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It is aimed to make a rapid assessment on neck and upper limb loading in mainly sedentary tasks. Positions of individual body segments will be observed and the more there is deviation from the neutral posture the higher will be the

...://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25091336/ Examination of the wrist: Ulnar-sided wrist pain due to ligamentous injury.] J Hand Surg Am. 2014;39(9):1859–62. </re The starting position of the patient for the test is sitting position and then the examiner supports the metacarpal shafts with one hand. With the ot

...&ei=UBnJZMrPD-yEywSA_4GIAg&scisig=ABFrs3yFaik86B2nm493E2RNeh10 Ulnar-sided wrist pain in athletes.] Clin SportsMed (Level of evidence: D)</ref> ...2PpsoGRm9_VigrIf35E Triangular fibrocartilage complex of the wrist: anatomy and function.] J Hand Surgery (Level of evidence: D)</ref><br>

....<br> It is a basic test that can help narrow down the focus of a regional examination. </gallery>Patient should be awake and cooperative when performing the wringing test.

...cal perspective.] Plastic and reconstructive surgery. 2004 Aug 1;114(2):494-9.</ref> ...ontent/uploads/2020/07/Tinel-1915-The-22tingling22-sign-in-peripheral-nerve-lesions.pdf The “tingling” sign in peripheral nerve lesions.] Injuries t

The purpose of Cozen's test (also known as the "resisted wrist extension test" or "resistive tennis elbow test") is to check for [[Lateral ...ith the elbow extended forearm maximal pronation, wrist radially abducted, and hand in a fist.

...her. As its name suggests it is a wrist extensor and can be palpated infero-posteriorly to the elbow. ...:0">Palastanga N, Field D, Soames R. Anatomy and human movement: structure and function. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2006.</ref>

...nar fovea sign is a clinical test used to specify the cause of ulnar-sided wrist pain. ...nar Fovea Sign” for Defining Ulnar Wrist Pain:] An Analysis of Sensitivity and Specificity, American Society of the Hand, 2007</ref>

...or pollicis brevis] (EPB) tendons in the first extensor compartment of the wrist<ref>Satteson E, Tannan SC. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK442005/ D ...off’s Test in the Investigation of de Quervain’s Disease.] Journal of Hand and Microsurgery [Internet]. 2018 Aug 1;10(2):116–8. Available from: <nowiki>

...ichter]], [[User:Meghan Barclayas|Meghan Barclayas]] and [http://www.physio-pedia.com/User:Shannon_Petersen Shannon Petersen] part of the [[Des Moines U ...benefit from treatment directed at the cervical or thoracic spines, and/or wrist.

...that the entry of the muscle bellies of the extensor pollicis brevis (EPB) and abductor pollicis longus (APL) tendons into the first extensor compartment *Radial abduction of wrist (0-25°)

...ty <ref>Hough, A. 1996. Physiotherapy in Respiratory Care. 2nd ed. Chapman and Hall, London</ref>. <br> ...stal interphalangeal joint. This is best performed by a quick flick of the wrist to achieve a solid strike on the finger <ref name="Hough" />. <br>

...d with the [[Extensor Carpi Ulnaris|extensor carpi ulnaris]] to adduct the wrist. This muscle is the only muscle in the anterior compartment that is fully It has a long linear origin from olecranon and posterior border of the [[ulna]]. In addition to that, FCU also has a humer

'''Original Editors '''- [[User:Beth Reuschel|Beth Reuschel]] and [[User:Elizabeth Dallas|Elizabeth Dallas]] *C6 innervates --&gt;lateral side forearm --&gt;wrist extensors

...s direct pressure over the carpal tunnel (median nerve) between the thenar and hypothenar eminence for 30 seconds. <div class="col-md-6"> {{#ev:youtube|5vC-r1FaZZE|250}} <div class="text-right"><ref>Carpal Compression Test.

...tis|medial epicondylalgia]] or "golfer[https://medisavvy.com/reverse-cozens-test/ ’]s elbow". ...-55.<ref name=":0">Dutton M, Dutton's Orthopaedic Examination, Evaluation, and Intervention. 5th ed. New York: McGraw Hill; c2020.</ref>

...Tests for Thumb Basal Joint Osteoarthritis. Hand (N Y). 2016 Mar;11(1):108-12.</ref>. ...|367x367px|https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4920516/figure/fig1-1558944715616951/]]

...n 5 degree intervals with an obvious drop indicating large or massive tear and a smaller lag revealing a partial tear. ...g back' '''or '<nowiki/>'''lag test'''' in addtion to the "'''modified lift-off test'''".

...r to the lateral epicondyle the nerve splits into its terminal superficial and deep branches.<ref name="pala" /> ...f the arm arises before the radial nerve, pierces the intermuscular septum and becomes cuntaneous below the [[deltoid]].<ref name="pala" />

...using a tape measure on the wrist and hand is an easy way to measure edema and can capture the accumulation in the dorsal hand that circumferential tape m This method is preferred to measure with the tension-controlled measuring tape than standard tape.

...tional practice patterns. The Journal of hand surgery. 2016 Jun 1;41(6):665-72</ref> 2. Wrist ratio &gt;.67

...rpal Tunnel Syndrome#share|carpal tunnel syndrome]] and [https://www.physio-pedia.com/Cubital_Tunnel_Syndrome?utm_source=physiopedia&utm_medium=search&u <div class="col-md-4"> {{#ev:youtube|xadO8ie7mXg|250}} <div class="text-right"><ref>Utility of Scratch Collapse Test in a Case of Failed Carpal Tunn

...ties: Mechanical diagnosis and therapy. Wellington: Spinal publications New-Zealand, 2000.</ref> ...emity problems - Systematic review. Musculoskelet Sci Pract. 2017 Feb;27:78-84. doi: 10.1016/j.msksp.2016.12.016. Epub 2017 Jan 5. PMID: 28637606.</ref>

...king]], [[obesity]], use of [[Corticosteroid Medication|corticosteroids]], and [[Overuse Injuries - an Individualised Approach|overuse]]. ...d 2.55 per 100,000 patient-years. Most patients (more than 95%) are males, and injury events usually happen during middle age (35 years to 54 years). Rupt

...of the dorsum of the hand. It is located at the level of the carpal bones and best seen when the thumb is abducted. ...fbox’.<ref name=":0">http://teachmeanatomy.info/upper-limb/areas/anatomical-snuffbox/</ref>

...ristian Filer|Christian Filer]] as part of the [[Temple University Evidence-Based Practice Project|Temple University EBP Project]] ...is for treatment. Diagnosing hand and wrist conditions is often difficult and for this reason, bilateral comparison can be useful<ref name=":0" />

...of the [[Ulnar Nerve|ulnar nerve]] which results in reduced functionality and muscle weakness of the pinch grip. ...[[adductor pollicis]] of the thumb, which is innervated by the ulnar nerve and is weakened in [[Ulnar Nerve Entrapment|ulnar nerve palsy]].

...treat?]. Journal of Clinical Orthopaedics and Trauma. 2020 Jul 1;11(4):570-9.</ref> [[File:Wrist posterior view.jpg|alt=|center|frameless|500x500px]]

... ''Clinique médicale de l'Hôtel-Dieu de Paris.'' Paris, 1861. Volume 2: 112-114.</ref> ...would for measuring blood pressure. Slowly inflate the cuff up to 20 mmHg and wait for 2 - 3 minutes. Observe the hand for any posturing.<ref name=":0">P

...Brussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universiteit Brussel Evidence-Based Practice Project]] ..., P. Three-Digit Allen's Test. Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 2007; 84 (2):686-687. </ref>

...ion. <ref name=":0">Hattam P, Smeatham A. Special Tests in Musculoskeletal Examination. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 2010.</ref> ...t is considered positive if the pain is reproduced in the bicipital groove and a biceps or a SLAP lesion is suspected. If a "clicking" sensation familiar

...t]]. <ref name=":0">Hattam P, Smeatham A. Special Tests in Musculoskeletal Examination. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 2010.</ref><br> ...tive test is indicated by a familiar sensation of instability apprehension and pain by the patient, a posterior semiluxation may occur before sensation is

...in Conflicts and Disasters.] London, UK: Handicap International. 2020. p110-112</ref> ...habilitation-in-conflicts-and-disasters/ Early Rehabilitation in Conflicts and Disasters].

...nent of the nervous system that is being tested and are divided into upper and lower limb tests. ...ation of the nervous system, Melbourne, 1991, Churchill Livingstone.</ref> and a further modification in position of each joint is done as "sensitiser". T

...988; Examination of the scaphoid; Journal of Hand Surgery, volume: 13A, 657-60. evidence level: F ...oid Shift in the Uninjured Wrist; Journal of Hand Surgery, volume: 19A, 604-606 evidence level: C</ref><br>

...ome testing is an essential part of [[Neurological Assessment|neurological examination]] when suspecting [[radiculopathy]]. Myotomes are much more complex to test ...ome|center|900x900px|Differentiation of somites into dermatome, sclerotome and myotome|thumb]]

...ub.com/en/library/anatomy/opponens-digiti-minimi-muscle</ref> [[File:1024px-1121 Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand Superficial sin.png|thumb|Intrinsic muscl Hook of hamate and [[flexor retinaculum]]

== Objective and Intended Population == ...related to wrist and hand function, residual deformities, range of motion and nerve complications.

'''Edited April 2022''' - by [[User:Adrianna Simmons|Adrianna Simmons]] and [[User:Jeannine Escobar|Jeannine Escobar]] as part of the [[Arkansas Colleg ...he vertebral column, 2nd ed. Edinburgh, 1994, Churchill Livingstone.</ref> and hence also known as Elvey test but most commonly called ULTT. The ULTT's ar

'''Original Editor '''- [https://www.physio-pedia.com/User:Ashmita_Patrao Ashmitha Patrao] ...physio-pedia.com/Gerbers_Test Lift off test:]''' Arm is internally rotated and extended , with the hand on the lumbar region. From this position the patie

...com/Cubital_Tunnel_Syndrome#share cubital tunnel syndrome] ([https://physio-pedia.com/Ulnar_Nerve#share ulnar nerve] ). ...elbow flexion with wrist extension and 90 degree shoulder gridle abduction and depression.

...lift-off test. Journal of shoulder and elbow surgery. 2003 Sep 1;12(5):427-30.</ref> ...compensates the movement through started wrist flexion, shoulder adduction and shoulder extension. This unconscious compensatory movement would result in

...Special Tests.] Home Health Care Management & Practice. 2011 Jun;23(3):218-20.</ref>. ...Burns B. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK526046/ Anatomy, Shoulder and Upper Limb, Hand Flexor Digitorum Profundus Muscle.] InStatPearls [Internet

...resulting from epicondylitis. Journal of Chiropractic Medicine. 2002;1:117-121.</ref>. '''Wrist extensor group'''

...the assessment was accompanied by hand therapists and hand clinic patients and has been reviewed in multiple studies over the course of the last two decad ...ients suffering from [[Hand Rheumatoid Arthritis|arthritis]] or [[Hand and Wrist Sports Injuries|trauma]] to the upper extremity. <ref name=":2" />[[File:Do

...r:Krista Dayton|Krista Dayton]] as part of the [[Temple University Evidence-Based Practice Project|Temple University EBP Project]] Pain and symptoms localized in or around elbow. May present with neurological sympto

...acallo M. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK539723/ Anatomy, Shoulder and Upper Limb, Hand Flexor Digitorum Superficialis Muscle.] [Last updated: Mar ...or carpi radialis]], [[Flexor Carpi Ulnaris Muscle|flexor carpi ulnaris]], and [[Pronator Teres|pronator teres]].<ref name=":0" />

[[File:Flexor-digitorum-profundus.png|thumb|401x401px|Flexor Digitorum Profundus]] ...Burns B. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK526046/ Anatomy, Shoulder and Upper Limb, Hand Flexor Digitorum Profundus Muscle.] InStatPearls [Internet

...thletes are affected by wrist pain from overuse injuries<ref name=":1" />, and 15% of which involves the growth plate<ref name=":2" />. {{#ev:youtube|v=ywfE4gGgSKk&t=1s}}<ref>www.youtube.com. (n.d.). ''Gymnast Wrist 4''. [online] Available at: <nowiki>https://youtu.be/ywfE4gGgSKk</nowiki> [

...epicondylitis]. Journal of shoulder and elbow surgery. 2002 Mar 1;11(2):156-7.</ref> | 35-55

...ed with an artificial joint- a prosthesis. It aims to create a stable, pain-free joint with a functional range of movement when conservative treatments ...of 90-100% at five years are mostly reported using newer second generation and third generation implants, but declines from five to eight years.<ref>Boeck

...chronic inflammatory disease affecting the [[Wrist and Hand|hand joints]] and leading to impairment in [[Hand Function|hand function]]<nowiki/>s. ...ands: proximal interphalangeal (PIP), metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joints and wrist.

[[File:Spasticity-in-the-hand.webp|thumb|Example of upper limb spasticity ]] ...ications for clinical practice.] Top Stroke Rehabil. 2009 May-Jun;16(3):177-88.</ref>

...Annular Ligament. The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 2005];33(1):114-118.</ref> ...slipping over and subluxation of the radial head into the supinator muscle and annular ligament.

...n the radial border of the palm. FPB is one of the muscle of the [[Thenar and Hypothenar Muscles Of The Hand|thenar]] eminence of the hand. ...edicine Insights: Arthritis and Musculoskeletal Disorders. 2012 Jan;5:CMAMD-S8443.</ref>

...king, there is ample opportunity for injury. In fact, injuries to the hand and wrists are some of the most common ailments facing athletes. * Approximately 25% of all sports-related injuries involve the hand or wrist.

...S. Newman, G. P. Konin, and G. Ross, Epicondylitis: Pathogenesis, Imaging, and Treatment, RadioGraphics, January 1, 2010; 30(1): 167 - 184.</ref> ...d, stressing the [[Extensor Digitorum Communis|extensor digitorum]] muscle and tendon, while palpating the patient’s lateral epicondyle. A positive test

...s dearth of literature in this area. This page will give us an overview of assessment of ageing with spinal cord injury to bridge some of the existing gap in the ...her details([https://www.physio-pedia.com/Assessment_of_Spinal_Cord_Injury assessment of spinal cord injury]).

...M. Ulnar tunnel syndrome. The Journal of hand surgery. 2014 Mar 1;39(3):571-9.</ref><ref name=":3" /> The ulnar nerve is one of the major nerves of the hand and travels down the neck through the medial epicondyle, than passes under the

...nvLOvDZxoN2q9qAMIR8_X0_wow Clinical Orthopaedic Rehabilitation: An Evidence-based Approach.] 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Health Sciences, 2011</ref>< ...n DG, Wiesel SW, Boden SD. Low Back and Neck Pain: Comprehensive Diagnosis and Management. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Health Sciences, 2004.</ref>

The major function of the human [[Wrist and Hand|hand]] is to manipulate objects to accomplish a goal. ...ise amount of pressure necessary to hold an object is due to: the mobility and stability supplied by the skeleton: the power of the muscle; the remarkable

...sor carpi ulnaris pathology: a review of functional anatomy, sports injury and management. Br J Sports Med. 2013;47(17):1105–11.</ref>. ...ation or good wrist stability for hold equipment. The overall incidence of wrist injury can be up to 8.9% of all reported sports injuries but data documenti

...s, the ligaments are always taut. This contributes to the stability in the wrist joint. ...://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/12/2/188 Anatomy, Biomechanics, and Loads of the Wrist Joint]. Life. 2022 Jan 27;12(2):188.</ref> Hand function has four important

...bolic Disorders and Results Available: https://scopeheal.com/arterial-blood-gas/ (accessed 9.5.2022)</ref> To perform this test, blood is collected from a specific artery, usually the wrist's radial artery. This blood sample allows an accurate determination of the

...tion|range of motion]] in assessment. There are multiple types of joint end-feels all of which are different for each individual. ...therapist, as resistance or a barrier to further motion, is called the end-feel<ref name=":0">Susan B.O'Sullivan, Thomas J. Schmitz, George D. Fulk. Ph

...Angela Fearon, Diana Hughes, Carol Kennedy, Dr. Alex Scott, Michael Yates and Alison Hoens ...ying causes/risk factors of lateral epicondyle tendinopathy and functional examination.

...ing tool for the measurement of upper body strength and overall [[Strength and Conditioning|strength]]. It is most useful when multiple measurements are t ...rength can be used in numerous situations to evaluate and track many health-related conditions, as further discussed below.

...rtilage 2000; 8: S25– 8.</ref>. It has been translated into French, Dutch, and Argentinian versions. It is targeted at the functional capacity of hands in None. Questionnaire-based.

...." ''Bulletin of the Institute of the History of Medicine 1937;'' 5(7): 684-86.</ref> ...B. Clinical Sign Revisited: Hoffman’s sign. Indian J Med Spec 2010; 1(1):44-45</ref> should be followed while performing this test:

...al carpal rows. Palmar midcarpal instability is more prevalent, but dorsal and extrinsic variants also exist.<ref name=":0">Lichtman DM, Wroten ES. Unders ...The distal row consists of the [[trapezium]], [[trapezoid]], [[capitate]], and [[hamate]]. Ligaments connect these bones, stabilising the joint.

<div class="editorbox"> '''Original Editor '''- [https://www.physio-pedia.com/User:Shreya_Pavaskar Shreya Pavaskar]<br> The Tardieu Scale and the Modified Tardieu Scale are used clinically to measure [[spasticity]] in

...particular the ERLS is designed to test the integrity of the supraspinatus and infraspinatus tendons. ...tator cuff: a preliminary investigation. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2008;89:1162-8.</ref>. The magnitude of the lag is recorded in degrees to the nearest 5°

...ical theories of motor control. She tried various trial and error on motor and verbal reactions to each procedure or from observations of patients. There Brunnstrom made assumptions regarding the motor control and reactions of stroke patients to form a basis for the principles of movement

...with notes on thumb movements and tool use.] ''J Hum Evol''. 2012;63(1):64-78. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2012.04.001</ref>. Although the muscles of the huma This page outlines the thenar and hypothenar muscles of the hand.

== Introduction and Epidemiology == ...-8.</ref>, and about 1-3% of the general population), often seen between 35-45 years of age in the dominant arm<ref name=":1" />.

...he distribution of the palmar cutaneous branch of the median nerve (PCBMN) and the absence of common CTS test findings. The PCBMN branches off of the medi ...ndex and middle fingers, [[Flexor Pollicis Longus|flexor pollicis longus]] and pronator quadratus.<br>

<div class="noeditbox"> This article or area is currently under construction and may only be partially complete. Please come back soon to see the finished w ...linking injury and disease. Nature Reviews Neuroscience. 2014 Jun;15(6):394-409.</ref>

...d Management of Scaphoid Fractures,] Am Fam Physician. 2004 Sep 1;70(5):879-884. </ref>&nbsp; ...of the radiocarpal joint]]. Timely diagnosis, appropriate immobilization, and referral to surgical opinion when indicated can decrease the likelihood of

...ussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universiteit Brussel's Evidence-based Practice project]]. ...chroeder HP, Botte MJ. Definitions and terminology of compartment syndrome and Volkmann's ischemic contracture of the upper extremity. Hand clinics. 1998

...u J Exp Med. 2001 Mar;193(3):251-4.</ref> with only sensory manifestations and no motor deficits.&nbsp;''' ...le finger to be abducted may constitute an early (in some cases the first) and also a late sign of ulnar palsy".&nbsp;

...ased on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/krista-eskay/ Krista Eskay]<br> ...&f=false BRACHIAL PLEXUS BIRTH PALSY]. Rockwood and Matsen's The Shoulder E-Book. 2021 Jun 12:39.</ref> The overall incidence of NBPP is decreasing.<ref

...ert Bardinas|Robert Bardinas]]; as part of the [[Temple University Evidence-Based Practice Project]] ...the [[elbow]] and the [[Wrist and Hand|wrist]]<ref>Jan Michael C. Lleva, Ke-Vin Chang.Ulnar Neuropathy. Available from: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bo

...nd is usually present in extrapyramidal disorders. It affects the agonists and the antagonists equally. * Niemann-Pick Disease - Type A

Radial Tunnel Syndrome is a syndrome resulting from the [https://physio-pedia.com/Posterior_interosseous_nerve_syndrome?utm_source=physiopedia&utm_m ...ONE AND JOINT SURGERY. 2015 Jul; 3(3): 156–162.</ref>{{#ev:youtube|3M6dzH1i-GI}}

...] based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/ian-horsley/ Ian Horsley]<br>'''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributors/{{F ...the differential diagnosis. An accurate diagnosis will enable us to manage and treat our patients more effectively.

...otechnology Information.2018 Apr;48(4):765-785.doi: 10.1007/s40279-018-0862-z.</ref> ...logic disease or muscle imbalance/weakness. It is an important part of the assessment in many client groups including

'''Original Editor '''- [[User:Wendy Walker|Wendy Walker]] and [[User:Daniele Barilla|Daniele Barilla]] ...nd the lacertus fibrosus (bicipital fascia) and is separated from the elbow-joint by the [[brachialis]].

...ll three joints <ref>Magee, D.J. Chapter 6: Elbow. In Orthopaedic Physical Assessment. 5th Ed. Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation Series. Saunders, an imprint of Els ...; notably the trochlear joint (flexion and extension) and the radiohumeral and superior radioulnar joints allow for rotation.

...Fien Selderslaghs, Mirabella Smolders, Liese Magnus, Laura Van Der Perren and [[User:Jessica Worrell|Jessica Worrell]] ...me of treatment of Kienbock's disease stage III by excisional arthroplasty and palmaris longus spacer.</ref>

...ational simulation study. The Journal of hand surgery. 2019 Sep 1;44(9):751-61.</ref> ...t Claw Hand. Available from: <nowiki>https://www.healthline.com/health/claw-hand#treatment</nowiki> (Accessed 09/06/2021)</ref>

...see below) are commonly performed within, but not limited to, Occupational and Physical Therapy settings. With the client seated, elbow flexed to 90 degrees with arm adducted at side, and forearm neutral, proceed as follows:

...on manifests as a subcutaneous limp or nodule. The size can change in time and it can also disappear completely.<ref name=":1">@inproceeding Camasta 2012 [https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/EXCISION-OF-THE-GANGLION-CYST-Camasta/67d2f2944bbe3a87f570fcf41ff1d4e92cc92467 EXCISION OF THE GANGLION CY

...search to determine disease severity, describe motor recovery, and to plan and assess treatment. The FMA was designed to be used for patients with post-stroke hemiplegic patients of all ages.

...r:Yuliya Bugera|Yuliya Bugera]] as part of the [[Temple University Evidence-Based Practice Project|Temple University EBP Project]] '''Top Contributors'' ...nge of motion (ROM), and joint stiffness leading to impaired hand function and difficulty with daily activities.

...achycardia]]) or too slow ([[bradycardia]]), types of [[Heart Arrhythmias: Assessment|Heart Arrhythmias]] ...e blood vessels each time the heart beats. The pulse is often taken at the wrist to estimate the heart rate"<ref name=":0">Medicinenet Definition of heart r

...measure for research in patients after stroke. Stroke. 2001 Jul;32(7):1635-9.</ref>. ...sis. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation. 2006 May 1;87(5):656-60.</ref>.

...es of daily living. The test is highly significant in hand surgery for the assessment of treatments.<br> ...f Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Hand Surgery. 1995 Jan 1;29(2):167-76.</ref>

...eport. journal of orthopaedic & sports physical therapy. 2010 Jun;40(6):361-8.</ref> ...playing the piano, fly fishing, carpentry, or activities by office workers and musicians can lead to chronic overuse injuries.

...s Albaugh|Thomas Albaugh]] as part of the [[Texas State University Evidence-based Practice Project]] ...widened medial-lateral gap between the two carpal bones.<ref name="Wheeless-SI" />

...onal status in carpal tunnel syndrome. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1993; 75: 1585-1592</ref> ...Hand Therapy. Second Edition. Maryland Heights: Mosby Elsevier, 2014. p115-127</ref>