...i/S0972978X22001568 Current concepts in the surgical management of chronic ankle lateral ligament instability]. J Orthop. 2022 Jul 19;33:87-94. </ref>...
...ce of the star excursion balance test in subjects with and without chronic ankle instability. PLoS One. 2018;13(8):e0201479.</ref>
10 KB (1,403 words) - 10:35, 30 November 2023
...ions for the future.] Bone. 2002 Sep 1;31(3):430-3.</ref> Fractures of the foot are less common.<br>
=== Fractures of the ankle ===
25 KB (3,614 words) - 17:24, 27 June 2023
...o one sprain per 10 000 people daily<ref>The gender issue: epidemiology of ankle injuries in athletes who participate in basketball.
...h ankle sprains: a prospective examination of an athletic population. Foot Ankle Int. 1998;19:653–660.</ref>.
15 KB (2,208 words) - 21:34, 9 January 2024
...habilitation-in-conflicts-and-disasters/ Early Rehabilitation in Conflicts and Disasters.] London, UK: Handicap International. 2020. p107-109
...habilitation-in-conflicts-and-disasters/ Early Rehabilitation in Conflicts and Disasters].
10 KB (1,487 words) - 18:46, 23 November 2022
...the
foot and ankle assessment. The purpose of using special investigations
and tests is to confirm the clinical diagnosis. <blockquote>"We can't treat the
An [[X-Rays|X-ray]] can help to investigate bone
and soft tissue:
20 KB (3,014 words) - 15:38, 22 October 2023
[[File: Anatomy ankle and foot 2.jpg|right|frameless]]
...]] [[bone]]<nowiki/>s. Together, the three borders (listed below) form the ankle mortise.
22 KB (2,881 words) - 21:34, 19 November 2023
...ls/eor/6/8/2058-5241.6.200138.xml Current management of trimalleolar ankle fractures.] EFORT Open Reviews. 2021 Aug 10;6(8):692-703.</ref>
=== Ankle Joint ===
23 KB (3,174 words) - 09:59, 18 August 2022
These bones display high degree of variability in size, location, penetrance and anatomical connection to the main skeleton across vertebrate species.
...is a chronic injury, caused by frequent pressure and results in irritation and painful inflammation of the surrounding tissues.
9 KB (1,317 words) - 09:52, 14 August 2018
...and soleus. In the leg, it is accompanied by the posterior tibial vessels and lies in the tarsal tunnel.<ref>Banik Sr S, Guria LR, Banik S, Guria Sr LR.
...aps/tibial-nerve#1 (last accessed 17/03/2019).</ref> It also has articular and cutaneous branches.<ref name=":2">Wikipedia. The tibial nerve[https://en.wi
11 KB (1,629 words) - 09:58, 14 January 2024
...2_Splints_and_Casts_Indications_and_Methods Splints and casts: indications and methods]. American family physician. 2009 Sep 1;80(5):491-9.</ref>
...Woodcast splints for immobilization of the limb during serial manipulation and casting for idiopathic clubfoot in infants: a prospective randomized trial]
9 KB (1,178 words) - 18:38, 10 November 2022
...Hackett TR. [https://bjsm.bmj.com/content/48/1/11.short Injuries in elite and recreational snowboarders.] British journal of sports medicine. 2014 Jan 1;
...the Lateral Process of the Talus]. Fractures and Dislocations of the Talus and Calcaneus. 2020:97-106.</ref>
20 KB (3,080 words) - 12:11, 23 September 2022
...nd swelling may be present. These symptoms place the ability to walk, work and perform sports at risk.<br>
...artilage), or cystic. Lesions can then be subdivided as stable or unstable and non-displaced or displaced. The stability of a lesion can be assessed direc
11 KB (1,705 words) - 21:36, 4 August 2022
...f the structures, functional anatomy, and etiologic factors in syndesmosis ankle injuries is needed to treat this injury effectively.
...e discusses the assessment and interventions for grade 1 and 2 syndesmotic ankle sprain.
16 KB (2,350 words) - 21:03, 28 October 2023
...ell, D, Gait Deviation Associated with Pain Syndromes in the Lower Leg and Foot. Gait Analysis. Plus. 2022</ref>
...review [[Gait Deviations|this article]]. To review common gait terminology and definitions, please see [[Gait Definitions|this article]].
17 KB (2,602 words) - 05:57, 30 January 2023
...larly as it relates to the second tarsometatarsal (tarsometa-tarsal) joint and the Lisfranc [[ligament]]. <ref name="Wynter S, & Grigg C.">Wynter S, Grigg
...sed as a sprain, particularly if the mechanism of injury is a simple twist and fall.
18 KB (2,603 words) - 21:17, 31 August 2023
...an irritation to one or both peroneal tendons with subsequent degeneration and inflammation.
...of the Calcaneus. In: Saxena, A. (eds) International Advances in Foot and Ankle Surgery, London:Springer. 2012. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-8572
17 KB (2,530 words) - 17:04, 23 October 2023
...brage">Schimizzi, A; Brage, M (September 2004). "Brachymetatarsia". ''Foot Ankle Clin'' '''9''' (3): 555–70, doi:10.1016/j.fcl.2004.05.002. PMID 15324790.
...atarsal length. It can affect any of the five metatarsal bones of the foot and it could be bilateral. Brachymetatarsia of the first metatarsal is also kno
13 KB (1,923 words) - 12:46, 12 December 2022
...habilitation-in-conflicts-and-disasters/ Early Rehabilitation in Conflicts and Disasters.] London, UK: Handicap International. 2020. p166-167
...habilitation-in-conflicts-and-disasters/ Early Rehabilitation in Conflicts and Disasters].
8 KB (1,176 words) - 10:46, 1 June 2022
...User:Hannah Duncan|Hannah Duncan]], [[User:Hilary Zachary|Hilary Zachary]] and [[User:James Passmore|James Passmore]] as part of the [[Texas State Univers
...as a Maissonneuve fracture. <ref name="Clanton">5. Clanton T. Syndesmotic ankle sprains in athletes. International SportMed Journal. 2003;4 (4):1-10.
6</
16 KB (2,378 words) - 20:09, 15 July 2022
...d between the toes and the ankle (between the tarsal bones in the hindfoot and the phalanges in the forefoot).
...system with fibers between C2 and M2, just as crossed fibers between C3-M2 and C2-M3<ref name=":0" />.''<u><br></u>''
26 KB (3,860 words) - 22:31, 15 March 2024
.... As well as this, most of a dancer's artistic expression comes from their foot.<ref name=":11" />
...low cardiovascular conditioning, joint hypermobility, postural deviations, and alterations in the body’s center of balance.<ref name=":0">Cardoso AA, Re
19 KB (2,472 words) - 18:25, 9 January 2024
...liability of navicular displacement measurement as a clinical indicator of foot posture.] J Am Podiat Med Assn 2001;91:262-8.</ref>
...tion of the navicular on an index card placed along the inside of the foot and then measure the change with a ruler.
13 KB (1,851 words) - 18:09, 30 September 2022
== Positioning and Splinting ==
...he best functional outcomes of his rehabilitation. Therefore, positioning and splinting should:
6 KB (924 words) - 13:26, 17 August 2023
...ong-term consequences. <ref name=":4" /> This article reviews conservative and surgical treatment principles in Lisfranc injuries.
== Definition and Epidemiology ==
19 KB (2,676 words) - 19:21, 22 October 2023
...ities. The nature and rate of the adaptations can be modified by intrinsic and extrinsic characteristics of the individual, for example, sex, anthropometr
...0px|Note the interconnected nature of the leg, ankle, and foot musculature and structures.]]
17 KB (2,411 words) - 18:56, 28 January 2023
...17-130 (level: A1)</ref><ref name="Helgeson et al">Helgeson K. Examination and Intervention for Sinus Tarsi Syndrome. North American Journal of Sports Phy
...the subtalar joint due to ligamentous injuries that results in a synovitis and infiltration of fibrotic tissue into the sinus tarsi space.<ref name="Helge
20 KB (3,019 words) - 20:21, 15 July 2022
...too much weight and stress on the ball and heel of the foot while standing and/or walking.
...ed Foot)https://www.foothealthfacts.org/conditions/cavus-foot-(high-arched-foot) (accessed 2017).</ref>]]
18 KB (2,634 words) - 16:41, 23 October 2023
...to heal and is subjected to further loading, the microdamage will increase and the crack will enlarge. This increase in damage can cause the bone to break
...arisons Between Women With a History of Second Metatarsal Stress Fractures and Normal Controls. The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 2009;37(2):390-39
21 KB (3,193 words) - 14:14, 1 June 2020
Distal femoral [[Fracture|fractures]] involve the femoral condyles and the metaphyseal region, commonly caused by high energy trauma such as motor
...equire surgical intervention.<ref name=":5">Coon MS, Best BJ. Distal Femur Fractures. InStatPearls [Internet] 2021 Aug 9. StatPearls Publishing.Available:https:
11 KB (1,469 words) - 08:40, 11 December 2022
...vis D, Newton EJ. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430861/ Calcaneus Fractures.]</ref> <br>
...eus is essential in determining the patterns of injury and treatment goals and options.
23 KB (3,194 words) - 16:50, 11 April 2022
Femoral [[Stress Fractures|stress fractures]] occur in two different regions namely:
...ble;https://www.orthobullets.com/knee-and-sports/3111/femoral-shaft-stress-fractures (accessed 12.12.2022)</ref>
12 KB (1,695 words) - 09:58, 10 May 2024
...ck (lumbar spine) or heel (calcaneum), One peak is absorbed by soft tissue and the other by bone. When the soft tissue absorption amount is subtracted fro
..., it can be used to measure total body fat. The test is noninvasive, fast, and more accurate than a regular X-ray. It involves an extremely low level of r
5 KB (776 words) - 09:46, 6 August 2022
...[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6784640/ Forefoot disorders and conservative treatment.] Yeungnam University Journal of Medicine. 2019 May;
....com/professional/musculoskeletal-and-connective-tissue-disorders/foot-and-ankle-disorders/metatarsophalangeal-joint-pain (last accessed 25.6.2020)</ref>
18 KB (2,521 words) - 23:33, 13 August 2023
...ankle joint and its osseous, soft tissue, neural and vascular components, and explore how they relate to function.
...n three planes. Example: supination involves inversion, internal rotation, and plantarflexion.
28 KB (4,166 words) - 12:20, 16 April 2024
[[File:Three-types-of-cartilage-hyaline-elastic-and-fibrocartilage.png|thumb|392x392px|The 3 types of cartilage]]
...name=":3" /> Each type of cartilaginous tissue has a different composition and function:
16 KB (2,239 words) - 22:47, 25 January 2023
==== 1. Ankle Foot Orthoses<ref>[[Introduction to Ankle Foot Orthoses]]</ref> ====
...t but strong. It should be easy to use. Most importantly it should provide and increase functional independence.
21 KB (3,037 words) - 12:18, 31 January 2023
...ith a view to identifying possible aetiological factors relating to injury and prescribing therapeutic interventions.
...on of the foot, is used to infer characteristics of dynamic foot function, and theoretically establish injury mechanisms leading to pathology.
22 KB (3,374 words) - 21:20, 24 January 2023
...r reduce skin and functional changes. It highlights the need for education and remediation regarding footwear advice in older adults.
The following are risk factors for foot problems in older adults:
21 KB (3,058 words) - 11:44, 20 November 2023
...is carried out on individuals as a preventative surgery for such problems and other people are born with amputations due to congenital disorders (see&nbs
...ion Surgery]. Chapter 3 - Atlas of Limb Prosthetics: Surgical, Prosthetic, and Rehabilitation Principles. 2002</ref>.
20 KB (2,910 words) - 16:18, 21 July 2023
...on underneath the deep transverse metatarsal ligament leading to epineural and perineural fibrous overgrowth<ref name="Sault">Sault JD, Morris MV, Jayasee
...ntar nerve of the second and third intermetatarsal spaces (between 2nd−3rd and 3rd−4th metatarsal heads), which results in the entrapment of the affecte
18 KB (2,520 words) - 20:53, 15 July 2022
...me="yeung">Yeung MS, Chan KM, So CH, Yuan WY. An epidemiological survey on ankle sprain. Br J Sports Med 1994 Jun;28(2):112-116.</ref>
...Holmes A, Delahunt E. Treatment of common deficits associated with chronic ankle instability. Sports Med 2009;39(3):207-224.</ref> <br>
22 KB (3,223 words) - 11:17, 22 December 2022
...e Proportion of Lower Limb Running Injuries by Gender, Anatomical Location and Specific Pathology: A Systematic Review. ''J Sports Sci Med''. 2019;18(1):
...ures of the [[Metatarsal Fractures|metatarsals]] and [[Leg and Foot Stress Fractures|tibia]]
15 KB (2,336 words) - 16:44, 20 November 2022
...(Knee pain can be referred from the hip or biomechanically affected by the ankle)
...er may be going on. If you suspect that the problem is not musculoskeletal and/or something sinister may be going on patients should be referred immediate
12 KB (1,651 words) - 11:13, 16 November 2023
...chanisms such as motor vehicle collisions with sequelae of limb shortening and deformities if not treated correctly.
Femoral shaft fractures can be classified with the Winquist and Hansen classification, which is based on the amount of comminution.<ref nam
11 KB (1,651 words) - 02:48, 11 December 2022
...the general public. While the benefits of physical activity are well known and shared with patients, the unwanted side effects or unintended consequences
...o and nocebo phenomena can impact the physiological, behavioral affective, and cognitive functioning of healthy individuals, too."
13 KB (1,878 words) - 05:09, 31 October 2023
...lar joint]]. In both joints, osteoarthritis can be diagnosed in the medial and lateral compartments.
...es, [[Chronic Ankle Instability|chronic ankle instability]], malalignment, and certain medical conditions, such as [[haemophilia]].
26 KB (3,724 words) - 12:20, 16 April 2024
...(lesser toe) injuries.<ref name=":0">Gyftopoulos S, Woertler K. Ankle and foot. Musculoskeletal Diseases 2021-2024. 2021:107-20.</ref>
...lesser toes'' are a single dominant fibrocartilaginous capsular thickening and extend from the metatarsal head to the proximal phalanx base at each joint.
17 KB (2,339 words) - 23:21, 12 February 2023
...social participation. A programme of education, stretching, strengthening and mobilisation was undertaken as well as referrals to other members of the MD
...his initial inpatient stay he had been transferred to a Community hospital and then discharged home with community therapy input. This had since ceased bu
10 KB (1,499 words) - 18:53, 11 April 2020
...l Proportion of Lower Limb Running Injuries by Gender, Anatomical Location and Specific Pathology: A Systematic Review]. ©Journal Sport Sci Med [Internet
...in recreational runners: A cross-sectional survey including mental aspects and sleep quality]. Journal of Sports Science & Medicine. 2021 Jun;20(2):204.</
15 KB (2,295 words) - 10:10, 15 December 2023
...netic resonance imaging of the lower extremity. The Journal of orthopaedic and sports physical therapy. 2011;41(11):873-86. Available at: http://www.ncbi.
...nalski CS, White LM. MRI of articular cartilage: revisiting current status and future directions. AJR. American journal of roentgenology. 2005;185(4):899-
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