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...called the Medical Outcomes Study<ref>Ware J. SF-36 Health Survey Update. Spine. 2000. 25; 24: 3130-3139.<section> [[Category:Thoracic Spine - Outcome Measures]]

...nsiveness of the numeric pain rating scale in patients with low back pain. Spine 2005;30:1331–4.</ref><ref name="p0">Jensen MP, McFarland CA. Increasing t ...nsiveness of the numeric pain rating scale in patients with low back pain. Spine 2005;30:1331–4</ref> In another study, the MCID was found to be 2 points

...icobrachalgia) is a term that describes pain and stiffness of the cervical spine with symptoms in the shoulder girdle and upper extremity<ref>DeStefano LA. ...proven cause. If a patient can be proven to have cervical radiculopathy or thoracic outlet syndrome, then the specific and objectively documented diagnosis sho

...able: https://drbradcole.com/functional-assessment-rehabilitation-cervical-spine/<nowiki/>(accessed 22.4.2022)</ref>. ...S. ''Movement System Impairment Syndromes of theExtremities, Cervical and Thoracic Spines''. Elsevier Health Sci-ences; 2010.2. </ref> <ref>Musckuloskeletal k

...arls Publishing, 2021.</ref> on either side, typically in the cervical and thoracic spinal cord region. This lesion leads to interruption of normal function of * Gunshot wound to the spine

...nt Decade 2000-2010 Task Force on Neck Pain and Its Associated Disorders.] Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2008 Feb 15;33(4 Suppl):S14-23. </ref> <ref name=":9" /> A ...factors for neck and shoulder pain: a longitudinal study in young adults.] Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2004 Aug 1;29(15):1662-9. </ref> poor posture, anxiety, de

...e management of acute nonspecific low back pain in primary care.] European spine journal. 2006 Mar;15(Suppl 2):s169.</ref> Serious conditions account for 1- ...ify the disc, SIJ or facet joint as the source of low back pain.] European Spine Journal. 2007 Oct 1;16(10):1539-50.</ref>

...ing the second most likely to be affected. The higher levels of the lumbar spine are rarely affected. (15 LOE: 4) ...a blanket term used by physicians to describe general deterioration of the spine. This defect can be asymptomatic or associated with significant back pain (

...an be difficult to fit their saddles as they tend to ”run out” of thoracic spine. ...M. However, reflexes and baited stretches can be used to test cervical and thoracic movements.<ref name=":3" />

...going spine surgery for degenerative conditions]. Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine. 2017 Oct 1;27(4):397-402.</ref><ref>Deutscher D, Werneke MW, Hayes D, Miod [[Category:Thoracic Spine - Outcome Measures]]

...Hyperkyphosis|Hyper kyphosis]] of the upper [[Thoracic Anatomy|thoracic]] spine. === Changes in the Spine ===

...ignificance in the classification of acute thoracolumbar spinal injuries]. spine. 1983 Nov 1;8(8):817-31.</ref> ...ma focused on the middle column was sufficient to cause instability in the spine. The instability was further categorized into three types:

...t by Coppieters and colleagues, joint mobilizations of the elbow, thoracic spine and rib thrust manipulations, and ulnar nerve sliding/tension techniques fo The cervical spine and shoulder regions should be examined to rule out diagnoses that can refe

...of arm, shoulder, and hand questionnaire (DASH) also valid and responsive. Spine. 2009; 34:130-138.</ref> Cervico-thoracic mobility tests demonstrated reduced C7/T1 extension, left T1-2 hypomobile i

...hould be such that the percussion is '''avoided on bony prominence''' like spine of scapula, clavicle, spinous processes of vertebrae. ...under hip, percussion is applied on both side of the spine and not on the spine or the lower ribs.

...egorized by the vertebra which house them. There are 8 cervical nerves, 12 thoracic nerves, 5 [[lumbar]] nerves, 5 sacral nerves,1 coccygeal nerve. 16 of these ...sometric resisted muscle testing, gives information about the level in the spine where a lesion may be present. During myotome testing, you are looking for

...959774672.</ref><ref>McKenzie, R (2002). "Patient Heal Thyself". Worldwide Spine &amp; Rehabilitation 2 (1): 16–20.</ref> Later that decade, PTs started t

...oint.png|thumb|250px|Upper Cervical Spine]]The [[Cervical Anatomy|cervical spine]] consists of 7 [[Cervical Vertebrae|vertebrae, C1 to C7]], the cervical ne ...e van de cervicale wervelkolom, 2013. (</ref> They form the upper cervical spine.

...rtebral bodies of L1 to L3.<ref>Xuan D. Functional Anatomy of the Thoracic Spine and Rib Cage. Plus Course 2023</ref> Its primary function is in respiration ...postures such as [[Forward Head Posture|forward head posture]] (FHP) and [[Thoracic Hyperkyphosis|kyphosis]] have been found to affect breathing mechanics, inc

...s/content_files/issue_20_article_28.pdf Clinical Instability of the Lumbar Spine: Diagnosis and Intervention]. Orthopaedic Practice. 2006;18(3):6.</ref> Pat ...cacy of physical exercise in patients braced for instability of the lumbar spine. Eura Medicophys. 2005;41: 223-231. (level of evidence 1B)</ref> Not all p

...understood, treatment of dysfunctional areas in the spine can restore the spine’s structural integrity, reduce pain and initiate the body’s natural hea ...96<ref>Vicenzino B, Collins D, Wright A. The initial effects of a cervical spine manipulative physiotherapy treatment on the pain and dysfunction of lateral

...59PD_BMalWsXw Improving tinnitus with mechanical treatment of the cervical spine and jaw], J Am Acad Audiol, 2013 Jul-Aug;24(7):544-55, (Level of evidence 3 ...AAGBfm3qKhAdf_3_3Q6D7Rpyf4AcORKcgA Functional disturbances of the cervical spine in tinnitus]. HNO. 2006 Feb;54(2):125-31 (level of evidence 2C)</ref><br>

...lus fibrosis of the intervertebral discs, and the apophyseal joints of the spine.<ref name="p1" /> ...the inflammation can lead to new bone formation of the spine, causing the spine to fuse in a fixed position often creating a forward stooped posture.<ref n

...pain. The safety and the contraindications of manipulation of the cervical spine were deeply analysed in the last decades, in order to proof the High Veloci == Anatomy of Cervical Spine ==

Used for facial paralysis, jaw pain, elbow, shoulder and thoracic injuries and local soft tissue injuries of the wrist.<ref name=":0" /> Used for facial pain, cervical spine and shoulder restricted range of motion, shoulder arthritis and arm/elbow p

...ih.gov/33290371/ Association Between Text Neck and Neck Pain in Adults]. ''Spine (Phila Pa 1976)''. 2021;46(9):571-578. doi:10.1097/BRS.0000000000003854</re ...the cervical region multifidus superficial layer Primal.png|thumb|Cervical spine]]

[[File:Thoracic manip.JPG|right|frameless]] ...] on the thoracic spine may improve patient’s symptoms when suffering from thoracic and/or referred pain.

...ues.<ref name=":0">Van der Walt A. Assessment and Management of the Equine Spine Presentation. Plus , 2021.</ref> === Neutral Spine ===

...elements are a plastic pelvic girdle, aluminium uprights, leather L-shaped thoracic pads and metal bars in the front and in the back.<ref name="Agnes Chow">Mil The brace consists of a pelvic corset, thoracic pad, neck ring, and rib pressure pad.

...upper trunk of the brachial plexus, the suprascapular nerve, and the long thoracic nerve are affected.<ref name="Feinberg 2010">Feinberg JH, Radecki J. [https ...he ventral branch of the lower four cervical nerve roots (C5-C8) and first thoracic nerve root (T1). It passes through the cervico-axillary canal in the neck,

...elieves that the additional pregnancy weight is pulling her upper thoracic spine and shoulders are being into a rounded position. When questioned about her ...r>• Thoracic/ Lumbar Extension: 18 degrees, some discomfort reported.<br>• Thoracic/ Lumbar Rotation: Right&nbsp;: 75 Left: 70

...sitioning, control and coordination of the shoulder as well as the scapula-thoracic complex.<ref name=":2">Wilk KE, Yenchak AJ, Arrigo CA, Andrews JR. The adva ...supply of serratus anterior</u>'': upper part of the lateral and superior thoracic artery, the lower part of the thoracodorsal artery

...behind the head, followed by segmental flexion with cervical and thoracic spine. Legs at table-top, Cx and Tx spine in flexion with bilateral arms pumping up and down by the sides of the trun

=== Thoracic manipulation === ...d JA, Childs Maj JD, McRae M, Palmer JA, Stowell T. Immediate effects of a thoracic manipulation in patients with neck pain: A randomized clinical trial. Manua

...lated pain:<ref name=":0">Van der Walt A. Managing Disorders of the Canine Spine Course. Plus , 2021.</ref> ...be due to pathologies outside of the spine, such as brain tumours and mid-thoracic pathology

...my T4-T5 segment]. Janda noted that these focal areas of stress within the spine correspond to transitional zones in which neighboring vertebrae change in m ...d head posture]], increased cervical lordosis and [[Thoracic Hyperkyphosis|thoracic kyphosis]], elevated and protracted shoulders, and rotation or abduction an

*[[Long Thoracic Nerve|Thoracicus Longus / Long Thoracic Nerve]] *[[Long Thoracic Nerve|Thoracicus Longus / Long Thoracic Nerve]]

...levates the shoulder. Scapular landmarks for palpation are the base of the spine and the inferior angle. * Bony causes include thoracic kyphosis or [[clavicula fracture]].

...or control tests in chronic low back pain: a case–control study”, European Spine Journal, 2009, 18.7: 1066-1073. (level of evidence: 3B)</ref> ...scalenes. The muscles of the diaphragm are also directly connected to the spine.

...essive degenerative changes that affect all the components of the cervical spine (i.e., intervertebral discs, facet joints, joints of Luschka, ligamenta fla In the cervical spine this chronic degenerative process affects the intervertebral discs and face

...ed into [[PPIVMs of the Cervical Spine - Assessment|PPIVMs of the Cervical Spine - Assessment]] (PPIVMs) and Passive Accessory Intervertebral Movements (PAI ...if they do, whether their assessment is relevant. At least in the cervical spine, specifically targeted treatment produces superior results to general treat

This page supports the Plus course, Classification of Lumbar Spine Impairments, by Dr. Shala Cunningham. It discusses an updated classificatio * Exercises for spine mobility

...l of exercise and spinal manipulation for patients with chronic neck pain. Spine. 2001;26:788–797. discussion 798–799</ref>. The identification of a h ...uals fears about the threatening processes that might be going on in their spine as these fears or concerns can act as a barrier to recovery and need to be

...for the management of non-specific low back pain in primary care. European Spine Journal. 2010;19(12):2075-94.</ref> and neck pain,<ref>Childs, J.D., Clelan #Thoracic Pain - The thoracic region is the most common region for metastases. &nbsp;&nbsp;

*Pain radiating from the centre of his spine up to mid thoracic spine VAS 6-7/10 constantly ...ave emergency surgery and related his scan to descriptions of a ‘crumbling spine and flattened discs with bone rubbing on bone.

[[Image:Ossification Spine.jpg|Flowing Ossification|right|314x314px]] ...bak" />.&nbsp;DISH is found to affect the axial skeleton with the thoracic spine (T7-T11), being the most common levels affected<ref name="Terzi" /><ref nam

...rface (SS) for brief periods of time. This is accomplished by the neck and thoracic extensor muscle activity. ...initiates rolling to supine by lifting his head and extending the thoracic spine. These movements are associated with a more extended position of the hips a

...br>The spinal column is divided into four regions: Cervical (7 vertebrae), thoracic (12 vertebrae), lumbar (5 vertebrae), and sacral (5 vertebrae). <ref name=" * Lower [[Thoracic Examination|thoracic]] lesions can cause paraplegia [[Traumatic Paraplegia|(Traumatic Paraplegi

During respiration, there is a need for stabilized cervical and thoracic spine in order for other muscles to act, moving the ribs up or down. In case of i The thoracic spine and the interconnected muscles are responsible for normal inspiration and e

Any space-occupying lesion within the cervical spine with the potential to compress the spinal cord can cause cervical myelopath ...ef name="Cramer">Cramer GD and Darby SA. Basic and Clinical Anatomy of the Spine, Spinal Cord, and ANS. 2nd Edition. Elsevier 2008.</ref> The spinal cord is

[[File:Sagittal section of the lumbar spine Primal.png|thumb|258x258px]] ...iculopathy). It is less commonly found in the middle portion of the spine (thoracic radiculopathy).<ref name="1, LOE 1B">Iversen T, Solberg TK, Romner B, Wilsg

...lis, MD. Achondroplasia and cervical laminoplasty Case report. J Neurosurg Spine 2009; 11:417-420. http://thejns.org/doi/pdf/10.3171/2009.4.SPINE09164 (acce *Spine curvatures called kyphosis and lordosis."<ref name="pubmed" />

...uidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of pelvic girdle pain]. European Spine Journal Jun 2008; 17(6) : 794-819.</ref> “''Pelvic girdle pain (PGP) gene ...ts]]<br>The sacroiliac joints allow for the transfer of forces between the spine and the lower extremity.<ref>Vleeming A, Schuenke MD, Masi AT, Carreiro JE,

...of spinal column. Therefore, increased thoracic spine curvature leading to thoracic kyphosis commonly seen in elder individuals due to loss of height of spinal

...n rule for spinal manipulative therapy: a randomised controlled trial. Eur Spine J. 2008;17:936–943.</ref>&nbsp; All other CPRs are still at a derivation ...lled trial of exercise and manipulative therapy for cervicogenic headache. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2002;27(17):1835-1843.</ref><ref>Cools AM, Struyf F, De Me

[[Category:Thoracic Spine - Outcome Measures]] [[Category:Lumbar Spine - Outcome Measures]]

...rt of the [[Functional Anatomy of the Thoracic Spine and Rib Cage|thoracic spine complex]]). The clavicle is a sigmoid-shaped long bone which lies horizonta ...d the sternum and their relationship to chest wall structure and function. Thoracic surgery clinics. 2007 Nov 1;17(4):473-89.</ref> It consists of three parts:

...symptoms of torticollis follows the normal [[Cervical Examination|cervical spine examination]] which begins with a thorough history followed by a physical e *Head alignment on [[Cervical Anatomy|cervical spine]]

**Visual inspection of the shoulder / cervical and thoracic spine **C-spine scan (rule out referred pain and/or radiculopathy)

...org/doi/pdf/10.2519/jospt.2001.31.4.194 iagnosis and treatment of Cervical Spine Clinical Instability], Journal of Orthopaedic Sports Physical Therapy, Apri ]]The cervical spine consist of 7 separate vertebrae. See [[Cervical Anatomy]] also.

...T joint allows for the scapula to glide over the contours of the posterior thoracic wall. All four joints work collectively together to achieve normal shoulder ...), the [[humerus]] and the [[sternum]] (the link to the [[Thoracic Anatomy|thoracic]] cage).

...ce.<ref name=":0">Been, Ella, and Leonid Kalichman. "Lumbar lordosis." The Spine Journal 2014; 14.1: 87-97.</ref> [See [[Cardinal Planes and Axes of Movemen ...the lumbar lordosis.<ref>Bogduk, Nikolai. “Clinical anatomy of the lumbar spine and sacrum”. Elsevier Health Sciences, 2005 </ref>

...rib syndrome: case report of an iatrogenic result following video-assisted thoracic surgery and chest tube placement.] Pain Management. 2021 May;11(5):555-9.</ ...terior rib hypermobility is also likely to cause problems in the posterior thoracic area, because it’s a closed system <ref name=":5" />.

...review their effectiveness on commonly affected joints such as the lumbar spine and the [[Sacroiliac Joint|sacroiliac joint]] that are prone to causing [[L .... [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20140155/ The effectiveness of thoracic spine manipulation for the management of musculoskeletal conditions: a systematic

...ean guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of pelvic girdle pain]. Eur Spine J. 2008 Jun;17(6):794-819. doi: 10.1007/s00586-008-0602-4. (level of eviden [[Category:Thoracic Spine - Outcome Measures]]

...l tibial ligament (medial and lateral meniscus) attaches menisci to tibial spine | rowspan="2" |Ventral branches of thoracic and lumbar nerves and femoral nerves

...Prognostic factors for recovery from postpartum pelvic girdle pain. ''Eur Spine J''. 2009;18(5):718-726. doi:10.1007/s00586-009-0911-2</ref>{{#ev:youtube|w ...guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of pelvic girdle pain. European Spine Journal. 2008 Jun 1;17(6):794-819.</ref>

...lood supply to the SC joint is from the articular branches of the internal thoracic and suprascapular arteries. ...cur and if left untreated and can be associated with complications such as thoracic outlet syndrome and vascular compromise<ref name="Groh">Groh GI, Wirth MA.

...jury.<ref>David J. Magee;Orthopaedic Physical Assessment; Chapter 9-Lumbar Spine;Fifth Edition: Pg 558-564.</ref> ...ve the patient slump forward at the thoracic and [[Lumbar Anatomy|lumbar]] spine. If this position does not cause pain, have the patient flex the neck by pl

...3''': A pronounced C-shaped scoliosis is present, centred in the thoracic spine. *** excessive [[Thoracic Hyperkyphosis|kyphosis]]

...spinal column is comprised of 33 Vertebra; 7 [[Cervical Vertebrae]], 12 [[Thoracic Vertebrae]], 5 [[Lumbar Vertebrae]], 5 Fused Sacral Vertebrae and 4 Fused C * Non-traumatic causes (16%) secondary to disease, infection and [[Congenital Spine Deformities|congenital]] defects.

*[https://www.physio-pedia.com/Thoracic_Outlet_Syndrome Thoracic outlet syndrome]&nbsp;<ref name="p2" /> [[Category:Cervical Spine]]

*[[Congenital Spine Deformities]] *[[Thoracic Outlet Syndrome (TOS)|Thoracic Outlet Syndrome]]

...the [[scapula]] should be able to move freely, relative from the dorsal [[Thoracic Anatomy|thorax]] wall. ===Clear the Cervical Spine===

...or recurring low back pain, with or without sciatica following one or more spine surgeries.” A more functional definition is that FBSS results when the ou ...know that this condition has a higher prevalence with increasing rates of spine surgery.<ref name="p1" /><ref name="p6" /> The impact of FBSS on an individ

...um image]]The sternum is a flat bone located in the centre of the anterior thoracic wall. .../> The manubrium is quadrangular and lies at the level of the 3rd and 4th thoracic vertebrae. The jugular (suprasternal) notch is the thickest part of the man

...; however, conditions involving the lower extremities and feet, as well as spine and back are common<ref name=":1" />.WMSDs do not include conditions caused ...rpal tunnel syndrome (CTS)]], tendonitis, [[Thoracic Outlet Syndrome (TOS)|thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS)]], and [[Prevention and Management of Occupational Re

* The overall equilibrium of the spine and pelvis alters as the pregnancy progresses<ref>Inanir A, Cakmak B, Hisim ...oth [[Lumbar Anatomy|lumbar]] lordosis and [[Thoracic Anatomy|thoracic]] [[Thoracic Hyperkyphosis|kyphosis,]] or a flattening of the thoracolumbar spinal curve

...f Test|Scarf]] tests elicits pain. Including a [[Cervical Anatomy|cervical spine]] and [[Neurological Assessment|neurologic exam]] helps rule out referred p * Spinal manipulation therapy (SMT)- The cervical and thoracic spine restricted segments and stretching exercises of the pectoralis minor.<ref n

...ients experiencing lumbar radiculopathy include mobilisation of the lumbar spine, mobilisation of the nerves, or manipulation. Always check for [[Spinal Man ==== Mobilisation of the Lumbar Spine ====

...ef>. This significantly narrows the intervertebral foreman at the cervical spine, causing the compression of the nerve root <ref>Bowles DR, Canseco JA, Alex ...stinger syndrome in American football players. ''Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine'', [online] 11(3), pp.264-271. Available at: <nowiki>http://thejns.org/doi/

The movement of the scapula along the thoracic cage also directly influences the biomechanics of the shoulder complex as a ===Thoracic Spine Movement ===

...In both males and females, sweating was seen to be the greatest along the spine, and greater on the back rather than the chest. <ref name=":5">Havenith Geo ...t amount on the '''mid-to-lower spinal column''' (lower [[Thoracic Anatomy|thoracic]] and [[lumbar]] regions)

...edictor of respiratory complications. Individuals with cervical and higher thoracic spinal cord injuries are more likely to develop respiratory complications, # Posteriorly: [[Thoracic Anatomy|thoracic spine]] and posterior ribs

...vicogenic Pain Syndromes. In Physical Therapy of the Cervical and Thoracic Spine, ed. R. Grand. New York: Churchill Livingstone.</ref> ...scular Energy Techniques on Subjective and Objective Parameters Related to Spine Function in Patients with Chronic Low Back Pain.Med Sci Monit 2015; 29;21:2

=== Thoracic Lesions === Thoracic Extensors

...g involved in [[Posture|postural]] stability and mobility of the trunk and spine.<ref name=":2">Csepregi É, Gyurcsik Z, Veres-Balajti I, Nagy AC, Szekanecz ...s its central tendon down. This increases the negative pressure inside the thoracic cavity, which draws air in. At the same time, the external intercostal musc

...not directly attached to the vertebrae, there is an epidural space in the spine. In the cranial dura mater, there are a few places where the meningeal lay ...f>Bess S, Line B. Embryology and anatomy: spine/spinal cord. InThe Growing Spine: Management of Spinal Disorders in Young Children 2022 Feb 3 (pp. 3-12). Ch

...ternal lip of iliac crest, the outer surface of an anterior superior iliac spine, and the deep surface of fascia lata.<ref name=":0">Kendall, McCreary, Prov ...S. Movement System Impairmment Syndromes of the Extremities, Cervical, and Thoracic Spines. Elsevier Health Sciences. 2010 </ref>

Inflammation can occur in the spine, sacroiliac and peripheral joints as well near the attachments of tendons a ...[[Facet Joints|facet joints]], endplates, bone marrow, … every part of the spine can be affected by an inflammation.&nbsp;<ref name="p4">Walter P. Maksymowy

...anipulation and two types of exercise for patients with chronic neck pain. Spine 2002;27:2383- ...lled trial of exercise and manipulative therapy for cervicogenic headache. Spine 2002;27(17):1835-43.

...s warranted to determine the extent and nature of the relationship between thoracic manipulation and shoulder pain. Review your [[Shoulder Mobilisation|Manual ...of thoracic manipulations on shoulder pain: A Case Report|Effectiveness of Thoracic Manipulations on Shoulder Pain]]

..., Secretions, Pattern of breathing, Chest wall/[[Thoracic Anatomy|Thoracic spine]] deformity

...rehabilitation providers have a comprehensive understanding of the lumbar spine evaluation. This page provides an overview of this evaluation and includes ...otential pathoanatomical cause of pain:<ref name=":2">Cunningham S. Lumbar Spine Evaluation Course. Plus, 2024.</ref>

..., A. (2014). Are Fast-Bowlers Prone to Back Injuries? Prevalence of Lumbar Spine Injuries in Fast-Bowlers: Review of MRI-Based Studies. ''Asian Journal of S ...eads to accelerated degenerative changes to the architecture of the lumbar spine.<ref name=":0" />

Axial spondyloarthritis is a seronegative [[spondyloarthritis]] of the spine and pelvis. The term axial spondyloarthritis has only been used since 2009 ...spine an appearance similar to bamboo, hence the alternative name "bamboo spine".

There are also three physiological curves that act to balance the human spine (see Figure 2):<ref name=":0" /> * Thoracic kyphosis

[[File:Adapted Bigstock Image - Spine Diseases - ID 129611492.jpg|thumb|Figure 1. Common postures that can be obs * Cervical spine alignment

* [[Thoracic Outlet Syndrome (TOS)|Thoracic outlet syndrome]] (TOS) (particularly the lower trunk) ...palpation of the entire upper / lower extremity and the cervical or lumbar spine is mandatory. Please refer to your cervical and lumbar scans for a more det

*[http://www.physio-pedia.com/Lumbar_Spine_Fracture Lumbar spine fracture] The human spine is a self-supporting construction of skeleton, cartilage, ligaments and [[M

* The remaining 20% of VFs may involve '''complex''' fractures of the spine. <ref name=":2" /> ...tic):{{#ev:youtube|https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LILgFAEMAbg|width}}<ref>Spine live. Spinal compression fractures reasons. Available from: https://www.you

...eight, weights, and/or pulleys to distract individual joints of the lumbar spine. The word traction is a derivative of the Latin word '''"tractico"''', whic ...controlled trial of Intervertebral Differential Dynamics Therapy. European Spine Journal, 2009; 18(12):1843-50. doi: 10.1007/s00586-009-1044-3. </ref><ref>

...inflammatory, sero-negative arthritic condition that typically affects the spine and the sacroilliac (SI) joints. Common clinical presentations of this dise Common sites include the costochondral joints, the iliac-spine, lumbar spinous process, and achilles tendon. <ref>Heuft-Dorenbosch L., Spo

...ocephalic syndrome (CCS) includes pain and stiffness of the upper cervical spine with associated [[Cervicogenic Headache|headache]]. The syndrome frequentl ...malpositioned joints at the head/neck junction, deviations of the cervical spine from the body axis, displacement of vertebrae and constriction of the verte

...and function in the sacroiliac joint. Part 1: Clinical anatomical aspects. Spine 1990a; 15(2): 130-132</ref> ...fication of muscular contribution to force closure of the pelvis. European Spine Journal 2004.</ref>. Force closure is particularly important during activit

...neous with a mostly ballet focus<ref name=":7" />. Overuse injuries in the spine are generally regarded as the second most effected region with the lower li ...tricter technical demands<ref name=":8" />. Excessive stress on the lumbar spine during lifts and hyperlordosis in the back to compensate for hip extension

...ng airways, breathing, circulation and restricting further movement of the spine. The principle of pre-hospital management of spinal cord injury is to limit ...spine injury using the [[Canadian C-Spine Rule|Canadian C‑Spine Rule]] or thoracic or lumbar injury. <ref name=":0" />

...': which means the medial border of the scapula moves towards the thoracic spine and chest wall. As your humerus laterally rotates, the scapular follows tha ...ar''': the movement of the inferior angle of the scapula from the thoracic spine.

...Egypt from around 3000 BC describes [[paraplegia]] following injury to the spine. * Paul of Aegina (AD 625–690) uses a windlass for spine dislocation and suggests [[laminectomy]].

...="bron6">http://www.orthonc.com/education-research/spine/patient-education-spine-sacroiliac-joint-syndrome (accessed on 22/10/2011)</ref> ...ft one arm slowly while continuing to maintain the neutral position of the spine, without changing the natural curves; return the arm and then continue with

The forelimb (also known as the thoracic limb) in the horse is adapted for extension and ground covering. This limb * Palpable tuber on the scapular spine

...ncreatitis may seek physical therapy treatment with a chief complaint of [[Thoracic Back Pain|back pain]]. ...present to physical therapy with complaints of pain in the upper thoracic spine or at the thoracolumbar junction, while those with alcohol-related chronic

...on, the pelvis is tilted back, which may exacerbate the pain in the lumbar spine. Additionally, the lumbar section can lose its natural curvature, which may [[Category:Lumbar Spine]]

...ective measurement tool used to assess the range of motion in the cervical spine. It includes various inclinometers to measure flexion, extension, lateral f ...ic junctions in the management of disorders of the neck and upper thoracic spine - Part 2: Treatment. In: Boyling JD, Jull GA, editors. Grieve's Modern Manu

...ion of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles to increase the volume of the thoracic cavity. This increase in volume leads to the intrapulmonary pressure being ...eathing and aims to maintain abdominal contraction in order to protect the spine during exercises/ movements.

...ior vertebral defect only without a meningeal sac; location: lumbar-sacral spine; usually asymptomatic but can be associated with occult spinal dysraphism; ...into a meningeal sac; location: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and/or sacral spine; motor deficits are less likely than with myelomeningocele; structural brai

...vical Anatomy|cervical anatomy]] or more pages on the [[:Category:Cervical Spine - Anatomy|cervical anatomy category]] to understand more of the relevant an ...he curvature with a [[Cobb Angle|Cobb angle]] of more than 40 degrees in [[Thoracic Hyperkyphosis|hyperkyphosis]]. <ref name=":0">Chau C, Chu EC, Huang KH, Tam

...the posterior [https://physio-pedia.com/Facet_Joints facet joints] of the spine. These joints together with the disc form the intervertebral joint. Changes ...it is necessary to make repetitive powerful hyperextensions of the lumbar spine. An irritation can also occur when the intervertebral disc is damaged and

...cated anterior to the T12 vertebral body between the crura. The [[aorta]], thoracic duct, and azygos vein pass through this hiatus.<ref name=":0" /> * Bilateral phrenic arteries, which are the branches of the thoracic aorta

...s, intervertebral foramina, and intervertebral discs ofthe cervical spine. Spine. 2000 February; 25(3): 286-291</ref> used a surgical microscope to do an an ...e="Bogduk">Bogduk N. Twomey CT. Clinically Relevant Anatomy for the Lumbar Spine. 2ed. Edinburgh UK: Churchill Livingston. 1991</ref>.&nbsp;Reported prevale

...wnwards as they extend towards the chest area, where they connect with the thoracic vertebrae. ...“stinger”: A model for the management of noncatastrophic athletic cervical spine injury. 1998. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article

...and can be described as an exaggerated anterior curvature of the thoracic spine that is associated with aging.<ref>Jang et al., H. (2015). Effect of thorax

[[File:Cervical spine.png|thumb]] .... [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6356370/ Materials for the spine: anatomy, problems, and solutions.] Materials. 2019 Jan 14;12(2):253.</ref>

* Kyphoscoliosis- can be a result of metastatic lesions to the thoracic spine or osteoporosis from treatment of the primary malignancy

...ct.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0887217118300313 Imaging and management of thoracic trauma.] InSeminars in Ultrasound, CT and MRI 2018 Aug 1 (Vol. 39, No. 4, p The patient lies in a supine position (Figure 1). Their spine should be straight (i.e. not bent to either side). A sandbag is placed on t

...="Micheli and Wood 1995">El-Sayed A, Cervoni-Rosario B, Harrast MA. Lumbar spine. In: Krabak BJ, Brooks A, editors. The Youth Athlete. Elsevier; 2023. p. 35 * Spine tumors.

...ction more readily than other joints, such as the knees, hips, or thoracic spine."<ref>Cholewicki J, Breen A, Popovich Jr JM, Reeves NP, Sahrmann SA, Van Di

[[File:Osteoprosis of Spine.jpg|right|frameless]] ...until osteoporosis is quite advanced. At that point, loss of height and [[Thoracic Hyperkyphosis|kyphosis]] is evident from [[Osteoporotic Vertebral Fractures

...2. 13(7), p.8.</ref>. Spondylolysis derives from the Greek words Spondylo (spine) and Lysis (to dissolve) <ref name=":0">Debnath UK. [https://orthosurgeonuj ...res called vertebrae comprise the vertebral column, otherwise known as the spine. The vertebral column extends from the base of the skull to the coccyx, pro

...n Whiplash-Associated Disorders: redefining" whiplash" and its management. Spine. 1995;20:1S-73S.</ref><ref name=":19" /> The prognosis of WAD is unknown a ...disorders (WAD) affect a variety of anatomical structures of the cervical spine, depending on the force and direction of impact as well as many other facto

...an><ref>Deyo, R.A. Phillips, W.R. Low back pain: a primary care challenge. Spine 21 pp. 2826.</ref><span style="line-height: 1.5em;">. LBP affects at least ...Movement Impairment Syndromes concepts and their application to the lumbar spine. For more comprehensive, indepth information see Diagnosis and Treatment on

...[[Carpal Tunnel Syndrome]], [[Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome]], Acroparesthesia, [[Thoracic Outlet Syndrome (TOS)]] ...tations, neck lateral flexions, wrist circles, side flexions of the spine, thoracic rotations in sitting.<ref name="p7" />(Level of Evidence: 2A) Closed chain

...of physical therapy, PF physical therapist will also look at the patient’s spine, [[Sacroiliac Joint|sacroiliac joints]], [[Hip|hip joints]], rib cage and a * Joint mobilization for: hips, coccyx, lumbar or thoracic spine

* Thoracic Rotation L/R: 20/18 ...igating narrow spaces and hesitates with turning, has reduced cervical and thoracic rotation, ROM in the; shoulder, elbow, hip, and knee along with mild postur

A herniated disc in the spine is a condition during which a nucleus pulposus is displaced from interverte ...vailable from:https://musculoskeletalkey.com/applied-anatomy-of-the-lumbar-spine/ (last accessed 24.1.2020)</ref>.

# Flexion, extension and rotation of the cervical, thoracic and lumbar spine # The spine should be in a neutral position so that the head, chest, and hips stack on

===Thoracic manipulation=== ...d JA, Childs Maj JD, McRae M, Palmer JA, Stowell T. Immediate effects of a thoracic manipulation in patients with neck pain: A randomized clinical trial. Manua

...:Cervical1.jpg|thumb|<ref>http://www.medicalmediaimages.com/color-cervical-spine-anatomy-x-ray/791</ref>]]Mechanical neck pain includes pain that may come f ...sion criteria. Aims of the study were to determine the prevalence of neck, thoracic and low back pain and to recognise the factors linked with pain among perma

...al Anatomy|cervical]] spine and rarely, except for trauma, in the thoracic spine.<ref name=":1" /> ...ation and factors related to anterolisthesis and retrolisthesis.] Clinical Spine Surgery. 2002 Apr 1;15(2):93-9.</ref>

...s in the assessment of patients afflicted with spinal disorders]. European Spine Journal. 2018 Aug;27(8):1712-23. </ref> The line of gravity, therefore, the ...at this point that the physiotherapist will analyse the golfer's thoracic spine and hip position and movement compared to established norms.

[[Trapezius]] is a large fan-shaped muscle that extends from the cervical to thoracic region on the posterior aspect of the neck and trunk and attaches onto the ...spx Back injury and work loss: biomechanical and psychosocial influences]. Spine. 1997 Nov 1;22(21):2575-80.</ref>

* further injury to the spine * hip flexion to be done with knee flexion – avoid lumbar or lower thoracic movement if lesion low.

...s L, Milanese S, Grimmer-Somers K. Epidemiology of Adolescent Spinal Pain. Spine. 2007;32(23):2630-2637.</ref><span style="line-height: 1.5em;">,&nbsp;sitti ...g Pattern in a Danish Population-Based Sample of Children and Adolescents. Spine. 2001;26(17):1879-1883.</ref><span style="line-height: 1.5em;">.&nbsp;The s

...thin configuration, it’s possible for the scapula to glide smoothly on the thoracic wall and provides a large surface area for muscle attachments, both distall *'''Flexibility tests''' for the shoulder, thoracic, and cervical spine

...ropean guidelines for prevention in low back pain: November 2004. European Spine Journal. 2006 Mar;15(Suppl 2):s136.</ref> ...er J. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557616/ Anatomy, Back, Lumbar Spine.] [online] StatPerals [Intenet] 2022; August 25. Available from: https://ww

...k pain in pregnancy. Abdominal muscles, sit-up performance, and back pain. Spine. 1990 Jan;15(1):28-30.</ref> and lumbo-pelvic pain and dysfunction during p ...position themselves in supine crook-lying or in side-lying with a neutral spine. Once in the proper position, instruct the patient to palpate their TA musc

...liminate the infection, restore and preserve structure and function of the spine, and ease the pain. Conservative management consists of antimicrobial thera [[File:Thoracic.jpg|alt=|thumb|Thoracic extension]]

...thoracic curve) 11 years ago, and was surgically treated to stabilize the spine. He reports feeling more of an imbalance between his left and right side ea ...racic kyphosis]]. He leans towards his right side - likely due to his left thoracic scoliosis and right hand dominance. His right wrist and fingers are flexed

...a systematic process with an additional screening of both the cervical and thoracic spinal regions to determine their influence on symptoms, if any. In the fir ...er Pain and Regional Interdependence: Contributions of the Cervicothoracic Spine. ''Journal of Yoga & Physical Therapy'', ''05''(01), 1–2. <nowiki>http://

* Cervical Spine Mechanical Pain (referring to shoulder) Screen [[Cervical Anatomy|cervical spine]] and [[Thoracic Anatomy|thoracic spine]]

...g friction. Klenck and Gebke (2007) also states that cervical and thoracic spine injuries are common with athletes with upper extremity amputations due to a ...mal cup-shaped.<ref name="Tassone">Tassone, J., and Duey-Holtz, A. (2008). Spine concerns in the Special Olympian with Down syndrome. Sports Medicine and Ar

...h finger-to-nose task. AROM testing showed decreased cervical and thoracic spine extension, limited shoulder abduction and flexion bilaterally, limited shou * Head forward posture and increased kyphosis of thoracic spine

...hich causes ligament laxity, and therefore can affect the stability of the spine and lead to back pain. ...al disc, possibly causing a decreased height an overall compression of the spine. <ref name="Chang" /><ref name="Katonis et al" /><br>

...ps]], and do a [[Neurological Assessment|neurological examination]] of the spine.<ref name=":0" /> .... For these patients, an assessment of the [[Thoracic Examination|thoracic spine]] and [[Ribs|rib]] mobility would be indicated.<ref name=":0" />

*Lung tumors may limit thoracic cavity expansion, compress the airways or reduce the surface area of the lu 2. Cancers that often metastasize to the spine:

...istive exercises targeting the extensor muscles of the thoracic and lumbar spine and hip can have a positive effect on preserved pain and level of disabilit Many of these exercises involve moving through various postures, with the spine moving between flexion, extension, rotation, and side-bending, with postura

...leading to [[Posture|postural changes]]: rounded shoulders, forward head, thoracic kyphosis ...ons related to removal or augmentation of chest tissue, including thoracic spine mobility, upper extremity mobility, scar tissue, pain

...igue. Manual therapy will also be added to increase mobility of the lumbar spine and decrease the pain she is experiencing.

...ed with [[arthritis]], notably arthritis of the [[Spondyloarthritis|lumbar spine]] and [[Sacroiliac Joint Syndrome|sacroiliac joints]]. Though arthritis usu ...ractures]] eg in the vertebrae. Vertebral fractures can cause changes in [[Thoracic Hyperkyphosis|spinal curvature]], leaving other vertebrae more susceptible

...nals/eor/5/9/2058-5241.5.200032.xml Pelvic motion the key to understanding spine–hip interaction]. EFORT Open Reviews. 2020 Sep 7;5(9):522-33.</ref> The t ..., alignment of the upper spine, cervical spine lordosis, kyphotic thoracic spine and the appropriate alignment of the pelvis connecting to the lower extremi

...eased flexion of the hips, and a compensatory hyper lordosis in the lumbar spine<ref>Physiopedia contributors. (2022) ''Lower Crossed Syndrome''. Physiopedi ...tween the vertebrates thin out and lose their cushioning. Moreover, as the spine and other bones change their position due to the long-term consequence of p

...er upper rib cage motion compared to lower rib cage (Chaitow et al, 2002). Thoracic breathing is produced by recruiting the accessory muscles of respiration (i ...les to function and there is a need for a stabilised cervical and thoracic spine to assist movement of the ribs during inspiration and expiration. The diaph

...he limbs merely amplify movement that originates in the musculature of the spine and trunk. It has since been proposed and developed from this, by the likes ...e vectors that assist in the transfer of load within the pelvis and lumbar spine. These muscles within a myofascial sling may overlap and interconnect with

...edling or acupuncture for reducing pain and disability in individuals with spine-related painful conditions: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Journal ...ents with cervicogenic headache: a multicenter randomized clinical trial]. Spine J. 2021 Feb;21(2):284-295

[[File:LSS1.jpg|right|<ref>Bhave A. Modern Techniques in Spine Surgery. JP Medical Ltd; 2014 Nov 30.</ref>]] ...agnosis and treatment of degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis (update). The Spine Journal. 2013 Jul 1;13(7):734-43.</ref>

*Cervical and thoracic spine, the shoulder girdle and all joints proximal to amputation level in both ar **In walking arm swing can be reduced and accompanied by thoracic side flexion to the amputated side

# [[Lumbar Spine Fracture|Vertebral Fractures]] ...ssociation of Spine Surgeons standards of care for cauda equina syndrome.] Spine J. 2015 Mar 2;15(3 Suppl):S2-S4. doi: 10.1016/j.spinee.2015.01.006. PMID: 2

...ensatory methods can include trunk leaning forwards or hinging into lumbar spine extension ** Make sure that the lumbar spine is in neutral

[[File:Sagittal section of the lumbar spine Primal.png|thumb|Lumbar Spine]] ...or iliac crest, gluteal fold and/or in the general [[Lumbar Anatomy|lumbar spine]] region.<ref name=":12">Katonis P., Kampouroglou A., Aggelopoulos A., Kaka

...ss, headache or vertigo, the PT should thoroughly examine for cervical and thoracic dysfunction, oculomotor and vestibular dysfunction, orthostatic dysfunction ...he vestibulo-ocular system as well as the afferent input from the cervical spine. The altered messages arising from these systems can lead to changes in the

...s osteoporosis], [http://www.physio-pedia.com/Lumbar_Spine_Fracture lumbar spine fracture], [http://www.physio-pedia.com/Congenital_Spine_Deformities struct ...ychosocial predictors of outcome in acute and subchronic low back trouble. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1995 Mar 15;20(6):722-8.Level of evidence 3C</ref>

...ofile of the attitudes of nurses and physicians in Saudi Arabia. Annals of thoracic medicine. 2016 Oct;11(4):243.Available: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/ar ...ve lung function. It has a series of three main phases: Breathing control, Thoracic expansion, and Forced expiratory technique.

...in height, spinal cord compression, [[Radiculopathy|radicular]] pain or [[Thoracic Hyperkyphosis|kyphosis]].  **Skeletal/bone pain (especially pelvis, spine and ribs)

...fractures of the extremities, [[Thoracic Anatomy|thorax]], [[pelvis]], or spine. Because the bone is very vascular, large quantities of [[Blood Physiology|

...ref name=":2">Kuchera W, Kuchera ML. Diagnosis and manipulative treatment: Thoracic region.</ref>. ...ay reveal an anteriorly tilted pelvis and increased lordosis of the lumbar spine<ref name=":3" />.

...517/ Examination of motor and hypoalgesic effects of cervical vs. thoracic spine manipulation in patients with lateral epicondylalgia: A clinical trial.] Jo Credible clinical evidence supports the use of cervical and thoracic mobilization/manipulation into the treatment of LET for improved pain, incr

...ment system impairment syndromes of the extremities, cervical and thoracic spine St.Louis, MO (USA): Elsevier Mosby; 2011:p.439-482</ref> [[Weight bearing|W

...ed by chronic pain. In this case preoperative ultrasound- guided SSNB with thoracic epidural analgesia could achieve effective shoulder pain relief for 72 hour * The spine of the scapula

...fects of injury level and spasticity on gait, it was found that those with thoracic injures demonstrated reduced cadence, forward velocity, and knee angular ve ...come of cervical spinal cord-injured patients older than 50 years of age.] Spine. 1997 Jun 1;22(11):1189-92.</ref><ref>Crozier KS, Cheng LL, Graziani V, Zor

Thoracic spine ...uscle soreness ([[Delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS)|DOMS]])); muscle or spine-related neuromuscular disorder; severity grade (minor partial, moderate, su

Hyperkyphosis of the thoracic spine.

...ventral rami (roots) of the lower 4 cervical nerves (C5-C8) and the first thoracic nerve (T1).<br>The brachial plexus is responsible for cutaneous and muscula ...all device and wires being inserted under the skin.<ref>Mayfeild Brain and Spine. [https://mayfieldclinic.com/pe-stim.htm Spinal Cord Stimulation.] Availabl

|Anterior superior iliac spine |posterior superior iliac spine

...[[Forward Head Posture|forward head posture]] and kyphosis of the thoracic spine with mild lateral deviation towards the left. He also stands with slight hi (-) indicates short of full extension. Also observed limited thoracic extension and axial rotation.

== Cervico-Thoracic == ...for Assessing Vertebrobasilar Insufficiency in the Management of Cervical Spine Disorders]. Rivett D, Shirley D, Magarey M, Refshauge K (2006). Australian

...an Section|caesarean]] section may have an epidural (an injection into the spine that numbs the body from the waist down). ...ucociliary function, cephalad movement of the diaphragm and an increase in thoracic blood volume. This results in atelectasis and blockage of the bronchioles d

...more contiguous dermatomes unilaterally. Dermatomes commonly involved are thoracic (53%), cervical (20%), and [[Trigeminal Neuralgia|trigeminal]] (15%) includ ...with rheumatoid arthritis. Systematic review and meta-analysis. Joint Bone Spine 2013:1-7.</ref>&nbsp;

...the humerus and thoracic cage, scapula muscles are attached to humerus and spine. That's why scapula movements can occur with upper trunk or upper extremiti

...shoulder lag sign and painful arc sign was positive. Cervical and thoracic spine ROM were reviewed and cleared with no issues.

* Thoracic kyphosis # Kyphotic [[posture]] in thoracic spine

|Inferior mental spine: the posterior surface of the mandible near the lower part of the mandibula Superior thoracic regions

Thoracic ...on where the spina bifida is located over the spine and how much nerve and spine cord damage is present;

** patients with an AIS A spinal cord injury at the ''thoracic or lumbar levels'' (T12-L3) who regain some walking abilities will need the ** walking recovery is more likely in patients with ''low thoracic or lumbar lesions''

** [[Thoracic Hyperkyphosis|Kyphosis]] of the spine resulting in neck and back pain&nbsp; ...hich is going impact the spine. These patients will often have increased [[Thoracic Hyperkyphosis]] secondary to becoming barrel chested. Other manifestations

|Spine of the sphenoid bone |Inferior mental spine: the posterior surface of the mandible near the lower part of the mandibula

It is worth noting that the authors report that patients with cervical spine symptoms at the start of the study were associated with poorer outcomes in ...lbow instability, trauma or surgery; systemic use of steroids; or cervical spine pathology. <br>

...sfunctions. Manual mobilisations and manipulations can be utilised for the spine and other joints to reduce pain and improve movement. Soft tissue intervent ...reating chronic low back pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis.] The Spine Journal. 2018 May 1;18(5):866-79.</ref>

...and radiculopathy as delayed presentations of the retained spinal bullet. Spine J. 2009 Oct;9(10):e5-8.</ref> * visceral damage in the thoracic / abdominal areas from gunshot injuries

...ic curve disappeared in sitting and was replaced with an obvious increased thoracic kyphosis. The patient had bilateral thick calf muscles as well as winging a * Standing: Hyper-lordotic curve in the [[Lumbar Examination|lumbar spine]], anterior pelvic tilt, weight is shifted forward. Bilateral thick calf mu

...louched internally rotated shoulders, exaggerated kyphosis in the thoracic spine with head forward

...ih.gov/16550446/ European guidelines for prevention in low back pain.] Eur Spine J. 2006 Mar;15 Suppl 2(Suppl 2):S136-68. </ref> ...chosocial predictors of outcome in acute and subchronic low back trouble.] Spine. 1995 Mar 15;20(6):722-8.</ref> Non-specific low back pain affects approxim

*[[Scoliosis|Scoliosis]], [[Thoracic Hyperkyphosis|Kyphosis]] *Headaches related to muscle tension in cervical spine and TMJ dysfunction

...a&utm_medium=related_articles&utm_campaign=ongoing_internal#share Cervical spine C5-C7]<ref name=":7" /> *** Thoracic outlet

* [[Assessment and Treatment of the Thoracic Spine|Thorax]]

...asticity Reduction and Upper Limb Function in Tetraplegic Patients]. Asian Spine J. 2021 Aug;15(4):498-503. </ref> * Rounded shoulders with increased thoracic kyphosis

** The x-factor – rotation of the thoracic spine relative to the pelvis at the top of the backswing

...scale in patients with chronic incomplete spinal cord injury. J Neurosurg Spine. 2019 Jan 18:1-5.</ref> ...to body noxious stimuli. It occurs with people with a spinal injury at the thoracic level (T6) and above. This issue is called ''autonomic dysreflexia'' and i

...xact cause.<ref>Canapp SO, Dycus D, Kirkby Shaw K. Disorders of the Canine Thoracic Limb. In: Zink C, Van Dyke JB, editors. Canine Sports Medicine and Rehabili ...houlder computed tomography and clinical findings in 89 dogs presented for thoracic limb lameness. Vet Radiol Ultrasound. 2013;54(4):358-64. </ref> OCD occurs

...anthropology. 2016 Dec;35:1-2.</ref> AROM in the neck, thoracic and lumbar spine decreases every decade; the greatest changes occur in thoracolumbar mobilit ...;63(4):171-5. </ref><ref>Johnson M, Mulcahey MJ. Interrater reliability of spine range of motion measurement using a tape and goniometer. Journal of chiropr

[[File:Dermatomes for Thoracic Spine Course.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Dermatomes]]

...s. However, a kinematic chain extends from the cervical and upper thoracic spine to the fingertips. Only when certain multiple segments are completely fixed

...ment system impairment syndromes of the extremities, cervical and thoracic spine St.Louis, MO (USA): Elsevier Mosby; 2011:p.439-482</ref>

...ed to look for degenerative changes of the [[Cervical Examination|cervical spine]] and [[elbow]], as well as bony compression from spurs or previous [[Fract ...let Syndrome Information Page. http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/thoracic/thoracic.htm. Updated July 14, 2010. Accessed November 1, 2010.</ref>

...ment system impairment syndromes of the extremities, cervical and thoracic spine St.Louis, MO (USA): Elsevier Mosby; 2011:p.439-482</ref>

'''Long thoracic nerve''' (Pain on flexing fully extended arm. Inability to flex fully exten Physical examination should begin with a cervical spine screening of all upper extremity [[dermatomes]], [[myotomes]] and [[reflexe

...//www.physio-pedia.com/Thoracic_Outlet_Syndrome Parsonage Turner Syndrome, Thoracic Outlet Syndrome] ...function Thrust and non-thrust manipulation] (TSTM) of the cervicothoracic spine and/or ribs may lead to significant improvement in pain and disability in p

...concluded that it is essential to consider the [[Cervical Anatomy|cervical spine]] as a potential cause of orofacial pain and that cervical mobilisation can ...f bodywork and movement therapies. 2019 Jul 1;23(3):547-54.</ref> examined thoracic paraspinal myofascial trigger points in 20 individuals with upper limb CRPS

*A full&nbsp;UQE should be performed to rule out cervical spine involvement or any neurological pathologies.<ref name="Kelley" /> Cervical, thoracic, shoulder ROMs with OP as well as rib mobility should be performed. Reduced

...l orthosis ('TLSO') affects the thoracic, lumbar and sacral regions of the spine. It is also useful to describe the function of the orthosis.<br>Types of or

...effectiveness was found for the manipulation of the cervical and thoracic spine as add-on therapy to concentric and eccentric stretching plus mobilisatio

* Exaggerated kyphosis in the thoracic spine → rounded back

...curl or Romanian deadlift; deadlift with caution in elderly patients with spine issues) * Patients with cervical or high thoracic injury (i.e. T6 and above) should be aware of the symptoms of autonomic dys

...o a postmenopausal woman with rheumatoid arthritis and osteoporosis of the spine.] Physiother Theory Pract. 2013 Oct;29(7):547-61.</ref> |Functions of the muscles involved in breathing. Inclusions: functions of thoracic respiratory muscles; functions of the diaphragm; functions of accessory res

...ield prior to his diagnosis. Patient initially began experiencing thoracic spine and left (L) upper extremity (UE) pain, mild L lower extremity (LE) weaknes

*[http://www.physio-pedia.com/Thoracic_Outlet_Syndrome Thoracic Outlet Syndrome (TOS)] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10907896/ Thoracic Spine Dysfunction in Upper Extremity Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Type I]

A spinal tap is a procedure in which a needle is inserted into the lumbar spine to remove a small amount of cerebral spinal fluid, which is then brought to * Flexed thoracic spine

* C/S = [[Cervical Anatomy|cervical spine]] ** Forward head posture, postural increased kyphosis in thoracic spine

...of his ankles bilaterally. Posture is upright and symmetrical with slight thoracic kyphosis.   |Cervical spine flexion, extension, side flexion, rotation

|Unstable Cervical Spine |'''[[Long Thoracic Nerve]]'''

#Thoracic Expansion Exercises (TEE) - These breaths emphasize the breath going in. Th ...correct posture. Having the correct posture can prevent curvatures in the spine that can ultimately lead to compression of the torso, which affects the abi