 1;18(12):2266-77.</ref> ...rapist]] can be accessed in Physiopedia where [[MRI Scans|MRI]], [[X-Rays|X-rays]], [[CT Scans|CT scans]], and bone scans are discussed.

...al of Physiotherapy. He is also the author of two books:<ref name="mulligan-5">Manual therapy NAGS,SNAGS,MWMS,etc by Brian R.Mulligan, 5th edition, 2004 ...of the extremities and SNAGS (sustained natural apophyseal glides) of the spine were first coined by Brian R. Mulligan <ref>Mulligan, BR: Manual Therapy �

...y] based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/instructor/nick-rainey// Nick Rainey]<br> '''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributors/{{ ...ironment).<ref>M.Hancock. Approach to low back pain. RACGP, 2014, 43(3):117-118.</ref>

...fessional Road Cyclists.] The American journal of sports medicine. 38. 2494-501. 10.1177/0363546510376816. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/ # Back posture on the bicycle can strain the lower back (lumbar spine flexed) so a long time in the saddle can take its toll on the back.

...ck pain. Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics. 2014 May 1;25(2):305-17.</ref>. ...m/index.php/Intervertebral_disc intervertebral disc] and [[Biomechanics of Lumbar Intervertebral Disc Herniation]]

[[File:Facet-joints.png|thumb|Facet joints]] ...e world demands a rise in manual labour and brings many threats to the well-being of the workers corroborated by the rise of many musculoskeletal disord

...rt of a patient specific measure]. Physiotherapy canada. 1995 Oct;47(4):258-63.</ref> ...es in chronic low back pain.] European Spine Journal. 2010 Sep 1;19(9):1484-94.</ref>

...Brussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universiteit Brussel Evidence-Based Practice Project]] [[File:Baastrup-disease-1.jpeg|thumb|Baastrup syndrome with active inflammation (e.g. bursitis)|alt=

...ussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universiteit Brussel's Evidence-based Practice project]] [[File:SPINE ANATOMY.jpg|thumb]]

...ation model whose time has come. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2007;37(11):658-660.</ref> For example, patients who complain of [[Low Back Pain|LBP]] may a ...k pain: a distal link to a proximal problem. J Sport Rehabil. 2009;18(1):24-32.</ref>

...ay or may not experience back pain along with radiculopathy, but roughly 12-40% of people with back pain also experience radiculopathy symptoms.<ref nam ...and quality of life versus routine physical therapy alone in patients with lumbar radiculopathy; a randomized controlled trial]. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 20

...Spinal Manipulation Available: https://www.spine-health.com/glossary/spinal-manipulation (accessed 13.6.2021)</ref>. ...rapy,” Journal of Orthop Sports Physical Therapy 37, no. 6 (June 2007): 290-302.</ref> &nbsp;:

...et al 2016). Cricketers mainly sustain non-contact injuries to the lumbar spine (1.1 - 3.4 injuries per squad per season) and the lower limb (0.3 - 5.9 inj # Scientific evaluation (intervention efficacy assessment under "ideal conditions")

...k), 12 in the thoracic region (middle back), and 5 in the [[Lumbar Anatomy|lumbar region]] (lower back).   ...at deal of strength. They also provide a shock-absorbing effect within the spine and prevent the vertebrae from grinding together. They consist of three maj

...tion of the Arthritis Research UK Musculoskeletal Health Questionnaire (MSK-HQ) for use across musculoskeletal care pathways. BMJ Open 2016 Aug;6(8):e01 ...estionnaire that is responsive to change across a range of musculoskeletal conditions over the course of treatment, with patients reporting that the outcome meas

...n early fetal development and in turn cause structural problems within the spine and spinal cord. These deformities can range from mild to severe and may ca ...tal spinal deformities Available:https://khavkinclinic.com/congential-spine-deformities/ (accessed 10.10.2021)</ref>

...control study.] Brazilian journal of physical therapy. 2019 Jul 1;23(4):346-54. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6630105/#bi * Stiff upper thoracic spine or rounded upper spine causing cervical spine to hyperextend to see ahead.

...LLIF and ALIF, ''3''(1), 2–18. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.3978/j.issn.2414-469X.2015.10.05</nowiki></ref>. ...ce after discectomy<ref name=":1" /> and successful union of two or more [[Lumbar Vertebrae|vertebra]]<ref name=":0" />.

...reased flexion of the hips, and a compensatory hyperlordosis in the lumbar spine. There is co-existing over activity and tightness of the&nbsp;thoracolumbar extensors: [[

...ns]] and [[User:Marie Avau|Marie Avau]] Debby Decock, Farrie Bakalli, Laure-Anne Callewaert '''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributors/{{FULLPAGEN [[File:Lumbar spondylosis2.JPG|right|frameless|400x400px]]

...ussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universiteit Brussel's Evidence-based Practice project]]. ..., Kavishwar RA, Shetty AP, Shanmuganathan R. Spondylolysis of the Thoracic Spine with Instability: A Rare Cause for Myelopathy. JBJS Case Connector. 2022 Ja

...Joints|Facet]] arthrosis is a painful [[arthritis]]-like condition of the spine caused by degeneration of the joints between the spinal bones. ...Available from: https://www.verywellhealth.com/facet-arthropathy-treatment-190440</ref> [[File:Facet Joints Anatomy.jpeg|thumb|200x200px]]

...ck Pain Authority. Available from: https://www.cure-back-pain.org/fractured-coccyx.html (last accessed 4.12.2019)</ref> ...7. Available from: https://online.boneandjoint.org.uk/doi/full/10.1302/0301-620X.92B12.25486 (last accessed 4.12.2019)</ref>.

...Binkley et al. (1999) in a group of patients with various musculoskeletal conditions.<ref name="Binkley et al." /> The scale is originally developed in English ...figure/Source-originale-Binkley-JM-Stratford-PW-Lott-SA-Riddle-DL-The-Lower-Extremity_fig1_221874838 (accessed on 29 August 2018)</ref><br>

The [[Lumbar Anatomy|lumbar spine]] supports much of the upper body's weight. [[Intervertebral disc|Intervert ...tebral column. This article discusses the key anatomical structures of the lumbar vertebrae and abdominal wall, including the bony structures, articulations,

Valsalva maneuver VM non-invasive test was described for the first time by Antonio Maria Valsalva an ...: physiology and clinical examples]. Acta physiologica. 2016 Jun;217(2):103-19.</ref>.

...calsportsmedicine.com/the-patient-that-every-other-health-professional-cant-fix The patient who every other health professional can't fix...2012] (last ...0">Brukner P. Khan K. Clinical Sports Medicine. 3rd edition. Sydney: McGraw-Hill 2006.</ref>

...openia. Rev Endocr Metab Disord. 11(4):237-51. doi: 10.1007/s11154-010-9154-0.</ref> {{#ev:youtube|dtdEluROrbI|300}}<ref>FW BSI. Fort Worth Brain and Spine Institute - What is Osteopenia?. Available from: http://www.youtube.com/wat

...ted factors in population-based studies. Br J Anaesth. 2019 Aug;123(2):e273-e283.</ref> Pain Neuroscience Education (PNE) is a strategy that aims to tea ...or worked best?. South African Journal of Physiotherapy. 2019 Jan 1;75(1):1-7. Available: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6739553/<nowiki/>

...practice guidelines included low stress aerobic exercise, general muscle re-conditioning and advice to remain active. The change was evaluated using the ...l Therapy.] Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy, 37 (6), 290-302</ref>

...ical dysfunction, however, 1-2% of cases of low back pain are caused by non-mechanical spinal disorders or visceral diseases such as a [[Abdominal Aorti ...standing he has no lateral shift of his trunk. Asymmetrical mole in central-left low back- site of patients pain, pt unaware of mole, uneven shade of co

...lt in pain and weakness in the forearm. Similarly, an impingement in the [[lumbar]] region can be manifested with symptoms in the foot. ...athy%20is%20one%20of,process%20within%20the%20spinal%20column. A review of lumbar radiculopathy, diagnosis, and treatment]. Cureus. 2019 Oct;11(10).</ref>.

...sten Tsuei|Kristen Tsuei]] as part of the [[Texas State University Evidence-based Practice Project]] '''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributors/{{ ...ord or it can damage the spinal cord itself.<ref name="Mayo" />&nbsp;These conditions are referred to as [[Cervical Radiculopathy|radiculopathy]] and [[Cervical

...se of lumbosacral pain. J. Kor. Neurosurg. Soc. September 2008, 44 (3): 166-169.</ref> * This effect can be shown in a pretzel-model. When we hold a pretzel in two hands and twist it around its long axis

[[File:SPINE ANATOMY.jpg|right|frameless|300x300px]] ...">IC Lumbar Instability Available:https://www.institutoclavel.com/en/lumbar-instability (accessed 16.6.2021)</ref>

...nd lower extremity strength exercises with cardiovascular training in a non-weight bearing environment. Swimmers are unfortunately prone to injuries.   ...ntion strategies in competitive swimmers]. Sports health. 2012 May;4(3):246-51. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3435931/ (l

...approximately 3-5% of the population. Males are more likely to experience lumbar radiculopathy when they are in their 40s, and females are more likely to ex ...neural foramen, bony growth or disc degeneration).<ref name=":6">Rainey N. Lumbar Radiculopathy Treatment Course. Plus, 2024.</ref>

<div class="pp-no-course-suggestions pp-no-article-suggestions"></div> ...s, while focusing on the topic of clinical biomechanics of musculoskeletal conditions.

...e.jpg|right|200px]][[Low Back Pain|Low back pain]] (LBP) is an umbrella of conditions with 80% of adults estimated to experience LBP at some point during their l ...tps://www.spine-health.com/wellness/exercise/exercise-and-fitness-help-your-back (accessed 1.2.2022)</ref>

Sciatica pain often is worsened with flexion of the [[Lumbar Anatomy|lumbar spine]], twisting, bending, or coughing<ref name=":6" />. The causes of sciatica can be categorised into spinal or non-spinal causes or iatrogenic<ref name=":10" />:

...''Original Editor '''- [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/mauro-banfi/ Mauro Banfi] '''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributors/{{FULLPA * Lordosis of the [[Cervical Anatomy|cervical spine]] inhibits laryngeal elevation and affects swallowing<ref>Sato K, Chitose S

...patients with degenerative lumbar conditions. Phys Ther. 2005 Feb;85(2):120-33. Evidence level: 2a grade of recommendation: B</ref> ...=Hip_Anatomy&oldid=172875.</ref>. Thus is designed for stability and weight-bearing – rather than a large range of movement. Motions available at the

...e [[Facet Joints|facet joints]] (also termed zygapophyseal joints) of the spine become a source of [[Pain Behaviours|pain]]. ...t 1: anatomy, biomechanics, and grading. Skeletal Radiol. 2011 Jan;40(1):13-23..</ref>

...eal or buttock pain is complicated due to the overlapping symptoms of many conditions such as <ref name=":0">Carro LP, Hernando MF, Cerezal L, Navarro IS, Fernan ...utm_medium=search&utm_campaign=ongoing_internal Radicular pain from Lumbar spine origin]

...large-scale population-based cohort. The Spine Journal. 2016 Jan 1;16(1):32-41.</ref> Their presence in clients receiving physiotherapy for low back pai ...ress is being made in linking his spinal phenotype with [https://www.physio-pedia.com/Degenerative_Disc_Disease disc degeneration] and LBP. This is sign

...based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/donna-fisher/ Donna Fisher]<br>'''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributors/{{F ...nal braces are off-the-shelf, although certain situations call for a custom-made device.<ref name=":0" />

...the Back or Lower Extremities. Archives of Neurology]. 1961 Dec 1;5(6):673-8.</ref>. ...he Hoover sign. Neurology. [https://oce.ovid.com/article/00006114-200411090-00028/HTML 2004;63(9):1693–7.] </ref> eg. if a person in supine is asked t

...emol Yves|Demol Yves]] as part of the [[Vrije Universiteit Brussel Evidence-based Practice Project]] ...so be the result of traumatic (fractures and instability) and inflammatory conditions or caused by herniated discs or tumours.

...es of low back pain]] have been ruled out, individuals are said to have non-specific (or simple or mechanical) back pain. ...he source of low back pain.] European Spine Journal. 2007 Oct 1;16(10):1539-50.</ref>

.../www.sciencedirect.com/referencework/9780123849533/encyclopedia-of-food-and-health [accessed 12/9/2023]</ref> ...able:https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/bone-density (accessed 6.8.2022)</ref><ref>Medical news today 11 ways to increase

...iginal Editor '''- [[User:Oluwafikunayomi_Wole-Bankole|Oluwafikunayomi_Wole-Bankole]] ...logy, pathomechanism, diagnosis, and treatment. Spine J. 2011 Feb;11(2):153-7. doi: 10.1016/j.spinee.2010.12.010. PMID: 21296300.https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm

This guide gives a general overview of the anatomy of the thoracic spine. It also includes some facts regarding pathophysiology in this region. The sagittal plane alignment of the Thoracic spine is on average 35% (normal range is 20° to 50°).<ref name=":2" />

[[File:Sam-burriss-zHSX9o2 B7Y-unsplash.jpg|right|frameless]] ...ted to the particular orientation, structure, and function of the thoracic spine in the vertebral column.

...[https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/tanya-bell-jenje/ Tanya Bell-Jenje]<br> [[Category:Thoracic Spine]]

...itor '''- [[User:Lorenza Perez|Lorena Perez]] as part of [http://www.physio-pedia.com/ICRC_Cerebral_Palsy_Content_Development_Project#Articles_to_be_dev ...: Dyskinetic and Ataxic. Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3s-n4eFypPc [last accessed 13/08/16]</ref>

...e has ceased.<ref name=":0" />Its progressive nature is more often seen in conditions of neurologic and systemic involvement.<ref name=":2" /> While it can occur ...sis. Orthopaedics & Traumatology: Surgery & Research. 2013 Feb 1;99(1):S124-39.[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877056812002745]</re

...heels enhance perceived sexual attractiveness, leg length and women’s mate-guarding.] Current Psychology. 2022:41:3282–3292.</ref> ...eviews and additional primary studies.] BMC Public Health. 2018 Dec;18(1):1-3.</ref>

...ical Therapy. Journal of Orthopadic Sports Physical Therapy. 2007;37(6):290-302.</ref>. In 2012, Low Back Pain Clinical Practice Guidelines were publish ...ican Physical Therapy Association. J Orhtop Sports Phys Ther. 2012;42(4):A1-A57</ref>

Fractures of [[Lumbar Vertebrae|lumbar vertebrae]] occur in the setting of either severe trauma or pathologic weak * [[Osteoporosis]] is the underlying cause of many lumbar fractures, especially in postmenopausal women.

...pain. Spine, 22(18), 2128-2156. https://doi.org/10.1097/00007632-199709150-00012</ref>. The main reasons for IDD therapy advocacy are; ...to avoid the risks of surgery or suffer from spine-related musculoskeletal conditions contraindicated to surgical intervention,

.... Mechanical low back pain. American family physician. 2018 Oct 1;98(7):421-8.</ref> ...low back pain and does age play a role? Pain medicine. 2011 Feb 1;12(2):224-33.</ref>

...inflammatory bowel disease ([[Irritable Bowel Syndrome|IBD]]), the two best-known types of which are ulcerative colitis and [[Crohn's Disease|Crohn’s ...https://spondylitis.org/about-spondylitis/types-of-spondylitis/enteropathic-arthritis/ (last accessed 3.7.2020)</ref>.

...stiffness and a loss of mobility and dexterity. Long-term Musculoskeletal conditions are associated with pain, disability, poor general health and mortality. Th ...uidance.org/entry/16255/1/Influence-of-Physical-Activity-on-Musculoskeletal-System.html]</ref>

* Physiology of schoolchildren and adolescent spine * Anatomy of paediatric spine

...sexual function]. Annals of internal medicine. 1980 Feb 1;92(2_Part_2):329-31.</ref>. Sexual dysfunction is extremely common among women and men, and e ...function in men and women]. Current psychiatry reports. 2000 Jun 1;2(3):189-95.</ref>.

*Age – The following conditions are not exclusive to these age groups but a higher prevalence is noted in t *Past Medical History (PMH) (Pre-existing medical conditions)

...Pott’s disease in children. Surgical Neurology International. 2011; 2(1). 1-5.</ref> ...increasing trend in the occurrence of [[Antimicrobial Resistance|multidrug-resistant bacterial strains]] of tuberculosis in the developing nations over

[[File:Lumbar Plexus Gray.png|thumb|265x265px]] ...prevention and treatment of chronic inguinodynia. Hernia]. 2015 Aug;19:539-48.</ref>.

...[https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/tanya-bell-jenje/ Tanya Bell-Jenje]<br> ...lude:<ref name=":0">Bell-Jenje T. Assessment and Treatment of the Thoracic Spine Course. Plus , 2021.</ref>

.../1868602 Failed back surgery syndrome. Pain medicine]. 2011 Apr 1;12(4):577-606.</ref> ...yndrome]. Journal of clinical pharmacy and therapeutics. 2011 Aug;36(4):525-8.</ref>.

...]] based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/instructor/nick-rainey// Nick Rainey]<br> '''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributors/{{ ...it is beneficial to develop standard practice protocols. Following evidence-based protocols means that you reduce the chance of a poor outcome. You shou

...role in initiatives to improve public health through screening for certain conditions<ref name=":2">WHO [https://www.who.int/diagnostic_imaging/en/ Diagnostic Im * [[X-Rays|'''X-rays''']] (including plain radiographs, [[DEXA Scan|DEXA]] scans and fluoros

...based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/rina-pandya/ Rina Pandya]<br>'''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributors/{{FU ...lumbar spinal stability. This task is accomplished through increased intra-abdominal pressure (IAP), minimising displacement of the abdominal contents

...e disease in back pain? Physiotherapy Practice and Research. 2017;38(2): 73-77.</ref> ...for potential serious pathologies. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2020; epub: 1-23.</ref>

...uchbinder R. Non-specific low back pain. Lancet. 2017 Feb 18;389(10070):736-747. </ref> ...at can help to differentiate between mechanical back pain and inflammatory conditions, as well as discussing other [[The Flag System|red flag]] features that sho

...n children include occipito-atlantal or atlanto-axial dissociation, atlanto-axial rotary subluxation, spinal cord injury without radiological abnormalit ...y. A Review By Organ System. Phy. Med. and Rehab Clinics, 2015; 26(1); 109-132.

...ack Pain Fact Sheet Available: https://www.ninds.nih.gov/low-back-pain-fact-sheet<nowiki/>(accessed 17.11.2022)</ref> ...pain: systematic review]. Rev Saude Publica. 2015;49:1. doi: 10.1590/S0034-8910.2015049005874. Epub 2015 Oct 20. PMID: 26487293; PMCID: PMC4603263.</re